Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Alternate Day Fasting for Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance and Cardio-protection
Brief Summary: The proposed research will demonstrate that alternate day modified fasting (ADMF) is a suitable alternative to daily calorie restriction (CR) for weight loss, weight maintenance, and heart disease prevention. Since many overweight and obese individuals find it difficult to adhere to daily CR, this diet option may improve adherence with these dietary restriction protocols. This, in turn, will allow a greater percent of the overweight and obese population to lose weight, maintain weight loss, and prevent future occurrences of coronary heart disease.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18 years
* BMI≥24kg/m2
* Polycystic ovary syndrome has been diagnosed

Exclusion Criteria:

* Taking medications affecting weight or energy intake/energy expenditure in the last 6 months, including weight loss medications, antipsychotic drugs or other medications as determined by the study physician;
* The body weight fluctuated more than 5% in recent 3 months.
* Liver and kidney dysfunction: renal impairment, creatinine clearance rate \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, transaminase increased, more than three times higher than the normal limit;
* History of serious cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease (angina, myocardial infarction or stroke) in the past 6 months;
* History of thyroid diseases;
* Having been in pregnancy.
* Researchers believe that there are any factors that affect assessing subjects' participation in trial.
* History of malignant tumors;
* History of Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, hypothalamic obesity;
* Currently participating in weight loss programs or weight change in the past 3 months (\> 5% current body weight)
* Patients who cannot be followed for 16 months (due to a health situation or migration)
* Patients who are unwilling or unable to give informed consent.
B: Inclusion criteria. Adult subjects meeting the following criteria will be eligible to participate:

* Age between 18 to 65 years old
* BMI between 25.0 and 39.9 kg/m2
* Previously sedentary (\<60 minutes/week of light activity corresponding to 2.5 to 4.0 metabolic equivalents (METs) for the 3 months prior to the study)

Exclusion criteria. Subjects excluded from participating in the study include those who:

* Have a history cardiovascular disease (prior angina, myocardial infarction or stroke)
* Are diabetic (fasting blood glucose \> 126 mg/dl)
* Have a history of psychiatric disorders and/or eating disorders
* Are taking anti-depressant or anti-anxiety medications
* Are taking drugs that affect study outcomes (weight loss, lipid-lowering, or blood pressure drugs)
* Are not weight stable for 3 months prior to the beginning of study (weight gain or loss \> 4 kg)
* Are not able to keep a food diary or activity log for 7 consecutive days during screening
* Are perimenopausal or have an irregular menstrual cycle (menses that does not appear every 27-32 days)
* Are claustrophobic or have implanted electrical devices (cardiac pacemaker or a neurostimulator)
* Are pregnant, or trying to become pregnant
* Are smokers
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women
* Age 30-70 years
* Language: English or Spanish
* At least 3 features of the NCEP ATP-III metabolic syndrome

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diabetes
* Established CVD
* Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP \>160 and diastolic BP \>100 mm Hg)
* Established liver disease
* Renal insufficiency
* Psychiatric illness
* Chronic substance abuse within the past 5 years
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or severe asthma.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ambulatory, male or female, 21-65 years of age
* A body mass index (BMI) of 23-34.9
* Generally healthy and having no significant difficulty with digestion of food
* Has been generally weight stable for the past six months
* Willing to discontinue use of any (non-study) multivitamin or Vitamin D supplements during the study
* Willing and able to give written informed consent
* Clearly understands the procedures and study requirements
* Willing and able to comply with all study procedures, including following the recommendations to maintain their usual diet and regular activity, as per protocol
* Able to communicate, including reading, in English

Primary Exclusion Criteria:

* Having smoked any cigarette, electronic cigarette, cigar, pipe, or used a recreational drug in the past 30 days
* History of allergy or sensitivity to any component of the study products including milk, soy and almonds
* Donation of blood with 30 days prior to screening/baseline
* Inability to provide a venous blood sample
* Participation in another study within 30 days prior to baseline/screening
* Being pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant during study participation; or breast feeding
* Having been diagnosed, received medical treatment or taking medication daily for the following medical condition(s):
* Diabetes mellitus
* Eating disorder
* Acute or chronic inflammatory disease or autoimmune disease
* Cardiovascular disease
* Gastrointestinal disease including gallbladder problems, gallstones or biliary tract obstruction
* Thyroid disease (unless on a stable dose of medication for 3 months prior to screening and unlikely to change medication or dose during the study)
* Hypertension (unless on a stable dose of medication for 3 months prior to screening and unlikely to change medication or dose during the study)
* Psychiatric disorder
* Neurologic condition/disease
* Cancer (unless skin cancer other than melanoma which has been treated \> 3 years prior to Baseline/screening)
* Active or chronic liver, pancreatic and kidney disease
* Blood coagulation disorder
* Other condition or medication use that would preclude participation in the study in the judgment of the investigator/sub-investigator (Sub-I)
* Currently taking or having taken within the 30 days prior to screening/baseline any hormone replacement therapy (including DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), estrogen, progesterone, or testosterone; except those utilized as a method of birth control and which have been taken for \> 3 months, with no anticipated change for the duration of the study)
* Currently taking any of the nutritional supplements used in the study and unwilling to discontinue use at least 14 days prior to screening.
* Currently taking a medication or nutritional supplement specifically for weight loss and unwilling to discontinue use 14 days prior to the first dosing of study supplements
* Currently participating in a weight loss program and unwilling to discontinue participation prior to enrollment into the study
* Currently taking an anti-coagulant, anti-platelet medication or a glucose lowering medication
* Having had a surgical procedure or having an internal medical device which, in the judgment of the PI/Sub-I, would preclude participation in the study
* Having abnormal screening laboratory test values including bilirubin \> 2.5 x ULN (upper limit of normal), AST/SGOT(aspartate aminotransferase/serum glutamin oxaloacetic transaminase) and ALT/SGPT (alanine aminotransferase/serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase) \> 2.5 x ULN, serum creatinine \> 1.5 mg/dL, blood glucose \< 85 mg/dL or \> 125 mg/dL, and TSH(thyroid stimulating hormone) \> 4.12 µIU/mL, or other lab test result(s) that would preclude study participation in the judgement of the PI/Sub-I
* Having blood pressure readings at Baseline/screening \> 140 systolic or \> 90 diastolic on two consecutive readings unless permitted to proceed to the next visit in the judgment of the PI/Sub-I
* Currently consumes more than 7 standard alcoholic drinks per week for women and 14 drinks per week for men (a standard alcoholic drink is defined as one bottle/can of beer, one glass of wine, or one ounce of hard liquor)
* Unable or unwilling to avoid consuming grapefruit juice or fresh grapefruit, Seville oranges and tangelos
* Having any other circumstance that precludes study participation in the judgment of the PI/Sub-I including use of other nutritional supplements which will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Answer: B