Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: ERPs to Academics: Exercise Effects on Cognition in School-Aged Children
Brief Summary: Recent trends have identified decreasing levels of physical activity, fitness, and health in preadolescent children. Examining factors, such as physical activity behavior and aerobic fitness that positively influence cognitive health of school-age children are important for improving school performance, maximizing health, and improving the overall functioning of individuals as they progress through the human lifespan. A sample of preadolescent children from the Urbana, Illinois elementary school system will be randomly assigned to a 9- month afterschool program that focuses on either aerobic exercise or wait-list control group to determine the effects of physical activity on basic and applied aspects of cognition. Changes in neuroimaging and behavioral indices of cognitive function and performance on standardized academic achievement tests of mathematics and reading will be examined as a function of participation in the intervention. Preliminary research supports that physical activity is positively associated with basic and applied aspects of cognition, with a stronger relationship for tasks requiring extensive amounts of executive control. However, previous research has mainly focused on older adults, and little research has examined the relationship between physical activity and executive control in children. These findings will provide lifestyle considerations for children to improve their cognitive health across the lifespan.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children in the municipality of Odense, Denmark
* Overweight or obese (BMI) according to the International Obesity Task Force

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children who are participating in other research based intervention programmes related to risk factors of heart diseases.
* Children who are following a special school programme.
* Use of weight reducing medicine within 3 months before the baseline measurements
* Children with a motor skill determined handicap of such complexity that it hinders them from participating in the intervention.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Schools with at least one full course of 3rd of early childhood education and one of 1st primary school.
* The Boards of Governors (community participatory organ in each school) give its approval to the intervention and measurements at the beginning and end of the course.
* Children 4 to 7 years old.
* Children's parents/caregivers will give their written consent to the children's participation.
* Collaboration in the family to respond to questionnaires on family leisure habits, sleeping, eating, getting around town, etc., included in the measurement protocol of this project.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Have a malformation that prevents learning of the Spanish language (or Spanish sign language).
* Have some kind of physical or mental disorder identified by parents or teachers that prevent physical activity.
* Have a chronic illness such as heart disease, diabetes or asthma, as determined by their pediatrician/family doctor -after analysis of the activities program- prevents participation in them.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Parental consent
* 7.5-9.5 years
* Capable of performing exercise
* Absence of school-identified learning disability
* IQ \> 85
* Tanner Scales score \<= 2
* ADHD Rating Scales score \> 85%

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-consent of guardian
* Above or Below age range
* Any physical disability that prohibits exercise
* School-identified learning disability
* IQ \< 85
* Tanner Scales Score \> 2
* ADHD Rating Scale score \< 85%
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy kindergarten children

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children with severe chronic disease (restricting physical activity)

Answer: C