Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Time-Restricted Feeding on Fat Loss and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight Adults
Brief Summary: Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a novel type of intermittent fasting that involves eating within a daily period of 10 hours or less, followed by fasting for at least 14 hours daily. Several studies in rodents report that TRF reduces body weight, improves blood sugar control, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease-even when food intake is matched to the control group or no weight loss occurs. Preliminary evidence suggests that TRF may also increase weight loss, fat loss, and reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in humans. This study will test whether TRF enhances fat loss and increases weight loss in adults with obesity, relative to conventional dieting alone. In addition, this study will determine whether TRF reduces risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and will measure the feasibility and acceptability of TRF.

In conjunction with the parent study described above, four ancillary studies will be conducted:

1. Effect of weight loss on nitrogen metabolism and bacteria in the mouth. The primary endpoints for this ancillary study are plasma and salivary nitrate and nitrite, and the secondary endpoints are salivary nitrate reductase activity and salivary bacterial abundance.
2. Effect of weight loss on several biomarkers related to kidney stones. The primary endpoint for this ancillary study is urinary oxalate, and the secondary endpoints are urinary citrate, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and creatinine.
3. Effect of meal timing on blood pressure regulation and kidney function. The primary endpoints of this ancillary study include urinary aldosterone excretion, sodium, potassium, and endothelin, whereas the secondary endpoints include nitric oxide and albumin. Additional exploratory endpoints include renal injury markers (KIM-1, nephrin, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio), measures of reactive oxidative stress (e.g., hydrogen peroxide and TBARs), and urinary exosomes. Urine will be analyzed in 12-hour bins to determine how meal timing affects differentially affects these endpoints during the daytime and nighttime. The effects of weight loss on these endpoints may also be considered.
4. Validation of a meal timing questionnaire to assess the distribution of food intake throughout the day.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Early Time-Restricted Feeding; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Early Time-Restricted Feeding, Behavioral: Structured Weight Loss Program | Arm Label: Control Schedule; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Control Schedule, Behavioral: Structured Weight Loss Program | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Early Time-Restricted Feeding; Assigned to Arm(s): Early Time-Restricted Feeding | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Control Schedule; Assigned to Arm(s): Control Schedule | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Structured Weight Loss Program; Assigned to Arm(s): Control Schedule, Early Time-Restricted Feeding
B: Arm Label: Time-Restricted Feeding (early in the day eating); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Time-Restricted Feeding | Arm Label: Grazing; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: Grazing | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Time-Restricted Feeding; Assigned to Arm(s): Time-Restricted Feeding (early in the day eating) | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Grazing; Assigned to Arm(s): Grazing
C: Arm Label: Liraglutide 3.0mg (week0-56)/Liraglutide 3.0mg (week56-68); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: liraglutide | Arm Label: Liraglutide 3.0mg (week0-56)/Liraglutide Placebo (week56-68); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: placebo | Arm Label: Liraglutide Placebo, no Pre-diabetes; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: placebo | Arm Label: Liraglutide 3.0mg, Pre-diabetes; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: liraglutide | Arm Label: Liraglutide Placebo, Pre-diabetes; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: placebo | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: liraglutide; Assigned to Arm(s): Liraglutide 3.0mg (week0-56)/Liraglutide 3.0mg (week56-68) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): Liraglutide 3.0mg (week0-56)/Liraglutide Placebo (week56-68), Liraglutide Placebo, no Pre-diabetes | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: liraglutide; Assigned to Arm(s): Liraglutide 3.0mg, Pre-diabetes | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): Liraglutide Placebo, Pre-diabetes
D: Arm Label: Intermittent Fasting; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Meal Replacement | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Meal Replacement; Assigned to Arm(s): Intermittent Fasting

Answer: A