Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Linezolid vs Vancomycin/Cefazolin in the Treatment of Hemodialysis Patients With Catheter-Related Gram-Positive Bloodstream Infections
Brief Summary: This study will treat hemodialysis patients who have a central catheter that is thought to be infected with a specific bacteria (Gram positive bacteria).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients of both genders, over 18 years,
* Patients admitted in ICU
* Dialysis catheter insertion for renal replacement therapy
* At least two renal replacement therapy sessions
* Written informed consent
* Social security

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or breastfeeding women
* Patient requiring dialysis on arteriovenous fistula or permanent catheter
* Known allergy to ethanol
* Dialysis catheter covered or impregnated with antimicrobial agent
* Dialysis catheter insertion before ICU admission
* Single-lumen dialysis catheters
* Patient whose death is likely to occur within hours after admission to ICU
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Any adult (≥ 18 years of age) who has ESRD and a prevalent or incident tunneled hemodialysis catheter and expected to continue hemodialysis for 3 months will be eligible for enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The following patients will be excluded from study entry:

  1. patient is unable (and no guardian or legal representative is available) or unwilling to provide informed consent and
  2. patient is allergic to NAC, tigecycline, minocycline, or heparin.

The following patients will be excluded from randomization:

1. patient has evidence of a complicated bacteremia such as endocarditis, septic thrombophlebitis, septic emboli, osteomyelitis, deep seated abscess, or hypotension requiring use of vasopressors,
2. patient has evidence of an exit site infection around the catheter such as a pus pocket, purulent drainage, or erythema,
3. patient is pregnant or will become pregnant,
4. the infection is due to an organism that is resistant to tigecycline such as Candida or Pseudomonas species.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* To be eligible for this study, a patient must provide informed consent and must meet all of the following criteria. No study procedures, including any baseline tests, should be performed until the patient (or parent/legally acceptable representative, if appropriate) legally signs the informed consent form.
* Male or female, 18 years of age or older and \>= 40 kg body weight
* End-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis with: A) Signs and symptoms of a localized catheter-related infection (eg tenderness and/or pain, erythema, swelling, purulent exudates within 2 cm of entry site); OR B) A body temperature of \>= 38.0 C or \< 36.0 C (oral equivalent); OR C) A Gram-positive blood culture. If the Gram-positive isolate is S. aureus, it must be cultured from at least 1 culture bottle from either the peripheral set or the catheter set of culture bottles. For all other Gram-positive pathogens (eg, coagulase-negative staphylococci), isolates need to be cultured from at least 2 culture bottles of which one must be from the peripheral set. There must be no other obvious source of the bacteremia
* Presence of at least one of the following systemic signs of infection (may be obtained up to 24 hours prior to baseline): \*Hypotension, defined as systolic blood pressure \<90 mmHg or its reduction by \>= 40 mmHg from the patient's baseline, in the absence of other causes for hypotension; \*Tachycardia defined as a pulse rate \> 90 beats per minute; \*Tachypnea defined as a respiratory rate \> 20 breaths per minute or PACO2 \<32 torr; \*White blood count \>10,000 cells/mm3 or \< 4,000 cells/mm3, or with a differential count showing \>10% band neutrophil forms.
* Patients on hemodialysis with tunneled or nontunneled catheters including antibiotic coated hemodialysis catheters. Patients may have more than one concurrent catheter.
* Patients who are willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests and other study procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients presenting with any of the following will not be included in this study:
* Catheter-related bloodstream infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, mixed cultures of Gram negative bacteria and Gram positive bacteria or mixed cultures of Gram positive/negative bacteria and fungi
* Patients with evidence of other infections resulting in bacteremia, such as clinical or radiographic signs of osteomyelitis, endocarditis, skin/skin structure infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, joint infection, intraabdominal infection, septic thrombophlebitis or other infection
* Patients in whom the infected catheter cannot be removed
* Patients with permanent intravascular devices such as artificial vascular grafts, implantable pacemakers or defibrillators; intra-aortic balloon pumps, and left ventricular assist device; intravascular transplants such as prosthetic cardiac valves; or non-intravascular devices such as peritoneal dialysis catheters; or neurosurgical devices such as ventriculo-peritoneal shunts, intra-cranial pressure monitors, or epidural catheters, prosthetic cardiac valves, prosthetic vascular grafts, or other internal prosthesis
* Females of child-bearing potential who are unable or unwilling to take adequate contraceptive precautions, have a positive pregnancy result within 24 hours prior to study entry, are known to be pregnant, or are currently breastfeeding an infant
* Identification of a pathogen resistant to linezolid or vancomycin
* Patients who are unlikely to survive through the treatment period and evaluation
* Administration of a glycopeptide antibiotic within 5 days prior to enrollment. Administration of other potentially effective systemic Gram-positive antibiotics for more than 48 hours within 72 hours prior to enrollment unless the pathogen showed drug resistance
* Previous enrollment in this protocol
* Hypersensitivity to linezolid, vancomycin, gentamicin or one of their excipients (or aztreonam if non-bacteremic Gram-negative coverage is required)
* Concurrent use of another investigational medication or use within 30 days of study entry
* Patients with pressor and fluid-resistant hemodynamic compromise or pulmonary embolism
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients of both genders, over 18 years,
* Chronic hemodialysis 3 times a week, with two tunnel silicone catheters since at least 15 days,
* Written informed consent
* Social security

Exclusion Criteria:

* Antibiotic therapy during selection phase,
* Partial or complete catheter occlusion during selection phase,
* Venous pressure at dialysis connection \> 300 mmHg,
* Known allergy to ethanol,
* Patient involved in any other clinical trial or in the exclusion period
* Severe co-morbidity
* Acute or chronic infectious disease
* Evolutive neoplasia,
* HIV, HCV positive serology at inclusion,
* Scheduled surgery

Answer: C