Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial of Aerobic Exercise in Rectal Cancer Patients During and After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Brief Summary: This study is designed to investigate if aerobic exercise during and after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) can improve outcomes for rectal cancer patients.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients scheduled to receive long-course (5-6 weeks) of NACRT followed by total mesorectal excision

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to consent
* Unable to perform aerobic exercise
* Intention to engage in a structured exercise program during NACRT and/or after NACRT and prior to surgery
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with non-small cell or small cell lung cancer or mesothelioma candidate for radical treatment

  * either by surgical resection with or without perioperative chemotherapy
  * or by thoracic radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy
* Between 18 and 80 years of age
* Written informed consent

Supplementary criteria for PART II:

* Treatment for their cancer considered radical

  * either by surgical resection with or without perioperative chemotherapy
  * or by thoracic radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy
* having less than 70% of the predicted normal value of the Quadriceps Force (QF) or a decrease of more than 10% predicted value of the QF between the baseline and post-radical therapy measurement of QF
* Post treatment assessment maximum 14 days after radical treatment or between 6th and 8th week after radical treatment if the latter consists only of surgical resection

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients presenting with one or more of the following will be excluded:

* Severe anemia (Hb below 8 g/dl)
* Fever (\> 38°C)
* Cachexia (loss of more than 35% of premorbid weight)
* Severe cardiac, neurological and orthopedic co-morbidity interfering with exercise training.
* A pacemaker, hip, knee of shoulder prosthesis or recently introduced spirals, metal pens, bolts or plates
* Uncontrolled diabetes, epilepsy or migraine
* Uncontrolled vertebral diseases (osteoporotic or metastatic fractures, acute hernia, discopathy, spondylitis)
* Open wounds
C: Inclusion Criteria:

The study sample will be composed of 325 women, younger than 50 years of age, with histologically confirmed primary breast cancer (stages: T1 - T4, N0 - N1 and M0). All women will have been premenopausal at the time of diagnosis, have completed adjuvant chemotherapy (with the exception of herceptin, which can continue to receive) a minimum of 4 months and a maximum of 5 years prior to study entry. Women may currently be receiving adjuvant hormonal therapy. All women should be disease-free at time of study entry. Potentially eligible women will be screened for the presence of at least one of the following 3 menopausal symptoms during the previous 2-month period: hot flushes, sweating and/or vaginal dryness.

Exclusion Criteria:

Women will be excluded from the study if they lack basic proficiency in Dutch, if they have serious cognitive or psychiatric problems, or serious physical comorbidity that would preclude them from participating in a physical exercise program. Since physical exercise may be contraindicated as a treatment for hot flushes in obese women, 49 patients with a BMI ≥ 30 will be excluded from the study. Patients participating in concurrent studies or rehabilitation programs containing psychosocial interventions will also be excluded.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged 45-80 years
* Female
* Has been diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer
* Post-menopausal, defined as :
* Age ≥ 45 with no menses for at least 2 years
* Chemically induced menopause through ovarian suppression, as determined by the primary oncologist
* An interval of at least one year, but no more than five years, following the full completion of primary therapy for malignant disease. Primary therapy is defined as:

  * Surgery plus radiation
  * Surgery plus chemotherapy
  * Surgery plus trastuzumab
  * Surgery plus hormone therapy Note: For patients who receive hormone therapy following surgery, the definition of one-year post-completion of therapy is defined by the surgery date. Patients who are currently receiving hormone therapy are eligible for enrollment.
* Weight of \< 205 kgs
* ECOG status of 0 or 1
* Life expectancy ≥ 6 months
* Performing less than 150 minutes of structured moderate-intensity or strenuous intensity exercise per week.
* Exercise intolerance defined by a VO2peak below that predicted for sedentary age and sex-matched individuals as defined in Appendix H.
* Willing to be randomized to one of the study arms
* Able to complete an acceptable baseline CPET, in the absence of high risk ECG findings or other inappropriate response to exercise as determined by the investigator.
* Able to achieve an acceptable peak baseline CPET, as defined by any of the following criteria:

  * Achieving a plateau in oxygen consumption, concurrent with an increase in power output;
  * A respiratory exchange ratio ≥ 1.10;
  * Attainment of maximal predicted heart rate (HRmax) (i.e., within 10 bpm of age-predicted HRmax \[HRmax = 220-Age\[years\]);
  * Volitional exhaustion, as measured by a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) ≥ 18 on the BORG scale.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any of the following absolute contraindications to cardiopulmonary exercise testing:

  * Acute myocardial infarction within 3-5 days of any planned study procedures;
  * Unstable angina;
  * Uncontrolled arrhythmia causing symptoms or hemodynamic compromise;
  * Recurrent syncope;
  * Active endocarditis;
  * Acute myocarditis or pericarditis;
  * Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis;
  * Uncontrolled heart failure;
  * Acute pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction within 3 months of any planned study procedures
  * Thrombosis of lower extremities;
  * Suspected dissecting aneurysm;
  * Uncontrolled asthma;
  * Pulmonary edema;
  * Respiratory failure;
  * Acute non-cardiopulmonary disorders that may affect exercise performance or be aggravated by exercise (i.e., infection, renal failure, thyrotoxicosis);
* Presence of any other concurrent, actively treated malignancy
* History of any other malignancy treated within the past 3 years (other than non-melanoma skin cancer)
* Presence of metastatic disease
* Room air desaturation at rest ≤ 85%
* Mental impairment leading to inability to cooperate
* Any other condition or intercurrent illness that, in the opinion of the investigator, makes the participant a poor candidate for the trial

Answer: A