Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Motor Control Exercise and Patient Education for the Management of Chronic Low Back Pain in a Low-Resource Rural Nigerian Community: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.
Brief Summary: The main purpose of this pilot single-blind randomized clinical trial is to assess the feasibility of implementing motor control exercise and patient education for the management of chronic low back pain (CLBP) in a low resource rural Nigerian community.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Current non-specific low back pain persisting for at least 12 weeks
* 18-64 years old
* Mean low back pain intensity for the previous week of 4 or greater on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale (0=no pain to 10=worst possible pain)
* English fluency sufficient to follow treatment instructions and answer survey questions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* New CLBP treatments started within the previous month or anticipated to begin in the next 3 months
* Known pregnancy
* Inability to understand English at a level necessary to understand treatment instructions and survey questions
* Previous back surgery or back fracture
* Specific CLBP pathologies (including spinal canal stenosis, severe scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, ankylosing spondylitis, large herniated disk)
* Severe or progressive neurological deficits
* Sciatica pain equal to or greater than back pain
* Active or recent cervical radiculopathy
* Active or planned worker's compensation, disability, or personal injury claims
* Lack of consent
* Significant participation in yoga or physical therapy in the last six months
* Has read The Back Pain Helpbook or the Back Book in the previous six months
* The principal investigator judges the participant to be unable to participate in the study due to serious medical and/or psychiatric comorbidities
* Has previously participated in the Yoga Dosing Study or the Physical Therapy Pilot
* Plans to move out of the Boston area in the next year
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with musculoskeletal low back pain (non-specific low back pain)
* Age ≥ 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known or suspected neurological diseases or lesions
* Traumatic injury of musculoskeletal system (fractures, tumours)
* Spinal pathologies (e.g., tumour, infection, fracture, and inflammatory disease)
* Previous spinal surgery
* Presence of any contraindication to exercise (fracture or cardiovascular limitations)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female between 18 and 65 years old.
* Primary complaint of LBP experienced at least over the previous 3-month duration.
* Ability to read/understand English or Hausa language.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous history of thoracic spine or lumbosacral spine surgery.
* Any neurological findings indicating radiculopathy.
* Evidence of serious spine pathology (e.g. tumor, infection, fracture, spinal stenosis, inflammatory disease).
* Unstable or severe disabling chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.
* History of serious psychological or psychiatric illness.
* Current pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects of both genders between 18 and 65 years of age with chronic non-specific LBP (pain for more than 3 months) with a pain intensity of at least 3 points measured by a 0-10 points pain numerical rating scale
* Subjects must be able to stand and walk independently
* Subjects must be able to read in Portuguese

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with any contraindication to physical exercise according to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine
* Subjects with severe depression (measured by depression, anxiety and stress scale - DASS)
* Subjects with serious spinal pathologies (fractures, tumors, and inflammatory pathologies such as ankylosing spondylitis), nerve root compromise (disc herniation and spondylolisthesis with neurological compromise, spinal stenosis, and others), serious cardiorespiratory diseases, previous back surgery or pregnancy.
* Subjects that cannot be classified into any of the five categories of the Movement System Impairment model upon initial assessment

Answer: C