Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Multicenter, Two-phase, Multi-dose, Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Safety and Efficacy of Microporous, Fractionated, Protonated Zirconium Silicate in Mild to Moderate Hyperkalemia
Brief Summary: Acute Phase: It is hypothesized that ZS (zirconium silicate) is more effective than placebo control (alternative hypothesis) in lowering S-K levels in subjects with S-K between 5.0 - 6.5 mmol/l versus no difference between ZS and placebo control (null hypothesis).

Subacute Phase (randomized withdrawal): It is hypothesized that ZS once daily is more effective than placebo control (alternative hypotheses) in maintaining normokalemic levels (3.5 - 4.9 mmol/l) among subjects completing the Acute Phase versus no difference between each ZS dose and respective placebo controls (null hypotheses).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Provision of written informed consent.
* Over 18 years of age.
* Mean i-STAT potassium values between 5.0 - 6.5 mmol/l inclusive, at screening (Study Day 0).
* Ability to have repeated blood draws or effective venous catheterization.
* Women of childbearing potential must be practicing a highly effective method of birth control.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pseudohyperkalemia signs and symptoms, such as excessive fist clinching hemolyzed blood specimen, severe leukocytosis or thrombocytosis.
* Subjects treated with lactulose, xifaxan or other nonabsorbed antibiotics for hyperammonemia within the last 7 days.
* Subjects treated with resins (such as Sevelamer acetate or Sodium polystyrene sulfonate \[SPS; e.g. Kayexalate®\]), calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, or lanthanum carbonate, within the last 7 days.
* Subjects with a life expectancy of less than 3 months.
* Subjects who are HIV positive.
* Subjects who are severely physically or mentally incapacitated and who in the opinion of investigator are unable to perform the subjects' tasks associated with the protocol.
* Women who are pregnant, lactating, or planning to become pregnant.
* Subjects with Ketoacidosis/Acidemia.
* Presence of any condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, places the subject at undue risk or potentially jeopardizes the quality of the data to be generated.
* Known hypersensitivity or previous anaphylaxis to ZS or to components thereof.
* Previous treatment with ZS
* Treatment with a drug or device within the last 30 days that has not received regulatory approval at the time of study entry.
* Subjects with cardiac arrhythmias that require immediate treatment.
* Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
* Subjects on dialysis
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Males and females ages 18 - 80
* Chronic kidney disease (CKD) - eGFR 15 to \< 60 mL/min/1.73m2 at screening
* Hyperkalemia, defined as a serum potassium value of 5.1 to \< 6.5 mEq/L at screening
* Taking either an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor, an Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), or an aldosterone antagonist (AA) medication
* Informed consent given

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participants with auto-immune related chronic kidney disease such as lupus nephritis or renal scleroderma/scleroderma renal crisis, or mixed connective tissue disease with renal involvement
* Participants with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes, defined as or a HbA1c \> 10.0 %, or hospitalization to treat hyper- or hypo-glycemia in the past 3 months within the previous 6 months in participants with Type 2 diabetes
* Participants with severe heart failure, defined as NYHA (New York Heart Association) class IV
* Participants with major surgery including thoracic and cardiac, in the past 3 months, or participants with heart or kidney transplant
* Participants with significant cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events in the past 2 months, such as cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, or stroke
* Participants with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Provision of written informed consent.
* Over 18 years of age.
* Two consecutive i-STAT potassium values, measured 60-minutes apart, both ≥5.1 mmol/l and measured within 1 day of the first ZS dose on AP Study Day 1.
* Ability to have repeated blood draws or effective venous catheterization.
* Women of childbearing potential must be using two forms of medically acceptable contraception (at least one barrier method) and have a negative pregnancy test at AP Study Day 1. Women who are surgically sterile or those who are post-menopausal for at least 2 years are not considered to be of childbearing potential.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pseudohyperkalemia signs and symptoms, such as excessive fist clenching hemolyzed blood specimen, history of severe leukocytosis or thrombocytosis.
* Subjects treated with lactulose, Xifaxan or other non-absorbed antibiotics for hyperammonemia within 7 days prior to the first dose of study drug.
* Subjects treated with resins (such as sevelamer acetate or sodium polystyrene sulfonate \[SPS; e.g. Kayexalate®\]), calcium acetate, calcium carbonate, or lanthanum carbonate, within 7 days prior to the first dose of study drug.
* Subjects with a life expectancy of less than 3 months.
* Subjects who are severely physically or mentally incapacitated and who in the opinion of investigator are unable to perform the subjects' tasks associated with the protocol.
* Women who are pregnant, lactating, or planning to become pregnant.
* Subjects with diabetic ketoacidosis.
* Presence of any condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, places the subject at undue risk or potentially jeopardizes the quality of the data to be generated.
* Known hypersensitivity or previous anaphylaxis to ZS or to components thereof.
* Randomization into the previous ZS-002 or ZS-003 studies.
* Treatment with a drug or device within the last 30 days that has not received regulatory approval at the time of study entry.
* Subjects with cardiac arrhythmias that require immediate treatment.
* Subjects on dialysis.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 30 - 80 years old at screening (S1)
2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) diagnosed after age 30 which has been treated with oral medications or insulin for at least 1 year prior to S1
3. Chronic kidney disease (CKD): estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 15 - \< 60 mL/min/1.73m2 at screening based on central lab serum creatinine measurement (except for participants with hyperkalemia at S1), whose eligibility will be assessed based on local lab eGFR value)
4. Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR):

