Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Exercise Referral Schemes Enhanced by Self-Management Strategies to Battle Sedentary Behaviour
Brief Summary: The increase of the elderly population leads to increased prevalence of frailty, risk for poor health outcomes, and related health and social care costs. Lack of physical activity (PA) and established sedentary behaviours (SB) constitute an additional burden, as they are related to progression of chronic disease and disabling conditions. An existing initiative to battle SB and insufficient PA levels are exercise referral schemes (ERS) implemented in primary care, where insufficiently active individuals are referred to a third party service (sports centre or leisure facility) that prescribes and monitors an exercise programme tailored to the patients' needs. ERS had shown improvements in PA in the short-term, but may have limited power to change SB and produce long-term effects. Thus, ERS might be enhanced by self-management strategies (SMS) to promote behavioural change. Such strategies based on social cognitive theory have been shown to increase self-confidence, power to act, and involvement in exercise. In a first stage, a systematic review, focus groups and a feasibility study will be conducted. Then, a three-armed pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) will assess the long-term effectiveness (18-month follow-up) of a complex intervention on sedentary behaviour (SB) in an elderly population, based on existing ERS enhanced by self-management strategies (SMS). It will be compared to ERS alone and to general recommendations plus two educational sessions. The RCT will include 1338 subjects and will have a follow up of 18 months. The effect on SB will be measured as sitting time and the number of minutes spent in activities requiring ≤ 1.5 Metabolic Equivalent Tasks, and PA as daily counts per minute and intensity of exercise, and daily step counts. Secondary outcomes will include: physical function, healthcare use and costs, anthropometry, bioimpedance, blood pressure, self-rated health and quality of life, activities of daily living, anxiety, depressive symptoms, social network, physical activity self-regulation, self-efficacy for exercise, disability, fear of falling, loneliness, executive function, and physical fatigue. In a subsample, the level of frailty-associated biomarkers and inflammation, and sarcopenia-associated markers of muscle quality will be analysed. A process evaluation will be performed throughout the trial. SITLESS will assess policy makers in deciding how or whether ERS should be further implemented or restructured in order to increase its adherence, efficacy and cost-effectiveness.


Options:
A: Change in sitting time (During 7 days. Outcome measure will be collected (T0) baseline pre-intervention, (T1) at month 4 post intervention, (T2) at month 16 (12 months after the end of the intervention), and (T3) at month 22 (18 months after the end of the intervention)); Change in minutes spent in sedentary behaviour (During 7 days. Outcome measure will be collected (T0) baseline pre-intervention, (T1) at month 4 post intervention, (T2) at month 16 (12 months after the end of the intervention), and (T3) at month 22 (18 months after the end of the intervention)); Change in total activity counts per minute (During 7 days. Outcome measure will be collected (T0) baseline pre-intervention, (T1) at month 4 post intervention, (T2) at month 16 (12 months after the end of the intervention), and (T3) at month 22 (18 months after the end of the intervention))
B: Change in objective physical activity (PA) (Baseline, 5 weeks, 3 months, 1 year); Change in objective sedentary behaviour (Baseline, 5 weeks, 3 months, 1 year); Change in self-reported physical activity (PA) (Baseline, 5 weeks, 3 months, 1 year); Change in self-reported sedentary behaviour (Baseline, 5 weeks, 3 months, 1 year)
C: Change in total weekly minutes of physical activity as measured by the 7-Day PAR (Physical Activity Recall), from Baseline to 6-months and 12-months. (Baseline, 6 months, and 12 months)
D: Change from control week and intervention week in total energy expenditure (TEE) (week 1 and week 2); Resting energy expenditure (REE) (Baseline (day 0)); Change from control week and intervention week in physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) (week 1 and week 2); Change from control week and intervention week in daily time spent in sedentary (SB) (week 1 and week 2); Change from control week and intervention week in light (LIPA), moderate and vigorous (MVPA) intensity activities (week 1 and week 2); Change from control week and intervention week in number of breaks in sedentary time (BST) (week 1 and week 2); Change from control week and intervention week in time spent sitting (TSS) (week 1 and week 2); Change from control week and intervention week in time spent standing (TSst) (week 1 and week 2); Change from control week and intervention week in time spent walking (TSW) (week 1 and week 2); Change from control week and intervention week in number of steps (week 1 and week 2)

Answer: A