Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Immunogenicity of the Human Rotavirus Vaccine (Rotarix™) at Varying Schedules, Doses, and Ages in Rural Ghana
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether giving the Human Rotavirus Vaccine on alternate dosing schedules will enhance the immune response to the vaccine in a low-resource, high-burden country in Africa. Alternate dosing schedules studied include giving the 2-dose vaccine schedule at a slightly older age and giving an additional dose of the vaccine.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Subjects must meet the following criteria to be eligible to participate:

1. Healthy adult females, ≥ 18 and ≤ 35 years of age. "Healthy" shall be defined by the absence of any illness, acute or chronic, that requires ongoing systemic therapy for the control of symptoms or prevention of disability.

   * Subjects on stable (no change in ≥ 3 months) therapy for findings (e.g., hypertension or hyperlipidemia) that are not associated with symptoms or disability are eligible, as are users of hormonal contraceptives.
   * Subjects who receive intermittent prophylaxis for risks associated with asymptomatic findings (e.g., antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental procedures in a subject with mitral valve prolapse) are eligible.
   * Ongoing therapy will be defined as continuous or, if intermittent, more frequent than once every 3 months (e.g., use of an inhaled bronchodilator for exercise-induced bronchospasm more than once every 3 months). Immunosuppressives are subject to exclusion criterion #5 below.
   * Persons being treated for illnesses or conditions that would become acutely symptomatic or disabling in the absence of treatment are not eligible.
2. Willing and able to give informed consent prior to study enrollment.
3. Able to comply with study requirements.
4. Women who are not surgically sterile must have a negative urine pregnancy test prior to each vaccination; will be advised through the Informed Consent process to avoid becoming pregnant over the duration of the study, and must assert that they will employ an effective form of birth control for the duration of the study. Acceptable forms of birth control are: credible history of continuous abstinence from heterosexual activity, hormonal contraceptives (oral, injectable, implant, patch, ring), double-barrier contraceptives (condom or diaphragm, with spermicide), and IUD.

Exclusion Criteria:

Subjects will be excluded if they fulfill any of the following criteria:

1. Participation in research involving investigational product (drug / biologic / device) within 45 days before planned date of first vaccination.
2. History of a serious reaction to any prior vaccination.
3. Received any vaccine in the 4 weeks preceding the study vaccination; or any RSV vaccine at any time.
4. Any known or suspected immunosuppressive condition, acquired or congenital, as determined by history and/or physical examination.
5. Chronic administration (defined as more than 14 continuous days) of immunosuppressants or other immune-modifying drugs within 6 months prior to the administration of the study vaccine. An immunosuppressant dose of glucocorticoid will be defined as a systemic dose ≥10mg of prednisone per day or equivalent. The use of topical, inhaled, and nasal glucocorticoids will be permitted.
6. Administration of immunoglobulins and/or any blood products within the 3 months preceding the administration of the study vaccine or during the study.
7. Donated blood within 3 weeks of the planned date of first vaccination.
8. Acute disease at the time of enrollment (defined as the presence of a moderate or severe illness with or without fever, or an oral temperature \>38.0°C on the planned day of vaccine administration).
9. Known disturbance of coagulation.
10. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, or plan to become pregnant during the study.
11. Suspicion or recent history (within one year of planned vaccination) of alcohol or other substance abuse.
12. Any condition that in the opinion of the Investigator would pose a health risk to the subject if enrolled or could interfere with evaluation of the vaccine or interpretation of study results (including neurologic or psychiatric conditions deemed likely to impair the quality of safety reporting).
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* An informed consent document signed and dated by the subject
* Age 18 to 55 years, inclusive
* In good health with no history of major medical conditions
* A total body weight ≥ 50 kg and Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 18 kg/m\^2 and ≤ 30kg/m\^2

