Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of preoperative remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) on organ damage and the functional characteristics of arteries in patients undergoing vascular surgery. In addition, we investigate the connection between RIPC and changes in the functional characteristics of arteries and low molecular weight metabolites.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients scheduled for total arch replacement
* written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* pre-existing AKI
* peripheral vascular disease affecting the upper limbs
* hybrid total arch replacement
* the history of kidney transplantation
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients who are willing to give full informed consent for participation and
* who are undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or
* who are undergoing endovascular aortic aneurysm repair or
* who are undergoing lower limb revascularization surgery or
* who are undergoing carotid endarterectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

* patients under age of 18
* patients who are pregnant
* patients with known malignancy during last 5 years
* patients with permanent atrial fibrillation or flutter
* patients with symptomatic upper limb atherosclerosis
* patients who require home oxygen therapy
* patients with eGFR \< 30 ml/min/1.73 m2, measured preoperatively
* patients who have had myocardial infarction during last month
* patients who have had upper limb vein thrombosis
* patients who have undergone vascular surgery in the axillary region
* patients who are not able to follow the study regimen
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age greater than 18 years
* Patient willing to give full informed consent for participation
* Patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy or
* Patients undergoing open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair or
* Patients undergoing endovascular abdominal aneurysm repair or
* Patients undergoing surgical lower limb revascularisation (suprainguinal or infrainguinal)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy
* Significant upper limb peripheral arterial disease
* Previous history of upper limb deep vein thrombosis
* Patients on glibenclamide or nicorandil (these medications may interfere with RIPC) Patients with an estimated pre-operative glomerular filtration rate \< 30mls/min/1.73m2
* Patients with a known history of myocarditis, pericarditis or amyloidosis
* Patients with an estimated pre-operative glomerular filtration rate \< 30mls/min/1.73m2.
* Patients with severe hepatic disease defined as an international normalised ratio \>2 in the absence of systemic anticoagulation
* Patients with severe respiratory disease (for the trial, defined as patients requiring home oxygen therapy)
* Patients previously enrolled in the trial representing for a further procedure
* Patients with previous axillary surgery
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Undergoing elective major vascular surgery at the Minneapolis VA Medical Center for abdominal aortic aneurysm, carotid disease or limb ischemia.
* Age \> 18.
* Provides informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Hypertensive crisis
* Peripheral arterial disease of the upper extremities
* Arteriovenous (AV) fistula
* Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) in the last 6 months
* Severe valvular heart disease
* Pregnant women
* Unable to provide consent

Answer: B