Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Study on Mhealth and Reproductive Health in Teens
Brief Summary: The purpose of the Study on Mhealth and Reproductive Health in Teens (SMART) is to evaluate the effectiveness of using text messages to improve the knowledge, communication, and attitudes about reproductive health among female adolescents in Greater Accra senior high schools. Previous research as well as qualitative work conducted by the Investigators shows that there are significant gaps in knowledge about reproductive health including on topics of pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and contraception among secondary school students in Greater Accra. These gaps contribute to unwanted pregnancy and spread of sexually transmitted diseases. At the same time, phone ownership and use among young people has spread rapidly, especially in urban areas such as Accra. The Study on Mhealth and Reproductive Health (SMART) will seek to use mobile phone messages to increase awareness of these reproductive health issues among female adolescents in Accra. The objectives of SMART are to evaluate whether the messages can increase knowledge, increase communication, and improve attitudes towards reproductive health among adolescents in Greater Accra. By conducting a randomized controlled trial, we will be able to statistically evaluate if the messages have had any effect on improving outcomes for adolescents in the areas of knowledge, communication, and attitudes. This work can help guide future programs that can scale up this intervention and ultimately improve the health and wellbeing of adolescents across Ghana.


Options:
A: Inclusion/exclusion criteria are generally lenient in order to ensure that our sample is as representative as possible of the overall HIV+/METH+ population.

Inclusion Criteria:

* Ability to provide informed consent
* 18 years or older at the time of enrollment
* HIV-infected
* DSM-IV diagnosis of methamphetamine abuse or dependence in the past 30 days
* Taking at least one medication to treat HIV illness
* Indication of less than 100% adherence to antiretroviral (ART) medication
* Willingness to use electronic monitoring caps to track ART medication
* Willingness to respond to text messages

Exclusion Criteria:

* Axis I psychiatric diagnosis of psychotic disorder or mood disorder with psychotic features
* Presence of a neurological condition (beyond HIV infection) known to impact cognitive functioning (e.g., Huntington's Disease, Stroke)
* Unwillingness or inability to use electronic medication monitoring technology
* Unwillingness or inability to use daily text messaging
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV positive (diagnosed within the last 12 months prior to study/patient contact)
* Has access to a mobile phone
* Willing to receive and respond to text messages and calls from clinic and study staff (all arms)
* Willing to communicate and meet with PN (PN arm)
* Willing to meet with study staff for survey at study start, 6 months, and 12 months (all arms)
* regard study clinic area as the regular clinic for accessing healthcare

Exclusion Criteria:

* First tested positive over 12 months prior to recruitment
* Under the age of 18
* Unable to give informed consent
* Unable to read basic English and with no one to read study sms to participant
* Principally accesses care through a clinic not in the study
* Planning to permanently move away from the area served by the clinic within next 6 months (following enrollment)
C: Inclusion Criteria (for treated and control subjects):

* female
* aged 14-24
* secondary school student at day school

Exclusion Criteria (for treated and control subjects):

* male
* secondary school student at boarding school

Inclusion criteria (for spillover subjects):

* aged 14-24
* secondary school student at day school

Exclusion Criteria (for spillover subjects):

- secondary school student at boarding school
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* biologically male
* age 18 or over
* able to read and respond in English
* reside within the U.S.
* report CAS with any HIV-negative or unknown status male partners in the past 6 months
* identify as HIV-positive
* in the past year, report a detectable viral load OR report not being on ART and not knowing their viral load OR report past month suboptimal ART adherence
* report their race and ethnicity as White, Black or Hispanic
* be willing to participate in an online intervention study for 12 months
* have a working email address and cell phone number for intervention follow-up

Exclusion Criteria:

* HIV-negative or untested MSM
* women
* transgender persons
* anyone under age 18

Answer: C