Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Safety and Efficacy of the Use of Regional Anticoagulation With Citrate in Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration, a Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Anticoagulation With Citrate to the Low Molecular Weight Heparin Nadroparin
Brief Summary: Severely ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit may develop an acute failure of kidney function. To bridge the period to recovery, renal function is temporarily replaced by continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). To prevent clotting of the hemofiltration circuit, heparin is generally used, providing anticoagulation in the circuit and the patient. As a result, bleeding complications may occur, necessitating the transfusion of blood. Anticoagulation of the circuit can also be obtained with the use of tri-sodium citrate, which provides anticoagulation of the circuit without affecting coagulation in the patient and thus without increasing his/her risk of bleeding. The use of citrate may however cause metabolic complications.

Primary aim of the present study is to show in a larger group of intensive care patients whether the use of regional anticoagulation with citrate is safe compared to systemic anticoagulation with the low molecular weight heparin nadroparin.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Intensive care patients scheduled for continuous venovenous hemofiltration

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe pre-existent liver failure (cirrhosis Child C), acute liver dysfunction as occurring with septic shock is not a reason for exclusion
* Active bleeding or bleeding necessitating the infusion of two red blood cell units within 24 hours before starting hemofiltration or a fall in hemoglobin of \> 0.5 mmol/l. A fall in hemoglobin/hematocrit as a result of fluid loading is not regarded as bleeding.
* Surgery within 24 h prior to CVVH.
* Patients needing full systemic anticoagulation (unfractionated heparin in a dose of \> 10000 IU/day, or nadroparin \> 3800 IU/day) for other reasons
* Expectation to die within 24 hours
* Chronic dialysis
* Proven or suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Critically ill patients requiring CRRT for AKI (RIFLE criteria)
* Written informed consent from the patient or legal representative

Exclusion Criteria:

* pre-existing chronic renal insufficiency requiring dialysis
* chronic immunosuppression
* liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh C
* severe or shock-related hepatitis
* Pregnancy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* critically patients ill patients with acute kidney failure (AKI) needing renal replacement therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

* therapy with aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the previous 7 days
* concomitant treatment with other extracorporeal organ-assist devices any other drug affecting coagulation or platelets
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Injury stage of RIFLE criteria or more: \> 2-fold increase in the serum creatinine or urine output \< 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 12 hours
2. Patients with any dialysis treatment before admission to the ICU or patients with end-stage renal failure and receiving dialysis
3. Informed consent has been obtained.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. patient age \< 20 years or \> 85 years
2. life expectancy less than 3 months (ex. terminal stage of malignancy)
3. Child-Pugh class C liver cirrhosis
4. pregnancy or lactation
5. history of anticoagulation prior to the randomization
6. bleeding tendency (platelet count \< 50,000/ul, INR \> 2.5, PTT \> 65, or fibrinogen \< 1.00 g/L)
7. history of hemorrhagic disease (ex. GI bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary hemorrhage)

Answer: A