Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Positive End Expiratory Pressure With A T-piece Resuscitator (Neopuff) For Near-Term and Term Infants With Respiratory Distress: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Evaluating the effect of early application of Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) via Neopuff in cases of transient tachypnea of the newborn(TTN) and its role in decreasing the duration and complication of TTN.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Late preterm and term infants (post-menstrual age ≥ 34 weeks) delivered by cesarean section or vaginal delivery
* Diagnosis of TTN
* Parents signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Meconium aspiration syndrome
* Respiratory distress syndrome
* Congenital heart disease
* Non respiratory disorders causing tachypnea
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Gestational age at birth 34 and 42 weeks of gestation
2. Admission to the Mount Sinai NICU during the first 24 hours of life
3. Diagnosis during the first 24 hours of life of transient tachypnea of the newborn

Exclusion criteria:

1. Gestational age at birth less than 34 weeks or greater than 42 weeks at birth
2. No diagnosis of TTN made in the first 24 hours of life
3. Additional infant diagnosis of major cardiac disease
4. Additional infant diagnosis of major pulmonary disease other than TTN
5. Additional infant diagnosis of meconium aspiration syndrome
6. Additional infant diagnosis of major congenital anomaly with potential to affect respiratory status in the neonatal period
7. Additional infant diagnosis of infectious disease process potentially affecting respiratory status in the neonatal period
8. Observation of thick meconium in the amniotic fluid at delivery.
9. Maternal diagnosis of chorioamnionitis or other infection of the uterus or fallopian tubes pre- or peri-partum.

Criteria for removal from the study:

(a) Additional infant diagnosis of major cardiac, pulmonary, or other disease process potentially affecting respiratory status in the neonatal period (i.e., infection, meconium aspiration, pneumothorax, congenital anomaly) present during the study period. (b) Positive test of infection (e.g. blood, CSF, or urine culture; viral DFA; microscopy) drawn from infant at any point during the study period. (c) Maternal diagnosis of chorioamnionitis or other infection of the uterus or fallopian tubes at any point during hospital stay. (d) Objective clinical signs of dehydration: (i) Newborn urine output less than 2 mL/kg/hr over a twelve hour period at any point during the study period. (ii) Newborn serum sodium less than 130 mEq/L or greater than 150 mEq/L at any point during the study period. (iii) Newborn weight loss \>10% of birth weight at any point during the study period.

(e) Newborn blood glucose by point-of-care testing of less than 40 mg/dL at any point during the study period. (f) Administration of exogenous surfactant at any point during the study period.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Caesarean newborn
* Gestational age ≥ 35 weeks
* Weight ≥ 2 kg
* SaO2 \< 90% after 10 min of life
* Silverman score ≥ 5
* Treated less than 20 min after birth
* Social security affiliation (parents)
* Informed consent signed (parents)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Thoracic retraction
* Congenital intrathoracic malformations
* Meconium aspiration
* Early neonatal infections with hemodynamic troubles
* Severe neonatal asphyxia
* Polymalformative syndrome
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Near term infants (36-37 weeks gestational age) and Full term infants (38-41 weeks gestational age).
* Presence of signs of respiratory distress (Tachypnea, intercostal and subcostal retractions, nasal flaring and grunting) evident shortly after birth.
* Cesarean section (CS) was defined as elective when surgery was performed before the onset of labor, with all other cases defined as secondary CS.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence of any of the risk factors for neonatal sepsis such as Prolonged Rupture of Membranes for ≥48 hours (PROM), maternal fever, maternal chorioamnionitis or positive maternal GBS colonization.
* Presence of any other cause of respiratory distress, eg.

  * congenital malformations affecting the cardiorespiratory system ,
  * chromosomal aberrations,
  * depression at birth (Apgar score at 5 minutes of \< 7 or umbilical artery pH of \< 7.10),
  * fetal hydrops,
  * persistent pulmonary hypertension,
  * and meconium aspiration syndrome.

Answer: D