Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cyclosporine A or Intravenous Cyclophosphamide for Lupus Nephritis: The Cyclofa-Lune Study
Brief Summary: Intravenous cyclophosphamide is considered to be the standard of care for treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis. However, its use is limited by potentially severe toxic effects. Cyclosporine A has been suggested to be an efficient and safe treatment alternative to cyclophosphamide. In a randomized, multicenter, open-label, controlled trial the investigators sought to compare the efficacy of oral cyclosporine A with intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide to induce durable remission in patients with lupus nephritis III-IV.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) as defined by meeting at least 4 of the 11 classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology for the classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, either sequentially or coincident. The 4 criteria need not be present at study entry
* Renal biopsy within 12 months prior to screening visit indicating active proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis (met ISN/RPS Class III or IV classification criteria \[2003\], excluding Class III \[C\], IV-S \[C\] and IV-G \[C\], or the World Health Organization Class III or IV classification criteria \[1982\], excluding Class IIIc, IVd). If the renal biopsy was performed \>3 months but ≤12 months prior to screening visit, at least 1 of the following 3 serologies (performed locally) must have been abnormal prior to screening visit: complement (C3 or C4) level below normal range OR anti-dsDNA \>upper limit of normal range.
* A stable serum creatinine ≤3 mg/dL

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with a rise in serum creatinine of ≥1 mg/dL within 1 month prior to the screening visit
* Subjects with drug-induced SLE, as opposed to idiopathic SLE
* Subjects with severe, unstable and/or progressive Central nervous system (CNS) lupus
* Subjects with autoimmune disease other than SLE as their main diagnosis (e.g.; Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Multiple Sclerosis \[MS\])
* Subjects who have received treatment with cyclophosphamide within 3 months of randomization (Day 1).
* Subjects who have received treatment with rituximab \< 6 months prior to the screening visit
B: Inclusion Criteria

* Diagnosed with SLE
* Historical evidence of SLE renal disease
* Elevated levels of dsDNA antibodies
* Weight of 40 kg or greater

Exclusion Criteria

* Active SLE renal disease
* Use of certain anti-inflammatory or cytotoxic therapies or therapeutic interventions during the months immediately before dosing
* Clinical laboratory test values outside of certain limits
* Malignant disease or immunodeficiency syndrome
* Acute or chronic infections
* History of serious heart disease
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female patients with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) according to the criteria of American Rheumatic Association, 1982, aged between 12-50 years, with score of SLE-DAI (Disease Active Index) of more than 12 (not including class V LN).
2. Patients diagnosed according to ISN/RPS 2003 classification criteria: class Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅳ + Ⅴ, Ⅲ + Ⅴ LN by renal biopsy within 3 months, CI\< 4，Scr\< 3 mg/dl.
3. Patients with a proteinuria ≥ 1.5 g/24h, or active urine sediment.
4. Patients who signed written informed consent forms (patients less than 18 years old with their parents/legal representative' signatures), and have given their consent to follow all study procedures and follow-ups.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who have received treatment of cytotoxic drugs such as cyclophosphamide (CTX), cyclosporine A for more than 1 week within three months.
2. Patients with serum creatinine ≥ 3 mg/dl（265 μmol/L).
3. Patients with severe infection or central nervous system symptoms.
4. Patients who have impaired liver function, with ALT/GPT or AST/GOT twice more than the normal upper limit or who have active hepatitis.
5. Patients who have abnormal blood glucose, with a fasting blood glucose \> 6.2 mmol/L or post meal blood glucose \> 11.2 mmol/L.
6. Patients who are pregnant or lactating.
7. Patients who are known to be allergic to a macrolide.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (by meeting 4 criteria of the American College of Rheumatology)
* renal biopsy documenting lupus nephritis according to the classification of the World Health Organization (WHO) or the updated International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) as proliferative glomerulonephritis class III (focal) or IV (diffuse)
* clinical activity as defined by presence of at least two of the following:

  * abnormal proteinuria (more than 500mg of protein in in a 24-hour urine specimen)
  * abnormal microscopic hematuria, or
  * C3 hypocomplementemia (the latter two were defined according to the norms in the laboratories of the participating centers)

Exclusion Criteria:

* treatment with cyclophosphamide or cyclosporine A ever before
* treatment with other immunosuppressive drugs (such as azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil) or high dose glucocorticoids (≥ 80mg of prednisone or methylprednisolone) within the last 3 months
* persistent elevation of serum creatinine (≥140 μmol/l)
* pregnancy or lactation
* bone marrow insufficiency with cytopenias not attributable to SLE, and 8severe coexisting conditions, such as infection, liver disease, active peptic ulcer etc.

Answer: D