Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Study of Theories About Myopia Progression (STAMP)
Brief Summary: At this time, we do not know what causes a child to become more nearsighted (myopic). STAMP will help us better understand nearsightedness in children. Children will be randomly chosen to wear regular glasses (single vision lenses) or no-line bifocal glasses (progressive addition lenses) for the first year of the study. All children will wear regular glasses for the second year of the study. STAMP will compare how the eye changes shape in the two groups to help us understand why children become nearsighted. The two theories of myopia progression that are being evaluated are based on different factors. One theory is based on environmental factors such as extended near work while the other theory is based on genetically coded factors.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Myopia (refractive sphere): \> 5.75D
* Astigmatism: \< ½ of myopia; with-the-rule astigmatism (axes 180 +/- 30) ≤1.25D; astigmatism of other axes ≤ 0.50D
* Spherical equivalent (SE): \> 5.75D
* Anisometropia: ≤ 1.50D in both refractive sphere, refractive cylinder and SE
* Best corrected monocular visual acuity: equal to or better than 0.10 in logMAR scale in both eyes
* Willingness for randomization
* Availability for follow-up for at least 2 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Strabismus at distance or near
* Contraindication for contact lens wear and orthokeratology (e.g. limbus to limbus corneal cylinder and dislocated corneal apex
* Systemic or ocular conditions which may affect contact lens wear (e.g. allergy and medication)
* Systemic or ocular conditions which may affect refractive development (e.g. Down syndrome, ptosis)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Prior to being considered eligible to participate in this study, each subject MUST:

  1. Be between 8 and 12 years of age inclusive at the baseline examination.
  2. Have:

     1. read the Informed Assent,
     2. been given an explanation of the Informed Assent,
     3. indicated an understanding of the Informed Assent and
     4. signed the Informed Assent Form.
  3. Have their parent or legal guardian:

     1. read the Informed Consent,
     2. been given an explanation of the Informed Consent,
     3. indicated an understanding of the Informed Consent and
     4. signed the Informed Consent Form.
  4. Along with their parent or guardian, be capable of comprehending the nature of the study, and be willing and able to adhere to the instructions set forth in this protocol.
  5. Along with their parent or guardian, agree to maintain the visit schedule and be able to keep all appointments as specified in the study protocol for the duration of the study
  6. Agree to accept either the control or test lens as assigned by the randomisation scheme.
  7. Agree to wear the assigned contact lenses for the duration of the 2 year study and to inform the study investigator if this schedule is interrupted. (Wearing time may be modified by the study staff for health reasons.)
  8. Possess wearable and visually functional eyeglasses.
  9. Be in good general health, based on his/her and parent's/guardian's knowledge.
  10. Have best-corrected visual acuity by manifest refraction of +0.10 logMAR (20/25 Snellen equivalent) or better in each eye.
  11. Meet the following refractive criteria determined by cycloplegic autorefraction at baseline:

      1. Spherical Equivalent Refractive Error (SERE): between -0.75 and -4.00 D inclusive.
      2. Astigmatism: \< -0.75 D
      3. Anisometropia: \< 1.00D

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects may not be considered eligible if ANY of the following apply:

  1. Subject has previously or recently worn soft or rigid gas permeable contact lenses, including orthokeratology lenses.
  2. Subject appears to exhibit poor personal hygiene (that in the investigator's opinion might prevent safe contact lens wear).
  3. Subject is currently or prior to this study has been an active participant in another clinical study.
  4. Parent / guardian or close relative is a member, of the office staff, including the investigator(s).
  5. Current or prior use of bifocals, progressive addition lenses, atropine, pirenzepine or ANY other myopia control treatment.
  6. Subject was born earlier than 30 weeks or weighed less than 1500g (3.3lb) at birth.
  7. Regular use of ocular medications (prescription or over-the-counter), artificial tears, or wetting agents.
  8. Current use of systemic medications which may significantly affect contact lens wear, tear film production, pupil size, accommodation or refractive state. Such as, but not limited to: long term use of nasal decongestants (for example, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine), antihistamines (for example, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine), Prednisolone or Ritalin (methylphenidate).
  9. A known allergy to fluorescein, benoxinate, proparacaine or tropicamide.
  10. A history of corneal hypoesthesia (reduced corneal sensitivity), corneal ulcer, corneal infiltrates, ocular viral or fungal infections or other recurrent ocular infections.
  11. Strabismus by cover test at far (4 m) or near (40 cm) wearing distance correction.
  12. Known ocular or systemic disease such as, but not limited to: anterior uveitis or iritis, episcleritis or scleritis, glaucoma, Sjogren's syndrome, lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, or diabetes.
  13. Any ocular, systemic or neuro-developmental conditions that could influence refractive development. Such as, but not limited to: persistent pupillary membrane, vitreous hemorrhage, cataract, corneal scarring, ptosis eyelid hemangiomas, Marfan's Syndrome, Down's syndrome, Ehler's-Danlos syndrome, Stickler's syndrome, ocular albinism, retinopathy of prematurity.
  14. Keratoconus or an irregular cornea.
  15. Biomicroscope findings that would contraindicate contact lens wear including, but not limited to:

      1. corneal scars within the visual axis
      2. neovascularisation or ghost vessels \> 1.5 mm in from the limbus
      3. Any active anterior segment ocular disease that would contraindicate contact lens wear.
      4. giant papillary conjunctivitis of Grade 2 or worse
      5. allergic or seasonal conjunctivitis (if the study investigator believes it could significantly interfere with maintaining the specified contact lens wearing schedule)
      6. clinically significant (Grade 3 or 4) abnormalities of the anterior segment, lids, conjunctiva, sclera or associated structures.
  16. The investigator for any reason considers that it is not in the best interest of the subject to participate in the study.
  17. Have pathological myopia To be eligible to begin the study, a subject must have ALL of the inclusion criteria and NONE of the exclusion criteria present.
C: Children between the ages of 6 and 12 years with myopia in both eyes (defined as spherical equivalent between -1.25 D and -4.50 D in each eye as measured by cycloplegic autorefraction), astigmatism less than or equal to 1.50 D, and no anisometropia (defined as a difference in spherical equivalent between the two eyes greater than 1.0 D) are eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria include visual acuity greater than 20/25, strabismus, use of contact lenses, birth weight less than 1,250 grams, use of bifocal or progressive addition lenses, or any conditions precluding adherence to the protocol.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 6 to 11 years of age
* Best corrected vision of at least 20/30 in each eye
* Birth weight \> 1250g

(The criteria below will be evaluated at a screening visit to find out if the child can participate)

* Accommodative lag \>= 1.30 D (for a 4D stimulus)
* At least -0.75 D myopia in each meridian measured with cycloplegic autorefraction but not more than -4.50 D in each meridian in each eye
* Esophoria at near if more than -2.25 D spherical equivalent (high myopia)
* Astigmatism \< 2.00 DC in each eye
* Anisometropia \< 2.00 D

Exclusion Criteria:

* Strabismus (eye turn)
* History of contact lens wear
* History of previous bifocal wear
* Diabetes mellitus

Answer: D