Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Ventilation-Feedback Training on Exercise Performance in COPD
Brief Summary: The primary objective of the study is to determine whether individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) who complete ventilation-feedback training combined with a moderately-high intensity exercise and upper body strength program will demonstrate significantly longer exercise duration on a constant work rate treadmill test when compared to subjects who are randomly assigned to a moderately-high intensity exercise and upper body strength training program without ventilation-feedback or ventilation-feedback only. Secondary study objectives are to determine whether individuals with COPD who complete ventilation-feedback training combined with a moderately-high intensity exercise and upper body strength training program will demonstrate significantly: (a) greater exercise tolerance and aerobic power; (b) lower perception of breathlessness during progressive and constant work rate leg-cycle and treadmill exercise testing; (c) higher tidal volume and lower breathing frequency during constant work rate and at any given workload during progressive testing; (d) lower score on the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire indicating improved quality of life; (e) higher transition focal score (less dyspnea) on the Transition Dyspnea Index; (f) maintain a sustained breathing-pattern adjustment to exercise when compared to subjects who are randomly assigned to a moderately-high intensity exercise and upper body strength program without ventilation-feedback or ventilation-feedback only.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with stable mild-to-moderate COPD (Both stages: FEV1/FVC \< 70%. Mild stage: FEV1 ≥ 80% predicted; Moderate stage: 50% ≤ FEV1 \< 80% predicted according to Global Initiative Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guideline).
* Free of exacerbations for more than 4 weeks (as defined by a change to pharmacological therapy, admission to hospital or ER or unscheduled clinic visit).
* Good communication

Exclusion Criteria:

* Older than 70 years old
* Musculoskeletal problems that limit mobility
* Cardiovascular disease
* Neurological or psychiatric illness
* Patient on long term oxygen or domiciliary noninvasive positive pressure ventilation
* Any other comorbidities which would affect ability to undertake exercise test
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Exclusion Criteria:
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients:

* Appropriate referral to the BIS
* Diagnosis of COPD/COAD
* Aged 18 years or over
* Any patient who does not meet any of the exclusion criteria

Carers:

* The informal carers of patients specified above, who can be significant others, relatives, friends or neighbours
* Aged 18 years or over
* Any carer who does not meet the exclusion criteria

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any patient/carer unable to give informed consent
* Any patient living outside of Cambridgeshire PCT, West Essex PCT, East \& North Hertfordshire PCT, or Suffolk PCT
* Any patient who has previously had access to BIS
* Any patient/carer who is demented or confused
* Any patient/carer with learning difficulties
* Any patient/carer from other vulnerable groups (e.g. head injury, severe trauma, and mental illness)
* Any patient/carer who does not meet all of the inclusion criteria
D: Inclusion Criteria: (1) age between 50 and 80 years; (2) a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) \< 80% of the predicted value and a FEV1/ forced vital capacity (CVF) ratio \< 0,7; (3) stable respiratory/clinical condition without changes in medication and symptoms (dyspnea, volume or color of sputum) for at least 4 weeks before admission to the study; and (4) receiving regular treatment with inhaled bronchodilators and steroids.

Exclusion Criteria: (1) presence of other pulmonary, cardiovascular or musculoskeletal diseases; (2) previously participation in any exercise-training program in the last 2 years before participating in this study; and (3) current smokers.

Answer: B