Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Vascular Access Options in Coronary Angiogram Procedures: A Patient Decision Aid Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Coronary angiogram (CA) procedures, with and without angioplasty, can be performed via vascular access in the wrist (radial artery) or leg (femoral artery). Both radial and femoral artery vascular access have their advantages and disadvantages, but neither has yet been proven to have superior health outcomes. Often patients are eligible for both access sites but are not well informed regarding the potential advantages and disadvantages of each site. Vascular access in cardiac catheterization can be considered a "grey zone", where the benefits and harms may have different levels of significance depending on the individual's preferences and values. For example, patients with significant back pain may not prefer the femoral approach as it requires the patient to lie flay for an extended period of time compared to the radial approach.

For "grey zone" health care options, Patient Decision Aids (PtDA) have been demonstrated to improve the quality of decision making by significantly improving knowledge of the patient's health care options, improving the patient's accurate risk perception, and improving value congruence with the chosen options.

The investigators propose a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the decision quality impact of a vascular access PtDA compared to "usual care" in eligible patient's undergoing elective CA procedures. If the PtDA is demonstrated to positively impact the decision quality of patients prior to CA procedures, it would be an invaluable bedside tool to promote patient informed medical decision making.

Hypothesis:

The investigators believe that a PtDA, when compared to usual care, will positively impact the decision quality and the process of decision making, relating to vascular access options in eligible patients undergoing elective CA procedures.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* age \> 18 years old
* English speaking
* able to provide informed consent
* is able to read the English language (however, if a patient is not able to read due to visual impairment, they may still be considered for enrollment if a family member is present to read and relay the content of the PtDA)
* candidates for both femoral and radial access as defined by the pre-assessment checklist and subsequently approved by their treating physician

Exclusion Criteria:

* any patients not meeting the inclusion criteria
* the interventional cardiologist performing the procedure does not feel comfortable or believes the patient is ineligible for either access (may include reason's not specifically outlined in the pre-assessment checklist)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients between the ages of 45-70 years
* Patients who have participated in the Mayo Clinic Biobank or a previous research study at Mayo Clinic
* Patients who live in Southeast Minnesota

Exclusion Criteria:

* Taking statin or other lipid lowering medications
* Patients with a history of myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, or other atherosclerotic medical conditions
C: Inclusion criteria:

* Diagnosis of Type 2 DM according to criteria of the World Health Organisation of one or more years of disease duration.
* Age from 30 to 80 years.
* HbA1C ≥ 9% (DCCT) according to the last blood test carried out during the 12 months prior to inclusion in the study
* No changes in the treatment that can influence the main variable during the 3 months prior inclusion in the study.
* Accepting to participate in the study and signing of the informed consent form.

Exclusion criteria:

* Patient refuses to participate and any other condition that prevents signing the informed consent form.
* Other types of diabetes: Type 1 DM, gestational diabetes and diabetes secondary to other diseases.
* Pharmacological treatments that interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, such as steroids.
* Life expectancy under 2 years.
* Current treatment for cancer other than basocellular or epidermoid skin cancer.
* Severe mental disease and dementia.
* Heart failure Class III or IV (NYHA).
* Renal transplant or current treatment with dialysis.
* Alcohol and drug abuse.
* Pregnancy or intention to get pregnant.
* Breastfeeding.
* Chronic treatment with steroids; treatment with steroids during the 2 months prior inclusion in the study.
* Pharmacological treatment for weight loss during the 2 months prior to inclusion in the - study.
* Treatment with immunosuppressants.
* Haemoglobinopathies and chronic anaemia.
* Body Mass Index \> 45 mg/kg2 (1)
* Participation in clinical trials for medicines.
* Patients with conditions that prevent follow up and completion of protocol.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Female, post-menopausal women aged 50 to 90.
* Have a bone mineral density (BMD) evaluation resulting in a T-Score of \<-1.0.
* Have a follow-up appointment with a provider in the areas of Family Medicine (FM), Primary Care Internal Medicine (PCIM), or POM.
* Have no major barriers (i.e., severe hearing impairment, dementia, require interpreter, etc.) to participation in shared decision-making (per provider's assessment)
* Enrollment is open to females of diverse racial backgrounds.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Currently taking a bisphosphonate.
* Not available for 6 month follow-up phone call.

Answer: A