Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of a Long-acting Somatostatin on Disease Progression in Nephropathy Due to Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: a Long-term Three Year Follow up Study
Brief Summary: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary renal disease, responsible for 8% to 10% of the cases of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in Western countries. At comparable levels of blood pressure control and proteinuria, patients with ADPKD have faster decline in glomerular filtration rate than those with other renal diseases and do not seem to benefit to the same extent of ACE inhibitor therapy. A reasonable explanation for the above findings is that in ADPKD progression is largely dependent on the development and growth of cysts and secondary disruption of normal tissue. Thus, renoprotective interventions in ADPKD - in addition to achieve maximal reduction of arterial blood pressure and proteinuria and to limit the effects of additional potential promoters of disease progression such as dyslipidemia, chronic hyperglycemia or smoking - should also be specifically aimed to correct the dysregulation of epithelial cell growth, secretion, and matrix interactions characteristic of the disease.

Evidence that specific receptors for somatostatin are present in the kidney tissue, arises the possibility that somatostatin treatment in patients with ADPKD might inhibit fluid formation and eventually induce the shrinking of renal cysts.To evaluate the tolerability and the safety of long-acting somatostatin in ADPKD patients, a prospective cross-over controlled study has been recently performed. This pilot study demonstrated the safety of six month treatment of long-acting somatostatin in patients with ADPKD. Moreover, the percent increase of total kidney volume was significantly lower in patients on somatostatin than in placebo. Overall, these findings provide the basis for designing a long-term study in ADPKD patients aimed to document the efficacy of the somatostatin treatment in preventing further increase or even reducing the total kidney volume and the renal volume taken up by small cysts, eventually halting kidney disease progression.


Options:
A: Arm Label: 1; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: Standard | Arm Label: 2; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Sirolimus | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sirolimus; Assigned to Arm(s): 2 | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Standard; Assigned to Arm(s): 1
B: Arm Label: A; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Candesartan | Arm Label: B; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Candesartan and Cilnidipine | Arm Label: C; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Candesartan plus non-CCB agents | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Candesartan; Assigned to Arm(s): A | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Candesartan and Cilnidipine; Assigned to Arm(s): B | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Candesartan plus non-CCB agents; Assigned to Arm(s): C
C: Arm Label: standard care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Lanreotide; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Lanreotide | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Lanreotide; Assigned to Arm(s): Lanreotide
D: Arm Label: somatostatin; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Long-acting somatostatin | Arm Label: Saline solution; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: Saline solution | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Long-acting somatostatin; Assigned to Arm(s): somatostatin | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Saline solution; Assigned to Arm(s): Saline solution

Answer: D