Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Treatment Strategies in Colorectal Cancer Patients with Initially Unresectable Liver-only Metastases CAIRO5 a Randomized Phase 3 Study of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG)
Brief Summary: Colorectal cancer patients with initially unresectable liver-only metastases may be cured after downsizing of metastases by neoadjuvant systemic therapy. However, the optimal neoadjuvant induction regimen has not been defined, and no consensus exist on criteria for resectability.

In this study colorectal cancer patients with initially unresectable liver-only metastases, as prospectively confirmed by an expert panel according to predefined criteria, will be tested for RAS and BRAF tumor mutation status and selected by location of primary tumor. Patients with RAS or BRAF mutant and/or right sided tumors will be randomised between doublet chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) plus bevacizumab (schedule 1), and triple chemotherapy (FOLFOXIRI) plus bevacizumab (schedule 2). Patients with RAS AND BRAF wildtype AND left-sided primary tumors will be randomized between doublet chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) plus either bevacizumab (schedule 1) or panitumumab (schedule 3). Patient imaging will be reviewed for resectability by a central panel, consisting of at least one radiologist and three surgeons every assessment. Central panel review will be performed prior to randomization as well as during treatment, as described in the protocol.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria: - Subject previously randomized to BSC in protocol 20020408 and subsequently determined to have progressive disease - ECOG performance status of 0, 1 or 2 - Adequate hematologic, renal and hepatic function Exclusion Criteria: - Myocardial infarction in time interval between completing 20020408 and enrollment in study - History or evidence of interstitial pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis - Prior anti-tumor therapies including prior experimental agents or approved anti-tumor small molecules and biologics during the time interval between completing 20020408 protocol and enrollment in this study - Use of systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy during the time interval between completing 20020408 protocol and enrollment in this study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Histological proof of colorectal cancer
* Initially unresectable metastases confined to the liver according to CT scan, obtained ≤3 weeks prior to registration. Unresectability should be confirmed by the liver expertpanel. Patients with small (≤ 1 cm) extrahepatic lesions that are not clearly suspicious of metastases are eligible
* Known mutation status of RAS and BRAF
* WHO performance status 0-1 (Karnofsky performance status ≥ 70)
* Age ≥ 18 years
* No contraindications for liver surgery
* In case of primary tumor in situ: tumor should be resectable
* In case of resected primary tumor: adequate recovery from surgery
* Adequate organ functions, as determined by normal bone marrow function (Hb ≥ 6.0 mmol/L, absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1.5 x 109/L, platelets ≥ 100 x 109/L), renal function (serum creatinine ≤ 1.5x ULN and creatinine clearance, Cockroft formula, ≥ 30 ml/min), liver function (serum bilirubin ≤ 2 x ULN, serum transaminases ≤ 5x ULN)
* Life expectancy \> 12 weeks
* Expected adequacy of follow-up
* Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Extrahepatic metastases, with the exception of small (≤ 1 cm) extrahepatic lesions that are not clearly suspicious of metastases
* Unresectable primary tumor
* Serious comorbidity or any other condition preventing the safe administration of study treatment (including both systemic treatment and surgery)
* Major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, severe/unstable angina, congestive heart failure, CVA) within 12 months before randomisation
* Uncontrolled hypertension, or unsatisfactory blood pressure control with ≥3 antihypertensive drugs
* Previous systemic treatment for metastatic disease; previous adjuvant treatment is allowed if completed ≥ 6 months prior to randomisation
* Previous surgery for metastatic disease
* Previous intolerance of study drugs in the adjuvant setting
* Pregnant or lactating women
* Second primary malignancy within the past 5 years with the exception of adequately treated in situ carcinoma of any organ or basal cell carcinoma of the skin, or second primary colorectal cancer.
* Any concomitant experimental treatment.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 18 and ≤ 75 years;
2. Primary tumour has undergone radical resection and histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma;
3. Together with clinical or radiological evidence of first occurrence of non-resectable synchronous liver-only metastases
4. With evidence of tumor EGFR expression and KRAS gene wild-type status;
5. With one measurable tumor.
6. Performance status (ECOG) 0\~1
7. A life expectancy of ≥ 3 months
8. Adequate hematological function: Neutrophils≥1.5 x109/l and platelet count≥100 x109/l; Hb ≥9g/dl (within 1 week prior to randomization)
9. Adequate hepatic and renal function: Serum bilirubin≤1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN), alkaline phosphatase ≤5x ULN, and serum transaminase (either AST or ALT) ≤ 5 x ULN(within 1 week prior to randomization);
10. Written informed consent for participation in the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previous exposure to target therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or intervention therapy for colorectal liver metastases.
2. Known or suspected extrahepatic metastases.
3. Patients with known hypersensitivity reactions to any of the components of the study treatments.
4. Having previously participated in a study which included a possibility of being allocated to cetuximab therapy (whether or not the patient actually received cetuximab)
5. Clinically relevant coronary artery disease or a history of a myocardial infarction within the last 12 months or left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below the institutional range of normal
6. Acute or sub-acute intestinal occlusion
7. Pregnancy (absence confirmed by serum/urine β-HCG) or breast-feeding
8. Other previous malignancy within 5 years, with exception of a history of a previous basal cell carcinoma of the skin or pre-invasive carcinoma of the cervix
9. Known drug abuse/ alcohol abuse
10. Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity
11. Pre-existing peripheral neuropathy.
D: DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* Histologically confirmed colorectal cancer

