Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Corticosteroid Treatment for Community-Acquired Pneumonia A Randomized, Double-blind Study- The STEP Trial
Brief Summary: Background: An intact hypothalami-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with an effective intracellular anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids is indispensable for host survival during stress upon exposure to an infectious agent. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is characterized by significant mortality and increased circulating inflammatory cytokines. Despite adequate antimicrobial therapy mortality rates for CAP have not changed over several decades. The use of corticosteroids in patients with CAP is inconclusive.

Study aim: To compare a 7 days treatment with prednisone and placebo in patients with community-acquired pneumonia with respect to time to clinical stability.

Study hypothesis: The investigators hypothesize that use of corticosteroids will lead to a 25% relative risk reduction for death and clinical instability.

Study type: randomized double blind intervention study

Patients: 800 patients with community-acquired pneumonia


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients aged 18 to 100 years with a community-acquired pneumonia.

Criteria to determine a community-acquired pneumonia:

* Chest radiograph showing new opacities
* In combination with two of the following findings:

  * Cough
  * Production of sputum
  * Temp \>38,0 °C or \<36,0 °C
  * Audible abnormalities by chest examination compatible with pneumonia
  * Leukocytosis (\>10.000 cells/mm3), leftward shift (\>10%) or leukopenia (\<4000 cells/mm3)
  * CRP \> 15 mg/dl (three times upper limit of normal)

Exclusion Criteria:

* o The following groups are excluded:

  * Immunocompromised patients:

    * Patients with a known congenital or achieved immunodeficiency.
    * Patients who received chemotherapy less than 6 weeks ago.
    * Patients who received corticosteroids in the last 6 weeks.
    * Patients who received immunosuppressive medication in the last 6 weeks. (like cyclosporine, cyclofosfamide, azathioprine)
    * Patients with COPD who are on systemic corticosteroids for COPD.
    * Patients who require ICU treatment.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Severe community-acquired pneumonia Fine V
* CRP \>=15 mg/100 mL

Exclusion Criteria:

* Major contraindications for corticosteroids, such as uncontrolled diabetes, immunosuppression
* Previous glucocorticoid treatment during the previous month
* Documented extrapulmonary infection
* Previous hospitalization in the previous month
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Clinical symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia:

* Fever, cough, sputum, pleural pain, dyspnoea
* Radiological symptoms of pneumoniä

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any conditions wich requires corticosteroid therapy.
* Pregnancy of lactation
* Malignancy
* Immune-compromised patients (eg chemotherapy or AIDS)
* Pre-treatment with macrolide for \>24 hours
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients 18 years of age or older admitted for hospitalization from the community or a nursing home with CAP.
2. CAP will be defined by a new infiltrate on chest radiograph and the presence of one or several of the following acute respiratory signs or symptoms:

   * cough
   * sputum production
   * dyspnea
   * core body temperature \>38.0° C
   * auscultatory findings of abnormal breath sounds and rales
   * leukocyte count \>10 or \<4 x 109 cells L-1 (1)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients or family members unable to give written informed consent, e.g. with severe dementia.
2. Patients with active intravenous drug use.
3. Severe immunosuppression (e.g. patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus infection and a CD4 count below 350 x 109/L, patients on immunosuppressive therapy after solid organ transplantation and neutropenic patients with neutrophil count \< 500 x 109/L and patients under chemotherapy with neutrophils 500-1000 x 109/L with an expected decrease to values \< 500 x 109/L); patients with cystic fibrosis as well as patients with active tuberculosis.
4. Patients with acute burn injury
5. Patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding within 3 months of the current hospitalization
6. Patients with an acute concomitant condition requiring more than 0.5mg/kg/d prednisone equivalent
7. Pregnancy or breast feeding
8. Patients with known adrenal insufficiency

Answer: D