Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Sevelamer, FGF-23 and Endothelial Dysfunction in CKD
Brief Summary: Vascular calcification and endothelial dysfunction (ED) contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sevelamer, a non-calcium based phosphate binder, has been shown to attenuate cardiovascular calcification in CKD patients while the exact mechanism has not been clarified.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of short-term sevelamer treatment on both serum FGF23 levels concentrations and ED seen in CKD patients.

The researchers investigated the relationship between plasma FGF23 levels and the forearm blood flow response to ischemia in the forearm in a sizable series of incident stage 3-4 CKD patients.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* CKD stage 4 patients
* Older than 18 years of age
* Non-diabetic
* Serum phosphorus \> 5.5 mg/dl

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diabetes mellitus
* History of coronary artery disease
* Smokers
* Taking statins or renin-angiotensin blockers
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age \>18 years,
* CKD stage 3-5

Exclusion Criteria:

* Existing or previous treatment within the last 1 year with a phosphate binder;
* hyperphosphatemia (\>5.6 mg/dL);
* hypophosphatemia (\<2.5 mg/dL);
* malnutrition,
* malignant neoplasms,
* current history of gastrointestinal and/or endocrine diseases.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Males or non-pregnant, non-breast-feeding females
2. Age ≥18 years
3. On thrice-weekly hemodialysis or on peritoneal dialysis for at least the previous three months prior to Screening
4. Serum phosphorus ≥6.0 mg/dL for study entry
5. Taking less than 3-18 pills/day of current phosphate binder
6. Willing to be discontinued from current phosphate binder(s) and initiated on ferric citrate
7. Willing and able to give informed consent
8. Life expectancy \>1 year

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Parathyroidectomy within six months prior to Screening
2. Actively symptomatic gastrointestinal bleeding or inflammatory bowel disease
3. History of multiple drug allergies or intolerances
4. History of malignancy in the last five years (treated cervical or non-melanomatous skin cancer may be permitted if approved by CCC)
5. Previous intolerance to oral ferric citrate
6. Intolerance to oral iron-containing products
7. Psychiatric disorder that interferes with the patient's ability to comply with the study protocol
8. Inability to tolerate oral drug intake
9. Intolerance to calcium acetate and sevelamer carbonate
10. Any other medical condition that renders the patient unable to or unlikely to complete the trial or that would interfere with optimal participation in the trial or produce significant risk to the patient
11. Receipt of any investigational drug within 30 days of Screening Visit (Visit 0)
12. Inability to cooperate with study personnel or history of noncompliance
13. Unsuitable for this trial per Investigator's clinical judgment.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men or women \> 18 years of age;
* Must have no dietary restriction that would preclude eating standardized meal (both a meat based and vegan option available)
* The subject has voluntarily signed and dated the most recent informed consent form approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB).
* Must be able to chew gum for at least 60 minutes.
* Must have historical eGFR appropriate for the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Receiving or has received an investigational product (or is currently using an investigational device) within 30 days prior to Visit 2;
* Evidence of active (clinically significant) infection at the time of study enrollment (in the opinion of the investigator);
* Dental work within 48 hours of enrollment (Visit 2); and
* Known sensitivity to chitin, or allergy to shellfish

Answer: A