Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Determinants for Peak Bone Mass, Skeletal Architecture, Fractures, Adipositas and Cardiovascular Risk Factors During Growth and Adulthood
Brief Summary: Objective:

Prospective study regulation in bone mass, size, architecture, cortical, trabecular bone, soft tissues and risk factors for cardiovascular disease at growth. Determine regulation by environmental factors. Evaluate how training affects the skeleton, soft tissues and cardiovascular risk factors during growth Material/Methods: (i) 500 children in one RCT´s with or without intervention with physical activity (daily scholl physical education) from school start to college. Annual evaluations

Importance:

The investigators provide increased understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis by determine the mineralization, size- and architecture development during growth and adulthood. Evaluate if intervention program with exercise increase bone strength, muscle mass and reduce fatness and risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Background:

Skeletal growth and the age related bone loss determine who will get osteoporosis (and fractures), but not only bone mass, also skeletal architecture and bone quality influence bone strength. Regulation of the traits differs where hormones, genetics and environmental factors continuously influence the development with different effect during different ages. It is thus imperative to determine the regulators of the traits and evaluate if these can be modified during growth.

Aim:

Study regulation of bone mass, size, architecture, cortical, trabecular, axial and appendicular bone and soft tissue during growth and aging; evaluate risk factors for cardiovascular disease; determine importance of environmental factors and hereditary factors.

Study Design/Method

Bunkeflo Cohort:

Prospective, controlled exercise intervention study annually following skeletal development in 500children from age 7.

Importance:

By evaluating skeletal mass/architecture separate we will increase the understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. The intervention study provide Evidence Based Information as regard the importance of physical activity during growth. The presented Strength Index, where we combine bone mass and skeletal architecture, may predict fractures better than only bone mass.


Options:
A: Weight in Kilograms (Baseline, 12 weeks); Weight z Score (Baseline, 12 weeks); BMI Calculated as "Weight (kg) / Height (m^2)" (Baseline, 12 weeks); BMI z Score (Baseline, 12 weeks); Body Fat Percentage as Determined by Siri Formula From Skinfold Thicknesses (Baseline, 12 weeks)
B: Change in self-esteem from baseline to 20-weeks (Change from baseline to 20-weeks); Change in grit from baseline to 20-weeks (Change from baseline to 20-weeks); Change in Global Happiness from baseline to 20-weeks (Change from baseline to 20-weeks); Change in Commitment to School from baseline to 20-weeks (Change from baseline to 20-weeks); Change in Sense of Belonging at School from baseline to 20-weeks (Change from baseline to 20-weeks); Change in Physical Activity from baseline to 20-weeks (Change from baseline to 20-weeks); Change in Self-efficacy from baseline to 20-weeks (Change from baseline to 20-weeks)
C: % Body Fat (Boys) (Baseline and 3 years); BMI Z-score (Boys) (Baseline and three years); % Body Fat (Girls) (Baseline and 3 years); BMI Z-score (Girls) (Baseline and three years)
D: BMD total body, femoral neck and lumbar spine (L2-L4) measured by Dual Energy X Ray Absorbtiometry (15 years)

Answer: D