Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of UFH and LMWH on Osteoprotegerin and RANKL Plasma Levels in Hemodialysis Patients
Brief Summary: A randomised, prospective, cross over study will be done to determine whether the anticoagulation therapy with UFH or LMWH used for hemodialysis sessions modifies osteoprotegerin and RANKL plasma levels.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* willingness to give written informed consent for participation in the study
* age 18-80 years old
* ability to understand and follow instructions and able to participate in the study for the entire period
* clinically stable (based on the investigator's judgment) within the three months prior to the screening visit
* written and signed agreement

Exclusion Criteria:

* antecedents of cerebrovascular accident, documented myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery within 6 months prior to the screening visit
* currently enrollment in any other investigational device or drug study, or participation in another clinical study within 30 days prior to the screening visit
* known or suspected drug or alcohol abuse
* known congenital or acquired bleeding disorders including hepatic failure and amyloidosis, present active major bleeding;
* increased risk of hemorrhage, due to: pericarditis or bacterial endocarditis, severe uncontrolled hypertension, active ulcerative and angiodysplastic gastrointestinal disease, hemorrhagic stroke, shortly after brain, spinal or ophthalmological surgery, concomitant treatment with platelet inhibitors, recent surgical procedures (especially with hemorrhagic complications or those in which hemorrhagic complications would be very severe - cardio-vascular, ophthalmological or neurological), planned surgical procedure within the next week, (history of) heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, with any other disease which, in the opinion of the investigator, makes unacceptable his/her inclusion in the study (known hypersensitivity to heparin, benzyl alcohol, or pork products that should not be treated with innohep®, severe psychiatric disorders, age \<18 years, malignant disorders and a life expectancy \<6 months, patients that were involved in another research study (studies) in the last month.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Give written informed consent
* Females must be non-pregnant and non-lactating, and either surgically sterile or post-menopausal. Males must be surgically sterile, abstinent, or if engaged in sexual relations of child-bearing potential, must use contraception
* Undergoing elective, primary unilateral total knee arthroplasty

Exclusion Criteria:

* Body weight \<50 kg
* Patients at increased risk of bleeding. History of intracranial or intraocular bleeding. History of gastrointestinal and/or endoscopically verified ulcer disease within the past year.
* History of excessive intra- or direct post operative bleeding or a traumatic spinal or epidural anesthesia
* Brain, spinal, or ophthalmologic surgery within the past 3 months
* History of clinically significant liver disease in the past year
* Screening laboratory results as follows, or any other clinically significant abnormalities in screening laboratory values

  * aPTT or PT or INR \>ULN
  * Factor IX activity \<LLN
  * Factor VIII activity, vWF antigen or Ristocetin cofactor activity \<0.5 U/mL
  * FXI activity \<0.3 U/mL
  * Urine protein or blood persistently positive by dipstick. In the event of positive test results, eligibility may be confirmed with urine microscopy or 24 hour urine protein measurement as applicable
  * ALT or AST \>1.5 x ULN
  * Total bilirubin \>ULN
  * Platelet count \<150,000 (or history of thrombocytopenia)
* Hypersensitivity to enoxaparin
* Anticipated concomitant use of anticoagulants/antiplatelet agents or the NSAID nimesulide that may affect study outcome or any other drug influencing coagulation (except low dose aspirin and short acting NSAIDs with a half-life \<20 hours) at least 7 days before surgery or during treatment with ISIS Rx.
* Anticipated use of indwelling intrathecal or epidural catheters
* Anemia at Screening
* Have any other conditions which could interfere with the patient participating in or completing the study
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* age\>=18 years
* intermittent hemodialysis patients that carry on a 4 hours hemodialysis procedure, 2-3 times one week.
* the therapy mode is hemodialysis，with a dialysis fluid more than 500ml/min and blood flow volume more than 3.5-4ml/min.kg；
* at risk of hemorrhage,including active hemorrhage(within 3 days),post-operation(within 3 days) and pre-invasive operation(within 7 days).

Exclusion Criteria:

* at high risk of citrate accumulation( total bilirubin \>60umol/L; lactic acid\>3mmol/L,）；
* use the drugs that impact the coagulation function within 7 days;
* serious hypocalcemia (serum calcium\<1.9mmol/L).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. hemodialysis patients with age \> 18 years on regular bicarbonate hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration treatment three times a week;
2. clinical stability at least three months before the study started;

Exclusion Criteria:

1. active gastrointestinal bleeding (one ore more positive hemoccult test in the last 8 weeks, melena or proctoraggia in the last 6 months )
2. hemorrhagic stroke
3. Myeloproliferative disorders
4. Hereditary deficiency of coagulation factors, LAC phenomenon or antiphospholipid syndrome
5. Malignant disease
6. Patient submitted to antithrombotic prophylaxis with LMWH
7. Immunosuppressive therapy
8. Participation in other clinical trials

Answer: D