Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Different Dosages Oral Vitamin D on Serum Interleukin-6 in Preterm Infants With Late-onset Sepsis
Brief Summary: This is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the influence of different doses of vitamin D3 (800 IU/d versus 400 IU/d), on serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-alpha and C- reactive (CRP) in premature infants with clinical evidence of late-onset sepsis and to assess its influence on clinical outcomes of these infants.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Preterm Infants (28-37 wk gestational age)
* Late-onset sepsis defined as clinical signs suggestive of infection after 72 h of birth. Clinical sepsis will be defined as the presence of three or more of the following categories of clinical signs:

  1. Temperature instability (hypothermia, hyperthermia);
  2. Respiratory (grunting, intercoastal retraction, apnea, tachypnea, cyanosis);
  3. Neurologic (hypotonia, lethargy, seizures);
  4. Gastrointestinal (feeding intolerance, abdominal distension).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Major congenital anomalies.
* Chromosomal anomalies.
* Known inborn error(s) of metabolism
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. 1 to 11 month old infants living in the study area
2. caretakers are willing to give consent to take part in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. the family is likely to migrate out of the study area within the next 18 months
2. the child has been diagnosed with rickets or known to have received a course of vitamin D treatment in the past 3 monDths.
3. Child with Kwashiorkor or Marasmus.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Eligible criteria included patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis by SCORAD (Scoring for Atopic Dermatitis) score criteria1,17,18, age between 1-18 years old. All patients had been advised to take normal, dietary product and their activities. They had been advised to discontinue at least 4 weeks of oral corticosteroid, at least 2 weeks of topical corticosteroid or topical calcineurin inhibitor application and at least 6 months of vitamin supplement prior to starting the protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

* The exclusion criteria were to coexisting skin infection on top with AD lesions, known case of primary or secondary immune-compromised host, hepatic or renal disease, those taking vitamin D or nutraceutical supplementation, those continues taking with antibiotics, corticosteroid, immunosuppressive agents, anti-epileptic drugs, thiazide diuretics, proton-pump inhibitors, histamine 2-receptor antagonists at the time of enrollment. Patients who used topical antiseptic or antibiotic products during study period were also excluded. Patients who developed worsening of AD with flare-up of clinical manifestation or SCORAD greater than 40, secondary infection on-top tested lesions were excluded from data analysis.
D: Inclusion criteria:

1. 28 0/7-36 6/7 weeks gestational age (GA) at birth;
2. family identifies the child as black or African American;
3. \< 28 days of supplemental oxygen (subsequent oxygen therapy for \< 72 hrs for a brief subsequent illness or surgery will be allowed);
4. admitted to a participating site NICU, special care nursery, transitional care nursery, or well-baby nursery as a neonate; and
5. \< 40 weeks corrected GA at enrollment.

Exclusion criteria:

1. BPD (\> 28 days of supplemental oxygen);
2. pre-existing diagnosis of moderate to severe osteopenia of prematurity and/or alkaline phosphatase \> 700;
3. history of fracture;
4. gastrointestinal surgery, including for NEC;
5. known gastrointestinal malabsorption;
6. major congenital anomaly;
7. congenital pulmonary or airway disorder (e.g., cystic fibrosis, tracheomalacia, swallowing disorder, bronchopulmonary sequestration);
8. documented wheezing or stridor prior to enrollment;
9. previous vit. D supplementation with \> 400 IU/day;
10. family plans to move more than 60 miles from CWRU or other pre-defined radius at other sites;
11. baseline hypo- or hypercalcemia, hypo- or hyperphosphatemia; and
12. baseline 25(OH) D level \< 10 ng/ml.

Answer: A