Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Timing of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke With Atrial Fibrillation: a Prospective Multicenter Registry-based Non-inferiority Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: This study will compare early with late start of treatment with Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulation (NOAC) in adult patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation; it is a registry-based randomized clinical trial (R-RCT) using The Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke). Half of the patients will start NOAC early (within 4 days after stroke onset) while the other half will start late (5-10 days after stroke onset).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria: All of below

* Acute ischemic stroke or TIA presumed to be cardioembolic origin (within 5 days from stroke onset) with mild severity: infarct size on DWI less than 1/3 of MCA territory, 1/2 of ACA territory, 1/2 of PCA territory, and 1/2 of one cerebellar hemisphere
* Atrial fibrillation including paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: atrial fibrillation must be documented by ECG evidence (e.g., 12-lead ECG, rhythm strip, Holter, pacemaker interrogation) within 30 days before randomization. This could be obtained from a notation in the subject's record (e.g., medical chart, hospital discharge summary).
* Age ≥19 years
* Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria: Any of below

* Chronic renal failure (GFR less than 30ml/min) or severe hepatic impairment
* Significant hemorrhagic transformation (parenchymal hematoma type I or II by the ECASS definition)
* Stroke mechanism of presumed small vessel occlusion: single small subcortical infarct in the perforating artery territory
* Large hemispheric or cerebellar infarction; larger than 1/3 of MCA territory, 1/2 of ACA territory, 1/2 of PCA territory, and 1/2 of one cerebellar hemisphere
* Mechanical valve requiring warfarin therapy
* Active internal bleeding
* Prior history of symptomatic intracranial bleeding

  : patients with asymptomatic bleedings or microbleedings on MRI are eligible for inclusion
* Major surgery or major trauma within 30 days that might be associated with increased bleeding risk
* Clinically significant gastrointestinal bleeding within 6 months
* Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator use or mechanical embolectomy within 48 hours plus 'significant hemorrhagic transformation as described above (exclusion criteria 2)' or 'large hemispheric infarction or cerebellar infarction as described above (exclusion criteria 4)'

  : patients achieving successful reperfusion without hemorrhage nor large infarction are eligible for enrollment
* Severe anemia: hemoglobin \<10 g/dL
* Bleeding diathesis; thrombocytopenia (\<90,000/µL, prolonged PT (INR\>1.7)
* Sustained uncontrolled hypertension: SBP \>180 mmHg or DBP \>100 mmHg
* Severe devastating illness, such terminal cancer, hepatic failure; therefore, the participants have a life expectancy less than 6 months.
* Planned invasive procedure with potential for uncontrolled bleeding, including major surgery
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Recent ESUS (between 7 days and 6 months), defined as:
* Recent ischemic stroke (including transient ischemic attack with positive neuroimaging) visualized by brain imaging that is not lacunar, and
* Absence of cervical carotid atherosclerotic stenosis\> 50% or occlusion, and
* No atrial fibrillation after ≥ 24-hour cardiac rhythm monitoring, and
* No intra-cardiac thrombus on either transesophageal or transthoracic echocardiography, and
* No other specific cause of stroke (for example, arteritis, dissection, migraine/vasospasm, drug abuse)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severely disabling stroke (modified Rankin score ≥4)
* Indication for chronic anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy
* Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m\^2
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients (≥ 18 years) with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation
* Eligible and willing to start (or re-start) NOAC
* Registered in The Swedish Stroke Register
* Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication to NOAC (e.g. ongoing bleeding, mechanical heart valve prosthesis)
* Ongoing therapy with NOAC (without ≥2 days interruption at index stroke)
* International normalized ratio (INR)\>1.7
* No second brain imaging (CT/MRI) after thrombolysis/thrombectomy
* Previous randomization in the TIMING study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Males and females ≥ 18 yrs with atrial fibrillation (AF) and one or more of the following risk factors for stroke:
* Age ≥ 75, previous stroke
* transient ischemic attack (TIA) or Systemic Embolism (SE)
* Symptomatic congestive heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%
* Diabetes mellitus or hypertension requiring pharmacological treatment

Answer: C