Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Promoting Self Care to Prevent Urinary Incontinence (UI): A Four-Year Follow-up
Brief Summary: This study examined whether self-efficacy promoted adherence to Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT) and Bladder Training (BT) in women aged 55 and older.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* new patients with uncomplicated LUTS (I-PSS score 0-35)
* aged 40 years and over
* referred for the first time by their family doctor (general practitioner) to one of a participating urological outpatient departments

Exclusion Criteria:

* lower urinary tract symptoms due to any urological malignancy
* previous prostatic surgery within the last 10 years or pelvic radiotherapy
* complications of urinary obstruction (acute or chronic urinary retention - post micturition volumes over 300ml, bladder stones, renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infection or haematuria)
* uncontrolled diabetes, dementia and end stage cardiac or respiratory failure
* inability to speak or understand the English language
* severe symptoms where drug therapy or surgical management is indicated or requested by the patient
* medical therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in the previous 3 months, including alpha-blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (finasteride) or anti-cholinergics.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female
2. Aged 55 years or older
3. Ability to understand, read and write English
4. Stress, urgency, or mixed urgency and stress urinary incontinence (UI) (by self report)
5. On the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ UI-SF), frequency of leakage at least a 1 ("about once a week or less often") on item #1 and volume of urine loss at least a 2 ("a small amount") on item #2.
6. Symptoms of three months duration or longer (on history)
7. Passing score (i.e., categorized as "probably not demented") on the MiniCog Test
8. Timed "Up and Go" Test (TUG) score of 20 seconds or less
9. Willing to undergo vaginal/pelvic examination
10. Signed informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of renal, bladder, uterine, ovarian, urethral, anal or rectal cancer, radiation therapy to the pelvis for any cancer/malignancy, or any active cancer/malignancy (except skin cancer)
2. Non-ambulatory (participant confined to bed or wheelchair)
3. Persistent pelvic pain (defined as daily pelvic pain \> 3 months)
4. History of neurologic or end-stage diseases (e.g. cerebral vascular accident (CVA), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, spinal cord tumor or trauma, spina bifida, symptomatic herniated disc)
5. Previous treatment or current participation in a research study for UI, including surgery or formal behavioral treatment (pelvic floor muscle training, biofeedback, pelvic floor electrical stimulation, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, sacral neuromodulation, botox or other periurethral injection)
6. Currently taking urinary incontinence or overactive bladder medications
7. History of other urinary conditions or procedures that may affect continence status (e.g. urethral diverticula, previous augmentation cystoplasty or artificial urinary sphincter; implanted nerve stimulators for urinary symptoms)
8. Participation in any drug/device research study.
9. Pelvic organ prolapse protruding past the introitus (at rest or persisting after strain)
10. Evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) by urine dipstick (leukocytes +1 or greater, nitrites +1 or greater, leukocytes alone (w/o nitrites) +2 or greater, or presence of hematuria \> +1). Participants may be re-screened after treatment with antibiotics or if hematuria work-up is negative.
11. History of 2 or more recurrent UTI's within the past year; more than one UTI within past 6 months
12. Post void residual urine volume 150 cc or more.
13. Unstable medical condition (as determined by site PI)

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C: Inclusion and exclusion criteria

1. Female 55 through 80 years old
2. Post-menopausal-no menstrual cycle for the past 12 months except for women who are on hormone replacement therapy.
3. Continent of urine (using the MESA definition of continence) defined as:

   1. No previous incontinence episode except during pregnancy and/or postpartum period.
   2. Urine loss less than 6 days during the last 365 days
   3. No previous or present incontinence treatment with pharmacological agents, behavioral programs or surgical therapy.
4. No history of bladder cancer, stroke, multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism, epilepsy, spinal cord tumor or trauma.
5. No reported difficulty with activities of daily living, i.e. walking about the house, dressing, getting in/out of bed, getting to/using the toilet, bathing/showering, or eating.

Additional criteria are applied at a physical examination:

1. Mini Mental Status of at least 24
2. Negative for objective urine loss during coughing.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women aged 55 years or older who report 5 or fewer episodes of UI / year, no prior treatment for UI, no neurological disease, no difficulties performing activities of daily living

Exclusion Criteria:

* Less than 55 years old, UI episodes greater that 5 per year, score of less than 24 on Mini Mental Status Examination

Answer: D