Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reducing the Pro-ischaemic Effects of Ambient Particulate Air Pollution in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease Using a Simple Face Mask Intervention
Brief Summary: Air pollution is a major cause of cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. The exact components of air pollution that underlie the cardiovascular effects are not yet known, but combustion-derived particulate matter is suspected to be the major cause. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to air pollution causes exacerbation of existing cardiorespiratory conditions leading to increased hospital admissions and death. The investigators have recently conducted a series of controlled exposure studies to urban particulate matter and diesel exhaust in healthy volunteers and patients with coronary heart disease. The investigators found that controlled exposure to dilute diesel exhaust in patients with prior myocardial infarction induced asymptomatic myocardial ischaemia with an increase in electrocardiographic measures of myocardial ischaemia. Whilst important, further questions remain: (i) does air pollution exposure exacerbate ischaemia and reduce exercise tolerance in patients with symptomatic angina pectoris, (ii) do "real world" exposures as encountered in the urban environment of major cities have similar effects, and (iii) can a simple face mask intervention to reduce exposure to particulate air pollution improve health outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease?


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. aged at 40-80 years old;
2. spirometry confirmed diagnose of COPD with at least once exacerbation before, and stable for at least three months;
3. quit smoking for more than six months;
4. be able to engage in daily activities;
5. have willing to participate in this study, follow the research program and have the ability to sign the informed consent;
6. Beijing residents;
7. can be contacted;

Exclusion Criteria:

1. history of asthma, lung cancer, active pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, diffuse lung disease (interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary sarcoidosis, occupational lung disease, sarcoidosis et al) and pleural disease;
2. history of lobectomy and / or lung transplantation;
3. predicted life expectancy less than 3 years;
4. history of severe psychiatric illnesses, mental disorders, neurological disorders, malignant tumors, chronic liver disease, heart failure, autoimmune diseases, chronic kidney disease;
5. Never engage in outdoor activities;
6. plan to move out of Beijing in 3 years
7. Plan to carry out an indoor redecoration during the study;
8. Alcoholism, drug abuse or abuse of toxic solvents;
9. Allergic to the study drug or its ingredients, or have a clear contraindication of it;
10. Participation in another clinical trial;
11. Cannot finish long term follow-up or poor compliance;
12. Do not provide consent.
B: Inclusion Criteria for Children with asthma:

The inclusion criteria for this panel study will be children with physician-diagnosed asthma for at least one year and with at least one of the following:

* Anti-asthma medication in the past year,
* Wheezing in the past year, or
* An unscheduled medical visit for asthma in the past year.

Exclusion Criteria for Children with asthma:

The exclusion criteria will be:

* Lung disease other than asthma
* Cardiovascular disease
* Not living at least 5 days per week in the household

Inclusion Criteria for AF patients:

The inclusion criteria for this panel study will be patients with permanent dual lead (atrial and ventricular) pacemaker or ICD implanted at least two months prior to randomization, with:

* A history of AF or
* Detection of AF in pacemaker/ICD monitoring

Exclusion Criteria for AF patients:

The exclusion criteria will be:

* Permanent AF
* Patients with reversible causes of AF (eg hyperthyroidism)
* Inability to understand and use study tools (smartphones, software applications)
* Terminal illness
* Active smoking
* Not living at least 5 days per week in the household.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Stable coronary heart disease
* Symptoms of angina pectoris
* Evidence of coronary heart disease by angiography or by exercise stress testing

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current smokers
* History of arrhythmia
* Severe 3 vessel coronary heart disease or left main stem stenosis that has not been revascularised
* Resting conduction abnormality
* Digoxin therapy
* Uncontrolled hypertension
* Renal failure
* Hepatic failure
* Acute coronary syndrome or unstable symptoms within 3 months
* Significant occupation exposure to air pollution
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Doctors-diagnosis of asthma with confirmation of asthma from one or more of the following tests in medical notes:

   i) Reversibility of 12% and 200ml in a spirometry following administration of a bronchodilator medication ii) Peak flow monitoring for one week iii) Positive bronchial challenge
2. BTS asthma treatment step 2-4, for a minimum of 6 months in the previous year
3. A course of oral prednisone for a minimum of three days, or an emergency department visit/hospitalisation for asthma, in the previous twelve months. Or currently experiencing uncontrolled asthma (based on the result of the Asthma Control Questionnaire)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Comorbidities that cause overlapping symptoms such as breathlessness, wheeze, cough or other interfering chronic condition (for example other symptomatic chronic respiratory disease, cardiac failure etc.).
2. Unable to understand English or Dutch, as appropriate

Answer: C