Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prevention of Post-extubation Respiratory Failure in High Risk Patients by High-flow Conditioned Oxygen Therapy Versus Standard Oxygen Therapy
Brief Summary: Failure of extubation after mechanical ventilation is a frequent and deleterious issue. Main reasons for failure are hypoxemia, secretions retention, lung collapse and excessive work of breathing. Most of this issues can be partly counterbalanced by a device named "High flow conditioned oxygen therapy (HFCO)". Then, our hypothesis is that HFCO may reduce the incidence of respiratory failure after extubation in patients with high risk for failure.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients after cardiac/thoracic surgery with acute respiratory failure defined by the presence of the following criteria:

  * report PaO2/FiO2 \<300
  * Respiratory rate\> 25 for at least 2 hours
  * Getting involved accessory respiratory muscles
  * paradoxical breathing Or
* In immediate after extubation, the patient will be eligible if present in the withdrawal test:

  * SaO2 \<90% in 12 L of O2 during a trial of spontaneous ventilation tube on
  * PaO2 \<10 kPa at a FiO2 ≥ 50% during a VS trial + pressure support
  * The presence of a risk factor: Obesity (BMI\> 30), FEVG \<40%, Failed extubation prior, stridor

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous history of SAS
* Patient tracheotomy
* Comas non hypercapnic
* bradypnea
* Cardiac arrest
* Gastric Surgery recent
* Restlessness, lack of cooperation
* Nausea, vomiting
* Hemodynamic instability
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mechanical ventilation \> 24h
* Successful spontaneous breathing trial conducted for a period of 30-120 min.
* PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 at the end of the spontaneous breathing trial preceding extubation

Exclusion Criteria:

* age\<18 years
* pregnancy
* tracheostomy
* need of NIV post-extubation (prophylactic NIV)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute hypercapnic respiratory failure;
* 7.25 \< pH \< 7.35;
* Arterial Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) equal or greater than 55 mmHg;
* Age \> 18 years/old

Exclusion Criteria:

* Invasive mechanical ventilation in the last 60 days
* Use of any form of noninvasive ventilation or high flow oxygen through nasal cannula (HFNT) prior to study enrollment after the onset of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF);
* Noninvasive home care ventilation;
* Unstable clinical condition (need for vasopressors for \>24 h, acute coronary syndrome or life-threatening arrhythmias);
* Refusal of treatment;
* Agitation (RASS \>= +2) or non-cooperation (Kelly Matthay \>=5);
* Failure of more than two organs;
* Cardiac arrest;
* Respiratory arrest requiring tracheal intubation;
* Recent trauma or burns of the neck and face;
* Pregnancy;
* Refusal of consent;
* Inclusion in other research protocols.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients mechanically ventilated for \> 48 hours and at least one of the following:
* \>65 years
* cardiac failure as the primary indication of mechanical ventilation
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
* Severity score (APACHE II \>12 points) the extubation day
* Body Mass Index \>30
* inability to manage respiratory secretions
* 1 failed spontaneous breathing trial
* 1 comorbidity
* 7 days under mechanical ventilation

Exclusion Criteria:

* \<18 years
* tracheotomized patients
* recent facial or cervical trauma/surgery
* active gastro-intestinal bleeding
* lack of cooperation
* patients with any failed spontaneous breathing trial because of hypercapnia development.

Answer: D