Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Prospective Study Comparing High Dose Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) to Standard Dose CVVHDF in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Renal Failure at the University of Alabama at Birmingham
Brief Summary: In the last three decades, the mortality associated with acute renal failure (ARF) in the ICU has remained unchanged at greater than 50%, despite improvements in dialysis technology.

The primary objective is to determine whether Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) using an ultrafiltration rate of 35 ml/hr/kg (high dose) leads to a greater reduction in all-cause ICU mortality compared to standard CVVHDF using an ultrafiltration rate of 20 ml/hr/kg.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Admitted in intensive care unit (ICU)
* Requiring hemodialysis
* Clinicians have the choice between jugular and femoral routes

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chronic renal failure requiring long term dialysis
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female \> or equal to 19 yrs of age
* ARF defined by at least one of the following:

  * Volume overload from inadequate urine output despite diuretic agents.
  * Oliguria (urine output \< 200 ml/12hrs) despite fluid resuscitation and diuretic administration.
  * Anuria (urine output \< 50 ml/12 hrs).
  * Acute azotemia (BUN \> or equal to 80 mg/dl).
  * Acute hyperkalemia not responsive to medication (K+ \> or equal to 6.5mmol/L)
  * An increase in serum creatinine of \> 2.5 mg/dl from normal values or a sustained rise in serum creatinine of \> or equal to 1 mg/dl over baseline.

Exclusion Criteria

* Patients with end stage renal disease
* Patients who have had more than one previous dialysis session for acute or chronic renal failure during the current hospitalization
* Patient weight greater than 125 kg
* Patient weight less than 50 kg
* Pregnancy
* Prisoner
* Non-candidacy for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)
* Patient/surrogate refusal
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Critically ill patients requiring CRRT for AKI (RIFLE criteria)
* Written informed consent from the patient or legal representative

Exclusion Criteria:

* pre-existing chronic renal insufficiency requiring dialysis
* chronic immunosuppression
* liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh C
* severe or shock-related hepatitis
* Pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* The treating clinician believes that the patient requires haemofiltration for acute renal failure
* The patient is on noradrenaline infusion for haemodynamic support
* The patient was commenced on noradrenaline or haemofiltration within the last 12 hours
* The clinician is uncertain about the balance of benefits and risks likely to be conferred by treatment with different membranes
* The treating clinicians anticipate treating the patient with haemofiltration for at least 72 hours
* Informed consent has been obtained
* The patient fulfils ONE of the following clinical criteria for initiating haemofiltration:
* Oliguria (urine output \< 100 ml/6 hr) that has been unresponsive to fluid resuscitation measures.
* Hyperkalemia (\[K+\] \> 6.5 mmol/L)
* Severe acidemia (pH \< 7.2)
* Urea \> 25 mmol/liter
* Creatinine \> 300 mmol/L
* Clinically significant organ oedema in the setting of ARF (e.g., lung)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient age is \< 18 years
* Death is imminent (\< 24 hours)
* There is a strong likelihood that the study treatment would not be continued in accordance with the study protocol
* The patient has been treated with haemofiltration or other dialysis previously during the same hospital admission
* The patient was on maintenance dialysis prior to the current hospitalisation
* Any other major illness that, in the investigator's judgment, will substantially increase the risk associated with the subject's participation in this study
* The patient is pregnant or is breastfeeding
* The patient has previously been enrolled in this study

Answer: B