Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: BEST ABCs: Benefits and Effectiveness of Support Offered Through A Breastfeeding Clinic Study
Brief Summary: Currently, healthy mothers willing to breastfeed their babies are discharged from the hospital on an average 2 days after a vaginal delivery or 3.5 days after a C-section, at a time where breastfeeding is far to be well established. Following discharge, women can access breastfeeding support from Public Health Units, lactation consultants, health care providers, and Internet (e.g. from breastfeeding associations). Despite the current support, duration and exclusivity rates of breastfeeding drop precipitously in the first weeks and months after birth.

We have obtained funding from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care to evaluate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of a post-partum clinic based in the community. This clinic, staffed by a family physician (in the morning), a registered nurse and a lactation consultant, will provide breastfeeding support during the first month after delivery as well as ensure a safe transition from hospital to the community for mothers and newborn babies. The clinic, affiliated with TOH, will be found at Harmony Medical Centre, 152 Cleopatra Drive, located south-west of downtown, a 15 minute drive from the Civic campus and 20 minutes from the General campus. The Harmony Clinic has abundant parking (free on the street or a small fee inside the associated lot) and is fully accessible.

In its initial phase, the future clinic would enroll only women willing to participate in a research program to evaluate this new program. The clinic will be opening in November 2013 and currently (July - October 2013) we are conducting a pilot study to test feasibility of recruitment and test the surveys and database for this project. Women will be recruited at the Ottawa Hospital (General and Civic campus) and randomized to either receive standard-care or to be given access to the post-partum clinic and be discharged within approximately 24 hours following a vaginal delivery or 48 hours following a C-section. They will have an appointment booked at the breastfeeding clinic within 48 hours after discharge for maternal and neonatal care as well as breastfeeding support. Enrolled women will have access to additional clinic visits for one month after delivery. Information will be collected from their medical chart as well as through surveys that will be sent to them at 15 days, 30 days and 3 months after delivery. We will compare the data and information on the experience of women who attended the breastfeeding clinic and those who did not attend the clinic. With this data we will be able to determine if this type of breastfeeding clinic is beneficial to new mothers and their newborn babies and if it really does increase the exclusive breastfeeding rate at 3 months (primary outcome).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mothers having delivered a baby at The Ottawa Hospital - General or Civic Campus:

  1. Who are ≥ 18 years at the time of enrollment
  2. Who are any parity, with a singleton infant born \> 36 + 6 weeks of Gestational Age
  3. Who have no medical counter indication for discharge at 24 (±12) hours post vaginal delivery or 48 (±12) hours post C-section delivery and for which the physician (family physician or obstetrician) has agreed that the mother is eligible
  4. Who are breastfeeding and intend to breastfeed their baby upon discharge
  5. Whose infant is healthy with no counter indication for discharge at 24 (±12) hours post vaginal birth or 48 (±12) hours post C-section birth and for which the physician (family physician or paediatrician) has agreed that the infant is eligible
  6. Who can be contacted by phone or E-mail after hospital discharge

Exclusion Criteria:

* Mothers:

  1. Who have had breast surgery
  2. Who do not understand French or English
  3. Who are unable to present to the clinic (transport not available)
  4. Who have birthed multiples or preterm
  5. Whose infants are exclusively formula-fed
  6. Who are adoptive mothers
  7. Who have been identified with a psychological risk that may impede her ability to attend the first appointment at the clinic
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Women between 18 and 40 years old are eligible for inclusion if they have had a safe normal delivery of a live infant delivery at a Jacaranda Health facility. Eligible women must reside in a 20 km radius from the Jacaranda Health's hospital facility in peri-urban Nairobi. Women must provide a phone number to where they expect that can be reached 2 weeks postpartum.

Exclusion Criteria:

Women who elect to leave the Jacaranda Health facility before the recommended 24 hours, against medical advice, postpartum are not eligible to participate in the postpartum care study. Women and their newborns who are referred to another hospital for higher level emergency obstetric or neonatal care will not be eligible to participate. Women who relocate outside the defined geographic area surrounding the hospital after their delivery are also not eligible.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Full term or late pre-term infant (\> 34 0/7 weeks gestational age) discharged from the newborn nursery
* Feeding human milk (breast milk) during the maternity/newborn stay with intent to continue to breastfeed after discharge
* English speaking mother
* Singleton or twin infant

Exclusion Criteria:

* Premature infant \< 34 weeks gestational age
* Exclusively formula fed infant during nursery stay
* Complicated maternity/nursery stay requiring \> 2 night stay after a vaginal delivery or \> 4 night stay after a cesarean section
* A nursery course with atypical complications (e.g. a work-up for ambiguous genitalia)
* Infant with hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy during the nursery stay
* Any major maternal morbidities and/or pre-existing condition that would effect postpartum care such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, lupus, etc.
* Previous maternal participation in the NITTANY trial
* Residence outside of the coverage area for the Visiting Nurses Association (VNA) of Central Pennsylvania
* Family with no active telephone number (home or cellular)
* Infant being put up for adoption
* Non-English speaking mother
* Family requiring a home visit due to Social Work or other staff request/order
* Triplets or higher order gestation
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infant born between January 1, 2014 and June 30, 2014
* Infant born at a Durham County, North Carolina (NC) hospital (Duke or Durham Regional)
* Family of infant resides in Durham County, NC

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infant born before January 1, 2014 or after June 30, 2014
* Infant not born at a Durham County, NC hospital (Duke or Durham Regional)
* Family of infant resides outside of Durham County, NC

Answer: A