Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Beta Cell Restoration Through Fat Mitigation
Brief Summary: Weight loss achieved through gastric banding will be superior to treatment with metformin in preserving or restoring pancreatic beta cell function in people with prediabetes or mild type 2 diabetes.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Prior completion of at least two months in a diet, exercise and lifestyle intervention program within the past two years
2. Fasting plasma glucose \>90 mg/dl plus 2-hour glucose ≥140 mg/dl on 75 gm OGTT plus HbA1C ≤7.0%. There is no lower limit for the A1C and no upper limit for the OGTT 2-hour glucose based on prior studies that allow us to identify people with falling β-cell function
3. Age 22-65 years
4. Body mass index (BMI) 30-40 kg/m2
5. For participants with diabetes, known duration \<1 year
6. No history of use of antidiabetic medications except during pregnancy

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Contraindications to LapBand(see Appendix 1)
2. Contraindication to MRI (claustrophobia; permanent metal objects such as pacemakers, prostheses, aneurysm clips)
3. Underlying disease(s) likely to (a) limit life span to less than study duration and/or (b) increase risk of intervention outside of the study and/or (c) limit ability to participate in outcomes assessment and/or (d) limit participation
4. An underlying disease known to have important effects on glucose metabolism
5. Active infections
6. Renal disease (serum creatinine ≥1.4 mg/dl for men; ≥1.3 mg/dl for women) or serum potassium abnormality (\<3.4 or \>5.5 mmol/l)
7. Anemia (hemoglobin \<11g/dl in women, \<12 g/dl in men) or known coagulopathy
8. Cardiovascular disease, including uncontrolled hypertension and symptomatic congestive heart failure. Participants must be able to safely tolerate administration of fluid/volume challenges during clamp studies.
9. Serum AST \>3 times upper limit of normal in local clinical lab
10. Excessive alcohol intake
11. Suboptimally treated thyroid disease
12. Conditions or behaviors likely to affect the conduct of the study

    1. unable or unwilling to give informed consent
    2. unable to adequately communicate with clinic staff
    3. another household member is a participant or staff member
    4. current or anticipated participation in another intervention research project that would interfere with any of the interventions/outcomes
    5. likely to move away from participating clinic in next 2 years
    6. current (or anticipated) pregnancy and lactation.
    7. major psychiatric disorder that, in the opinion of clinic staff, would impede the conduct of the study
    8. weight loss \>5% in past three months for any reason except postpartum weight loss.
13. additional conditions may serve as criteria for exclusion at the discretion of the local site
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Body Mass Index (BMI) of either 30 kg/m\^2 or more or BMI of less than 30 kg/m\^2 to 27 kg/m\^2 with presence of co-morbidities
* Stable body weight during the previous 3 months (less than 5 kg self-reported weight change)
* Previously undergone dietary weight loss and was not able to maintain reduced weight

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
* Previous treatment with GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonists (including liraglutide or exenatide), within the last 3 months
* Visit 1 thryoid stimulating hormone (TSH) outside of the range of 0.4-6.0 mIU/L
* History of chronic pancreatitis or idiopathic acute pancreatitis
* Obesity induced by other endocrinologic disorders (e.g., Cushing Syndrome)
* Current or history of treatment with medications that may cause significant weight gain for at least 3 months before this trial
* Current participation in an organized diet reduction program (or within the last 3 months)
* Currently using or have used within three months before this trial: pramlintide, sibutramine, orlistat, zonisamide, topiramate, phenteremine, or metformin
* Previous surgical treatment for obesity (excluding liposuction if performed more than one year before trial entry)
* History of major depressive disorder or a PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) score of more than 15 within the last 2 years or history of other severe psychiatric disorders or diagnosis of an eating disorder
* Subjects with a lifetime history of a suicide attempt or history of any suicidal behavior within the past month before entry into the trial
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
* Is receiving monotherapy or combination antidiabetic therapy with a glycosylated hemoglobin level between 6.5% and 11.0%, inclusive, at Screening (between 7.0 and 11.0%, inclusive, if the participant's antidiabetic regimen includes insulin)
* Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome within 15 to 90 days prior to randomization.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Signs of type 1 diabetes mellitus
* Currently receiving a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue for glycemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus at Screening
* Received a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for either more than 14 days total or within the 3 months prior to Screening.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent
* Body mass index equal to or above 30 kg/m\^2
* Stable body weight (less than 5% self-reported change during the previous 3 months)
* Diagnosis of moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
* Unwilling or unable to use continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (or other positive airway pressure) treatment. No CPAP (or other positive airway pressure) treatment for at least four weeks prior to screening
* Ability and willingness to comply with all protocol procedures e.g. correct handling of trial product, compliance to visit schedule and dietary advice and complete trial related questionnaires

Exclusion Criteria:

* Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors or insulin within the last 3 months prior to screening
* Diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes per judgement of the investigator
* Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) equal to or above 6.5%
* Significant craniofacial abnormalities that may cause OSA
* Respiratory and neuromuscular diseases that could interfere with the results of the trial in the opinion of the investigator
* Use of central stimulants, hypnotics, mirtazepine, opioids, trazodone within the previous 3 months prior to screening
* Obesity induced by drug treatment
* Treatment with pramlintide, sibutramine, orlistat, zonisamide, topiramate or phenteremine within the last 3 month prior to screening
* Previous surgical treatment for obesity
* Screening calcitonin equal to or above 50 ng/L
* Familial or personal history of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 or familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
* Personal history of non-familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
* History of chronic pancreatitis or idiopathic acute pancreatitis
* History of Major Depressive Disorder or suicide attempts
* Systolic blood pressure equal to or above 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure equal to or above 100 mmHg

Answer: A