Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Multicentre 3 Year Longitudinal Prospective Study to Identify Novel Endpoints and Compare These With Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) for Their Ability to Measure and Predict COPD Severity and Its Progression Over Time
Brief Summary: This is a 3 year longitudinal study to identify novel endpoints and compare these with standard measures such as forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) for their ability to measure and predict COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) severity and its progression over time. Control subjects (smokers and never smokers) will be recruited as comparators with the COPD subjects.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria:

* COPD Subjects
* A COPD subject will be eligible for inclusion in this study only if all of the following criteria apply:
* Male or female subjects, aged 40-75 years inclusive
* A baseline (post-bronchodilator) FEV1 \<80% of predicted normal and a baseline (post-bronchodilator) FEV1/FVC ratio 70%
* Current or ex-smokers with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years (number of pack years = (number of cigarettes per day / 20) x number of years smoked e.g., 20 cigarettes per day for 10 years, or 10 cigarettes per day for 20 years).
* A signed and dated written informed consent is obtained prior to participation
* Able to comply with the requirements of the protocol and be available for study visits over 3 years

Control Subjects - Current/Ex Smokers

* A control subject will be eligible for inclusion in this study only if all of the following criteria apply:
* Male or female subjects, aged 40-75 years inclusive, who are free from significant disease as determined by history, physical examination and screening investigations
* Baseline (post-bronchodilator) FEV1 \>85% of predicted normal. FEV1/FVC ratio \>70%
* Current or ex-smokers with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years (number of pack years = (number of cigarettes per day / 20) x number of years smoked e.g., 20 cigarettes per day for 10 years, or 10 cigarettes per day for 20 years).
* A signed and dated written informed consent is obtained prior to participation.
* Able to comply with the requirements of the protocol and be available for study visits over 3 years

Control Subjects - Non-smokers

* A non-smoking control subject will be eligible for inclusion in this study only if all of the following criteria apply:
* Male or female subjects, aged 40-75 years inclusive, who are free from significant disease as determined by history, physical examination and screening investigations
* Baseline (post-bronchodilator) FEV1 \>85% of predicted normal. FEV1/FVC ratio \>70%
* Non-smokers with a smoking history of \< 1 pack-year (number of pack years = (number of cigarettes per day / 20) x number of years smoked).
* A signed and dated written informed consent is obtained prior to participation.
* Able to comply with the requirements of the protocol and be available for study visits over 3 years

Exclusion Criteria:

COPD Subjects

* A COPD subject will not be eligible for inclusion in this study if any of the following criteria apply:
* Known respiratory disorders, or disorders identified at screening/visit 1 (including identification on the first CT scan), other than COPD (e.g.: lung cancer, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, lung fibrosis, cystic fibrosis)
* Known history of significant inflammatory disease, other than COPD (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and Lupus)
* Known to be severely alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient (PI SZ or ZZ)
* Having undergone lung surgery (e.g. lung reduction, lung transplant)
* Have cancer or have had cancer in the 5 years prior to study entry
* Serious, uncontrolled disease (including serious psychological disorders) likely to interfere with the study or impact on subject safety
* Is enrolled in a long term blinded drug study (subjects in open label studies may be considered and subjects in short blinded studies (approx less than 12 weeks may be considered following consultation with sponsor) or a study where there is significant radiation exposure (e.g.: CT scans)
* Have, in the opinion of the investigator, evidence of alcohol, drug or solvent abuse
* Have received a blood transfusion in the 4 weeks prior to study start
* Has experienced a moderate or severe exacerbation (requiring oral corticosteroid, antibiotics or hospitalisation) within the last 4 weeks. All courses of oral corticosteroids and antibiotics must be completed at least 2 weeks before study start
* Is on long term oral corticosteroids (long term is considered use for more than 3 consecutive months)
* Unable to walk
* Subject is a participating investigator, sub-investigator, study co-ordinator, or employee of a participating investigator, or is an immediate family member of the aforementioned.

