Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prospective Randomised Trial Comparing Intraoperative Topical Quixil and Intravenous Tranexamic Acid, in Reduction of Blood Loss Following Primary Hip & Knee Joint Replacement Surgery.
Brief Summary: We will compare the effectiveness of Quixil and Tranexamic acid in reducing bleeding during hip and knee joint replacements.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are to undergo elective hip or knee joint replacement
* Must be cemented arthroplasty
* Must be primary arthroplasty

Exclusion Criteria:

* Uncemented arthroplasty.
* Revision arthroplasty.
* Patients on anticoagulant (warfarin, low molecular weight heparin) or other medication known to affect clotting (except aspirin, which is to be given as part of standard DVT prophylaxis in all cases).
* Other drugs that may affect the activity of the drugs under investigation.
* Allergy to asprin (all patients to receive 150mg aspirin as standard DVT prophylaxis for 6 weeks).
* Patients with known coagulopathy (APTT or PT outside normal range pre-operatively).
* Previous reaction or ethical/religious objection to receiving blood products (Quixil contains a derivative of human blood).
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding.
* Patients who have a past medical history of thrombo-embolism at any time.
* Patients who need intravenous fluid administration for greater than 24 hours following operation.
* Patients who need allogenic blood transfusion within study period.
* Jehovah's Witnesses, or any other group of patients with ethical objections to receiving blood products.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients diagnosed as primary knee osteoarthritis and underwent unilateral primary cemented conventional total knee replacement
* no risk of abnormal bleeding tendency or bleeding disorder (normal coagulogram, serum creatinine \< 2.0 mg/dL, stop nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antiplatelet drugs more than 7 days
* no contra-indication for tranexamic acid use (no active intravascular clotting process, no acquired defective colour vision, no subarachnoid hemorrhage, no hypersensitivity to TXA, and no any of history of serious adverse effects, thrombotic disorder and hematuria)

Exclusion Criteria:

* incomplete data collection, for example, malfunctioned drain or accidental drain removal.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients at the participating sites on the waiting list for a unilateral total knee joint replacement

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with a history or risk of thrombosis
* Active thromboembolic disease such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and cerebral thrombosis
* Subarachnoid haemorrhage
* Hypersensitivity to tranexamic acid or any of its ingredients.
* Refusal of blood products
* Colour blindness
* Complex hematologic disorders requiring manipulation
* Coagulopathy
* Pregnant and Lactating Women
* Anti-coagulant therapy pre-operatively within 5 days of surgery (warfarin, dabigatran, heparin)
* Severe renal failure (eGFR \<29)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

History of ischemic heart disease, stroke, or VTE high risk group, such as obesity, varicose vein of the leg, previous history of PE or DVT, hypercoagulability, recent or ongoing treatment for cancer.

After cardiologist or neurologist's evaluation, patients who was classified as low-risk of perioperative risk Advanced knee osteoarthritis, Failure of medical treatment or rehabilitation. Hemoglobin \> 11g/dl, No use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent one week before operation

Exclusion Criteria:

Preoperative Hemoglobin ≦11 g/dl History of infection or intraarticular fracture of the affective knee Renal function deficiency (GFR \< 30 ml/min/1.73m2) Elevated liver enzyme, history of liver cirrhosis, impaired liver function and coagulopathy

Answer: A