Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized Controlled Trial of Community-based Nutritional, Physical and Cognitive Training Intervention Programmes for At Risk Frail Elderly
Brief Summary: The aims of this proposed community-based randomized controlled trial are to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional, physical exercise and cognitive training interventions for at-risk and frail elderly, to elucidate the biological determinants and changes associated with frailty, and to develop, evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility of screening instruments for frailty.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria for patients with MCI

1. Patients fulfilling criteria for AMCI \[Petersen et al. 2001b\]:

   i. Memory impairment for age and education ii. No impairment in other cognitive domains iii. Normal social activities iv. Patient is not demented
2. For the other subtypes of MCI, cognitive impairment in one or more nonmemory domain
3. Sedentary lifestyle with no regular participation in physical exercise defined as two or three times a week for at least 20 minutes duration, or participation in active sport more than once a week, in the previous six months.
4. Willing and able to give informed consent.
5. Availability and access to safe exercise environments, such as paths or roads with sidewalks for walking or cycling.
6. At low risk from serious adverse effects from increased physical activity as indicated by performance on the revised Physical activity readiness questionnaire (PARQ).

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria for patients with MCI

1. Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus.
2. Blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg or more.
3. Body weight more than 140% of ideal body weight.
4. Musculoskeletal or other medical problems preventing safe participation in regular moderate intensity exercise (65-77% of predicted maximum heart rate). This will include a resting tachycardia (heart rate above 100 bpm) and history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina within the last month.

Participants with modifiable exclusion criteria will be reconsidered after successful management. Patients will be referred for medical treatment prior to commencing exercise if indicated by the PARQ and the intervention will be guided by the PARmedX.

Participants taking medications affecting heart rate will need to be on a stable dosing regime for 3 months prior to commencing in order to control for potential spurious results on fitness measures caused by these treatments.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Engaged with the Lumosity program at least 3 days in the first week after sign-up
* Access to an internet enabled computer to complete training

Exclusion Criteria:

* Paying subscriber
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \> 64
* Self-report of recent decline in memory or thinking
* Low/no physical activity (\<2 days/week for \<30 minutes/session of moderate intensity activity over past 3 months)
* Low/no computer mental activity (\<2 days/week for \<30 minutes/session over past 3 months)
* Fluent in English
* Willingness to perform study activities

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence of dementia (based on self-report, physician diagnosis or score \< 19 on Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status)
* Significant central nervous system disorder (Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, ALS \[Lou Gerig's disease\])
* Major, current psychiatric disorder (major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychiatric hospitalization in past 20 years)
* Major central nervous system event (stroke, transient ischemic attack/mini-stroke, seizure, or traumatic brain injury that has left a residual deficit)
* Significant heart disease (severe congestive heart failure, severe aortic stenosis, cardiac arrest, uncontrolled angina)
* Significant lung disease (requiring supplemental oxygen or oral or injected steroids)
* Other condition that would make participation potentially dangerous (cancer requiring treatment in past 3 years, severe arthritis, history of cardiac defibrillation, dialysis)
* Lack of physician approval
* Severe hearing or visual impairment
* History of learning disability
* Starting prescription medication to enhance cognitive function (e.g., memantine, aricept)
* Dependent in any basic activity of daily living (eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, getting out of bed/chair)
* History of alcohol abuse/heavy alcohol use
* History of drug abuse/heavy drug use
* Currently enrolled in another research study
* Fibromyalgia or tremor severe enough to prevent use of a computer mouse
* Planning to travel \> 4 exercise class days during study period
* Behaviors during screening or baseline visit that, in the judgement of research staff, are likely to present significant problems (e.g., uncooperative, anger, inappropriate physical contact)
* Unable to perform neuropsychological evaluations
* Unable to complete consent process
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age of 65 years or older
2. Living at home
3. Able to walk without personal assistance and no other physical limitations that can limit participation and adherence, particularly to exercise intervention programme
4. Meet criteria for frailty

Operational definition of frailty.

The participants are assessed and classified on the level of frailty by the following measures and criteria:

1. Weight loss
2. Slowness
3. Poor balance and weakness assessed by chair stand test
4. Muscle weakness assessed by hand grip and knee extension strength
5. Exhaustion, fatigue or low endurance
6. Low physical activity

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Member of household already enrolled
2. Dementia or cognitive impairment, major depression or other psychotic disorders
3. Severe audio-visual impairment
4. Progressive, degenerative neurologic disease like Parkinsonism, fits/ epilepsy, etc
5. Rapidly progressive or terminal illness under palliative care with life expectancy less than 12 months
6. History of alcohol abuse or any other substance abuse
7. Severely affect muscle/joint dysfunction resulting in disability
8. Hospital admission in the past 3 months
9. Regular physical training or physiotherapy or current participation in a vigorous exercise or weight-training program more than once per week
10. Undergoing therapeutic diet incompatible with nutritional supplementation
11. In the opinion of research clinician, the intervention is deemed to be potentially hazardous for the subject, such as serious cardiac and pulmonary disease.

Answer: D