Control Subjects

* A control subject will not be eligible for inclusion in this study if any of the following criteria apply:
* Known respiratory disorders, or disorders identified at screening/visit 1 including identification on the first CT scan (e.g.: COPD, asthma, lung cancer, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, lung fibrosis)
* Known history of significant inflammatory disease (eg rheumatoid arthritis and Lupus)
* Known to be severely alpha-1-antitrypsin deficient (PI SZ or ZZ)
* Having undergone lung surgery (e.g. lung reduction, lung transplant)
* Have cancer or have had cancer in the 5 years prior to study entry
* Serious, uncontrolled disease (including serious psychological disorders) likely to interfere with the study
* Is enrolled in a long term blinded drug study (subjects in open label studies may be considered and subjects in short blinded studies (approx less than 12 weeks may be considered following consultation with sponsor) or a study where there is significant radiation exposure (e.g.: CT scans)
* Have, in the opinion of the investigator, evidence of alcohol, drug or solvent abuse.
* Have received a blood transfusion in the 4 weeks prior to study start
* Is on long term oral corticosteroids (long term is considered use for more than 3 consecutive months)
* Subject is a participating investigator, sub-investigator, study co-ordinator, or employee of a participating investigator, or is an immediate family member of the aforementioned.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis: An established clinical history of COPD in accordance with the definition by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society as follows: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a preventable and treatable disease state characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and is associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles or gases, primarily caused by cigarette smoking. Although COPD affects the lungs, it also produces significant systemic consequences
* Sputum eosinophils \> 3% at randomization and on at least one occasion in the past 2 years. If this historic data is not available, documented improvement in FEV1 of at least 12% with a course of prednisone in the past 2 years will be used as a surrogate for the presence of airway eosinophilia
* FEV1/Vital Capacity (VC) \< 70% and FEV1 \< 60% of predicted normal values calculated using NHANES III reference equations at Screening Visit
* At least one major exacerbation requiring prednisone in the preceding 12 months. If patients are currently well controlled by optimizing their sputum cell counts (eosinophils \< 2%), they should have documented history of exacerbations when their eosinophilia was uncontrolled.
* A signed and dated written informed consent prior to study participation.
* Smoking History: Current or former cigarette smokers with a history of cigarette smoking of greater than 10 pack-years \[number of pack years = (number of cigarettes per day/20) x number of years smoked (e.g., 20 cigarettes per day for 10 years, or 10 cigarettes per day for 20 years\]. Former smokers are defined as those who have stopped smoking for at least 6 months prior to Screening Visit
* Male or female adults. A female is eligible to enter and participate in the study if she is either of Non-child bearing potential or is of child bearing age and has a negative pregnancy test at screening, and agrees to acceptable contraceptive methods used consistently and correctly

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current asthma (12% reversibility to a bronchodilator)
* Sputum eosinophils \< 3% on fluticasone (or equivalent) of 250µg bid.
* Inability to use salmeterol or tiotropium
* Significant co-morbidity that prevents from participating in the study
* Known bronchiectasis or immune deficiency disorders that would predispose the patients to recurrent infections.
* Pregnancy or intent to become pregnant and lactating females
* Drug or Alcohol Abuse: A known or suspected history of alcohol or drug abuse within 2 years prior to Screening Visit
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects aged 40-85 years at the time of Screening
* Written informed consent obtained from the subject prior to performing any protocol related procedures
* Documented history of 1 or more Annualized Incidence Rate of Moderate or Severe Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD)
* Current smoker or ex-smoker with a tobacco history of greater than or equal to (\>=) 10 pack-years
* Adequate contraception from screening through end of trial
* Able to read and write.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, would interfere with evaluation of the investigational product or interpretation of subject safety or study results
* Pregnant, breastfeeding, or lactating women
* Known history of allergy or reaction to any component of the investigational product formulation
* History of anaphylaxis to any other biologic therapy
* Donation or transfusion of blood, plasma or platelets within the past 3 months prior to Screening
* Other significant pulmonary disease which in the opinion of the investigator or medical monitor, might compromise the interpretation of the study
* Fever greater than (\>) 37.0 degree Centigrade (98.6 degree Fahrenheit) at Screening
* Receipt of any novel investigational medicinal product within 3 months before the first dose of investigational product in this study and through the end of the study
* Seropositive for hepatitis A, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus 1or 2 (HIV-1 or HIV 2)
* History of alcohol or drug abuse within the past year that required treatment that the investigator felt or medical monitor felt would compromise the study data interpretation
* Past or current malignancy within the past 5 years except adequately treated non-invasive basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and cervical carcinoma in situ treated with apparent success more than 1 year prior to Screening
* Subjects participating in, or scheduled for, an intensive COPD rehabilitation program (subjects who are in the maintenance phase of a rehabilitation program are eligible to take part)
* Current diagnosis of asthma according to Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines
* Previous treatment with MEDI-563.
D: Inclusion Criteria:.

