Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Use of Heliox Driven Racemic Epinephrine Nebulization in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Bronchiolitis in Pediatric Emergency Department Patients
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to assess whether children with moderate to severe bronchiolitis treated with standard racemic epinephrine therapy via 70:30 helium-oxygen (heliox) driven nebulization will have improvements in measurements of airway more rapidly than those treated with conventional air-oxygen driven nebulization.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 8 weeks through 23 months
* First episode of wheezing associated with respiratory distress and upper respiratory tract infection.
* Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (RDAI) rating of ≥4 and ≤15 after initial albuterol nebulization per standard care
* Pediatric Emergency Medicine (PEM) physician does not plan additional bronchodilator therapy within the hour after initial assessment.
* Parental/guardian permission (informed consent)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with prior history of wheezing or asthma or who have received bronchodilator therapy prior to the current illness
* Chronic lung or heart disease
* Critically ill infants requiring immediate airway stabilization
* Non-English speaking parent/guardian
* Inability to take nebulized medications
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* A clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age greater than 18 months
* Disease too mild to warrant any treatment
* Emergent intubation on arrival at the ED
* Participation within another study within 30 days
* Refusal of informed parental consent
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Under one year of age
* first episode of wheezing and dyspnea
* RSV antigen detected by ELISA
* parents signed informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* infants with chronic lung disease
* cardiac disease
* other chronic conditions.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Any child 2-12 months old seen in the emergency department.
* A clinical bronchiolitis score \> 3 by modified Wood's Clinical Bronchiolitis Score (M-WCBS).
* Diagnostic criteria of bronchiolitis includes tachypnea, cough, prolonged expiratory phase, wheezing, rales, chest retractions, and hyperinflation of lungs on chest radiograph. After consenting a patient to the study, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection will be tested by rapid enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay of nasal secretions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* No child will be excluded based on race or gender
* Patients under the age of 2 months or greater than 12 months
* Patients with cyanotic heart disease
* Patients with lobar pneumonia, defined by results of chest radiographs.
* The presence of interstitial disease or diffuse patchy marking consistent with atelectasis on chest radiographs will not exclude patients.
* Patients with croup.
* Patients with foreign body aspiration.
* Patients with history of cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or other chronic lung disease.
* Patients with liver or renal disease.
* Patients with sickle cell anemia.
* Patients requiring mechanical ventilation.
* Patients who develop supraventricular tachycardia secondary to racemic epinephrine administration.
* Patients with tracheomalacia or bronchomalacia.
* Patients who had received bronchodilators within 2 hours of initiation of the study.
* Patients who had received systemic corticosteroids within 72 hours of enrollment
* Patients who suffered from persistent airway hyperreactivity in the 3 months before the study.
* Patients who do not tolerate the nasal cannulae for 45 out of 60 minutes.

Answer: D