Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Active Smarter Kids: A Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effect of Daily Physical Activity on Children's Academic Performance and on Risk Factors for Lifestyle-related Non-communicable Diseases
Brief Summary: The relationship between physical activity and academic performance has received widespread attention owing to the pressure on schools to graduate pupils who meet accepted academic standards. As important, there are global concerns regarding the increased prevalence of lifestyle-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). First, Norway has a history of mediocre scores on international comparative academic performance tests such as Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) \[1\]. It is therefore important to develop and evaluate strategic programs that may enhance pupil's academic performance. It is increasingly evident that a physical activity strategy that brings about enhanced cognitive function, better blood flow, and more, plays a key role in this effort \[2\]. Second, the prevalence of NCDs, such as diabetes mellitus type 2, is increasing worldwide, and such NCDs affect people of all ages \[3\]. Hence, healthcare costs are escalating to unaffordable levels. The best means to deal with this immense problem is through primary prevention, and physical activity is a powerful common denominator known to play a key role in preventing a host of NCDs \[4\].

Consequently, both World Health Organization (WHO) and the Norwegian health authorities call for effective primary prevention strategies to promote physical activity in children and adolescents \[5, 6\]. Prop. 90 L (2010-2011) Act on public health work \[6\] emphasizes that physical activity in school can benefit both the learning process and public health prevention.

Therefore, the objective of the ASK-study is to investigate the effects on academic performance of 60 minutes of daily physical activity during one school year. Furthermore, due to the complexity in the relationship between physical activity and academic performance, it is necessary to identify possible mediating and moderating variables as cognitive performance, quality of life (QoL), classroom behavior, motor skills and motivation. Also, we aim to investigate changes in risk factors related to NCDs and factors that influence NSDs, such as physical activity, sedentary behavior and health-related fitness.

In addition a qualitative part of the ASK-Study will be conducted to get an in-depth understanding of the children's embodied experiences and the meaning of the social learning culture in school physical activity (PA). This will give us an in-depth description of the intervention context, offer insight in how the intervention possibly influences children's overall development and enables us to estimate potential long term effects of the intervention.

If successful, the ASK cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) could provide much needed solutions to enhancing schoolchildren's academic performance and position the school as an effective setting for a massive public health intervention concerning the prevention of NCDs.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria for children include:

* ability to speak, write, and read in English
* a BMI \> 85th percentile for age and gender
* at least one parent or guardian with a BMI \>25
* assent and their parent or guardian's consent to their participation

Inclusion criteria for parents or guardians include:

* ability to speak, write, and read in English
* a BMI \>25
* a 2nd, 3rd or 4th grade child with a BMI \> 85th percentile for age and gender
* reside with the child; and consent to join the study

Exclusion Criteria: Parents and children will be excluded if either has a:

* history of a heart murmur
* congenital heart disease
* family history of sudden death
* history of psychological problems such as claustrophobia that would prevent participation in group classes
* participation in another clinical trial or intervention
* Asians will be excluded since there is a higher level of risk at a lower BMI than for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* all children attending 5th grade at the invited schools in Sogn og Fjordane county (Norway) during the school-year 2014/2015

Exclusion Criteria:

* those children whom for language barriers are unable to perform national tests in Numeracy, Norwegian and English
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Overweight, sedentary children
* Black or white race
* Attending specific schools in Augusta, GA area from which this study is recruiting

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to participate in testing or vigorous exercise program
* Diabetes
* Taking medication that would affect study results
* Sibling enrolled in project
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* BMI \> 27 kg/m2 (adults)

Exclusion Criteria:

* weight loss of more than 5kg in the last 2 months
* pregnancy, breastfeeding
* patients with:

  * severe heart failure
  * impaired hepatic or renal function
  * anaemia
  * disturbed coagulation (biopsies will not be taken in those subjects)
  * infection, malabsorption
  * severe hypertension
  * cancer within the last 5 years
  * eating disorders or any other psychiatric condition that would interact with the trial intervention
  * any other endocrine disorder
* changes of smoking habits or diets within the last 3 months prior to study inclusion

Answer: B