Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: A recent meta-analysis that included over 29.000 individuals found that the odds ratio (OR) of individuals with high brain reserve compared to low was 0.54 (p \< 0.0001), a risk decrease of 46%. Among the factors that influence cognitive reserve, mentally stimulating activities was the most robust factor after controlling for education, age, occupation and other potential confounds. The brain reserve effect was sustained over a median longitudinal follow-up of 7 years. It would be interesting to detect whether a complex cognitive training could show similar effects on the cognitive abilities of patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) as it has been reported in previous studies based on mentally stimulating activities analysis.

The hypothesis is that a complex cognitive training alters the neural networks in both subject groups and this alteration is associated with improvement or stabilization of cognitive and non-cognitive function.

The investigator will perform a complex cognitive training program. Twenty patients with mild AD and twenty four patients with MCI will be recruited in this study. The patients will be randomised in control- and treatment groups.Additionally indirect effects on non-cognitive functions will be evaluated in caregivers of the patients.

The investigators expect that the cognitive and non-cognitive abilities will be changed during the cognitive training. The investigators also expect differences between treatment and control groups.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female patients aged ≥ 55 years, fulfilling criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disease and Stroke (NINCDS) and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (ADRDA) for the diagnosis of clinically probable AD or Petersen's criteria of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
* No evidence for other psychiatric axis I disorders according to DSM-IV criteria
* No uncontrolled arterial hypertension or diabetes mellitus
* No history of drug/alcohol abuse
* Cholinesterase inhibitors or Memantine must have been in a stabile doses at least 2 moths in AD subject group prior to the Baseline
* The patient is able to provide written informed consent to participate in the study. If, at investigator's discretion, a patient is considered not to be capable to give legal consent, then written consent must also be obtained from the patient's legally acceptable representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence for other psychiatric axis I disorders according to DSM-IV criteria
* Uncontrolled arterial hypertension or diabetes mellitus
* History of drug/alcohol abuse
* No ability to participate and no willing to give informed consent and comply with the study restrictions
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male/Female 55-90 years old.
* Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≤27
* Preserved Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (based on Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Sale)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Dementia (i.e., Mini-Mental Examination score \<24 or self-reported physician diagnosis)
* Major Depression (\>=16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale combined with clinical judgment by primary study physician)
* Other neurological or psychiatric disorders
* Recent history of severe cardiovascular conditions
* Significant orthopedic conditions
* Have blood pressure \>180/100 mmHg or \<100/60 mmHg
* Unable to comprehend questionnaire material/study procedures
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 50 years of age or older
* Patient of the FCC in Family Medicine or General Internal Medicine Clinic at UIHC
* No known memory problems

Exclusion Criteria:

* Significant vision impairments
* Lack of access to a computer or owns a MAC
* Lives more than 37 miles from the lab
* Traumatic Brain Injury or severe stroke
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age of 65 years or older
2. Living at home
3. Able to walk without personal assistance and no other physical limitations that can limit participation and adherence, particularly to exercise intervention programme
4. Meet criteria for frailty

Operational definition of frailty.

The participants are assessed and classified on the level of frailty by the following measures and criteria:

1. Weight loss
2. Slowness
3. Poor balance and weakness assessed by chair stand test
4. Muscle weakness assessed by hand grip and knee extension strength
5. Exhaustion, fatigue or low endurance
6. Low physical activity

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Member of household already enrolled
2. Dementia or cognitive impairment, major depression or other psychotic disorders
3. Severe audio-visual impairment
4. Progressive, degenerative neurologic disease like Parkinsonism, fits/ epilepsy, etc
5. Rapidly progressive or terminal illness under palliative care with life expectancy less than 12 months
6. History of alcohol abuse or any other substance abuse
7. Severely affect muscle/joint dysfunction resulting in disability
8. Hospital admission in the past 3 months
9. Regular physical training or physiotherapy or current participation in a vigorous exercise or weight-training program more than once per week
10. Undergoing therapeutic diet incompatible with nutritional supplementation
11. In the opinion of research clinician, the intervention is deemed to be potentially hazardous for the subject, such as serious cardiac and pulmonary disease.

Answer: A