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or nursing females
* Acute or chronic medical illness
* Abnormal lung function
* Positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), active hepatitis A, B or C test
* Nose or nasopharynx abnormalities
* Receipt of any investigational drug within 3 months prior to the planned date of viral challenge/first dose of study drug
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female aged 1 through 9 years old
* In general good health
* Seropositive for RSV (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay \[ELISA\] titer \> 12 U/ml) and PIV3 (hemagglutination-inhibition \[HAI\] titer \> 1:8)
* Subject's parent/legal representative available by telephone
* Written informed consent and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization (if applicable) obtained from the subject's parent/legal representative
* Ability of the subject's parent/legal representative to understand and comply with the requirements of the protocol as judged by the investigator
* Ability to complete the follow-up period of 6 months following dosing as required by the protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any fever and/or respiratory illness (e.g., cough or sore throat) within 7 days prior to randomization
* Any drug therapy (chronic or other) within 7 days prior to randomization or expected receipt of such therapy through the protocol-specified blood collection 28-35 days after study vaccine dosing
* Any current or expected receipt of systemic immunosuppressive agents including steroids; children in this category should not receive study vaccine until immunosuppressive agents including corticosteroid therapy have been discontinued for less than or equal to 30 days
* Receipt of blood transfusion within 7 months prior to randomization or expected receipt through 35 days after study vaccine dosing
* Receipt of immunoglobulin products within 11 months prior to randomization or expected receipt through 35 days after study vaccine dosing
* Receipt of any investigational drug within 60 days prior to randomization or expected receipt through 180 days after study vaccine dosing
* Receipt of any other live virus vaccine within 30 days prior to randomization or expected receipt through the protocol-specified blood collection 28-35 days after study vaccine dosing
* Receipt of any inactivated (i.e., non-live) vaccine within 14 days prior to randomization or expected receipt through the protocol-specified blood collection 28-35 days after study vaccine dosing
* History of Guillain-Barré syndrome
* Known or suspected immunodeficiency, including HIV
* Known or suspected acute or chronic hepatitis infection
* Living at home or attending day care with children less than or equal to 24 months of age
* Contact with pregnant caregiver
* Household contact who is immunocompromised; the subject should also avoid close contact with immunocompromised individuals for at least 30 days after study vaccine dosing
* History of hypersensitivity to kanamycin or other aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, tobramycin, etc)
* Previous medical history, or evidence, of chronic illness may compromise the safety of the subject
* At screening any of the following laboratory tests outside of the laboratory normal range: complete blood count (CBC) with differential and platelet count, AST, ALT, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, or other abnormal laboratory value in the screening panel that, in the opinion of the principal investigator, is considered to be clinically significant or may potentially compromise the safety of the subject during the conduct of the study
* History of medically confirmed diagnosis of asthma, reactive airway disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Passive primary household smoking
* Family member or household contact who is an employee of the research center with the conduct of the study
* Any condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, might interfere with study vaccine evaluation
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Between 42 and 55 days of age at the time of enrollment.
* Healthy infant free of chronic or serious medical condition as determined by history and physical examination at the time of study enrollment.
* Parents/guardians of each subject are able to understand and follow study procedures and agree to participate in the study by providing parental/guardian permission.

Exclusion Criteria:

* If child has previously had intussusception or abdominal surgery.
* Use of any immunosuppressive drugs or immunoglobulin and/or blood product use since birth or anticipated during study period.
* Current enrollment in any other intervention trial or use of any investigational drug or vaccine throughout the study period.
* Birthweight less than 2000 grams or gestation \< 36 weeks, if this information is available.
* Any subject who reports plan to leave the study area before the completion of the study (i.e., relocation, migration, etc.).
* Another child living in the same compound is already enrolled in the trial (i.e., only one participant can be enrolled per compound).
* After the rotavirus vaccine is introduced into the routine EPI system in Navrongo: Another child in the compound is less than 16 weeks of age.
* The child has received rotavirus vaccine outside of this study.

Answer: D