Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prehabilitation to Enhance Postoperative Functional Capacity Following Esophageal Resection
Brief Summary: Consenting patients scheduled for esophageal resection surgery will be randomized to receive standard nutrition counseling (including nutritional supplements as needed) or standard nutrition counseling and exercise 4 weeks before surgery and 8 weeks after surgery.

It is hypothesized that, compared with the group receiving nutrition alone, the addition of physical exercise to nutrition starting before surgery and continuing for 8 weeks after surgery will have a significantly greater impact on functional walking capacity during the prehabilitation period and during the postoperative period, and on the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 and above
* Referred electively for colorectal resection for benign (polyposis adenoma diverticulitis) or non-disseminated colon and rectum cancers
* Referred electively for colorectal resection for colon reconstruction for non-active inflammatory bowel disease
* Referred electively for colorectal resection for fibrostenotic conditions that are a feature of Crohn's disease.

Exclusion Criteria:

* People with American Society of Anesthesiologists health status class 4-5
* Co-morbid medical conditions interfering with the ability to participate in either group or complete the testing procedures (e.g. dementia, disabling orthopedic and neuromuscular disease, psychosis)
* Patients at high risk for a cardiac complication during exercise at home: severe aortic stenosis, cardiac failure Class IV NYHA, myocardial infarction within 6 months, congestive heart failure, and unstable angina
* Persons with sepsis; and treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy during six months prior to the date of surgery
* Those with very low exercise tolerance (\<3.5 METS) as determined by the baseline exercise test
* Anyone with a cardiac arrhythmia that manifests during the baseline exercise testing, prior to randomization
* Those people who are already in excellent physical condition owing to a regular participation in a high intensity physical activity. On testing, persons whose age-predicted value on the 6MWT exceeds 130% will be excluded (expected \<10%)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients that are scheduled for surgery due to following diagnoses;

* Disc herniation,
* Spinal stenosis,
* Spondylolisthesis,
* Degenerative disc disease.
* Fluent in Swedish.

Exclusion Criteria:

* need of acute surgery
* other severe diagnoses.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 and older
* referred electively for resection of malignant esophageal lesion

Exclusion Criteria:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) health status class 4-5
* Dementia and psychosis
* Disabling orthopedic and neuromuscular disease
* Severe cardiac abnormalities
* Severe end-organ disease such as cardiac failure (New York Heart Association classes I-IV)
* COPD
* renal failure (creatinine \> 1.5 mg/dl, and hepatic failure ALT and AST \>50% over the normal range)
* Morbid obesity (BMI \>30)
* Anemia (hematocrit \< 30 %, haemoglobin \<10g/dl, albumin \< 25mg/dl)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* primary colorectal cancer
* operated in one of four participating certified cancer centres for colorectal cancer (Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder, Department of Surgery, Regensburg; Germany; Caritas-Krankenhaus St. Josef, Department of Surgery, Regensburg; Germany; Klinikum Neumarkt., Department of Surgery, Neumarkt; Germany; Klinikum St. Elisabeth Straubing, Department of Surgery, Straubing, Germany), documented in a population-based cancer registry (Tumor Center Regensburg e.V.)
* informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* coordinating practitioner not implemented
* patient from district outside the study region (rural districts Regensburg, Neumarkt, Straubing, Straubing-Bogen, Kelheim, Schwandorf)
* patient unable to fill out the questionnaire for physical, psychological or language reasons (including dementia)
* age under 18 years
* pregnancy
* QoL clinician unavailable
* refusal to participate

Answer: C