* Informed consent.
* Subjects 40-85 y.o.
* Moderate to very severe COPD with Post Bronchodilator (BD) FEV1\>20% and ≤65%.

  -≥2 moderate or ≥1 severe COPD exacerbation(s) required treatment or hospitalization within 2-52 weeks prior to Visit1.
* Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) score ≥1 at Visit 1.
* Treatment with double or triple therapy throughout the year prior to Visit 1, constant 2 weeks prior to Visit 1.
* Tobacco history of ≥10 pack-years.
* Women of childbearing potential must use a highly effective form of birth control from Visit 1 until 16 weeks after their last dose, and negative serum pregnancy test result at Visit 1.
* Male subjects who are sexually active must be surgically sterile one year prior to Visit 1 or use an adequate method of contraception from the first Investigational Product (IP) dose until 16 weeks after their last dose.
* Compliance with maintenance therapy during run-in ≥70%.
* Blood eosinophils due to subject's stratification and cap for blood eosinophil levels.When any eosinophil cohort is full, subjects in the completed cohort will not be randomised and will be withdrawn from the study.

Exclusion criteria:

* Clinically important pulmonary disease other than COPD or another diagnosed pulmonary or systemic disease associated with elevated peripheral eosinophil counts.
* Any disorder or major physical impairment that is not stable by Investigator opinion and/or could affect: - subject safety-study findings or their interpretation or subject's ability to complete the entire study duration.
* Unstable ischemic heart disease, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, or other relevant cardiovascular disorder that in Investigator's judgment may put the patient at risk or negatively affect the study outcome.
* Treatment with systemic corticosteroids and/or antibiotics, and/or hospitalization for a COPD exacerbation within 2 weeks prior to Visit1 or during the enrolment and run-in period.
* Acute upper or lower respiratory infection requiring antibiotics within 2 weeks prior to Visit1 or during the enrolment and run-in period.
* Pneumonia within 8 weeks prior to Visit1 or during the enrolment and run-in period.
* Pregnant, breastfeeding, or lactating women.
* Risk factors for pneumonia
* History of anaphylaxis to any other biologic therapy.
* Long term oxygen therapy with signs and/or symptoms of cor pulmonale, right ventricular failure.
* Use of immunosuppressive medication within 2 weeks prior to Visit1 and/or during the enrolment and run-in period.
* Receipt of any investigational non-biologic product within 30 days or 5 half-lives prior to Visit 1.
* Evidence of active tuberculosis (TB) without an appropriate course of treatment.
* Lung volume reduction surgery within the 6 months prior to Visit 1. History of partial or total lung resection (single lobe or segmentectomy is acceptable).
* Asthma as a primary or main diagnosis according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines or other accepted guidelines.
* Previous treatment with benralizumab.
* Helminth parasitic infection diagnosed within 24 weeks prior to Visit 1.

Answer: A