Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Phase 3 Study of Hypertonic Resuscitation Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine if hypertonic saline with and without dextran can improve neurologic outcomes in victims of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Injury and lost blood from trauma can cause your body to go into shock (low blood pressure related to blood loss). This decreased blood flow can lead to organ damage. In order to restore the blood pressure and blood flow, the medics give fluids into the patients' veins as soon as possible. This is called "resuscitation". The fluid most commonly used is "isotonic" or one that is the same salt concentration as the blood. The investigators are trying to determine if infusing a "hypertonic" fluid or one more concentrated than the blood can increase the blood pressure and restore blood flow more efficiently. The hypertonic fluids they are using are called hypertonic saline with dextran (HSD) and hypertonic saline (no dextran). Hypertonic saline is a salt solution that is slightly more concentrated than blood. Dextran is a sugar solution.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Blunt or penetrating trauma
* Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) \<= 70;OR
* Prehospital SBP 71-90 AND Hear Rate (HR) ≥108
* 15 years of age or older, or 50kg or more if age unknown

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known or suspected pregnancy
* Age younger than 15 or less than 50kg if age unknown
* Ongoing prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
* Administration of more than 2000cc crystalloid or any colloid or blood products
* Severe hypothermia (suspected Temperature less than 28 degrees celsius)
* Drowning or asphyxia due to hanging
* Burns Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) more than 20%
* Isolated penetrating injury to the head
* Inability to obtain prehospital intravenous access
* Time of call received at dispatch to study intervention greater than four hours
* Known prisoners
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Males and females, above the legal age of consent
* Hospitalized in intensive care unit
* Need fluid resuscitation (according to the physician in charge of the patient)

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients who have one or more of the following items:

* Known allergy to gelatins, albumin or starch
* Coagulation disorders (haemophilia, Willebrand disease, etc.)
* Chronic renal failure on permanent dialysis
* Severe hepatic failure
* Burns \> 20 % of body surface
* Pregnancy
* Volume replacement: As a part of anaesthesia, for anaphylactic shock, or for dehydration
* Brain death
* Advance directive of withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments
* Any other investigational drugs
C: Inclusion criteria:

* Deep burn injury more than 15% of total body surface area (2nd and 3rd degree burns)
* Informed consent (via deferred consent, if necessary, according to Swiss HMG § 55 and 56).
* Patients or relatives can understand the study information and the provided information in German language

Exclusion criteria:

* Patients expected to succumb within the next 24 to 36 hours, i.e. whole body burn trauma, palliative care situation
* Pregnancy
* No informed consent
* Known allergic reaction to HES
* Patients or patient's relatives, who do not understand the German language and therefore the study information, can not be provided in a legally correct manner.
* Patients with contraindications for balanced 6% HES 130/0.4, i.e. heart failure, pulmonary edema, intracerebral bleeding, acute renal failure, severe hypernatraemia and other severe electrolyte imbalances, severe von-Willebrand Syndrome and acute liver failure (see "Arzneimittelkompendium der Schweiz® - Documed")
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Blunt trauma
* Pre-hospital Glasgow Coma Scale equal to or less than 8(GCS≤8)\*
* Age 15 years or older or 50 kg or more

  * Patients who met the inclusion criteria above and did not meet the exclusion criteria below but who had systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≤70 or SBP\>70 and SBP≤90 and heart rate (HR)≥108 were included in the Hypertonic Resuscitation following Traumatic Injury study that focused on shock patients who may or may not have a traumatic brain injury (TBI). In other words, patients with both TBI and shock would not be included in this study of TBI patients without shock at the time of enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known or suspected pregnancy
* Age younger than 15 years or less than 50 kg if age unknown
* Ongoing pre-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
* Administration of more than 2L crystalloid or any colloid or blood products
* Severe hypothermia (T less than 28C)
* Drowning or asphyxia due to hanging
* Burns TBSA more than 20%
* Isolated penetrating injury to the head
* Inability to obtain pre-hospital intravenous access
* Time of call received at dispatch to study intervention more than four hours
* Known prisoners

Answer: D