Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Preventing Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections With α-D-mannose: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Trial
Brief Summary: In this trial, women with history of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) will be followed over the course of 6 months. The women will be randomized either to D- Mannose or Placebo.

The primary objective of this study is to investigate if treatment with D-mannose reduces the risk for a UTI recurrence compared to treatment with Placebo.

H0: Women with history of recurrent UTIs treated with D-Mannose on average have the same number of recurrent UTIs over the course of 6 months compared to women treated with Placebo.

H1: Women with history of recurrent UTIs treated with D-Mannose on average have fewer recurrent UTIs over the course of 6 months compared to women treated with Placebo.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Postmenopausal women
* History of recurrent UTI (\>=3 culture proven UTIs in one year or \>=2 in 6 months)
* Recurrent, culture proven UTI while on vaginal estrogen for at least 4 weeks + d-mannose prophylaxis
* English speaker

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not postmenopausal
* Complicated UTIs
* Known renal tract anomaly
* Liver dysfunction
* Neurogenic bladder
* Incomplete bladder emptying (PVR \> 150 cc when voided volume \>150 cc)
* Self-catheterization or use of indwelling catheter
* Contraindication to vaginal estrogen, methenamine hippurate, or d-mannose, including allergic reactions
* History of or current endometrial cancer
* History of estrogen sensitive breast cancer without approval of patient, patient's oncologist, oncologic surgeon, or primary care physician to use vaginal estrogen after counseling
* History of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome
* Urothelial cancer
* Enrolled in other clinical trials for UTIs other than Washington University study IRB# 201711120
* Currently on daily antibiotic prophylaxis and unwilling to stop this intervention
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients 18 years old or older
* 3 or more culture documented urinary tract infections in the preceding 12 months
* Patients who had not taken antimicrobials within 4 weeks and were not pregnant or contemplating pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with evidence of upper urinary tract infection, such as temperature higher than 38 °C, flank/lumbar pain or tenderness.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Presenting with symptoms of UTI
* Presentation of 3rd or 4th simple cystitis of lower tract in the past 12 months
* Active infection at enrollment, confirmed and documented in medical record
* Cognitive capacity to consent and ability to undergo the consent process in English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known allergy or intolerance to supplement ingredients
* Pregnant or planning to become pregnant or lactating
* Unwilling to commit to birth control use
* Use of related nutritional supplements
* Unwilling to halt berry extracts, polyphenols, antioxidants, d-mannose, vitamins
* Taken WelTract in past six months
* Unwilling to avoid probiotics, yogurt, apple or cranberry juice, hibiscus tea
* Certain comorbid or physical conditions
* History of febrile UTI
* Bladder catheter or urethral stents
* Use of topical hormones in urogenital areas
* Diabetes (i.e. taking diabetic medications) or glycosuria
* Intestinal diseases with malabsorption (e.g. Crohn's and celiac diseases)
* Severe renal impairment or kidney stones
* Neural problems (spinal cord injury or Multiple Sclerosis)
* Immunocompromised individuals
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Lupus
* HIV
* Taking steroids or immunobiologic medications
* Prophylactic antibiotic use (e.g. post-coital)
* Other physician judgement
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women
* ≥ 3 UTIs within the last 12 months or ≥ 2 UTIs within the last 6 months;
* Laboratory urine culture: \<103 CFUs
* Age \> 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* UTIs ≥ 12 within 1 year
* Pregnancy or Lactation
* Immune disease
* Lactose intolerance
* Urinary tract anomaly
* Systemic infection
* Newly started hormone therapy within the last 6 months
* Antibiotic prophylaxis within the last 6 months
* α-D-mannose intake within the last month
* Use of catheters
* Diabetes mellitus
* Participation to other studies

Answer: D