Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Food Form and Fitness on Appetite and Digestion.
Brief Summary: Energy-yielding fluids induce weaker appetitive and compensatory dietary responses than energy-matched semi-solids or solids. This is problematic because the high and increasing contribution of energy from beverages in the diet may enhance positive energy balance and weight gain. The prevailing view of the overweight/obesity problem is that it stems from a small, sustained positive energy balance. It follows then that only small changes, perhaps manipulations in the rheological characteristics of the diet, will be required to correct the problem. Certain populations that are more prone to weight gain may benefit from such manipulations. Obese individuals have a higher beverage intake and experience greater weight loss with reductions in beverage intake. Further, there is evidence that obese individuals consume more energy after a liquid pre-load than their lean counterparts, yet there is no difference in energy intake after a solid load. In contrast, habitual exercisers have been shown to have an increased accuracy of short-term regulation of food intake at meals following liquid preloads. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which beverages and energy-matched solid food forms elicit differential appetitive and dietary responses in these populations needed. This research will attempt to identify the influence of physical fitness and body fat on the ability to compensate for the energy content of solid and liquid preloads by reduction in energy intake at a subsequent ad libitum meal (i.e., acute compensation) and over the course of the day (i.e., short-term compensation). Furthermore, this study will examine the cognitive contribution to differential responses to energy-matched beverage and solid food forms and the effects of mastication on appetite, GI transit, glycemic response, and selected endocrine responses.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Targeted beverage education and financial incentives; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Targeted beverage education and financial incentives, Behavioral: Traffic-light labeling of all beverages in store | Arm Label: Control; Type: SHAM_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Traffic-light labeling of all beverages in store | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Targeted beverage education and financial incentives; Assigned to Arm(s): Targeted beverage education and financial incentives | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Traffic-light labeling of all beverages in store; Assigned to Arm(s): Control, Targeted beverage education and financial incentives
B: Arm Label: liquid to liquid,; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: liquid to liquid | Arm Label: liquid to solid,; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: liquid to solid | Arm Label: solid to liquid; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: solid to liquid | Arm Label: solid to solid; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: solid to solid | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: liquid to liquid; Assigned to Arm(s): liquid to liquid, | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: liquid to solid; Assigned to Arm(s): liquid to solid, | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: solid to liquid; Assigned to Arm(s): solid to liquid | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: solid to solid; Assigned to Arm(s): solid to solid
C: Arm Label: School based intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: integrated program of nutrition, activity, behavior, and promotion | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: integrated program of nutrition, activity, behavior, and promotion; Assigned to Arm(s): School based intervention
D: Arm Label: Sucrose; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Sucrose | Arm Label: Aspartame; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Aspartame | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Sucrose; Assigned to Arm(s): Sucrose | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Aspartame; Assigned to Arm(s): Aspartame

Answer: B