Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Sustainability of a Multidimensional Knowledge Translation Intervention to Improve Paediatric Pain Practices and Outcomes
Brief Summary: The purpose of this research study is to evaluate the effectiveness of short refresher sessions. "Pain Practice Change Boosters" given at regular intervals to sustain improved pain process (assessment and management) and clinical outcomes (pain intensity) achieved during a 15 month knowledge translation intervention, Evidence-based Practice for Improving Quality (EPIQ), in 8 children's hospitals in Canada; and to determine the factors that affect that sustainability. The CIHR Team in Children's Pain (2006-2011) evaluated the effectiveness of the EPIQ intervention in 32 hospital units (4 units at each hospital site). 16 hospital units were allocated to the intervention group and 16 units continued with standard care. The current study focuses on the 16 hospital units that implemented the EPIQ intervention only.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* infants with a gestational age between 32-42 weeks at delivery and post-natal age of less than 20 weeks old

Exclusion Criteria:

* acetaminophen or ibuprofen administration within 4 hours prior to immunization, current neurological disorder, known genetic anomaly, moderate to severe illness with or without fever at the time of vaccination, anaphylactic reaction to previous dose of vaccine, or if infant was previously enrolled in the study at 2 months.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) who require urine samples for microbiological analysis

Exclusion Criteria:

* Clinical diagnosis of birth asphyxia or seizures
* Neurological conditions
* Congenital anomalies associated with the central nervous system, gut, or genitourinary tract
* Abdominal distension or abdominal infection/cellulitis
* Colostomy
* Inguinal hernia
* Organomegaly
* Bleeding diatheses (thrombocytopenia or coagulopathy)
* Receiving analgesics or sedatives
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 28 - 32 weeks gestational weeks
* not on mechanical ventilation

Exclusion Criteria:

* high risk group regarding cerebral prognosis
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Hospitals met the following inclusion criteria in at least four patient care units:

* distinct geographic location and administrative structure;
* minimum of 15 beds per unit;
* care for children exposed to painful procedures for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes; and
* implementation of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to manage pain.

The 16 participating hospital units had implemented the EPIQ intervention in the CIHR Team in Children's Pain study. Patients in the participating hospital units were eligible to be included in the determination of the pain practice and clinical outcomes if they:

* were between 32 weeks gestational age at birth and 18 years;
* received skin breaking procedures; and
* were admitted to the unit for \>24 hours.

Surveys used to determine factors influencing sustainability were administered to health care professionals in all participating units, who had at least 1 year of professional experience, had worked on the unit for at least 6 months, and spoke English or French.

Answer: D