Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Efficacy of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy for Management of Post-operative Pain Following Cesarean Delivery: a Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study
Brief Summary: Pain following Cesarean delivery remains the most common post-operative complaint, and the provision of effective and safe analgesia is very important. Pain can impede the mother's ability to mobilise, and to care for and breastfeed her newborn baby.

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) devices have been used in various clinical settings, especially after plastic surgeries, to reduce postoperative swelling and pain, as well as to accelerate wound repair. PEMF therapy is simple to use, cost-effective and has no known side effects.

Despite advances in post-operative analgesia, pain relief and maternal satisfaction remain inadequate in some patients. Improving the quality of post-Cesarean analgesia while limiting undesirable side effects will enhance maternal satisfaction and reduce the risk of post-operative complications.

The investigators hypothesize that the continuous use of a PEMF device for 48 hours after Cesarean delivery will result in decreased post-operative pain scores on movement at 48 hours.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 to 45 years
* Female
* Undergoing lower transverse cesarean delivery or cesarean delivery with bilateral tubal ligation.
* Pfannenstiel Skin incision
* Consent to the study and willing to comply with study methods

Exclusion Criteria:

* • Subjects who have any implanted metallic leads, wires, or systems (e.g. pacemaker, implantable cardioverterdefibrillator)

  * Patients undergoing additional procedures at the time of their cesarean delivery such as cesarean hysterectomy or myomectomy.
  * Patients with vertical skin or uterine incisions.
  * Patients who forget to, or decide not to, replace PEMF device
B: THIS STUDY IS BEING CONDUCTED AT A MILITARY INSTALLATION. YOU MUST HAVE MILITARY INSURANCE IN ORDER TO PARTICIPATE IN THIS STUDY.

Inclusion:

* Post-partum female (DoD beneficiaries).
* Age 18 years or older
* Pain score rating post-delivery of greater or equal to 4/10.

Exclusion:

* Absence of one or more ears
* Active cellulitis of ear
* Ear anatomy precluding identification of acupuncture landmarks
* Non-English speaking
* Use of Hearing Aids that preclude the use of ear acupuncture
* Known allergy to gold
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years or older
* full term singleton pregnancy
* undergoing elective cesarean delivery

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who have refused, are unable to give or have withdrawn consent
* Patients unable to communicate fluently in English
* Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of 3 or greater
* Patients with chronic pain, or neuropathic analgesic drugs
* Patients in use of antidepressant and psychotropic drugs
* Patients with a history of opioid or intravenous drug abuse
* Patients with known allergy or contra-indication to any other drugs used in this trial
* Patients who have refused spinal anesthesia, or those in whom it is contra-indicated
* Patients with a history of previous cesarean delivery and persistent pain
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* aged 18 years
* present pain at the site of surgical incision less than three according to Category Numerical Scale (NRS)
* literate oriented as to time and space
* with spinal anesthesia before surgery
* incision pfannenstiel type with absence of genitourinary pathology
* primiparous or multiparous

Exclusion Criteria:

* patients with abnormal sensitivity to clinical examination
* demyelinating diseases
* spinal cord injury
* hemorrhage
* infection
* fever
* anesthetic complications
* hypertension, mammary, intolerance, irritation or strong discomfort at the injection site caused by TENS

Answer: C