Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Fructose on Metabolic Control in Humans: A Series of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses to Provide Evidence-based Guidance for Nutrition Guidelines Development
Brief Summary: Diabetes and heart associations continue to discourage high intakes of dietary fructose, a constituent part of the sucrose molecule that is found in fruits and vegetables as a natural sugar and in some processed foods and beverages as an added sweetener. The concern relates to its ability to increase certain blood fats and cholesterol, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. The evidence for an adverse effect of fructose on these risk factors, however, is inconclusive. To improve the evidence on which nutrition recommendations for fructose are based, the investigators therefore propose to study the effect of fructose on blood fats, cholesterol, sugars, blood pressure, and body weight, by undertaking a systematic synthesis of the data taken from all available clinical studies in humans. This technique has the strength of allowing all of the available data to be pooled together and differences to be explored in groups of different study participants (healthy humans of different sex, weight, and age and in those with diseases which predispose to disturbances in metabolism, such as diabetes) with dietary fructose in different forms, doses, and with differing durations of exposure. The findings generated by this proposed knowledge synthesis will help improve the health of consumers through informing recommendations for the general public, as well as those at risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* 63 to 79 years old
* healthy men and women
* able to attend clinic at a study sites

Exclusion Criteria:

* illiteracy or inability to understand the protocol
* unable to undergo neurophysiological tests
* morbid obesity (BMI greater than or equal to ≥ 40 kg/m2)
* uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c\>85)
* uncontrolled hypertension
* prior cerebrovascular accident
* any relevant psychiatric illness, including major depression
* advanced cognitive deterioration, dementia
* other neurodegenerative diseases (i.e. Parkinson's disease)
* any chronic illness expected to shorten survival (heart, liver, cancer, etc)
* bereavement in the first year of loss
* bad dentures unless fixable dental prostheses are used
* allergy to walnuts
* customary us of fish oil or flaxseed oil supplements
* eye related exclusion criteria
B: Inclusion criteria:

* Healthy male volunteers aged 18-30
* BMI between 19-24 kg/m2
* Non-smoker

Exclusion criteria:

* Acute or chronic infections, malignant disease, renal, hepatic (more than two-fold increased transaminases), pulmonary, neurological (epilepsy) or psychiatric diseases, manifested atherosclerosis, or any other disease precluding participation in the study.
* Diabetes
* Known alcohol, substance or drug abuse, concomitant medication
* More than three hours of physical exercise per week
* Consumption of more than 2 times 3 dl SSB daily
* Subjects likely to fail to comply with the study protocol
* Subjects who do not give informed consent
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Trials in humans
* Oral fructose intervention
* Suitable control (i.e. another carbohydrate source in isocaloric exchange for fructose or a control diet which is compared with the same diet supplemented with excess energy from fructose)
* \>= 7-days diet duration
* Viable endpoint data

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-human studies
* IV or parenteral fructose
* High fructose corn syrup or sucrose intervention (except where these are the comparators)
* Lack of a suitable control
* \< 7-days diet duration.
* No viable endpoint data
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy, adult (age, 18-75 years) men and non-pregnant women;
* Overweight or obese (BMI \> 23 kg/m2 for Asian individuals and \> 25 kg/m2 other individuals);
* High waist circumference (\> 94 cm in men, \> 80 cm in women in Europid, Sub-Saharan African, Eastern Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern individuals; \> 90 cm in men and \> 80 cm in women for South Asian, Chinese, Japanese, and South and Central American individuals);
* Currently report drinking SSBs regularly (≥ 1 serving daily);
* Have a primary care physician;
* Nonsmoker;
* Free of any diseases or illnesses;
* Not regularly taking any medications that have a clinically relevant effect on the primary outcomes, as deemed inappropriate by investigators

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 18 or \> 75 years;
* BMI \< 23 kg/m2 for Asian individuals and \< 25 kg/m2 other individuals;
* Waist circumference \< 94cm in men, \< 80cm in women in Europid, Sub-Saharan African, Eastern Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern individuals; \< 90cm in men and \< 80 cm in women for South Asian, Chinese, Japanese, and South and Central American individuals;
* Not regularly drinking SSBs (≥1 serving per day);
* Pregnant or breast feeding females, or women planning on becoming pregnant throughout study duration;
* Regular medication use that have a clinically relevant effect on the primary outcomes, as deemed inappropriate by investigators
* Antibiotic use in the last 3 months;
* Complementary or alternative medicine (CAM) use as deemed inappropriate by investigators;
* Self-reported diabetes;
* Self-reported uncontrolled hypertension (or systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 160 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 100 mmHg \[26\]);
* Self-reported polycystic ovarian syndrome;
* Self-reported cardiovascular disease;
* Self-reported gastrointestinal disease;
* Previous bariatric surgery;
* Self-reported liver disease;
* Self-reported uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism;
* Self-reported kidney disease;
* Self-reported chronic infection;
* Self-reported lung disease;
* Self-reported cancer/malignancy;
* Self-reported schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, bipolar and related disorders, and dissociative disorders;
* Major surgery in the last 6 months;
* Other major illness or health-related incidence within the last 6 months;
* Smoker;
* Regular recreational drug users;
* Heavy alcohol use (\> 3 drinks/day);
* Do not have a primary care physician;
* Participation in any trials within the last 6 months or for the duration of this study;
* Individuals planning on making dietary or physical activity changes throughout study duration;
* If participating in MRI portion of study: any condition or circumstance which would prevent the participant from having an MRI (e.g. having prostheses or metal implants, tattoos, or claustrophobia)

Answer: C