Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Controlled Randomized Trial of Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Ablation Versus Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy in Treating Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. The Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (APAF2) Trial
Brief Summary: Background: Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) has been safely and effectively performed for treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF); however, its safety and efficacy, as compared with those of antiarrhythmic drug therapy (ADT), have never been formally assessed in a randomized controlled trial.

The Purpose of this study was to evaluate CPVA versus ADT in patients with PAF in a randomized controlled trial.


Options:
A: You may be eligible to participate in this study if you: Have failed to respond to drug treatment for your AFib, or find the side effects of your medication intolerable.

Inclusion Criteria

* Patients with symptomatic PAF who have had three (3) AF episodes in the six (6) months prior to randomization, one of which must be documented. Documentation may include electrocardiogram (ECG), transtelephonic monitor (TTM), Holter monitor (HM), or telemetry strip.
* Failure of at least one AAD for PAF \[class I or III or AV nodal blocking agents such as beta blockers (BB) and calcium channel blockers (CCB)\] as evidenced by recurrent symptomatic PAF, or intolerable side effects due to AAD.
* Signed Patient Informed Consent Form.
* Age 18 years or older.
* Able and willing to comply with all pre-, post- and follow-up testing and requirements.

Exclusion Criteria

* Atrial fibrillation secondary to electrolyte imbalance, thyroid disease, or reversible or non-cardiac cause.
* Previous ablation for atrial fibrillation.
* Patients on amiodarone therapy at any time during the previous six (6) months.
* AF episodes that last longer than 30 days and are terminated via cardioversion.
* Any valvular cardiac surgical procedure.
* CABG procedure within the last 180 days (six months).
* Awaiting cardiac transplantation or other cardiac surgery within the next 360 days (12 months).
* Documented left atrial thrombus on imaging (e.g. TEE).
* History of a documented thromboembolic event within the past one (1) year.
* Diagnosed atrial myxoma.
* Presence of implanted ICD.
* Significant pulmonary disease, (e.g. restrictive pulmonary disease, constrictive or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) or any other disease or malfunction of the lungs or respiratory system that produces chronic symptoms.
* Significant congenital anomaly or medical problem that in the opinion of the investigator would preclude enrollment in this study.
* Women who are pregnant (by history of menstrual period or pregnancy test if the history is considered unreliable).
* Acute illness or active systemic infection or sepsis.
* Unstable angina.
* Myocardial infarction within the previous 60 days (two months).
* LVEF \< 40%.
* History of blood clotting or bleeding abnormalities.
* Contraindication to anticoagulation (i.e. heparin or warfarin).
* Contraindication to CT/MRA procedure.
* Life expectancy less than 360 days (12 months).
* Enrollment in an investigational study evaluating another device or drug.
* Uncontrolled heart failure or NYHA class III or IV heart failure.
* Presence of intramural thrombus, tumor or other abnormality that precludes catheter introduction or manipulation.
* Presence of a condition that precludes vascular access.
* Left atrial size ≥ 50 mm
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-70 years
2. History of symptomatic paroxysmal AF lasting more than 6 months. Paroxysms of AF are intended as recurrent self-terminating episodes lasting less than 7 days and occurring more than 2 times every month.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy
2. NYHA functional class III or IV
3. Left atrial size \> 65 mm
4. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction \< 35%
5. Contraindication to anticoagulation with warfarin
6. History of myocardial infarction within six months of the procedure
7. Prior catheter or surgical ablation attempt for AF
8. Inability or unwillingness to provide written informed consent
9. Life expectancy less than 1 year
10. Significant comorbid conditions such as: cancer (not cured), end stage renal disease (creatinine clearance \< 20 mL/h), severe chronic obstructive lung disease, cirrhosis, etc)
11. Anticipated cardiac surgery for congenital, valvular, aortic or coronary heart disease.
12. Presence of left atrial thrombus.
13. Prior antiarrhythmic drug therapy with amiodarone, sotalol and flecainide at optimal doses (target 200 mg, 240 mg, 200 mg daily respectively
14. AF burden \< 2 episodes/month
15. WPW
16. Expected survival \< 1 year
17. Contraindications for antiarrhythmics therapy including flecainide, sotalol or amiodarone not listed above:

    * LV hypertrophy (LV mass index \> 125g/m2)
    * thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism or uncontrolled hypothyroidism or thyroid cancer)
    * liver dysfunction (ALT or AST \>2x the reference values)
    * Interstitial lung disease with DLCO\<70% of predicted or severe asthma.
    * QT interval exceeding 400 msec
    * Symptomatic sinus node or atrioventricular node dysfunction unless a pacemaker had been implanted
    * Evidence of stress-induced myocardial ischemia
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients of either sex aged 21 years or more, in sinus rhythm for at least 1 hour at the time of randomisation and with at least one ECG-documented AF/AFL episode in the last 3 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

* MAIN CRITERIA (non-exhaustive list, see protocol for details):

Women of childbearing potential without adequate birth control, Pregnant women, Breastfeeding women, Congestive heart failure NYHA class III or IV, Conditions which increase the risk of severe antiarrhythmic drug side effects, Severe associated conditions.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients of either sex aged 21 years or more, in sinus rhythm for at least 1 hour at the time of randomization and with at least one ECG-documented AF/AFL episode in the last 3 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

* MAIN CRITERIA (non-exhaustive list, see protocol for details):

Women of childbearing potential without adequate birth control, Pregnant women, Breastfeeding women, Congestive heart failure NYHA class III or IV, Conditions which increase the risk of severe antiarrhythmic drug side effects, Severe associated conditions.

Answer: B