Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Dietary Maneuvers to Reduce Production of Colon-Derived Uremic Solutes
Brief Summary: This study will assess whether dietary fiber supplements can reduce the production of chemicals which are produced by colon bacteria and normally excreted from the body by the kidney, but build up in the body in patients on hemodialysis.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* \>3 months on automated peritoneal dialysis treatment
* Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* ESRD of inflammatory cause (lupus, vasculitis, collagenopathies)
* Intake of probiotics, prebiotics or fiber in the last 3 months
* Use of anti-inflammatory drugs or nutritional supplements (immunossuppresants, pentoxifylline, NSAIDs, omega-3)
* Treated with antibiotics or sevelamer
* Treated with research drugs or participants in any clinical trial
* Peritonitis or active infection 2 weeks prior the study
* Any medical condition affecting intestinal absorption (inflammatory bowel disease, short bowel syndrome, bariatric surgery) or severe dysmotility
* Severe malnutrition
* Previous kidney transplantation
* Serious diseases altering the fina outcomes of the study: decompensated heart failure, chronic liver disease, cancer, AIDS.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* stable dialysis patients able to provide consent.

Exclusion Criteria:-- known g.i. disease

* use of antibiotics for the last two month or expected antibiotic use
* recent hospitalization or other event resulting in instability of food intake
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* CKD patients Stage III and IV
* 18 to 75 years old, able and willing to give an informed consent
* Baseline serum creatinine \> 2.5 mg/dL

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women who are pregnant or nursing
* Patients who are on antibiotic treatment at the time of screening will be excluded from the study (Patients who have received antibiotics should have stopped them for at least 14 days prior to screening)
* Patients who do not agree to sign the informed consent form
* Active dependency on drugs or alcohol
* Patients with documented Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)/Liver Disease
* Any medical, psychiatric, debilitating disease/disorder or social condition that in the judgment of the investigator would interfere with or serve as a contraindication to adherence to the study protocol or ability to give informed consent, or affect the overall prognosis of the patient
* Patients who are on coumadin therapy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Established type 2 diabetes with at least 6 months diagnosis
2. Age between 30 and 65 years
3. Hb A1c of less than 10% and fasting blood glucose less than 15mmol/l
4. BMI between 18.5-35 kg/ m2
5. Have not on any probiotics for the last 2 months prior to the recruitment
6. Ability to comply to the study protocol
7. They are treated with stabilized dose of medications (either receiving Sulphonylurea or Biguanides or both)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy and lactating (subjects will be excluded if they getting pregnant during course of study)
2. Having advanced diabetes complications except for hypertension and hyperlipidemia
3. Having acute or chronic illness (such as flu, cancer or arthritis rheumatoid) during the study recruitment which may affect carbohydrate metabolism
4. Language barriers which cannot be overcome via available resources
5. Currently being treated with any oral anti-diabetes agents other than Sulphonylurea or Biguanides or being treated with insulin
6. Using any medication such as steroids or antibiotics which might affect viability of gut microorganism at recruitment and during intervention phase.

Answer: B