   1. Cohorts 1 and 2: urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at S1 AND average urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g at the beginning of Run-In Period (R0) based on up to three ACR values obtained starting at S1 and ending at the R0 Visit
   2. Cohort 3: not applicable
5. Local laboratory serum potassium (K+) values of:

   1. Cohorts 1 and 2: 4.3 - 5.0 mEq/L at S1; AND 4.5 - 5.0 mEq/L at R0; AND \> 5.0 - \< 6.0 mEq/L at randomization to patiromer (Baseline, T0 Visit)
   2. Cohort 3: \> 5.0 - \< 6.0 mEq/L at S1 OR at R0 after same day confirmation
6. Must be receiving an ACEI and/or ARB for at least 28 days prior to screening
7. Average systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 130 - \< 180 mmHg AND average DBP ≥ 80 - \< 110 mmHg (sitting) at both screening and R0 (as applicable)
8. Females of child-bearing potential must be non-lactating, must have a negative serum pregnancy test at screening, and must have used a highly effective form of contraception for at least 3 months before patiromer administration, during the study, and for one month after study completion
9. Provide their written informed consent prior to participation in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
2. Central lab hemoglobin A1c \> 12% at Screening 1 (S1) (except for Cohort 3 participants who are hyperkalemic at S1)
3. Emergency treatment for T2DM within the last 3 months
4. A confirmed SBP \> 180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) \> 110 mmHg at any time during SI or Run-In Period or at Baseline T0 Visit
5. Central lab serum magnesium \< 1.4 mg/dL (\< 0.58 mmol/L) at screening (Cohort 3 participants will be evaluated based on local lab serum magnesium measurement)
6. Central lab urine ACR ≥ 10000 mg/g at screening (except for Cohort 3 participants who are hyperkalemic at S1)
7. Confirmed diagnosis or history of renal artery stenosis (unilateral or bilateral)
8. Diabetic gastroparesis
9. Non-diabetic chronic kidney disease
10. History of bowel obstruction, swallowing disorders, severe gastrointestinal disorders or major gastrointestinal surgery (e.g., large bowel resection)
11. Current diagnosis of NYHA (New York Heart Association) Class III or IV heart failure
12. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2
13. Any of the following events having occurred within 2 months prior to screening: unstable angina as judged by the Principal Investigator (PI), unresolved acute coronary syndrome, cardiac arrest or clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias, transient ischemic attack or stroke, use of any intravenous cardiac medication
14. Prior kidney transplant, or anticipated need for transplant during study participation
15. Active cancer, currently on cancer treatment or history of cancer in the past 2 years except for non-melanocytic skin cancer which is considered cured
16. History of alcoholism or drug/chemical abuse within 1 year
17. Central lab liver enzymes \[alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)\] \> 3 times upper limit of normal at S1 (except for Cohort 3 patients with hyperkalemia at S1, who will have local lab ALT and AST)
18. Loop and thiazide diuretics or other antihypertensive medications (calcium channel blocker, beta-blocker, alpha-blocker, or centrally acting agent) that have not been stable for at least 28 days prior to screening or not anticipated to remain stable during study participation
19. Current use of polymer-based drugs (e.g., sevelamer, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, colesevelam, colestipol, cholestyramine), phosphate binders (e.g., lanthanum carbonate), or other potassium binders, or their anticipated need during study participation
20. Current use of lithium
21. Use of potassium sparing medications, including aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone), drospirenone, potassium supplements, bicarbonate or baking soda in the last 7 days prior to screening
22. Use of any investigational product within 30 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to screening
23. Inability to consume the investigational product, or, in the opinion of the Investigator, inability to comply with the protocol
24. In the opinion of the Investigator, any medical condition, uncontrolled systemic disease, or serious intercurrent illness that would significantly decrease study compliance or jeopardize the safety of the participant or affect the validity of the trial results

Answer: A