Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Novel Treatment to Boost Quit Attempts and Cessation Among Unmotivated Smokers
Brief Summary: A sample of smokers who have no current plans to quit will be recruited for this study and randomized to one of two intervention conditions:

1. Practice Quit Attempt (PQA) aided by brief advice and self-help materials, or
2. PQA aided by advice and self-help materials plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT).

This study will test whether adding free nicotine replacement therapy to brief advice to undertake a practice quit attempt will motivate more smokers to make a serious attempt to stop smoking than brief advice without NRT. All treatments and assessments will be delivered via telephone and mailing. The primary outcome of interest is the incidence of a serious attempt to permanently stop smoking made over a six-month study period.

Our specific hypotheses are as follows:

Hypothesis 1: Helping smokers to make a practice quit attempt aided by NRT will result in a higher incidence of making a serious effort to quit smoking permanently, compared to an aided practice quit attempt without NRT. We also expect provision of NRT will increase point prevalence abstinence at 6 month follow-up.

Hypothesis 2: This relationship between NRT-aided practice quit attempts and quit behaviors will be mediated by a) increased smoking related self efficacy, b) increased belief in the efficacy of NRT, c) fewer concerns about adverse events of NRT, d) increased social support for not smoking, and e) less withdrawal distress and craving during the practice quit attempt.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* age ≥ 18 years
* smoked tobacco during the prior 30 days
* have an active phone number
* provide consent in English, Spanish or Mandarin

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients will be excluded if they use only smokeless tobacco or products such as betel (since there is not yet efficacy data for treating use of these tobacco products in the inpatient setting)
* are pregnant or breastfeeding
* are discharged to an institution (e.g. jail/prison, nursing home, long-term psychiatric facility).
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* must be a Veteran who is eligible for care within the VA system;
* must be currently homeless or have been homeless more than twice in the past year period;
* must have current smoking status of at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least 1 year (verified with breath carbon monoxidemeasurement);
* must be aged 18 to 70;
* must be English speaker

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy;
* Any substance use disorder in any of the following drug categories: opioids, cocaine, alcohol, sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, or drugs categorized as "other" per the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV.
* Urine drug screen results positive for cocaine, amphetamines, stimulants, opioids, or hallucinogens;
* Not stable on medications for the study period;
* Use of any other forms of nicotine such as cigars, pipes, or chewing tobacco;
* Participants may be excluded if they have a seizure disorder, uncontrolled diabetes or an eating disorder;
* Prior history of hepatitis or cirrhosis; current hepatitis or cirrhosis
* Score less than 80 on Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Current cigarette smoker of at least 10 cigarettes per day
* Interested in quitting at some time
* Not currently interested in quitting smoking
* Access to telephone (home or work) for 6 month study period

Exclusion Criteria:

* Monthly cigar, pipe, or smokeless tobacco use
* Current pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Recent cardiovascular distress
* Phenylketonuria (PKU)
* Previous use of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, lozenge, inhaler, or nasal spray)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Proficient in English, assessed with items asking about native language and self-reported comfort communicating in English among non-native speakers.
* Age ≥18 years old, assessed by self-report and verified by date of birth.
* Has smoked ≥100 cigarettes and currently smokes ≥5 cigarettes per day, verified by an exhaled carbon monoxide level of ≥8 ppm.
* Ready to try quitting smoking within the next month.
* Currently homeless, assessed by self-report and defined as usually staying in an emergency shelter, transitional shelter, abandoned building, place of business, car or other vehicle, church or mission, hotel or motel, or anywhere outside during the past 7 days. Additionally, individuals will be considered currently homeless if they usually stayed in somebody else's house, apartment/condominium, or room in the past 7 days because of not having their own place to stay.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Currently pregnant, assessed by a urine pregnancy test conducted on all premenopausal biologic females who have not had a hysterectomy, or planning to become pregnant in the next 2 months.
* Past 30-day use of nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, or varenicline for smoking cessation, assessed by self-report. Use of bupropion for reasons other than to quit smoking (e.g. depression) is permissible.
* Prior serious adverse reaction to the nicotine patch, defined as any reaction that was life-threatening or required hospitalization.
* Heart attack or chest pain within the past 2 weeks.
* Inability to read a sentence written at a Flesch-Kincaid grade level of 4.
* Inability to provide informed consent, assessed with knowledge questions about the material presented during the informed consent process that individuals must correctly answer before providing informed consent to participate.

Answer: C