Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prevention of Post-Cardiac Surgery Vitamin D Deficiency in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: A Pilot Dose Evaluation Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Our research group has shown that almost all children with congenital heart disease (CHD) are vitamin D deficient following heart surgery. This work strongly suggests that the vitamin D intake presently recommended for healthy children, and also given to children with CHD, is inadequate to prevent vitamin D deficiency following surgery. Unfortunately, there have been no studies investigating any other vitamin D dose in children with heart disease. Recently, a higher dose of vitamin D intake has been approved (by the Institute of Medicine and Health Canada) and recent work on healthy children has shown it to be safe. The objective of this study is to determine whether this recently approved higher dose of vitamin D can safely reduce the number of children who are vitamin D deficient following surgery. This dose evaluation study will also evaluate whether it is possible to perform a large study (across Canada) to determine whether vitamin D supplementation can improve outcomes following surgery. It is hypothesized that a daily high dose vitamin D regimen, modeled on the Institute of Medicine daily upper tolerable intake level (UL), will significantly reduce vitamin D deficiency following CHD surgery, when compared with usual intake.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Newborn (corrected gestational age between 36 weeks) up to 18 years
* Has CHD that will require surgery within the next 12 months
* CHD requiring surgical intervention with cardiopulmonary bypass

Exclusion Criteria:

* Born at less than 32 weeks gestational age
* Corrected gestational age of less than 36 weeks
* Cardiac or gastrointestinal disease preventing enteral feeds or drug administration prior to surgery
* Patient has confirmed or suspected Williams syndrome
* Proposed surgery to take place at another centre (outside of CHEO)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Healthy children by parental report
2. Have reached their 1st birthday but not past their 6th birthday
3. Present to a TARGet Kids! practice for routine primary healthcare prior to viral season (September through November)
4. Parents provide informed consent to participate.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Children with gestational age \< 32 weeks
2. Children with chronic illness (except for asthma) on parental report which is known to interfere with vitamin D metabolism and increase the risk of respiratory infection
3. Children with a sibling participating in the study to reduce clustering effects.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants admitted to the Regional Newborn ICU of the University of Alabama with gestational age between 23-27 completed weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* Major congenital/chromosomal anomalies
* Moribund infant with low likelihood of survival, in opinion of the clinical team
D: Inclusion Criteria

* All the selected children of Severe uncomplicated acute malnutrition of concerned age group whose parents or guardians have give written consent for the study
* Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) less than 11.5 cm or Weight For Height (WFH) less then minus 3 standard deviation.

Exclusion Criteria

* Children above the concerned age group
* Refusal of parents for taking part in the study.
* Child having Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) with complications have loss of appetite, lower respiratory tract infection indicated by chest in drawing, severe vomiting.
* Temperature greater then 39°C or hypothermia less then 35°C, very pale, oedema, unconsciousness.

Answer: A