Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Evolving Methods to Combine Cognitive and Physical Training for Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment: An Efficacy Study
Brief Summary: This study aims to investigate and compare the intervention effects of combining exercise and cognitive training (either sequentially or simultaneously in a dual-task paradigm) in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. The investigators hypothesize that (1) both sequential and dual-task training can induce greater improvements in the outcome measures than single mode of training; (2) the improvement in cognitive functions and other outcomes may differ between the groups.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. able to follow instruction,
2. clinical dementia rating (CDR) = 0.5 or 1,
3. self- or informant-reported memory or cognitive complaint, and
4. able to perform activities of daily living (Barthel Index ≥ 70).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. recent myocardial infarction,
2. heart failure,
3. recent heart surgery,
4. severe asthma,
5. concomitant with other neurological disorders, or
6. joint deformity that might prevents them performing exercise or cognitive training.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female patients aged ≥ 55 years, fulfilling criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disease and Stroke (NINCDS) and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (ADRDA) for the diagnosis of clinically probable AD or Petersen's criteria of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
* No evidence for other psychiatric axis I disorders according to DSM-IV criteria
* No uncontrolled arterial hypertension or diabetes mellitus
* No history of drug/alcohol abuse
* Cholinesterase inhibitors or Memantine must have been in a stabile doses at least 2 moths in AD subject group prior to the Baseline
* The patient is able to provide written informed consent to participate in the study. If, at investigator's discretion, a patient is considered not to be capable to give legal consent, then written consent must also be obtained from the patient's legally acceptable representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence for other psychiatric axis I disorders according to DSM-IV criteria
* Uncontrolled arterial hypertension or diabetes mellitus
* History of drug/alcohol abuse
* No ability to participate and no willing to give informed consent and comply with the study restrictions
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male/Female 55-90 years old.
* Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≤27
* Preserved Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (based on Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Sale)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Dementia (i.e., Mini-Mental Examination score \<24 or self-reported physician diagnosis)
* Major Depression (\>=16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale combined with clinical judgment by primary study physician)
* Other neurological or psychiatric disorders
* Recent history of severe cardiovascular conditions
* Significant orthopedic conditions
* Have blood pressure \>180/100 mmHg or \<100/60 mmHg
* Unable to comprehend questionnaire material/study procedures
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* community-dwelling volunteers aged 60 years or older
* without dementia
* MMSE=26 or above

Exclusion Criteria:

* if they had known dementia or significant cognitive impairment accompanied by dysfunction of daily living activities;
* had 6 years of education or under;
* were illiterate
* were unavailable during the testing and intervention periods of the study;
* had severe losses in vision or hearing; had major neurological or psychiatric illness history including any history of stroke, transient ischemic attack or traumatic brain injury;
* had a medication history which might affect on cognitive function such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or memantine
* had medical problems such as thyroid, liver and renal disease;
* had a significan structural abnormalities on their baseline brain MRI.

Answer: A