Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Systemic Consequences and Comorbidities in Mild/Moderate COPD, Time for Action!
Brief Summary: The aim of this prospective case-control study is to investigate the prevalence, severity and incidence of systemic consequences in newly detected patients with mild and moderate Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Special attention will be paid to skeletal muscle dysfunction and physical inactivity as these factors are, together with smoking, potentially modifiable.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD

Exclusion Criteria:

* patients presenting change in mental status (confusion, lethargy or coma)
* persistence or worsening in hypoxemia (PaO2\<40mmHg) and/or respiratory acidosis (pH\<7.25) despite oxygen supplementation or use of non-invasive ventilation
* hemodynamic instability requiring vasoactive drugs
* patients transferred to ICU
* hospitalization lower than 5 days
* diseases that prevented the exercises
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 40-80 years old

cases: spirometry (post-bronchodilator) based diagnosis of COPD (GOLD criteria) + smoking history of at least 10 pack-years and active smoking behavior till at least 10 years from the moment of enrollment.

smoking controls: no COPD (spirometry based) + smoking history of at least 10 pack-years and active smoking behavior till at least 10 years from the moment of enrollment.

non-smoking controls: no COPD (spirometry based) + \< 1 pack year

Exclusion Criteria:

* Respiratory disorder other than COPD
* α1-antitrypsin deficiency
* Known history of significant inflammatory disease other than COPD
* COPD exacerbation within 4 weeks prior to study
* Lung surgery
* Recent diagnosis of cancer
* Therapy with oral corticosteroids in the last 6 weeks
* Significant cardiovascular comorbidity
* Significant orthopedic/musculoskeletal problems
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* COPD diagnosis (according to the GOLD criteria);
* Stable condition, no exacerbations or infections in the last 3 months;
* No severe or unstable heart disease;
* No other pathological conditions that could influence the training performance;
* Not have participated in other rehabilitation programs in the last six months.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Occurrence of acute exacerbation during the evaluation period;
* Not understanding or non-cooperation regarding the procedures and research methods;
* Option of the participant to leave the study for any reason;
* Presence of vestibular disorders (BPPV, labyrinthitis, among others).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* A diagnosis of COPD based on the GOLD staging of the disease
* Medical Research Council Score of 3 or Above
* Ability of mobilize independently
* Motivated to exercise independently

Exclusion Criteria:

* No evidence of COPD on spirometry
* Acute exacerbation within 4-6 weeks
* Evidence of Ischemic Heat Disease/acute changes on ECG
* Uncontrolled hypertension
* Insulin dependent diabetic
* Inability to exercise independently or musculoskeletal/neurological conditions which would prevent completion of the course
* Fear of needles
* Lung Cancer
* Previous attendance at pulmonary rehabilitation

Answer: B