Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prize Reinforcement for Smoking Cessation
Brief Summary: Nicotine dependence is prevalent in society, cigarette smoking is associated with several known health risks, and most dependent individuals find it very difficult to stop smoking cigarettes. The present study will test the efficacy of a behavioral smoking cessation treatment, prize-based contingency management, that has not undergone rigorous study with respect to smoking, it but has demonstrated efficacy in reducing use of other substances (e.g. cocaine). If efficacious, prize-based contingency management would add to our repertoire of efficacious smoking cessation treatments.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. A current Fagerstrom scale score of 6 or greater;
2. Age 13 years old or older (Under age 18, parental consent is required);
3. Able to read and understand English.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Have current severe, uncontrolled psychiatric disorders (i.e., acute suicidality or psychosis);
2. Have current substance dependence, other than nicotine or caffeine dependence;
3. Are in recovery for pathological gambling; or
4. Are already participating in other behavioral or medication smoking cessation programs.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Confirmed pregnancy
* Treatment entry at or before 31 weeks EGA
* Expected to enter drug-free outpatient modality at CAP
* Placed on methadone pharmacotherapy
* Nicotine dependent
* Sufficient literacy and understanding for assessment procedures
* Expected availability for study duration (e.g., complete inpatient stay)
* Able and willing to provide informed consent
* At least 18 years of age
* Confirmed smoker of 10 or more cigarettes

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not pregnant
* EGA of 32 weeks or greater
* 17 years of age or younger
* Undergoing detoxification (non-methadone treatment)
* Unable to provide informed consent
* Currently receiving nicotine replacement products (NRT)
* Current diagnosis of alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence
* Severe medical or psychiatric concomitant conditions that would interfere with treatment or require extended hospitalization.
C: Inclusion Criteria: Only women will participate in the proposed study, because the overarching aim is to develop efficacious treatments for smoking cessation and relapse prevention during pregnancy and early postpartum. All participants will be currently pregnant and report being smokers at the time of conception. Those in Study 1 will report continuing to smoke upon entering prenatal care. Those in Study 2 will report having already quit smoking upon entering prenatal care. Women must reside in the county in which the clinic is located, plan to reside in this geographical area through 6 months postpartum, be \< 25 weeks gestation, not be living in a group residence, English speaking, and not regularly receiving psychotropics other than antidepressants.

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Exclusion Criteria: Women receiving opioid substitution therapy will be excluded. In Vermont, minorities comprise 4% of the general population. There will be no exclusion criteria concerning race or ethnicity. In our studies during the prior funding period, approximately 5% of participants were minorities. We anticipate a similar sample in the proposed studies. We shall do all that we can to assure that minorities are included in the research.

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D: Inclusion Criteria:

(1) age ≥ 18; (2) smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day in the past week; (3) have a scheduled visit with a PCP at BMC on the day of enrollment or within the next six months; (4) telephone access (5) English speaking; (6) plan on quitting smoking within the next six months; (7) able and willing to participate in the study protocol and provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

(1) planning to move out of the area within the next six months; (2) cognitive impairments that preclude participation in study activities; (3) severe illness or distress; (4) inability to read/understand English; (5) actively using evidence-based smoking cessation treatment; (6) transient residence or lack of a telephone for follow-up assessments.

Answer: A