Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: MULTICENTRIC, PHASE II, CLINICAL TRIAL CORTICOIDS FOR EMPYEMA AND PLEURAL EFFUSION IN CHILDREN
Brief Summary: STUDY JUSTIFICATION

1. Scientific evidence of the usefulness of corticosteroid use for infectious diseases: Corticosteroids along with antibiotic use improve survival in some infectious processes provide long term benefits and improve symptoms in many others.
2. Clinical Observation: the investigators observed that patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion and associated bronchospasm who were treated with corticosteroids for their bronchospasm, evolved to healing before patients who were not treated with corticosteroids (average admission days 10 vs. 17).
3. Rationale: the anti-inflammatory effect has been the rationale for the use of dexamethasone as an inhibitor of the inflammatory response observed after the first dose of parenteral antibiotic in bacterial meningitis. A similar effect is likely to occur in pneumonia with pleural effusion. It can be therefore hypothesized that Dexamethasone could inhibit an excessive inflammatory response by mesothelial and inflammatory cells during the early phases of parapneumonic empyema, reducing its severity and hence its complications.

OBJECTIVES

1. Principal: to investigate if dexamethasone 0,25mg/kg q.i.d. added to standard antibiotic therapy reduces time to resolution of parapneumonic pleural effusion.
2. Secondary:

2.1. Evaluate the effect of dexamethasone 0,25mg/kg q.i.d. added to standard antibiotic therapy on the development of complications during pleural effusion episode.

2.2. Evaluate the incidence of severe and non severe adverse events associated with the new treatment versus standard therapy.

METHODS

1. Study design: exploratory (pilot), randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled, parallel stratified design, multicentric.
2. Participating Hospitals (n=56, 7 patients per center):

   * Hospital Infanta Sofía (S. Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid).
   * Hospital Universitario de Getafe
   * Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid.
   * Hospital Universitario Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Málaga.
   * Hospital Infantil La Paz, Madrid.
   * Hospital U. Gregorio Marañón
   * Hospital U. Príncipe de Asturias
   * Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo
3. Endpoints:

   3.1. Primary: time to resolution. 3.2. Secondary endpoints:
   1. Effectiveness: number of children with complications.
   2. Safety (expected number: none). i) Hyperglycemia ii) Signs of gastrointestinal bleeding iii) Need of transfusion iv) Oropharyngeal Candidiasis v) Allergic reaction vi) Other adverse reactions described in the Medication Guide.
4. Treatment arms:

3.1. Control (0)

* Normal saline 0,6 ml/kg, IV, q.i.d. for 2 days.
* Cefotaxime 150 mg/kg, IV, q.d. until discharge criteria are present.
* Ranitidine 5 mg/kg IV, q.d. for 2 days.
* Amoxicillin- Clavulanic acid 80mg/kg p.o., q.d. during 15 days.

3.2. Study treatment: (1)

* dexamethasone 0,25mg/kg, IV, q.i.d. for 2 days.
* Cefotaxime 150 mg/kg, IV, q.d. until discharge criteria are present
* Ranitidine 5 mg/kg IV, q.d. for 2 days
* Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid orally (80mg/kg/day) during 15 days.

  4. INCLUSION CRITERIA
* Patients between 1 and 14 year old.
* Presence of pneumonia diagnosed by clinical and radiographic criteria: cough, fever and radiological consolidation.
* Evidence of pleural effusion.


Options:
A: time to resolution (1 month after admission)
B: All cause mortality (28 days)
C: 28 day mortality in all the non-responders to ACTH (< or = 9 mcg/dl or 250 nmol/L post ACTH) (28 days)
D: Mortality rates (measured at time of hospital discharge or 60 days after study entry)

Answer: A