Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nutrition, Allergy, Mucosal Immunology and Intestinal Microbiota (NAMI): Pre-, Peri- and Postnatal Programming and Origins of Disease: Early Targeting the Epidemics of Allergy and Overweight
Brief Summary: Combined programme: Nutrition, Allergy, Mucosal immunology and Intestinal microbiota (NAMI) was created with the objective to reverse the rising trend of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as allergic disease and obesity, by control of the internal and external environments of the infant. To approach this problem, the project aims to characterize

* how immunology is regulated during pregnancy and early infancy,
* how the immune interaction between mother and child is influenced by nutritional and microbial factors, and
* how the regulation is related to disease risk.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Apparently healthy children aged 1-6 years, with emphasize on aged 2-5 years, living permanently in low socio-economic urban areas of East Jakarta for at least 6 months
* Parents are willing to sign the informed consent and give the supplements to the children for the period of 6 months
* Capable and willing to drink liquid milk with a straw (acceptance to be tested at screening by providing a sample drink and placebo straw to be consumed under supervision for 2 days)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Calcium intake exceeding 75% of the RDA for calcium (\<375 mg/d) based on a Food Frequency Questionnaire
* Currently breastfed children
* Siblings of already included children that are living in the same household, except if it is a twin sibling
* Severely malnourished with or without oedema (Weight for height-WHZ Z-score of \<-3.00 SD)
* Symptoms of chronic/congenital diseases and disabilities, suspected Tuberculosis by clinical examination, and /or history of allergic disease.
* Taking (any) antibiotics during 2 weeks prior to start of the study (children will be included after 3 weeks of last antibiotic intake
* Participation in another clinical trial at the same time or 2 months prior to the start of this study
* Both mothers and other caregivers present in the family are illiterate
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 6 months old children born at term
* written consent from parents

Exclusion Criteria:

* frequent gastrointestinal disorders (frequent diarrhoeas, constipation episodes, gastroesophageal reflux)
* gastrointestinal surgery
* cow's milk protein allergy
* metabolic diseases (diabetes or lactose intolerance)
* immune deficiency
* antibiotic treatment during the trial and/or recent (within the preceding 3 weeks)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women from families with at least one family member having an allergic disease

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women presenting severe immunological or other chronic diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, thyroid diseases, malignancies etc.)
* Women who cannot be expected to comply with treatment
* Women currently participating or having participated in other clinical trial during the last 2 months prior to the beginning of the intervention.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subject whose parents/legal guardians had given written informed consent,
* Male or female, aged 3 to 6 years (upper bound excluded),
* Attending day-care centres or preschools 5 days a week in the Moscow area,
* Subject found medically healthy (in particular, free of respiratory and GI tract symptoms),
* Subject who appreciated dairy products and multi-fruit flavour.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subject whose parents were not reading and writing Russian, or not understanding informed consent or study protocol.
* Subject with allergy or hypersensitivity to milk proteins or dairy foods components (ex: lactose, milk proteins), or with any known food or respiratory allergy.
* Subject presenting a severe evolutive or chronic pathology (Ex: cancer, tuberculosis, Crohn disease, cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, Type I diabetes...) or any past or actual health condition that could interfere with the outcome of the study (Ex: HIV, Chemotherapy, malabsorption, ulcer, celiac disease, failure to thrive...).
* Subject having experienced any infectious disease during the last 7 days.
* Subject with current diarrhoea or constipation Subject who was frequently using laxatives or who had been using laxatives during the week prior his participation to the study.
* Subject who was under artificial nutrition, had gastro-intestinal surgery or any intervention requiring general anaesthesia the last 2 months prior to his participation to the study.
* Subject with special medicated diet (obesity, anorexia, metabolic pathology, nutritional complementation...) or with eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia...).
* Subject currently receiving, or who had received during the last months, systemic treatment or topical treatment likely to interfere with evaluation of the study parameters: antibiotics, antiseptics, antifungal, corticoids, vaccines, anti-histaminic molecules, non-corticoid antiinflammatory substances, immunosuppressant treatment...
* Subject already enrolled in another clinical study, or currently under an exemption period from a previous study.
* Subject in a situation which in the investigator's opinion could interfere with optimal participation in the present study or could constitute a special risk for the subject.

Answer: C