Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Peanut Consumption and Human Weight Management
Brief Summary: Evidence is accumulating that peanut consumption confers health benefits, such as reduction of cardiovascular disease risk and possibly diabetes risk (Jenkins et al., 2008; Mattes et al., 2008). However, peanuts are a high fat, energy dense food and concerns about weight gain are widespread. Although research indicates that other characteristics of peanuts offset these properties, and that peanuts may be incorporated into diets without posing a threat to weight gain (Mattes et al., 2008), concern remains among policymakers, healthcare providers, and consumers. Furthermore, worry exists that eating salted peanuts may elevate blood pressure and that eating honey-roasted peanuts make elevate blood sugar. These fears create substantial obstacles to increased peanut consumption.

Recommendations to increase peanut consumption may be made, but if they are not followed, there will be no impact on health. Additional knowledge is needed on: (1) the acceptability of peanuts consumed on a chronic basis, (2) the chronic intake of moderate levels of peanuts and body weight, and 3) the effects of peanuts on blood pressure and blood sugar. The proposed research will examine the acceptability of long-term inclusion of a single form versus varied forms of peanuts in the diet. It is expected that responses will be varied among individuals with different personality characteristics (e.g., prefer sweet versus savory foods, hedonic versus non-hedonic eaters). A better understanding of how different segments of the population choose to include peanuts in their diet and how to optimize long-term consumption should provide insights for better marketing and improved health. Furthermore, it is anticipated that eating salty peanuts will not raise blood pressure and that eating honey-roasted peanuts will not raise blood sugar. Documenting this will add credibility to the evidence that peanuts do not cause weight gain, as well as reinforce recommendations to increase peanut consumption for their health benefits.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Presence of a medical diagnosis of diabetes for at least 6 months
* HbA1c \< 9%
* Age greater than 18 years
* Resident of Loma Linda, California area

Exclusion Criteria:

* Allergy to peanuts
* Smokers
* History of irritable bowel disease or diverticulitis
* Statin therapy (unless stable statin dose for 3 months)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Body mass index (BMI) \> 27 but \<40
* 18-75 years of age
* Men and non-pregnant or lactating women
* Subjects must be willing to comply with all study-related procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

* Uncontrolled hypertension
* Diabetes or use of anti-hyperglycemic medication
* Dyslipidemia requiring prescription drug therapy as defined by NCEP ATPIII guidelines at screening
* Known allergy or sensitivity to nuts
* Known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
* History of congestive heart failure
* History of a non-skin malignancy within the previous 5 years
* Any major active rheumatologic, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, dermatologic disease or inflammatory condition
* History of being HIV positive
* History of alcohol or drug abuse
* Weight-loss inducing medications or dietary supplements within 3 months prior to enrollment.
* Weight loss \> 5 kg during the last 6 months
* Participation in an investigational drug study within 6 weeks prior to screening
* Serious or unstable medical or psychological conditions that, in the opinion of the investigator, would compromise the subject's safety or successful participation in the study
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Between 18 and 50 years of age
* Weight stable (\< 3 kg weight change within last 3 months)
* Constant habitual activity patterns (no deviation \> 1x/wk at 30 min/session within last 3 months)
* Constant habitual diet patterns within last 3 months
* Willingness to eat all test foods (peanuts daily for 12 weeks)
* No allergy to foods provided in the study (peanuts)
* Not a daily peanut or tree nut consumer
* Not planning to change use of medications known to influence appetite or metabolism
* Not diabetic or hypertensive
* No history of gastrointestinal pathology
* Non-smoker for one year or more

Exclusion Criteria:

-
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and post menopausal women with type 2 diabetes treated with diet plus oral hypoglycemic agents (sulfonylureas (glyburide), biguanides (metformin), Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and new secretagogues (Repaglinide)) at a stable dose for at least 3 months prior to starting the study;
* HbA1c of 6.5 to 8.0% as a compromise between those whose levels are acceptable and the level which is currently considered unacceptable.
* Diabetes diagnosed \>6 months prior to randomization
* Weight stable within 3% body weight \>2 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Use of acarbose
* Use of Insulin
* Known nut allergies
* Clinically significant gastroparesis
* Use of steroids
* Presence of GI disease (celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, and Crohns)
* Major cardiovascular event (stroke or myocardial infarction)
* Major surgery \< 6 months prior to randomization
* Presence of major debilitating disorder such as clinically significant liver disease (not including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but including cirrhosis, infectious hepatitis (B and C), aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) \> 130 IU/L)
* Renal failure (high creatinine \> 150 mmol/L)
* Serum triglyceride \> 6 mmol/L.
* Patients currently undergoing treatment for cancer with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer, but not high risk patients or those whose treatment has been successfully completed.

Answer: C