Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prevention of Child Mental Health Problems in Southeastern Europe - Adapt, Optimize, Test and Extend Parenting for Lifelong Health
Brief Summary: The aim of this study is to develop an adapted version of a low-cost parenting program (Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children, PLH) to the specific needs of families in three low- and middle income countries (LMICs) in southeastern Europe (Romania, FYR of Macedonia and Republic of Moldova). The investigators want systematically evaluate key barriers and facilitators at the local, national and international levels that impact prevention of child behavioral disorders.

The investigators will prepare training materials adapted to Romanian, Moldovian, Albanian, Macedonian, and Russian and train facilitators and mentor coaches in the delivery of the PLH program in each country. Also, a pre-post study will be conducted testing the feasibility of the program and the evaluation and implementation methods with 40 families at each country site. This includes examination of outcomes related to implementation fidelity, program acceptability, and preliminary program effectiveness on reducing child behavior problems and associated risk factors.

This feasibility study is part of a larger implementation project. Developed on the MOST framework (the multiphase optimization strategy), this specific study will reflect the implementation of the first phase. There are two more phases to come: the Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children program will be optimized within the three countries by determining which components are most efficacious and cost-effective (phase 2). The optimized PLH programs will be tested in three RCTS in the countries (phase 3).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Households that meet the following eligibility criteria will be invited to participate in the study:

1. Household meets locally defined poverty criteria (classified as an ultrapoor household);
2. Mother or female caregiver of at least one child between the ages of 10 and 15.
3. Child is between the ages of 10 and 15.
4. Male head of household provides permission for his wife and child to participate in the study;
5. Eligible child and female caregiver/parent can commit to study participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Household doesn't meet locally defined poverty criteria (classified as an ultrapoor household);
2. Mother or female caregiver doesn't have at least one child between the ages of 10 and 15.
3. Child is not between the ages of 10 and 15.
4. Male head of household does not provide permission for his wife and child to participate in the study;
5. Eligible child or mother/female caregiver cannot commit to study participation.

Participants are also excluded from participation in the study if the child or the parent is assessed to have a cognitive impairment that would interfere with their ability to provide informed consent and participate in the study.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Attends one of the participating schools
* English or Sesotho speaker

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous participation in CWBFN\&CLFS grief counselling group
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* for caregivers/parents:

  1. age 18 or older;
  2. primary caregiver responsible for the care of a child between the ages of two and nine;
  3. Report elevated levels of child behavior problems for the child he/she chooses to be part of the study (based on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory);
  4. Have lived in the same household as this child at least four nights a week in the previous month and will continue to do so;
  5. agreement to participate in the PLH 2-9 program;
  6. Provision of Informed consent to participate in the full stud

Exclusion Criteria:

* for caregivers/parents: any adult 1) exhibiting severe mental health problems or acute mental disabilities; 2) that has been referred to child protection services due to child abuse.
D: Eligibility criteria:

For adolescent participants:

* Enrolled as a student in Grades 9-12 (corresponding to 13-20 years of age)
* Experiencing elevated mental health symptoms, based on response in the borderline or abnormal range (scores of 19 or higher for boys and 20 or higher for girls) on the self-reported SDQ Total Difficulties scale
* Experiencing significant distress and/or functional impairment, based on response in the abnormal range (scores of 2 or higher) on the self-reported SDQ Impact Supplement
* Experiencing difficulties for \>1 month, based on response to the self-reported Chronicity item from the SDQ Impact Supplement
* For adolescents under 18 years of age, able to provide informed assent to participate and supported by parental consent
* For adolescents over 18 years of age, able to provide informed consent to participate

For parent participants:

* A primary parental caregiver or guardian for the index adolescent
* Able to provide informed consent to participate, and if adolescent age 18+ years, parental involvement is supported by the index adolescent
* Proficient in spoken English or Hindi

Exclusion criteria:

For adolescent participants:

* Requiring urgent medical attention (defined as needing emergency treatment or in-patient admission)
* Unable to communicate clearly (due to a speech or hearing disability or inability to comprehend one of the program's languages)
* Already receiving intervention for mental health problems
* Received PRIDE intervention in past six months during pilot study
* Not providing assent
* Adolescent whose parents are not providing consent

For parent participants:

* Unable to communicate clearly (due to a speech or hearing disability or inability to comprehend one of the program's languages)
* Intoxicated at the point of consent or assessment

Answer: C