Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Pencil Push-Ups Versus Office Based Vision Therapy For the Treatment of Convergence Insufficiency
Brief Summary: The Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) is a multi-center, placebo-controlled, single-masked, clinical trial designed to compare the benefits of two commonly used treatment approaches for patients with convergence insufficiency (CI)


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children between the ages of 9 and 17 years with symptomatic convergence insufficiency
* Exophoria at near at least 4Δ greater than at far
* Insufficient positive fusional convergence at near
* A receded near point of convergence of ≥6 cm break
* CI Symptom Survey score ≥16

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous treatment with office-based vision therapy/orthoptics or pencil push-ups
* Systemic diseases known to affect accommodation, vergence and ocular motility
* Developmental disability, mental retardation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or learning disability diagnosis that in the investigator's discretion would interfere with treatment
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age: 9 to \<18 years
2. Patient has access to a computer with a CD/DVD drive and internet access for the next 12 weeks
3. Best-corrected visual acuity of ≥20/25 in each eye at distance and near
4. Exophoria at near at least 4 pd greater than at distance
5. Reduced positive fusional convergence at near (\<20 pd or fails Sheard's criterion that the PFV measures less than twice the magnitude of the near phoria). PFV is recorded as the prism magnitude where vision is first blurred (or break if no blur is reported).
6. Near point of convergence of ≥6 cm break
7. Randot Preschool stereoacuity of at least 400 seconds of arc
8. CI Symptom Survey score ≥16
9. No use of a plus add for near or base-in prism for at least 2 weeks preceding enrollment
10. Patient must be wearing appropriate refractive correction (spectacle or contact lenses) for at least 2 weeks prior to enrollment if refractive error is present (based on a cycloplegic refraction within the last 6 months) that meets the following:

    * Myopia more than -0.75D spherical equivalent (SE) in either eye
    * Hyperopia more than +2.00D SE in either eye
    * SE anisometropia \>1.00D
    * Astigmatism \> 1.00D or \> 1.50D of meridional difference in either eye Refractive correction for patients meeting the above refractive error criteria must meet the following guidelines:
    * SE anisometropia must be within 0.25D of the full anisometropic correction.
    * Astigmatism cylinder must be within 0.50D of full correction and axis must be within 5 degrees.
    * For hyperopia, the spherical component can be reduced by up to 1.50D at investigator discretion provided the reduction is symmetrical and results in residual (i.e., uncorrected) SE hyperopia that does not exceed +2.00D.
    * For myopia, the SE must be within 0.25D of the full myopic correction.
11. Parent and patient understand the protocol and are willing to accept randomization.
12. Parent has home phone (or access to phone) and is willing to be contacted by Jaeb Center staff.
13. Relocation outside of area of an active PEDIG site within the next 15 months is not anticipated.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. ≥2 logMAR line difference in best-corrected visual acuity between the two eyes
2. Constant or intermittent exotropia at distance; constant exotropia at near
3. Any esotropia at distance or near
4. Distance exophoria \> 10 pd
5. History of strabismus surgery
6. Anisometropia ≥2.00D in any meridian between the eyes
7. Prior intraocular or refractive surgery
8. Primary vertical heterophoria greater than 1 pd
9. Diseases known to affect accommodation, vergence, and ocular motility such as multiple sclerosis, Graves orbitopathy, myasthenia gravis, diabetes mellitus, or Parkinson disease
10. Current use of any ocular or systemic medication known to affect accommodation or vergence such as anti-anxiety agents (e.g., Librium or Valium), anti-arrhythmic agents (e.g., Cifenline, Cibenzoline), anti- cholinergics (e.g., Motion sickness patch (scopolamine), bladder spasmolytic drugs (e.g., Propiverine), hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, phenothiazines (e.g., Compazine, Mellaril, Thorazine), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., Elavil, Nortriptyline, Tofranil)
11. Near point of accommodation \>20 cm in the right eye
12. Manifest or latent nystagmus evident clinically
13. History of chronic headaches unrelated to reading activity
14. Active symptomatic allergic conjunctivitis
15. Developmental disability, mental retardation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or learning disability diagnosis that in the investigator's discretion would interfere with treatment or evaluation
16. Household member or sibling already enrolled in the CITS OR previously enrolled in the CITT
17. Household member is an eye professional, ophthalmic technician, ophthalmology or optometry resident, orthoptist, or optometry student, or employed in an eye care setting
18. Acquired brain injury
19. Previous office- or home-based vision therapy, orthoptics, home-based near- target push-ups, pencil push-ups, or home-based computer therapy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 9-30 years
* Best corrected visual acuity of 20/25 in both eyes at distance and near
* Willingness to wear eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct refractive error, if necessary
* Exophoria at near at least 4 prism diopters greater than at far
* Insufficient positive fusional convergence (i.e., failing Sheard's criterion or minimum normative positive fusional vergence (PFV) of 15 base-out break).
* Receded near point of convergence of \> 6 cm break.
* Normal random dot stereopsis using a 500 seconds of arc target.
* CI Symptom Survey score \> 16 for subjects in 9-18 year age range and \> 21 for subjects in the 19-30 year age range.
* Informed consent and willingness to participate in the study and be randomized

Exclusion Criteria:

* CI previously treated with pencil push-ups (no more than 2 months of treatment within the past year)
* CI previously treated with office-based vision therapy/orthoptics (no more than 2 months of treatment within the past year)
* Amblyopia
* Constant strabismus
* History of strabismus surgery
* Anisometropia \>1.50D difference between eyes
* Prior refractive surgery
* Vertical heterophoria greater than 1 
* Systemic diseases known to affect accommodation, vergence, and ocular motility such as: multiple sclerosis, Graves's thyroid disease, myasthenia gravis, diabetes, and Parkinson disease
* Any ocular or systemic medication known to affect accommodation or vergence
* Monocular accommodative amplitude less than 4 D in either eye as measured by the Donder's push-up method
* Manifest or latent nystagmus
* Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning disability diagnosis by parental report
* Household member or sibling already enrolled in the CITT
* Any eye care professional, technician, medical student, or optometry student
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients between 15 and 35 years of age who have symptomatic CI using the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scoring system.
* best-corrected visual acuity ≥ 20/25
* exophoria at near at least 4 prism diopters (△) greater than at distance
* near point of convergence more than 6.0 cm break
* insufficient positive fusional vergence (PFV) (failing Sheard's criterion or PFV ≤ 15 △ base-out) at near distance.

Exclusion Criteria:

* amblyopia (VA worse than 20/30 in each eye), presence of manifest strabismus, history of ocular surgery, any systemic disorder, anisometropia of more than 1.5 diopter of myopia or hyperopia or significant refractive error, and nystagmus and usage of medications that may impair accommodation or convergence. ,ocular surface abnormalities or history of ocular allergy or those who had previously been treated for CI

Answer: C