Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Optimal Macronutrient Intake - Carbohydrate
Brief Summary: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes are health conditions that are strongly influenced by a person's diet. Although the best diet to prevent CVD and diabetes is uncertain, reducing intake of saturated and transunsaturated fats is known to help lower cardiovascular risk. However, even diets low in these fats can vary widely in other energy providing nutrients, particularly carbohydrates. This study will determine the effects of a higher versus lower carbohydrate diet, each with a high or low glycemic index (GI) composition, on risk factors for CVD and diabetes.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age between 15 and 18 years (inclusive)
* Male or female of Chinese ethnicity
* Body mass index \>/= 95th percentile of Hong Kong local age- and sex-specific reference
* No major medical illness
* Not on any chronic medications
* Post-pubertal as ascertained by clinical assessment by endocrinologist
* Willingness to give written informed consent by participants and his/her parents/guardian

Exclusion criteria:

* Concurrent participation in any clinical trial, dietary intervention or weight loss program
* Concomitant intake of weight reducing agent
* Active and uncontrolled endocrine diseases including hypo- or hyperthyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, etc.
* Significant renal impairment, defined as serum creatinine \>150 umol/L and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate \<60ml/min/1.73m2
* Significant liver impairment, defined as \>2 times upper limit of alanine aminotransferase and asparate aminotransferase levels
* Gastrointestinal problems that would prevent them from following the test diets
* Active malignant disease
* Pregnant or lactating
* Any medical illness or condition including known non-compliance, as judged by the investigators as ineligible to participate the study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* SBP of 120 to 159 mmHg and DBP less than 100 mmHg at study entry (mean over three screening visits) (note: participants with stage 2 hypertension \[SBP greater than 160 mmHg or DBP greater than 100 mmHg\] based on the mean over three screening visits will be excluded, as will participants with a mean SBP greater than 170 mmHg or DBP greater than 105 mmHg at any one visit)
* Overweight or obese, as defined by a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2
* Willing to eat at least one on-site meal per day, 5 days per week, and willing to eat study diets and nothing else during controlled feeding periods

Medication Exclusion Criteria:

* Symptomatic ischemic heart disease (e.g., angina pectoris)
* Regular use of medications that raise or lower BP during the 2 months prior to study entry
* Use of a lipid lowering agent in the 3 weeks prior to study entry
* Unstable dose of hormone replacement therapy, thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and psychotropic medications known to cause weight gain or affect the outcome variables (unstable is defined as a change in dose within 2 months of study entry)
* Use of insulin, oral hypoglycemic agent, lithium, oral corticosteroid, anti-psychotic drugs, weight loss medications, nitrate, or digitalis

Medical History Exclusion Criteria:

* Active or prior CVD (e.g., stroke, heart attack, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft, congestive heart failure, symptomatic ischemic heart disease \[angina\], or arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease-related therapeutic procedure)
* Diabetes mellitus
* Cancer diagnosis or treatment in the 2 years prior to study entry (note: people with non-melanoma skin cancer, localized breast cancer, or localized prostate cancer can enroll if they did not require systemic chemotherapy)
* Active inflammatory bowel disease, malabsorption, or major gastrointestinal resection
* Renal insufficiency as determined by a serum creatinine greater than 1.2 mg/dL for women or greater than 1.4 mg/dL for men (these participants can enroll if their estimated glomerular filtration rate is greater than 40 mL/min by either the Cockcroft-Gault equation or the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation)
* Emergency room visit or hospital stay for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the 6 months prior to study entry
* Any serious illness not otherwise specified that would interfere with participation

Laboratory Exclusion Criteria:

* Fasting LDL cholesterol greater than 220 mg/dL and triglycerides greater than 750 mg/dL
* Fasting blood glucose greater than 125 mg/dL
* Serum transaminase greater than 2 times the upper range of normal, or a clinical diagnosis of hepatitis
C: Inclusion Criteria

* Healthy men and women
* Body mass index (BMI) = 25-30
* Slightly overweight, \< 275 lbs
* Women 25-45, pre-menopause
* Men 25-50
* Not traveling often or planning to move

Exclusions:

* Cardiovascular disease or blood pressure greater than 160/90
* Diabetes
* Major psychiatric disorders
* Eating disorders
* Post obese; previous BMI \> 32
* Weight change of more than ten pounds in the past 90 days
* Over 275 pounds
* Smoking
* Regular exercise, more than twice per week
* Current prescription drug use, except oral contraceptives
* Alcoholism or substance abuse
* Pregnant or lactating (breast feeding), planning to become pregnant, or not regularly using contraception
* Abnormal electrocardiogram (EKG)
* Local resident for less than one year
* Occupations requiring full alertness and motor skills, with no allowance for a chance of postural dizziness (airline pilots, etc.)
* Injuries by any metallic object that is still present in the body
* Braces, non-removable dentures, or non-removable bridgework
D: Inclusion criteria

1. Males age 18 to 35 years
2. BMI less than or equal to 25 for age and gender

Exclusion criteria

1. weight \> 300 lbs
2. largest body circumference \> 144cm
3. body shape incompatible with MRI scanner or equipment
4. MRI exclusion criteria
5. large fluctuations in body weight (5% over preceding 6 months, 2.5% during the study)
6. known medical problems that may affect metabolism or hormones
7. diabetes mellitus (fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL)
8. other abnormal laboratory screening tests
9. taking any medications or dietary supplements that might affect body weight, appetite, or energy expenditure
10. smoking or illicit substance abuse
11. high levels of physical activity (\>30 minutes per day, \> 4days per week)
12. currently following a weight loss diet
13. allergies or intolerance to eggs, vanilla extract, equal, canola oil, milk, cornstarch, corn syrup

Answer: B