Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: To determine whether warfarin or lovastatin alone or in combination retarded the progression of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries of high risk individuals with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Also, to determine if a full scale trial was feasible.


Options:
A: Men and women with early carotid atherosclerosis and moderately elevated LDL cholesterol between the 60th and 90th percentiles.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

A potential participant must have met all the following criteria to be included in the study:

1. Was hospitalized for laboratory-documented Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (e.g., positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 \[SARS-CoV-2\] via nasopharyngeal swab real time polymerase chain reaction \[RT-PCR; or other commercial or public health assay\]).
2. Was aged ≥18 years and ≤85 years.
3. Had a resting oxygen saturation (SaO2) of \<94% while breathing ambient air.
4. Had a score of 3 or 4 on the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) ordinal scale (required supplemental oxygen or non-invasive ventilation).
5. Had provided informed consent to participate in the study (by participant or legally-acceptable representative).

Exclusion Criteria:

A potential participant who met any of the following criteria was not eligible to participate in the study:

1. Was currently receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (e.g., via an endotracheal tube) (score of 2 on NIAID ordinal scale).
2. Had severe chronic respiratory disease, defined by any oxygen requirement prior to incident COVID-19.
3. Had active or uncontrolled bleeding at the time of randomization; a bleeding disorder, either inherited or caused by disease; history of known arterial-venous malformation, intracranial hemorrhage, or suspected or known cerebral aneurysm; or clinically significant (in the judgment of the Investigator) gastrointestinal bleeding within the 3 weeks prior to randomization.
4. Was receiving any other investigational (non-approved) therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 or participating in the treatment period of any other therapeutic intervention clinical study. Participating in the follow-up period of an interventional study may be permitted with prior medical monitor approval; participation in an observational study is permitted.
5. Was receiving systemic corticosteroids for a chronic condition.
6. Was receiving chronic anticoagulation with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (e.g., rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, edoxaban).
7. Was receiving or anticipated to require other systemic anticoagulation dosing at a therapeutic intensity. Prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism (VTE) using subcutaneous (SC) unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin was permitted with appropriate monitoring of coagulation status and within the guidelines described in the protocol.
8. Was receiving antiplatelet therapy, alone or in combination, including aspirin and other antiplatelet agents (e.g., clopidogrel, ticagrelor, and prasugrel), unless able to discontinue these agents at the time of randomization and was able to remain off these agents throughout the duration of the study intervention infusion period.
9. Had treatment with systemic (non-steroid) immunomodulators or immunosuppressant medications, including but not limited to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, anti-interleukin-1 agents and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors within 5 half-lives or 30 days (whichever was longer) prior to randomization.
10. Had a history of congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization.
11. Had active pericarditis (based on clinical assessment).
12. Had malignancy or other irreversible disease or condition for which 6-month mortality was estimated ≥50%.
13. Had a corrected QT interval (QTc) \>500 msec (or \>530-550 msec in participants with QRS greater than \>120 msec).
14. Had a Tisdale risk score ≥11 without the ability to monitor with serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) or telemetry.
15. Had severe renal impairment, as determined by calculated creatinine clearance \<30 mL/min or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
16. Had alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) values \>5x upper limit of normal (ULN).
17. Had activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) \>42 seconds.
18. Had thrombocytopenia with a platelet count \<80,000/mm3.
19. Had severe chronic liver disease (Child-Pugh Score of 10 to 15).
20. Had received dociparstat in a different clinical study.
21. Woman of childbearing potential who was pregnant, breastfeeding, and/or not using a highly-effective method of contraception (consistent with local regulations regarding the methods of contraception for those participating in clinical studies).
22. Had evidence of clinical improvement in COVID-19 status including, but not limited to, a sustained reduction in oxygen requirements over the previous 48 hours, or extubated and/or no longer requiring mechanical ventilation following intubation for COVID-19.
23. Had any other condition, including abnormal laboratory values, that, in the judgment of the Investigator, could have put the participant at increased risk, or would have interfered with the conduct or planned analysis of the study.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men or women 18 years or older.
2. Body mass index (BMI) of 35kg/m2 or greater.
3. Undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery, i.e., laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, laparoscopic Roux-en Y gastric bypass or laparoscopic duodenal switch.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of previous deep vein thrombosis.
2. History of previous pulmonary emboli.
3. History of documented clotting/coagulation disorder.
4. History of cancer.
5. Weight \< 50 kg or \> 200 kg or unable to fit in MRI scanner.
6. Presence of metallic foreign bodies
7. Recent history of smoking (within the last year).
8. History of venous stasis disease.
9. History of obesity hypoventilation syndrome.
10. Patients who are unable to lay flat for extended periods of time or are claustrophobic.
11. Patients who have a pacemaker, an implanted defibrillator or certain other implanted or electronic or metallic devices (implanted medical or metallic devices, shrapnel, or metal).
12. History of hypersensitivity reaction to anticoagulation products.
13. History of HIT (Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia.
14. History of Renal Insufficiency (Creatinine Clearance \< 50).
15. Active clinically significant bleeding.
16. Acute bacterial endocarditis.
17. BMI \> 60.
18. Patients with metallic foreign body or implant (unable to have an MRV study).
D: Inclusion Criteria for Anticoagulation Hypothesis

1. Adult patients (≥18 years), with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to ICU within 7 days of initial hospitalization , who do not have another firm indication for anticoagulation (such as mechanical valve, high-risk atrial fibrillation (AF), VTE, or left ventricle (LV) thrombus),who are not enrolled in another blinded randomized trial, and are willing to participate in the study and provide informed consent .
2. Estimated survival of at least 24 hours at the discretion of enrolling physician

Exclusion Criteria for Anticoagulation Hypothesis

1. Weight \<40 Kilogram (kg)
2. Overt bleeding at the day of enrollment
3. Known major bleeding within 30 days (according to the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) definition, Appendix A)
4. Platelet count \<50,000/Fl
5. Pregnancy (as confirmed by Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) testing among female patients \<50 years)
6. Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO)
7. History of heparin induced thrombocytopenia or immune thrombocytopenia
8. Ischemic stroke within the past 2 weeks
9. Craniotomy/major neurosurgery within the past 3 months
10. Major head or spinal trauma in the past 30 days
11. Known brain metastases or vascular malformations (aneurysm)
12. Presence of an epidural, spinal or pericardial catheter
13. Major surgery other than neurosurgery within 14 days prior to enrollment
14. Coexistence of severe obesity (weight \>120 kg or BMI\>35 kg/m2 along with severe renal insufficiency defined as creatinine clearance (CrCl) \<30 mL/sec)
15. Allergic reaction to study medications
16. Lack or withdrawal of informed consent

Inclusion Criteria for the Statin Randomization

1. Patients enrolled for the anticoagulation randomization
2. Willingness to participation in the study and providing informed consent

Exclusions Criteria for the Statin Randomization

1. Baseline liver function tests\> 3 times upper normal limits (ULN) or creatine kinase (CK) \>500 U/L
2. Active liver disease (LFT\>3 ULN plus histologic finding including cirrhosis or inflammation or necrosis)
3. Routine use of statins prior to the index hospitalization
4. Previous documented statin intolerance

Answer: A