Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Standard Compared to Goal-directed Perioperative Fluid Management (GDT) for Patients Undergoing Liver Resection
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to help us learn what is the best amount of fluid to administer to patients during liver surgery. Patients will receive either an amount for this surgery based on weight, blood pressure, heart rate and urine output or an amount guided by a computerized system (FloTrac) that helps doctors know how much fluid each patient needs. The FloTrac calculates the amount of fluid patients needs on a minute-to-minute basis, based on real time information like blood pressure, pulse and the ability of the heart and blood vessels to maintain normal vital signs.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults (18 years old or greater) who are able to provide informed consent.
* Patients who undergo an open, elective liver resection. Including those initially approached laparoscopically but converted to an open resection and those undergoing additional procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Active coronary disease.
* Patients with a history of coronary disease will be eligible if they have had a cardiac stress study showing no reversible ischemia and normal LV function within 3 months of operation.
* Active symptomatic cerebrovascular disease.
* Active congestive heart failure and ejection fraction \<35%.
* Active severe restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease and resting SpO2 \<90%.
* Active renal dysfunction (Cr \>1.8)
* Abnormal coagulation parameters (INR \> 1.8 not on Coumadin, or platelet count \< 100,000 per mcL)
* Presence of active infection including HIV
* Patients with active atrial fibrillation or flutter.
* Preoperative hypoalbuminemia (Albumin \< 2g/dl).
* Female patients who are pregnant (female patients of child-bearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test ≤ 14 days prior to surgery or 15 to 30 days prior to surgery with a negative urine pregnancy test the morning of surgery).
* Presence of ascites.
* BMI \> 45 or \<17
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age greater than 18 years
* signed informed consent
* listed for deceased donor transplantation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* esophageal surgery or cancer
* esophageal stricture, varices or diverticulum
* upper airway surgery
* coarctation of the aorta
* significant valvular heart disease
* clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias
* patient randomized to other trials with an outcome variable of delayed graft function or early graft function will also be excluded
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists physical class I-III patients over the age of 18 years
* Presenting for elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Weight \>120kg
* Known or suspected valvular aortic insufficiency
* Renal Dysfunction (serum creatinine \>150 μmol/l)
* Pre-existing bowel dysfunction
* Active congestive heart failure
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elective major abdominal surgery
* Patient physical status ASA 2-4
* General anesthesia with positive pressure ventilation
* High risk surgical patient with a per operative Vigileo® cardiac output monitoring decided a priori.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant female
* Intraoperative hyperthermic chemotherapy procedure
* Patient physical status ASA more than 4
* Patient with allergy to hydroxyethyl starch
* Cardiac arrhythmia
* ventilation with tidal volume inferior 7mL/Kg

Answer: A