Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Short-term Atorvastatin's Effect on Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery
Brief Summary: Aim1a: Statin naive patient's scheduled for cardiac surgery will be randomized to 80mg atorvastatin or placebo on the day prior to surgery and then 40mg daily thereafter until hospital discharge to test the hypothesis that short-term atorvastatin use decreases:

1. acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery.
2. postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery.

Aim1b: Patients using statins preoperatively will be randomized to atorvastatin 80mg or placebo on day of surgery and 40mg or placebo on postop day 1 with resumption of preoperative statin therapy on postop day 2 to test the hypothesis that short-term atorvastatin use decreases:

1. acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery.
2. postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery.

Endpoints include glomerular filtration, urine and plasma markers of renal dysfunction, markers of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, systemic inflammatory markers, delirium, dialysis, stroke, myocardial infarction, time to extubation, ICU length of stay, and death.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* open heart surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* acute coronary syndrome with troponin leak or unrelenting angina
* liver dysfunction (transaminases 2x normal)
* history of myopathy or liver dysfunction on prior statin therapy
* use of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors such as antifungal azoles, macrolide antibiotics, HIV protease inhibitors, and nefazodone.
* pregnancy or breast feeding
* cyclosporine use
* dialysis
* history of kidney transplant
* fibrate users who cannot stop fibrate use.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinical indication for coronary catheterization. Target Coronary Artery: The target vessel must have .50% reduction in lumen diameter by angiographic visual estimation throughout a segment of at least 40 mm in length (the target segment) and the vessel must be large enough to accommodate the IVUS catheter. A lesion of up to 60% is permitted distal to the target segment. Side branches of the target (imaged) vessel may be narrowed up to 70% by visual estimation, provided the target segment contains no lesion greater than 50%.

Exclusion Criteria:

Use of lipid-lowering medication for more than 3 months within the previous 12 months. Longer periods of treatment are not permitted because of the potential effects of such therapy on coronary atherosclerosis. Subjects receiving treatment with a lipid-lowering medication within the past 4 weeks require a 4-week wash-out period following which a baseline lipid profile will be taken at visit 2.

Clinically significant heart disease which, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator (or designee), is likely to require coronary bypass surgery, cardiac transplantation, surgical repair and/or replacement during the course of the study.

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C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients awaiting elective cardiac surgery who are willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study and who are in sinus rhythm and not taking any antiarrhythmic medication, other than beta-adrenergic blocking agents, at the time of surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of obstructive hepato-biliary disease or other serious hepatic disease
* Untreated hypothyroidism
* Creatinine \> 200 umol/L
* Personal and family history of hereditary muscle disorders
* Known intolerance to statins or history of muscle toxicity with fibrates or statins.
* On-going use of fibrates, niacin or of agents that are strong inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 or the P-glycoprotein within a month preceding randomization (cyclosporine, oral azole antifungals,macrolide antibiotics, protease inhibitors, nefazodone, amiodarone or ≥ 1L/day of grapefruit juice)
* Significant mitral valve disease (moderate or severe mitral regurgitation-eg. \> grade II and/or mitral stenosis \& mitral annular calcification).
* Patients treated with any anti-arrhythmic agent (other than beta-adrenergic receptor blockers).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Chronic symptomatic systolic heart failure of ischaemic aetiology as judged by the investigator, optimal therapy for chronic symptomatic systolic heart failure according to the investigator

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute myocardial infarction within 6 months before randomization
* Treatment with any statin or other lipid lowering drug; or a medical condition that in the opinion of the investigator requires treatment with a statin or other lipid lowering drug

Answer: A