Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Local Anesthesia and Simple Maneuver on Shoulder Pain After Gynecologic Laparoscopy
Brief Summary: This prospective, randomized controlled trial was designed to compare the efficacy of a simple maneuver using lower airway pressure (30 cm H2O) and intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine, alone or in combination, to reduce shoulder pain after gynecologic laparoscopy.

Patient aged 15-65 years, scheduled for laparoscopic surgery for benign adnexa disease will be eligible for the study. Patients will be excluded from analysis if the procedure requires conversion to a laparotomy, an operative time \> 3 hours, or interpretation of pain is impossible due to serious adverse effects

240 patients will be randomly assigned to one of four groups Upon completion of surgery, the patient is placed in the Trendelenburg position (30 degrees), and one of four procedures is followed. For group A (control), 50 ml of normal saline is instilled under the diaphragm and CO2 is removed by manual deflation of the abdominal cavity through the cannula; For group B, a mixture of 50ml solution (20ml of 0.5% bupivacaine + 30ml normal saline) is instilled under the diaphragm and CO2 is removed by manual deflation of the abdominal cavity through the cannula; For group C, 50 ml of normal saline is instilled under diaphragm and CO2 was removed by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver consisting of five manual inflations of the lung with a maximum pressure of 30 cm H2O. The anesthesiologist holds the fifth positive pressure inflation for approximately 5 seconds. During these maneuvers, the surgeon will be instructed to ensure that the trocar sleeve valve is fully open to allow the CO2 gas to escape. For group D, patients receive an instillation of a mixture of 50ml solution in combination with the clinical maneuver.

Patients will be given a questionnaire with the pain question represented as a visual analog scale (VAS) preoperatively. Patients will be asked to fill out the questionnaires during the first 24 hours after surgery to determine the frequency and severity of their shoulder pain. All patients are instructed to record the pain scores regarding their shoulder pain only. The degree of postoperative shoulder pain will be assessed using VAS at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. The VAS, with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (excruciating pain), is constructed without numeration, thus allowing patients to mark a point along the scale that best represented their pain at that time.

In addition, the following parameters are recorded on the case report form by the investigators: operative time, blood loss, the length of hospital stay, analgesic use, and incidence of postoperative events.


Options:
A: Arm Label: pulmonary recruitment maneuver; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Pulmonary recruitment maneuver | Arm Label: intraperitoneal normal saline; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Intraperitoneal normal saline | Arm Label: Control group; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: Control group | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Pulmonary recruitment maneuver; Assigned to Arm(s): pulmonary recruitment maneuver | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Intraperitoneal normal saline; Assigned to Arm(s): intraperitoneal normal saline | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Control group; Assigned to Arm(s): Control group
B: Arm Label: instillation of normal saline 50ml under the diaphragm; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: normal saline | Arm Label: the instillation of 0.5% bupivacaine under the diaphragm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine | Arm Label: CO2 removal by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: CO2 removal by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver | Arm Label: the instillation of bupivacaine + CO2 removal by maneuver; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine +CO2 removal by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine; Assigned to Arm(s): the instillation of 0.5% bupivacaine under the diaphragm | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: CO2 removal by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver; Assigned to Arm(s): CO2 removal by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine +CO2 removal by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver; Assigned to Arm(s): the instillation of bupivacaine + CO2 removal by maneuver | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: normal saline; Assigned to Arm(s): instillation of normal saline 50ml under the diaphragm
C: Arm Label: Deep neuromuscular blockade; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Rocuronium | Arm Label: Moderate neuromuscular blockade; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: placebo | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Rocuronium; Assigned to Arm(s): Deep neuromuscular blockade | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): Moderate neuromuscular blockade
D: Arm Label: intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: intervention | Arm Label: control arm; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): intervention

Answer: B