Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Macronutrient Composition of Diet and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Brief Summary: The objective of this trial is to examine the long-term effects of a diet low in carbohydrates, as compared to one low in fat, on cardiovascular disease risk factors, including blood pressure (BP), body weight and composition, serum lipids, plasma glucose, insulin, adipocytokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin), and C-reactive protein (CRP) among obese adults.

The investigators will test the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: Compared to a low fat diet, a diet low in carbohydrates will reduce systolic and diastolic BP over 12 months; Hypothesis 2: Compared to a low fat diet, a diet low in carbohydrates will reduce body weight, total percent body fat, and waist circumference over 12 months; Hypothesis 3: Compared to a low fat diet, a diet low in carbohydrates will reduce serum levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and increase serum levels of HDL-cholesterol over 12 months; Hypothesis 4: Compared to a low fat diet, a diet low in carbohydrates will reduce plasma levels of glucose and insulin levels over 12 months; and Hypothesis 5: Compared to a low fat diet, a diet low in carbohydrates will reduce plasma levels of leptin, resistin, and CRP and increase plasma levels of adiponectin over 12 months.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria:

* Students in Zhejiang University or working stuff in the Chinese PLA General Hospital
* 18 ≤ age ≤ 35
* Body Mass Index \< 28\*
* Are willing to eat all of the study foods even when full
* Are willing to eat only foods provided
* Are willing to avoid strenuous activity during the 6-mo intervention Exclusion criteria：
* Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg
* Total cholesterol ≥ 239 mg/dL
* Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 159 mg/dL
* Triglycerides ≥ 199 mg/dL
* Blood glucose ≥ 110 mg/dL
* Change in body weight exceeding ± 10% during the prior year
* Energy intake is too low or too high
* Unwillingness or special requirement for diet that could not be modified
* Poor adherence during the recruiting meeting or unsatisfactory completion of keeping food diary or filling questionnaire at any time before randomization
* Eating disorder or any psychosocial or scheduling factors that could impede study outcomes
* Have a history of diagnosed CVD, diabetes, cancer or inflammatory diseases
* Have a history of a mental illness
* Have diagnosed endocrine, pulmonary or hematological disease
* Have diagnosed bowel disease or malabsorption that would prevent the participants from complying with the dietary restrictions of the feeding trial
* Renal or liver insufficiency
* Other chronic disease thought to interfere with the effect of the diet or with participation or adherence
* Current use of supplements or anti-inflammation medications or medications affecting glucose, lipid metabolism and blood pressure
* Smoking or alcoholic beverage intake \>1 times per week
* Current or planned pregnancy prior to end of study, or breast-feeding
* Irregular menstrual cycles
* Have birth control medication
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy pre-menopausal females
* Body Mass Index (BMI) between 27-40 kg/m2
* Low dairy consumption (\~\<500 mg/d Ca2+)
* Sedentary lifestyle (i.e., exercise less than once/week)
* Regular menstrual cycle

Exclusion Criteria:

* Allergy to dairy protein
* Lactose intolerance
* Vegan diet
* Pregnant
* Taking vitamin or mineral supplements
* Have a gastrointestinal disease or condition
* Recent orthopedic injury
* Diagnosed with heart, kidney, liver or pancreatic disease
* Smoker
* Alcohol consumption of more than 2 drinks/day
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men or women aged 22 - 75 years, any race/ethnicity
* BMI of 30 - 45 k/m2
* Willing and able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of self-reported clinical CVD (angina/myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, heart failure, stroke/transient ischemic attack, peripheral arterial disease)
* Medical condition in which a low-carbohydrate diet may not be advised (diabetes, renal disease, cancer requiring treatment during the past year, osteoporosis, untreated thyroid disease, gout)
* Current use of more than 2 antihypertensive or more than 2 cholesterol-lowering medications
* For women, current pregnancy or breastfeeding or plans to become pregnant during the study period
* Consumption of more than 21 alcoholic beverages per week
* Currently on a diet or using prescription weight loss medications, underwent weight loss surgery, and/or experienced weight loss \>15 pounds within 6 months of study entry
* Plans to move out of the study area (\>1 hour from study site) or difficulty to come to the study site
* Participation of another household member in the study; employees or persons living with employees of the study
* Participation in other lifestyle intervention trials currently
* At the discretion of the study coordinator
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Female
* Postmenopausal
* BMI\>28

Exclusion Criteria:

* Disease
* Gravidity
* Smoking
* Prescribed medication

Answer: C