Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Clinical and Immunological Study of Phototoxic Doses of Ultraviolet A for Treatment of Alopecia Areata: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: Alopecia areata (AA) is a disease of the hair follicles with multifactorial etiology and a strong component of autoimmune origin. It is characterized by non-scarring hair loss on the scalp or any hair-bearing surface.

Various therapeutic agents have been described for the treatment of AA, but none are curative or preventive. The aim of AA treatment is to suppress the activity of the disease. Phototherapy in the form of topical psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) has been a well documented therapy for AA since 1978.

A more recent technique of topical PUVA, namely phototoxic PUVA, has been adopted in two previous studies. Sessions were carried out once every 3 months, and a higher efficacy with more encouraging response rates in comparison to the conventional PUVA therapy has been documented. This assumed upper hand over the conventional PUVA might be due to increasing the amount of UV reaching the hair follicle cells and the surrounding inflammatory cells. Also it has been suggested that it might play a role as a powerful initiating agent of suppression through direct action at the DNA level. However, still the exact effect of this treatment has not been fully clarified.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients presenting with alopecia areata, patchy type (max 3 patches not exceeding 50% of the scalp surface area) of more than 2 months duration.
* Age: 12 years and above

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age: Less than 12 years old.
* Affection of more than 50% of the scalp area
* Diagnosis or history of local dermatological disease in the scalp apart from AA such as eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis,..
* Any present / past history of dermatological disease with a potential for koebnerization such as psoriasis, vitiligo.
* Diagnosis or history of any contraindication to receiving phototherapy such as malignancy, systemic lupus
* Dermoscopic evaluation revealing absence of any signs of presence of hair follicles.
* Any psychiatric illness or psychological state impairing future compliance or influencing expectations of the patient.
* Patients with AA totalis or Ophiasis
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 2 to 16 years
* New patients presenting to The Hospital for Sick Children
* Clinical confirmation of alopecia areata
* Hair loss between 10 -75%

Exclusion Criteria:

* Skin or medical problems requiring use of oral steroids
* Immunosuppressants or PUVA for 4 weeks prior to the study
* Use of inhaled and or intranasal steroids for 14 days prior to trial
* Topical medicaments for 7 days prior to the trial
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Are at least 18 years and ≤60 years for males (≤70 years of age for females) at the time of informed consent.
* Must self-identify as either Black or African American in race in the open label addenda.
* Have severe or very severe AA, as determined by all of the following:

  * Current AA episode of more than 6 months' duration and hair loss encompassing ≥50% of the scalp, as measured by SALT Alopecia Areata Investigator Global Assessment (AA-IGA) of 3 or 4) at screening and baseline.
  * No spontaneous improvement over the past 6 months.
  * Current episode of severe or very severe AA of less than 8 years.
* Male or nonpregnant, nonbreastfeeding female participants.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Primarily "diffuse" type of AA.
* Are currently experiencing other forms of alopecia or any other concomitant conditions that would interfere with evaluations of the effect of study medication on AA.
* Previously treated with an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor and had an inadequate response (for example, absence of significant terminal hair growth after at least 12 weeks of treatment).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female subjects who are at least 18 years old at the time of informed consent.
* Subject is able to understand and voluntarily sign an informed consent document prior to participation
* Subject is able to adhere to the study visit schedule and other protocol requirements.
* Females of childbearing potential (FCBP) must have a negative pregnancy test at Screening and Baseline. While on investigational product and for at least 28 days after taking the last dose of investigational product (IP), FCBP who engage in activity in which conception is possible must use one of the approved contraceptive options described below:

  1. Option 1: Any one of the following highly effective methods: hormonal contraception (oral, injection, implant, transdermal patch, vaginal ring); intrauterine device (IUD); tubal ligation; or partner's vasectomy; OR
  2. Option 2: Male or female condom (latex condom or non-latex condom NOT made out of natural \[animal\] membrane \[for example, polyurethane\]); PLUS one additional barrier method: (a) diaphragm with spermicide; (b) cervical cap with spermicide; or (c) contraceptive sponge with spermicide.
* If subject is a female of non-childbearing potential, she must have documented history of infertility, be in a menopausal state for one year, or had a hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or bilateral oophorectomy.
* Subject has a history of at least 6 months of moderate to severe AA (≥ 30% scalp involvement) as measured using the SALT score; OR subject has ≥ 95% loss of scalp hair for enrollment as AA totalis (AT) or universalis (AU) subtypes.

