Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Whole-Food Dietary Supplementation on Cognitive and Immune Functioning and Quality of Life in Healthy Older Adults
Brief Summary: A six-month study which investigated the effect of Ginkgo Synergy® and Choline or OPC Synergy® and Catalyn® on cognitive and immune function markers and quality of life among healthy older adults with no history of significant cognitive deficits


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* The study will enroll subjects, both men and women with type 2 diabetes of at least six months duration. The age of enrolled subjects will range from 21-60 years old. An HbA1c blood test must show that the person's diabetes is under control. Eligible subjects must have normal electrocardiogram tracings and normal hematological, electrolyte and liver laboratory results at screening. Females of childbearing age must agree to use an effective form of birth control throughout the study period.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects will be excluded if they have known vascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension (\>140/90 mmHg), marked hyperlipidemia (serum low density lipoprotein \> 4.1 mmol/L or serum triglycerides \> 7.8 mmol/L), and a body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2 (range 27-40). Other important exclusion criteria are cigarette smoking, volunteers taking Coumadin, and recent use of antioxidant supplements or aspirin. Females who are pregnant or breastfeeding will be excluded. People cannot participate in this study if they are taking medications (other than antidiabetic medications) which may affect blood sugar.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 60 years of age and older
* English speaking
* Not living in a skilled or intermediate care level nursing facility
* No use of dietary supplements for cognitive functioning two weeks before enrolling in the study and during the length of the trial
* A Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score ≥ 23

Exclusion Criteria:

* A cognitive deficit greater than that indicated according to the MMSE score
* A clinical diagnosis of AD and/or related disorders
* A psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder, major depression with psychotic features, delirium, and alcohol or substance abuse/dependence
* Bleeding disorders
* Aphasia or sensory, motor, and/or visual disturbances that would have interfered with psychometric tests
* Gastrointestinal disorders causing impaired absorption of the study supplements
* Insulin-dependent diabetes
* Major conditions such as cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, thyroid, hepatic, gastrointestinal, or seizure
* Hematologic or oncologic disorders treated with chemotherapy in the previous two years
* Active chemotherapy or radiation treatment for cancer
* Current cigarette smoking
* More than three major medical or psychiatric hospitalizations in the past year
* Diagnosis of a terminal illness
* A T score \> 70 on the Global Severity Index of the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI)
* A score ≥ 29 on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) (15)
* Prescription and OTC sympathomimetic amines and antihistamines within 2 days of an assessment visit
* Cognition enhancing drugs consumption such as Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, and Tacrine
* Coumadin, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants
* Cognition-enhancing supplements, herbs, or antioxidants that could not be stopped during the trial
* Participating in a concurrent trial for drugs, supplements, or treatment that affects behavior or cognitive function
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participant able to understand and has signed and dated the Informed Consent Form
* Participant can be either a male or female
* Participant is more than 35 years of age
* Participant has total cholesterol between 5.2 - 6.2 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol between 2.6 - 4.2 mmol/L
* Participant is able to comply with visits and medications
* Participant has normal liver function (total protein, total albumin, total globulin, total bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT)

Participants who satisfy the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Study in General with one or more of the following conditions will be eligible for MRI screening:

* More than 40 years of age
* Stable hypertension requiring only out-patient management
* Diabetes mellitus requiring only out-patient management
* Ischaemic heart disease requiring only out-patient management
* Body mass index more than 25 (overweight or obese)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Female participants who are pregnant
* Participant has previously received vitamin E supplementation (tocotrienols or tocopherols) within the past 3 months at the time of recruitment
* Participant has a history of cancer or has undergone radiation therapy
* Participant has a history of major organ dysfunction, such as moderate or severe hepatic impairment, severe renal insufficiency, severe or unstable cardiovascular, respiratory, hematological, endocrinological, neurological or other somatic disorders resulting in previous hospitalization.
* Participant has a neurological impairment or psychiatric disorder preventing his understanding of consent and his ability to comply with the protocol.
* Participant is requiring long term anti-epileptics, hypnotics, and chronic medications for hypercholesterolemia
* Participant has very high cholesterol levels, total cholesterol above 6.2 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol above 4.2 mmol/L, which require medical treatment.
* Participant is requiring long term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication.
* Participant has a history of hypersensitivity to vitamin E.
* Participant has signs of alcohol and drug dependence or abuse.
* Participant is unable to understand and comply with the elements in the consent form.

In addition, the participant must not have any contraindication to have MRI examinations including:

* Biostimulators (e.g. cardiac pacemaker and implanted spinal cord stimulator)
* Neurostimulators
* Aneurysm clips in the brain
* Cochlear implants
* Hearing aids
* Orthopaedic implants less than 2 months old
* Metal fragments in eyes Any further implants or foreign body not listed above should have the safety assessed by a radiologist prior to recruitment into the MRI study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men or women aged 60-85, inclusive
* Diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease
* English-speaking; Spanish-speaking if individual site allows
* Study partner or caregiver to assure compliance
* Mini-Mental State Examination score at screening visit greater than 14
* Female participants either surgically sterile or postmenopausal for over 1 year
* Stable medical condition for 3 months prior to screening, with no significant abnormal liver, kidney, or blood studies
* Stable medications for 4 weeks prior to screening
* Able to take oral medications
* Modified Hachinski Ischemic Index less than or equal to 4
* CT or MRI since onset of memory impairment demonstrating the absence of a clinically significant focal lesion
* Physically acceptable for this study as confirmed by medical history, physical exam, neurological exam, and clinical tests

Exclusion Criteria:

* Significant neurologic disease such as Parkinson's disease, stroke, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, or seizure disorder
* Major depression in the past 12 months, major mental illness such as schizophrenia, or recent (in past 12 months) alcohol or substance abuse
* History of invasive cancer within the past two years (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer)
* Contra-indications to lumbar puncture
* Use of any investigational agents within 30 days prior to screening
* Major surgery within 8 weeks prior to the Baseline Visit
* Uncontrolled cardiac conditions or severe unstable medical illnesses
* Antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
* Conditions that will contribute to oxidative stress: current cigarette or cigar smokers (within past month), diabetics on insulin or poorly controlled on oral hypoglycemics
* Residence in skilled nursing facility
* Blindness, deafness, language difficulties or any other disability which may prevent the participant from participating or cooperating in the protocol

Note: Exceptions to these criteria may be considered on a case-by-case basis, at the discretion of the Project Director.

Excluded Medications:

* Experimental drugs
* Coumadin
* Insulin
* Immunosuppressive agents: prednisone and other corticosteroids (taken orally or by injection), methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin, tacrolimus, etc.
* HIV protease inhibitors
* Neuroleptics and lithium
* Anti-cancer agents (exception: stable doses of hormonal therapy, e.g. Lupron, estrogen, are permitted)

Answer: B