Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Maintenance of Skeletal Integrity in Frail Elders
Brief Summary: This trial will examine the safety, efficacy and feasibility of a single dose of intravenous zoledronic acid in the maintenance of skeletal integrity for frail, institutionalized women, who are most at risk for the deleterious outcomes of osteoporosis. The investigators will test the hypothesis that in institutionalized elderly women a single dose of intravenous zoledronic acid therapy will: (1) be efficacious as demonstrated by stability or improvement in bone mass measurements and reductions in bone turnover; (2) be safe and feasible; and (3) provide estimates for vertebral and nonvertebral fracture reduction in this cohort for use in planning a future study.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Resident of nursing home
* Able to move

Exclusion Criteria:

* weighing more than 150 kg
* having electronic implants (e.g. pacemaker, brain stimulators)
* having prosthetic hips or knees
* suffering from epilepsy, bleeding disorders, inflammatory abdominal disorders or at high risk of thromboembolism.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 65 Years or older permanently living in care homes for older people
* One or more falls in the previous year.
* Foot problem that is within the scope of podiatry care

Exclusion Criteria:

* Residents who are terminally unwell or too frail to be included
* Residents who are only able to mobilise with the use of a wheelchair
* Temporary residents (for example, those in respite care)
* Unable to provide informed consent
* Lower limb Amputees
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* We will include elderly women 65 years and older if they reside in a nursing home or an assisted living facility and have a known history of osteoporosis, as determined by history of an adult fragility fracture or bone mineral density criteria for osteoporosis (T-score -2.5 at the total hip, femoral neck or spine) or low bone mass (T-score \< -2.0 at the total hip, femoral neck or spine, consistent with the National Osteoporosis Foundation Treatment guidelines). If a participant's spine and or hip are not evaluable (due to surgery, calcifications, artifact in the scan area, scoliosis, etc.), they may be included in the study with a T-score of ≤ -2.0 at the forearm.
* Elders will be chosen without consideration of ethnic or racial background. We chose frail, institutionalized women because 70-85% of them have osteoporosis and this age group is substantially under-treated.
* We will include all who qualify, if they are able to weight bear or assist with transfer to chair, to endure that the results have maximum generalizability to the nursing home population as a whole.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children will be excluded because they are not frail, institutionalized elders.
* Men will be excluded because they do not become postmenopausal and are less likely to become osteoporotic.
* We will exclude institutionalized women with subacute illnesses who are not expected to survive or who will be discharged in less than 2 years.
* We will also exclude patient with a contraindication to bisphosphonate, such as hypocalcemia, allergy, pervious adverse event (excluding gastrointestinal disorders), or currently on an oral bisphosphonate.
* We will exclude patients with a calculated creatinine clearance of \< 30 ml/mm.
* We will exclude women scheduled for or in need of a tooth extraction as this procedure has been associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer given multiple coursed of high dose intravenous bisphosphonates.
* We will screen for these conditions by detailed history, physical exam (including dental exam), chart review, and baseline laboratory analyses, including BUN/creatinine, liver function tests, TSH, calcium, PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, alkaline phosphatase and baseline calculated creatinine clearance. Participants with vitamin D levels \< 20 ng/ml will be treated with vitamin D 50,000 IU/wk for 8 weeks in addition to calcium. Vitamin D will be rechecked and the patient will be enrolled if the vitamin D level is \> 20 ng/ml.
* Patients will be allowed to continue on certain medications known to affect bone and mineral metabolism (e.g. glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants) because their use is common in this population. (In our facilities, 2.9% of patients use glucocorticoids and 7.2% use anti-epileptic drugs.) In addition, women who have been treated in the past or present with osteoporosis agents, such as estrogen/progesterone, raloxifene, and calcitonin, will be allowed to participate and continue on these therapies if prescribed by their physician. However, if patients are currently on or have been on bisphosphonates for greater than 1 year in the previous 2 years prior to enrollment, they will be excluded as some bisphosphonates are long acting.
* Patients will be allowed to wear hip pads if prescribed by their physician. If they are on parathyroid hormone, they may participate, but will be told that monotherapy with parathyroid hormone is more beneficial than combination therapy with parathyroid hormone and alendronate, as we have previously demonstrated.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age: 90 years or over.
* Planning to stay in the same nursing home during the study.
* Able to ambulate, with or without assistance.
* Able to communicate.
* Informed consent: Must be capable and willing to provide consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute or terminal illness.
* Myocardial infarction in the past 3 months.
* Not capable to ambulate.
* Unstable cardiovascular disease or other medical condition.
* Upper or lower extremity fracture in the past 3 months.
* Severe dementia.
* Unwillingness to either complete the study requirements or to be randomised into control or training group.
* Presence of neuromuscular disease or drugs affecting neuromuscular function.

Answer: C