Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Role of Music in Improving Gait Abnormalities in Parkinson Disease
Brief Summary: Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) sensorimotor techniques are increasingly used to improve spatio-temporal gait parameters and postural stability in the course of Parkinson's Disease and following stroke. Nonetheless, the neurophysiological underpinnings of NMT-mediated gait recovery is still poorly understood.

The aim of the study was to investigate the central mechanisms of connectivity related to the application of Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) in PD gait rehabilitation. The investigators will enroll 30 patients with PD. They will be randomized into two groups: (A) gait training with Music; (B) conventional treadmill gait training. The experimental group will perform training by means of GT3 (Biodex), where the patient is able to walk (on a treadmill) following specific musical beets and rhythms. The control group will perform only gait treadmill training.

Subjects will attend 3 sessions a week for at least 4 weeks. Each session will last 45-min.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with idiopathic PD.
2. At least 30 years old at the time of PD diagnosis.
3. Currently being treated with IR LD (CD-LD or benserazide-LD) and on a stable regimen of IR LD for at least 4 weeks and:

   * Requiring a total daily IR LD dose of at least 400 mg
   * Having a minimum dosing frequency of four times per day.
4. Able to differentiate "on" state from "off" state.
5. Have predictable "off" periods.
6. Amantadine, anticholinergics, selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline) or dopamine agonists are allowed as long as the doses and regimens have been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and the therapy is intended to be constant throughout the course of the study.
7. Agrees to use a medically acceptable method of contraception throughout the study and for 1 month afterward.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with atypical Parkinsonism or any known secondary Parkinsonian syndrome.
2. Nonresponsive to LD therapy.
3. Prior functional neurosurgical treatment for PD (e.g., ablation or deep brain stimulation) or if such procedures are anticipated during study participation.
4. Received within 4 weeks or planning to take during participation in the clinical study: any controlled-release LD product, additional CD (e.g., Lodosyn®) or benserazide (e.g. Serazide®), catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors (e.g., entacapone and tolcapone), nonselective MAO inhibitors, apomorphine, and antipsychotics including neuroleptic agents for the purpose of treating psychosis or bipolar disorder.
5. Allergic to Yellow Dye #5 (tartrazine).
6. History of or currently active psychosis.
7. Active or prior medical conditions such as peptic ulcers or prior surgical (e.g., bowel) procedures that would interfere with LD absorption.
8. Active or history of narrow-angle glaucoma.
9. A history of malignant melanoma or a suspicious undiagnosed skin lesion.
10. History of myocardial infarction with residual atrial, nodal, or ventricular arrhythmias, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or neuroleptic malignant syndrome and/or nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis.
11. Received any investigational medications during the 4 weeks prior to Screening.
12. Unable to swallow large pills (e.g., large vitamin pills).
13. Pregnant or breastfeeding.
14. Subjects who are unable to complete a symptom diary.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosed with PD by a neurologist (Fahn and Elton, 1987);
* aged 30 to 85 years;
* at modified Hoehn and Yahr (H\&Y) stage 1.5 to 3 (Hoehn and Yahr ,1967; Goetz et al., 2004);
* able and willing to give written consent for participation in the study;
* living at home in the community;
* able to walk independently for 30 metres with or without an assistive device.

Exclusion Criteria:

* any neurological conditions other than PD;
* significant musculoskeletal or cardiopulmonary diseases;
* other disorders that may affect balance or locomotion;
* taken any structured behavioral or exercise programs in the past 3 months
* or they are receiving regular physical rehabilitation at present;
* unstable condition on anti-parkinsonian medications;
* surgical interventions for PD;
* communication or cognitive deficits with mini-mental state examination, (MMSE) \<24/30 (Folstein et al., 1975);
* a history of more than two falls in the previous 12 months.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients affected by PD;
* MMSE \> 21
* Hoehn and Yahr \<3

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence of severe cognitive deficit
* Severe motor impairment (Hoehn and Yahr \>3)
* Medical illness potentially interfering with the training
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* medical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
* independent community ambulatory individuals
* capable of giving informed and written consent (Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)\>23)

Exclusion Criteria:

* the other neurological conditions such as dementia, and stroke, or if they have arthritis, vision impairment,
* cardiovascular disease that impair walking, or diabetic and uremic individuals, or if they were unable to walk without assistance.

Answer: C