  1. AT and AU will be limited to 50% of the total number of subjects enrolled.
  2. One-third of subjects must have active AD skin or a concomitant history of AD at the time of the Screening and Baseline visits.
* Subject has a negative Tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) or QuantiFERON TB-Gold test (QFT) prior to baseline. Subjects with a positive or indeterminable PPD or QFT result must have a documented negative workup for tuberculosis and/or completed standard tuberculosis therapy.
* Subjects must meet the following laboratory criteria:

  1. White blood cell count ≥ 3000/mm3 (≥ 3.0 x 109/L) and \< 14,000/mm3 (≤ 14 x 109/L).
  2. Platelet count ≥ 100,000/μL (≥ 100 x 109/L).
  3. Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dL (≤ 132.6 μmol/L).
  4. AST (SGOT) and ALT (SGPT) ≤ 2 x upper limit of normal (ULN). If the initial test shows ALT or AST \> 2 times the ULN, one repeat test is allowed during the Screening Phase.
  5. Total bilirubin ≤ 2 mg/dL (34 μmol/L). If the initial test shows total bilirubin \> 2 mg/dL (34 μmol/L), one repeat test is allowed during the Screening Phase.
  6. Hemoglobin ≥ 10 g/dL (≥ 6.2 mmol/L).
* Subject is judged to be in otherwise good overall health following a detailed medical and medication history, physical examination, and laboratory testing.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subject is pregnant or breastfeeding.
* Subject's cause of hair loss is indeterminable and/or they have concomitant causes of alopecia, such traction, cicatricial, pregnancy-related, drug-induced, telogen effluvium, or advanced androgenetic alopecia (i.e. Ludwig Type III or Norwood-Hamilton Stage ≥ V).
* Subject has a history of AA with no evidence of hair regrowth for ≥ 10 years since their last episode of hair loss.
* Subject has an active bacterial, viral, or helminth parasitic infections; OR a history of ongoing, recurrent severe infections requiring systemic antibiotics
* Subject with a known or suspected underlying immunodeficiency or immune-compromised state as determined by the investigator.
* Subject has a concurrent or recent history of severe, progressive, or uncontrolled renal, hepatic, hematological, intestinal, metabolic, endocrine, pulmonary, cardiovascular, or neurological disease.
* Active hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or positive HIV serology at the time of screening for subjects determined by the investigators to be at high-risk for this disease.
* Subject has a suspected or active lymphoproliferative disorder or malignancy; OR a history of malignancy within 5 years before the Baseline assessment, except for completely treated in situ non-melanoma skin and cervical cancers without evidence of metastasis.
* Subject has received a live attenuated vaccine ≤ 30 days prior to study randomization.
* Subject has any uncertain or clinically significant laboratory abnormalities that may affect interpretation of study data or endpoints.
* Subject has any other medical or psychological condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, may present additional unreasonable risks as a result of their participation in the study and/or interfere with clinic visits and necessary study assessments.
* History of adverse systemic or allergic reactions to any component of the study drug.
* Severe, untreated asthma or a history of life-threatening asthma exacerbations while on appropriate anti-asthmatic mediations.
* Use of systemic immunosuppressive medications, including, but not limited to, cyclosporine, systemic or intralesional corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, methotrexate, tacrolimus, or ultraviolet (UV) phototherapy with/without Psoralen Ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy within 4 weeks prior to randomization.
* Use of an oral JAK inhibitor (tofacitinib, ruxolitinib) within 12 weeks prior to the Baseline visit.
* Subject has used topical corticosteroids, and/or tacrolimus, and/or pimecrolimus within 1 week before the Baseline visit.
* Subject has been previously treated with dupilumab.
* Subject currently uses or plans to use anti-retroviral therapy at any time during the study.

Answer: A