Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Probiotics and Effects on Illness-Related Symptoms for Pre-School Age Children
Brief Summary: The aim of the present prospective study is to investigate whether the consumption of certain probiotic strains over a six-month winter/spring season would be able to affect the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections, in otherwise healthy children as well as determining whether a combination of two strains would perform differently from a single strain version.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children aged 3-5 years of normal nutritional status and health

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindications to dairy products (lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy)
* Indicators of inflammatory disease, intestinal disease, Crohn's disease, colitis, celiac disease
* Chronic cough from recurring respiratory distress-related diseases
* Hirschsprung's disease
* Cystic fibrosis
* Other metabolic, neurological, or anatomic alteration that predisposes participation
* Intake of probiotics within the last 3 weeks
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Generally healthy
* Men and women
* 18-40 years of age
* Body mass index between 20 and 35 kg/m\^2
* Persons with irregular bowel function as determined using the Rome III criteria (1) which is used to classify functional gastrointestinal disorders.
* Increased gastrointestinal transit time \> 60 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Smoking and/or use of other tobacco products
* Blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg
* A history of myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, kidney disease and thyroid disease (unless controlled by medication and blood results within the previous 6 months are provided).
* Lactation, pregnancy or desire to become pregnant during the study
* Use of cholesterol-lowering medication
* Refusal to discontinue intake of putative cholesterol-lowering supplements (psyllium, fish oil capsules, soy lecithin, niacin, fiber, flax, phytoestrogens, stanol/sterol supplemented foods
* Refusal to discontinue probiotics,nutritional supplements, herbs or vitamins
* Vegetarianism/Veganism
* Lactose intolerance
* Clinical diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), e.g. Crohn's Disease or ulcerative colitis
* Excessive alcohol consumption (\> 14 standard drinks per week)
* Chronic use of anti-inflammatory medications (unless able to discontinue)
* Individuals taking stool softeners or enemas on a regular basis.
* Allergy to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or any other type of plastic
* Individuals with a bowel transit time of \< 60 hours at time of screening
* Individuals with swallowing disorders or dysphagia to food or pills
* Suspected strictures, fistulas, or physiological GI Obstruction
* GI surgery within the past three months
* Refusal to agree to give blood or plasma for the length of the study.

Note: If a participant experiences a delay in passing the capsule (beyond five days) they will be treated accordingly and excluded from future participation in the study.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy infants
* Born at term (≥36 weeks of gestation)
* Any gender
* 6 to 36 months old
* Same socioeconomic background
* Written informed consent from parents or legal guardians

Exclusion Criteria:

* Birth weight \<2500 g
* Congenital anomalies
* Chronic diseases
* Failure to thrive
* Allergy or atopic disease
* Recent (within the preceding 4 weeks) exposure to probiotics, prebiotics, or antibiotics.
* Concurrent participation in other clinical trials
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* males and females
* age 18-70 years
* increased risk for common cold (at least 4 episodes within 12 months)
* commitment to adhere to former diet and physical activity
* commitment not to use any products that may influence the study outcome (e.g. immune suppressants/immune stimulants, including paramedication such as e.g. Echinacea, analgesics/anti-rheumatics, anti-phlogistics, antitussives/expectorants, influenza remedies, mouth or throat therapeutics, decongestants, antibiotics, anti-histaminergic drugs, probiotics) during the study (except for rescue medication, see 7.5)
* women of child-bearing potential have to agree to use appropriate birth control methods Written consent of the subject to participate is a prerequisite for study participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* acute / chronic upper / lower airways disease
* chronic cough of any origin
* any allergic reaction that may influence the study outcome (e.g. acute/chronic rhinitis)
* history of nasal reconstructive surgery
* presence of nasal ulcers or nasal polyps
* severe nasal septum deviation or other condition that could cause nasal obstruction
* congenital or acquired immunodeficiency disease (e.g. HIV infection)
* Bechterew's disease
* body temperature above 37.5°C
* suspected swine flu or influenza
* vaccination with a vaccine containing an adjuvant within 3 months prior to study start and during the study
* vaccination with a vaccine not containing an adjuvant within 6 weeks prior to study start and during the study
* stomach/gastrointestinal diseases
* serious organ or systemic diseases
* sleep disorder
* psychiatric disorders
* known sensitivity to the ingredients of the investigational product
* regular intake of products that may influence the study outcome (e.g. immune suppressants/immune stimulants, including paramedication such as e.g. Echinacea, analgesics/anti-rheumatics, anti-phlogistics, antitussives/expectorants, influenza remedies, mouth or throat therapeutics, decongestants, antibiotics, anti-histaminergic drugs, probiotics) within the last 4 weeks prior to study start
* habitual usage of nasal drops/spray
* pregnancy or nursing
* alcohol / drug abuse
* simultaneous participation in another clinical trial or participation in a clinical trial within the last 30 days
* insufficient compliance

Answer: A