  * Metastatic disease
* Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-positive by immunochemistry
* Measurable or evaluable disease
* Not amenable to standard curative therapy

  * Best supportive care is the only available option
* Must have received a prior thymidylate synthase inhibitor (e.g., fluorouracil, capecitabine, raltitrexed, or fluorouracil-uracil) in the adjuvant or metastatic setting

  * Combination therapy with oxaliplatin or irinotecan allowed
* Must have failed\* a prior regimen containing irinotecan and a prior regimen containing oxaliplatin for metastatic disease OR relapsed within 6 months after an adjuvant regimen containing irinotecan or oxaliplatin OR have documented unsuitability for such regimens
* No symptomatic CNS metastases NOTE: \*Failure is defined as either disease progression (clinical or radiological) or intolerance to the regimen

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

Age

* 16 and over

Performance status

* ECOG 0-2

Life expectancy

* Not specified

Hematopoietic

* See Disease Characteristics
* Absolute granulocyte count ≥ 1,500/mm\^3
* Platelet count ≥ 75,000/mm\^3
* Hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 g/dL

Hepatic

* AST and ALT ≤ 5 times upper limit of normal (ULN)
* Bilirubin ≤ 2.5 times ULN

Renal

* Creatinine ≤ 1.5 times ULN

Cardiovascular

* No uncontrolled angina
* No arrhythmias
* No cardiomyopathy
* No congestive heart failure
* No myocardial infarction\* within the past 6 months NOTE: \*Pre-treatment ECG as only evidence of infarction is allowed

Pulmonary

* No severe restrictive lung disease
* No interstitial lung disease by chest x-ray

Other

* Not pregnant or nursing
* Negative pregnancy test
* Fertile patients must use effective contraception for 4 weeks before, during, and for 4 weeks after study treatment
* No active pathological condition that would preclude study participation
* No psychological or geographical condition that would preclude study compliance
* No other malignancy within the past 5 years except adequately treated non-melanoma skin cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

Biologic therapy

* No prior cetuximab
* No prior murine monoclonal antibody therapy (e.g., edrecolomab)

Chemotherapy

* See Disease Characteristics
* At least 4 weeks since prior chemotherapy and recovered
* No concurrent chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

* See Disease Characteristics
* At least 4 weeks since prior radiotherapy and recovered
* Concurrent palliative radiotherapy allowed except to index lesions

Surgery

* At least 4 weeks since prior major surgery and recovered

Other

* No prior EGFR-targeted therapy (e.g., erlotinib or gefitinib)
* More than 30 days since prior experimental therapeutic agents
* More than 4 weeks since prior investigational agents
* No concurrent enrollment in another clinical study
* No other concurrent EGFR-targeted therapy
* No other concurrent non-cytotoxic experimental agents

Answer: B