Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Childhood Obesity - Programming by Infant Nutrition
Brief Summary: Primary hypothesis to be tested:

Early protein intake predicts infant growth and later risk of childhood obesity.

* Childhood obesity is a major public health problem and is an identified priority concern for the health care. Infants fed formula are more likely to become obese than breastfed infants. The higher protein content of infant formulae, compared with breast milk, could be a causal factor.
* The study will in a multicentre intervention trial on newborn infants investigate whether feeding infant formulae, which differ in their level of milk proteins, can influence the risk of later childhood obesity. The trial will take place in five countries with different habitual total protein intakes to increase the range of protein intakes
* The investigators will study body composition, hormonal status, protein metabolism and anthropometric markers of childhood obesity. The whole cohort will be followed up until age 18 years, to assess the long term impact on the prevalence of obesity.
* The investigators will explore the impact of consumer (parental) attitudes to, and perceptions of, different practices of infant feeding in relation to infant behaviour (satisfaction, crying, sleep duration). This consumer science information will help improve the understanding of consumer (infants and parents) acceptance of and preference for foods that contribute to healthy diets.
* If a relationship between early dietary protein intake and later childhood obesity risk is confirmed, it offers possibilities for the prevention of obesity, for improving advice given to parents and for developing nutritionally improved dietary products for infants.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Singleton, 0-90 days of age at randomization
* Term infant with birth weight of a minimum of 2500 grams
* Receiving at least 75% of the recommended caloric intake from cow's milk-based infant formula
* Parent or legally authorized representative attending study visits reads, understands, and speaks English
* Signed Informed Consent and Protected Health Information authorization

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of underlying metabolic or chronic disease, congenital malformation, or immunocompromised
* Feeding difficulties or formula intolerance
* Infant born small for gestational age
* Infant born from a mother who was diabetic at childbirth
* History of seizures or neurological disorders or infant with known head/brain disease/injury
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Healthy infants will be enrolled in the study provided they meet the following inclusion criteria:

1. Having obtained his/her parents' (or his/her legally accepted representative's \[LAR's\]) written informed consent and having evidence of personally signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the infant's parents/LAR have been informed of all pertinent aspects of the study.
2. Age ≤ 7 days after birth (date of birth = Day 0)
3. Full-term gestational birth (≥ 37 and ≤ 42 weeks)
4. Born to mothers with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 and \< 26 kg/m2
5. Born to mothers who independently elected, before study enrollment, not to breastfeed (not applicable for infants in the HM-fed comparator group)
6. Weight ≥ 2'500 g and ≤ 4'200 g
7. Infant's parent(s)/LAR is of legal age of consent, has sufficient command of French language to complete the informed consent and other study documents, and is willing and able to fulfill the requirements of the study protocol
8. Infant's parent(s)/LAR is able to be contacted directly by telephone throughout the study

Exclusion Criteria:

Infants who exhibit one or more of the following criteria are excluded from enrollment in the study:

1. Born to mothers with hormonal or metabolic disease (e.g. Type-1, Type-2, or gestational diabetes diagnosed according to standardized criteria)
2. Born to mothers who smoked \> 10 cigarettes per day during pregnancy
3. Born to mothers who used illicit drugs (e.g. marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, or heroin) or alcohol (\> 3 alcoholic beverages per week) during pregnancy
4. Cognitive or physical developmental disorders (e.g. malabsorptive disorders such as short bowel syndrome; neurological and congenital disorders that may delay growth such as cerebral palsy, agenesis of the corpus callosum, spina bifida, Down Syndrome, Cri Du Chat; disorders that may lead to obesity such as Prader willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome; other renal, hepatic, pancreatic, or cardiovascular disorders)
5. Received radiation therapy (eg. scannography or interventional radiology)
6. Participation in any other clinical trial prior to enrollment
7. Infants or infant's family who in the Investigator's judgment cannot be expected to comply with the protocol or study procedures
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Previous participation in infant formula controlled protein study
* Body composition data from 6 month of age available
* Consent obtained from legal representative
* Within age parameters specified in protocol around the 3 and 5 year age points

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to endure testing procedures upon evaluation of the Investigator
* Outside the age range of the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Gestational age \> 37 weeks
* Appropriate for gestational age (above 10th percentile,Lubchenko)
* Age of the mother at least 18 years
* Singleton pregnancies
* Residence in the study area
* Maternal command of the language

Exclusion Criteria:

* Gestational diabetes
* Major malformations (of the child) which might interfere with nutrition or growth
* Hormonal or metabolic diseases of the mother or the child, drug addiction during pregnancy

Answer: D