Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Comparison of Condom-Loaded Foley's Catheter Versus Bakri Balloon for Treatment of Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is responsible for around 25% of maternal mortality worldwide reaching as high as 60% in some countries.PPH can also be a cause of long-term severe morbidity, and approximately 12% of women who survive PPH will have severe anemia.

Postpartum hemorrhage has been defined as blood loss in excess of 500 ml in a vaginal birth and in excess of 1 L in a cesarean delivery.For clinical purposes, any blood loss that has the potential to produce hemodynamic instability should be considered a PPH. However, clinical estimates of blood loss are often inaccurate. Primary (immediate) PPH occurs within the first 24 hours after delivery and approximately 70% of these cases are due to uterine atony. Furthermore, uterine tony is defined as the failure of the uterus to contract adequately after the child is born.

Guidelines for the management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) involve a stepwise approach including the exclusion of retained products of conception and genital tract trauma. Uterine atony, which is the most common cause, the management of uterine atony is an established stepwise protocol that in many international guidelines.

Uterine massage is recommended for the treatment of PPH. Initiate uterine massages soon as excessive bleeding/uterine atony is identified. Intravenous oxytocin alone still is the recommended uterotonic drug for the treatment of PPH.

If intravenous oxytocin is unavailable or if the bleeding does not respond to oxytocin, intravenous ergometrine, oxytocin-ergometrine fixed dose or a prostaglandin drug (including sublingual misoprostol, 600 mcg) should be given. The use of intrauterine balloon tamponade is recommended for the treatment of primary PPH due to uterine atony in women who do not respond to uterotonics or if uterotonics are not available.

Since 1983, when Goldrath published evidence that inserting a Foley catheter in the uterus and inflating it with water could achieve tamponade, case series and other studies have suggested that various uterine balloon tamponade(UBT) devices may be effective in treating PPH. The studies used various types of UBT devices, including a condom catheter, a Foley catheter, the Sengstaken-Blakemore Esophageal Tube, the Rusch Balloon, and the Bakri Uterine Balloon. In 2007, a systematic review of treatment options for PPH found that 84% success rate of UBT does not significantly vary from surgical treatment outcomes.The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists(ACOG), the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists(RCOG), and the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) recognize balloon tamponade as a method that could significantly improve the management intractable PPH, especially in low-resource areas.

In 2012, WHO updated the guidelines for the management of PPH and retained placenta to include: "The use of intrauterine balloon tamponade is recommended for the treatment of PPH due to uterine atony. This recommendation is now stronger than the previous guidelines. It can be used for women who do not respond to uterotonics or if uterotonics are not available. This procedure potentially can avoid surgery and is appropriate while awaiting transfer to a higher-level facility".Furthermore, FIGO included UBT as a recommended second-line intervention for the treatment of PPH in their updated guidelines issued in 2012.

Bakri first published the concept of intrauterine balloon technology in the management of hemorrhage secondary to placenta praevia-accreta during caesarean section with or without bilateral hypo gastric arterial ligation.In 2006, the ACOG Practice Bulletin, published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, made mention of the Bakri postpartum balloon for its specifically tailored design that enables conservative management of uterine bleeding in cases of uterine atony and other causes of PPH.

The idea of using a condom as a balloon tamponade was first generated and evaluated in Bangladesh by Sayeba Akhter to fill a need and in response to the high cost of commercially available UBT devices.


Options:
A: Estimation of blood loss: (during the operation)
B: Number of patients who need surgical intervention to stop the bleeding (1 year)
C: The primary outcome is the proportion of women who die or undergo hysterectomy. The primary cause of death will be described. (up to 42 days after randomisation)
D: the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage (24 hour)

Answer: B