Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Project
Brief Summary: Globally, stunting affects 26% (165 million) of under-5-year children, underlies 15-17% of their mortality and leads to long-term cognitive deficits, fewer years and poorer performance in school, lower adult economic productivity, and a higher risk that their own children will also be stunted, perpetuating the problem into future generations. Stunting begins antenatally and peaks at 18-24 months of postnatal life, when mean length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) is about -2.0 among children living in Africa and Asia. Improving the diets of young children can reduce stunting, though, at best, only by about one-third. Frequent diarrheal illness has also been implicated. However, the effect of diarrhea on permanent stunting is relatively small, maybe because children grow at "catch-up" rates between illness episodes.

The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) trial is motivated by a 2-part premise:

* A major cause of child stunting and anemia is Environmental Enteric Dysfunction (EED). EED is a subclinical disorder of the small intestine, which is virtually ubiquitous among asymptomatic people living in low-income settings throughout the world. EED is characterized by increased permeability which facilitates microbial translocation into the systemic circulation and triggers chronic immune activation.
* The primary cause of EED is infant ingestion of fecal microbes due to living in conditions of poor quality and quantity of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All children born in the defined geographical area of study during the study enrollment period will be eligible for the study along with their primary care giver (mother). Infant must be 1d-2.5m of age at time of enrolment.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children born with profound severe disabilities
B: Study participants will be women who are rural residents of Chirumanzu or Shurugwi districts in Zimbabwe and who become pregnant during the enrollment period of the trial and are identified and consent to participation during pregnancy, and their live born infants. A total of 5280 women will be enrolled.

Inclusion Criteria:

Pregnant women residing in the study districts, whose pregnancy is confirmed by a urine pregnancy test.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women residing in the study districts who become pregnant during the enrollment period but do not consent to join the trial
* Women who reside in urban areas of these two districts
* Infants with major non-fatal abnormalities will not be excluded from study procedures, but will be excluded from the final analytic sample if the abnormality is likely to directly affect gut health/function or stature (e.g. neural tube defects, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV-positive pregnant women identified through VCT
* After counseling about the risks and benefits of feeding alternatives report that it is their intended decision to breastfeed
* Live within the catchment area of George or Chawama clinic
* Are between 30 - 34 wks gestation. (To insure that opportunity exists to receive a minimum of 2 lactation counseling sessions prior to delivery)
* Do not have any significant presenting illness that requires hospitalization
* Agree to adhere to the requirements of study participation (including exclusive breastfeeding and randomization into one of two infant feeding groups at four months).
* Willing to inform a household member (preferably husband/father) of HIV-status.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Lives outside of catchment area;
* Have known major illnesses likely to influence pregnancy outcome including diabetes, severe renal or heart disease, or active tuberculosis, prior to randomization;
* Does not intend to breastfeed;
* Prior enrollment in this study or concurrent enrollment in another study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adolescent mothers
* Mothers living in the city of Porto Alegre
* Healthy nontwin newborns with birth weight equal or greater than 2500g

Exclusion Criteria:

* Mothers living with mother-in-law
* Mother-infant pairs that were unable to stay together due to a health concern in either the mother or infant
* Mammaplasty reductive

Answer: B