Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prevention of Low Back Pain in the Military. A Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: We are studying whether specific back exercise and education programs effectively limit the development of chronic low back pain in Soldiers in the United States Army. These programs represent the current best evidence for prevention of low back pain from an exercise and education perspective. This innovative study will investigate whether a combination of evidence-based exercise and education programs effectively decreases the impact of chronic low back pain, when compared to individual evidence-based exercise and education programs, or a traditionally implemented exercise program.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Low Back Pain lasting more than 12 weeks with or with out pain radiating into the leg(s)
2. Age 18 - 60 years

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Serious spinal pathology

   1. Malignancy
   2. Osteoporosis,
   3. Fresh vertebral fracture
   4. Newly operation on the back
   5. Stenosis of the lumbar spine
   6. Unstable spondylolistesis
   7. Infections in the back
2. Neurological dysfunction of the thoracic or abdominal muscles
3. Pregnancy/breastfeeding
4. Mental illness
5. Health conditions which prohibit intensive training.
6. Languish problems/ dyslexia
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with non-specific chronic low back pain for at least three months, age between 18 and 65 year of both genders and with a minimum pain intensity score of three in the 11-point Pain Numerical Rating Scale (ranging from 0 to 10 points).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known or suspected serious spinal pathology (fractures, tumors, inflammatory or infective diseases of the spine);

  * Nerve root compromise;
  * Comorbid health conditions that would prevent active participation in the exercise programs;
  * Pregnancy;
  * Cardio Respiratory illnesses;
C: Inclusion Criteria: patients are 18-65 years of age; Québec task force classification 1,2,3 and 4 (this includes patients with back pain, stiffness or tenderness, with or without musculoskeletal signs and neurological signs); primary complaint of back pain, with current episode greater than or equal to six weeks duration(this includes subacute and chronic patients for whom the study treatments are an option)

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Exclusion Criteria:

* previous lumbar spine surgery; back pain referred from local joint lesions of the lower extremities or from visceral diseases; progressive neurological deficits due to nerve root or spinal cord compression; aortic and peripheral vascular disease; existing cardiac disease requiring medical treatment; blood clotting disorders; diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis; infectious and noninfectious inflammatory or destructive tissue changes of the lumbar spine; presence of significant infectious disease, or other severe debilitating health problems; substance abuse; ongoing treatment for back pain by other health care providers; pregnant or nursing women; pain score of less than 30 percentage points; pending our current litigation
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ages 18 - 35 years old (or emancipated minor)
* Participating in 91 W (combat medic) MOS training
* English speaking and reading

Exclusion Criteria:

* Currently seeking medical care for LBP
* Previous medical history that includes any surgery for LBP (examples include but are not limited to lumbar fusion, lumbar decompression, and lumbar discectomy)
* History of degenerative joint disease, arthritis, spine trauma or vertebral fractures, spondylolisthesis, and congenital spine disorders
* Currently unable to participate in AIT due to injury in foot, ankle, knee, hip, neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, or hand injury.
* History of fracture (stress or traumatic) in proximal femur and/or pelvis
* Pregnancy (Note: Pregnancy will not result in termination from the study, even though it is an exclusion criteria at enrollment.)

Answer: D