Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: High Flow Nasal Therapy Versus Noninvasive Ventilation in Mild to Moderate Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure: A Non-inferiority Randomized Trial
Brief Summary: Randomized multicenter non-inferiority trial comparing High flow nasal therapy (HFNT) versus Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute hypercapnic respiratory failure.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18
* Admission to ICU for acute respiratory failure defined by all of the following criteria:

  * Dyspnea at rest with RR ≥ 25 breaths/min
  * PaCO2 ≤ 50 mm Hg
  * PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg under oxygen ≥ 10 l/min through a mask or HFNC or NIV (for patients under oxygen FiO2 will be calculated using the following formula: oxygen flow in liters per minute x 3 + 21)
* Immunosuppresion defined by 1 of the following criteria:

  * Hematological malignancy (active or remitting \< 5 years)
  * Allogenic stem cell transplantation \< 5 years
  * Solid cancer (active)
  * Leucopenia \< 1 G/l or neutropenia ≤ 0.5 G/l after chemotherapy
  * Solid organ transplantation
  * AIDS (not only HIV)
  * Treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs
  * Systemic steroids ≥ 0.5 mg/kg/d of prednisone-equivalent for ≥ 3 weeks
* Non opposition to participate obtained from the patient or their legally acceptable representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication of NIV (patient refusal, cardiac arrest, coma, not drained pneumothorax, unresolving vomiting, upper airways obstruction, hematemesis, severe facial trauma)
* Chronic respiratory failure with altered pulmonary function tests
* Overt cardiogenic pulmonary edema
* Urgent need for intubation
* Severe shock (vasopressors \> 0.3 µg/kg/min to maintain SAP \> 90 mm Hg)
* Impaired consciousness (Glasgow coma scale score ≤ 12) or agitation
* Surgery under general anesthesia \< 7 days
* Previously included in the trial
* Do-not-intubate order
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Persons benefiting from enhanced protection, namely minors, persons deprived of their liberty by a judicial or administrative decision, persons staying in a health or social institution, adults under legal protection
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute hypercapnic respiratory failure;
* 7.25 \< pH \< 7.35;
* Arterial Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) equal or greater than 55 mmHg;
* Age \> 18 years/old

Exclusion Criteria:

* Invasive mechanical ventilation in the last 60 days
* Use of any form of noninvasive ventilation or high flow oxygen through nasal cannula (HFNT) prior to study enrollment after the onset of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF);
* Noninvasive home care ventilation;
* Unstable clinical condition (need for vasopressors for \>24 h, acute coronary syndrome or life-threatening arrhythmias);
* Refusal of treatment;
* Agitation (RASS \>= +2) or non-cooperation (Kelly Matthay \>=5);
* Failure of more than two organs;
* Cardiac arrest;
* Respiratory arrest requiring tracheal intubation;
* Recent trauma or burns of the neck and face;
* Pregnancy;
* Refusal of consent;
* Inclusion in other research protocols.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Duration of mechanical ventilation prior to extubation at least 24h
* Planned extubation decided by the physician in charge of the patient after success of a weaning trial
* Patients at high risk of reintubation according to the following criteria: patients older than 65 years, or those having any underlying chronic cardiac or lung disease.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient admitted for traumatic brain injury
* Periphal neuromuscular disease as reason for intubation
* Usual lon-term treatment with NIV for chronic desease
* Usual lon-term treatment with CPAP for obstructive apneas syndrome
* Contraindication to NIV
* Unplanned extubation
* Do-not-reintubated order at time of extubation
* Terminal extubation for end of life
* People under legal protection
* Opposition to participate
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Acute respiratory insufficiency, defined as the PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 300 mm Hg or less after breathing oxygen
* The presence of lung infiltrates on a posteroanterior chest radiograph

Exclusion Criteria:

* Face or cranial trauma or surgery
* Patients younger than 18 years
* History of COPD
* Acute respiratory acidosis (defined as a pH \<7.30 and a PaCO2 \>50 mm Hg)
* Hemodynamic instability with arterial pressure \< 90mmHg
* Respiratory instability with PaO2/FiO2\<100mmHg
* ventricular arrhythmias
* Excess respiratory secretions.
* Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
* Recent gastric or oesophageal surgery
* Tracheostomy or other airways disorders
* Pneumothorax
* Contraindication of gastric probe insertion
* Impossibility to insert the oesophageal probe

Answer: B