Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Facilitating and Inhibiting Factors and Effect of Interventions in Return to Work for Patients With Neck and Low Back Pain
Brief Summary: Low back pain is a usual condition in the western countries and several treatments available for patients with "non-specific low back pain". According to the European guidelines both Brief intervention and exercise/cognitive intervention are effective treatments with regard to pain and function (www.backpaineurope.org), but none have documented effect on return to work.

The challenges for health personnel is not cure of the patients back pain, but to build up rehabilitation programs which focus on disability and work incapacity, in patients which are at risk of loosing their work. Dr. P. Loisel, Montreal, Canada", has since 1995 treated patients with back pain according to the "The PREVICAP model - (PREVention of work handICAP)", where the main purpose with work-related program is to prevent prolonged disability and to help patients back to work. Loisel demonstrated that the PREVICAP models accelerated the "return to work" factor by a factor 2.4 (p=0.01). The PREVICAP model had also been evaluated in Amsterdam, by Dr. Anema with the same results.

At the Back Clinic, Ullevål University Hospital we are presently involved in a randomized controlled trial after the PREVICAP model, where patients are randomized to Brief intervention including a work-related intervention or usual care. All included patients in both groups, will have a clinical examination by specialist in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and advice from a physiotherapist. The current study replaces Brief intervention with an exercise - and a work-related program, so patients with non-specific LBP will be randomized to an exercise and work-related program or usual care.

The main purpose of this study

* to investigate if rehabilitation programs specifically focusing on the return to work process will reduce sickness absence and disability pension in patients with neck and low back pain.
* to assess the work-, individual- and health factors and their interrelationship predicting sickness absence and work disability.
* to compare results from the rehabilitation program with results from rehabilitation program in Toronto
* to which extent are the patients met by actions from employers and employment services, and does is influence sickness absence and disability.
* do these actions represent favourable cost benefit for the work places and the society


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* living in the counties of Trøndelag
* on sick leave 2-12 months
* current sick leave status of 50% - 100%
* ICPC-2 (International Classification of Primary Care, Second edition) diagnosis within the L (musculoskeletal), P (psychiatric) or A (unspecific disorders) categories

Exclusion Criteria:

* alcohol or drug abuse
* serious somatic or psychological disorders
* a specific disorder requiring specialized treatment
* pregnancy
* currently participating in another treatment program
* insufficient Norwegian speaking or writing skills to participate in group session and fill out questionnaires
* scheduled for surgery within the next 6 months
* serious problems with functioning in a group setting
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Musculoskeletal diagnosis
* Minimum 50% sick leave from work for not more than one year
* Minimum 50 % employed

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not sicklisted
* Sicklisted less than 50%
* Sicklisted \> 1 year
* Less than 50% employed
* Pregnancy
* Does not speak Norwegian
* Psychiatric disease
* Osteoporosis
* Cancer disease
* Rheumatic disease
* Ongoing Insurance Compensation Case
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Major depressive episode
* Employed
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with low back pain, sick listed for less than 1 year and who are permanently employed

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with infection, tumors, osteoporosis, fracture, structural deformity, inflammatory disorder, radicular syndrome or cauda equina syndrome, spinal stenosis or spondylolysis/listesis, serious somatic disease and/or psychic disease and patients with with poor proficiency in Norwegian

Answer: D