Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The European Quality of Care Pathways Study: The Impact of a Care Pathway for Proximal Femur Fracture (PFF) : an International Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial." (Www.E-P-A.Org)
Brief Summary: Care pathways, a complex intervention to (re)organise, standardize and evaluate care processes, are used worldwide and in different kinds of settings. Although their international use, the impact is unclear. The European Quality of Care Pathways Study is the first international cluster Randomized Controlled Trial on the effect of care pathways for proximal femur fracture patients (PFF).

The hypothesis is that teams who work with care pathways for PFF patients deliver care that is more compliant to evidence based key interventions, have better patient outcomes and higher scores on team indicators than teams who do not work with care pathways.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with an acute low-energy hip fracture (intracapsular, trochanteric or subtrochanteric) and treated surgically, ≥ 65 years of age, living in their own homes prior to the fracture, and able to give an informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients unable to walk 10 meters with or without a walking aid prior to the fracture, have a score of less than 15 points on Minimal Mental Status Evaluation (MMS-E) in the acute phase, have a pathological fracture, life expectancies of less than three months, medical contraindications for training, or are incapable of understanding and speaking the Norwegian language.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients admitted to St Luke's Hospital for the purpose of rehabilitation after a new hip fracture.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients were excluded if any of the following criteria were present: (i) Pre-morbid non-ambulatory status, (ii) nursing home residents, (iii) palliative care patients, and (iv) patients previously enlisted for the trial.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Inclusion criteria on cluster level are:

  1. Written agreement to participate in the study;
  2. Agreement that a care pathway for PFF will not be developed and used within the time frame of the study when randomized in the control group.
* Inclusion criteria on patient level are:

  1. Written informed consent;
  2. All consecutive admissions with PFF;
  3. Minimum age of 65 years;
  4. Closed fracture;
  5. Eligible for surgical intervention;
  6. ASA-score of 1, 2 or 3;
  7. Each patient was included only once in the study at initial hospitalization, even if the patient has been hospitalized more than once.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Exclusion criteria on patient level:

  1. Patients with severe dementia (DSM IV);
  2. Bone metastatic diseases (pathologic fractures);
  3. Second fracture on the same hip (i.e. peri-prosthetic fracture)

Inclusion criteria on multidisciplinary team level:

1. Team members are involved in direct patient care responsibilities for PFF;
2. Minimum representation of the core disciplines according to PFF literature;
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 60 years or older
* Admitted from emergency room due to hip fracture
* Receiving hip arthroplasty or internal fixation
* Living in northern Taiwan

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severely cognitively impaired and completely unable to follow orders
* Terminally ill

Answer: C