Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Breastfeeding Version of the PROMISE Study (Promoting Maternal and Infant Survival Everywhere)
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study was to examine, in an integrated and comprehensive fashion, three critical questions currently facing HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women and their infants:

1. What is the optimal intervention for the prevention of antepartum and intrapartum transmission of HIV?
2. What is the optimal intervention for the prevention of postpartum transmission in breastfeeding (BF) infants?
3. What is the optimal intervention for the preservation of maternal health after the risk period for prevention of mother-to-child-transmission ends (either at delivery or cessation of BF)?

The overall PROMISE protocol had three separate interventional components to address each of these three questions and was conducted at locations in Africa and other parts of the world. Due to variations in the standard of care for HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women and their infants at different sites, not all of these questions were relevant. Therefore, two separate versions of the PROMISE protocol were developed, each containing only the relevant components. The 1077BF protocol was used at sites where the standard method of infant feeding was breastfeeding, whereas the 1077FF protocol was used at sites where the standard method of infant feeding was formula feeding. The analyses were collapsed across the two protocol versions, and therefore the summaries contain the results of the 1077BF and/or the 1077FF protocols.


Options:
A: Antepartum Component Inclusion Criteria:

* Confirmed HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from two samples collected at different time points prior to study entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Currently pregnant and greater than or equal to 14 weeks gestation based on clinical or other obstetrical measurements
* CD4 count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm\^3, or greater than or equal to the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is greater than 350 cells/mm\^3), on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry
* Results of HBV screening (HBsAg testing) available from specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry
* The following laboratory values from a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry:

  1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.5 g/dL
  2. White blood cell count (WBC) greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm\^3
  3. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  5. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than or equal to 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
  6. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the Cockroft-Gault equation for women
* Plans to deliver in the study-affiliated clinic or hospital
* Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following delivery
* Age of legal majority for the respective country and willing and able to provide written informed consent

Antepartum Component Exclusion Criteria:

* Participation in PROMISE for a prior pregnancy
* Ingestion of any antiretroviral (ARV) regimen with three or more drugs (regardless of duration) or more than 30 days of a single or dual ARV regimen during current pregnancy, according to self report or available medical records
* Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health based on local standard guidelines
* World Health Organization (WHO) stage 4 disease
* Prior receipt of HAART for maternal treatment indications (e.g., CD4 less than 350 cells/mm\^3 or clinical indications); however, could have received ARVs for the sole purpose of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in previous pregnancies (prior PMTCT regimens could have included a triple ARV regimen, ZDV, 3TC-ZDV, and/or sdNVP for PMTCT, as well as use of a short dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor \[NRTI\] "tail" to reduce risk of NVP resistance.)
* In labor - at onset or beyond (may be eligible for the Late Presenter registration)
* Clinically significant illness or condition requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 30 days prior to study entry
* Current or history of tuberculosis (TB) disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Use of prohibited medications within 14 days prior to study entry (refer to the protocol for a list of prohibited medications)
* Fetus detected to have serious congenital malformation (ultrasound not required to rule out this condition)
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block \[also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach\] is not considered exclusionary)
* Known to meet the local standard criteria for treatment of HBV (Note: HBV DNA testing or other specialized assessments are not expected to be performed as part of this study. A woman would be excluded only if this information is documented from other sources and she meets the local standard criteria for HBV treatment based on those assessments.)
* Social or other circumstances that would hinder long-term follow-up, in the opinion of the site investigator
* Currently incarcerated

Late Presenter Inclusion Criteria:

* Age of legal majority for the respective country
* HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from tests performed on one sample at any time prior to Late Presenter Registration
* In labor (from onset/early labor or beyond) or within 5 days after delivery (with day of delivery considered day 0)
* Has provided written informed consent
* Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following delivery
* If delivered, infant alive and healthy (In the case of a multiple birth, a mother-infant pair will be included in the Late Presenter registration only if both/all infants and the mother meet the eligibility criteria. If only one infant of a multiple birth is alive, the M-I pair may be registered if the infant and the mother otherwise meet all of the eligibility criteria.)

Late Presenter Exclusion Criteria:

* Participation in PROMISE in prior pregnancy
* Ingestion of any antiretroviral regimen during current pregnancy (including for solely for PMTCT), according to self report and available medical records (Note: Use of ARVs provided as standard of care for PMTCT during labor/delivery or postpartum prior to Late Presenter registration is not exclusionary.)
* If known: CD4 count \< 350 cells/mm3 or below the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment, if that threshold is \> 350 cells/mm3, on specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry (result not required prior to registration)
* Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health according to local standard guidelines
* WHO Stage 4 disease
* Prior receipt of HAART for maternal treatment indications (e.g., CD4 \< 350 cells/mm3 or clinical indications); however, could have received ARVs for the sole purpose of PMTCT in previous pregnancies. (Prior PMTCT regimens could have included a triple ARV regimen, ZDV, 3TCZDV and/or sdNVP for PMTCT, as well as use of a short dual NRTI "tail" to reduce risk of NVP resistance.)
* Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Known positive infant HIV nucleic acid test (NAT) result (result not required prior to registration)
* Fetal demise or early neonatal death (prior to enrollment/registration)
* Fetus detected with serious congenital malformation (ultrasound not required to rule out this condition)
* Life threatening infant illness or birth condition incompatible with life
* If delivered, infant birth weight \< 2.0 kg
* Social or other circumstances which would hinder long-term follow-up, in the opinion of the site investigator
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block (also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach) is not considered exclusionary)

Postpartum Component Inclusion Criteria:

* Participation in the Antepartum Component or registered as a Late Presenter
* Provided written informed consent
* Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following delivery
* Maternal CD4 count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm\^3, or greater than or equal to the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is greater than 350 cells/mm\^3), from a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* The following maternal laboratory values within 30 days prior to entry:

  1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.0 g/dL
  2. WBC greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm\^3
  3. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  5. ALT less than or equal to 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
  6. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the Cockroft-Gault equation for women
* Infant alive, healthy, less than or equal to 14 days of age, and uninfected (negative HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to study entry)
* The following infant lab values on specimen obtained prior to study entry (within 14 days of birth):

  1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 10 g/dL
  2. WBC greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm\^3
  3. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  5. ALT less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN
* For Registered Late Presenters: Confirmed maternal HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from two samples collected at different time points at any time prior to entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.

Postpartum Component Exclusion Criteria:

* Positive infant HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to entry or no infant HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to entry
* Life-threatening infant illness or birth condition incompatible with life
* Infant birth weight less than 2.0 kg
* Social or other circumstances that would hinder long-term follow-up, as judged by the site investigator
* Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block \[also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach\] is not considered exclusionary)
* Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health

Maternal Health Component Inclusion Criteria:

* Randomly assigned to triple ARV prophylaxis as part of the Postpartum Component and has continued triple ARV prophylaxis until the current randomization without treatment interruption (defined as more than 14 consecutive days of missed dosing) within the previous 30 days; OR randomly assigned to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Antepartum Component but ineligible for the Postpartum Component and has continued triple ARV prophylaxis until the current randomization without treatment interruption (defined as more than 7 consecutive days of missed dosing) within the previous 30 days
* Within two weeks after complete breastfeeding cessation is achieved (defined as completely stopping all exposure to breast milk for greater than or equal to 28 days); i.e., within 29 to 42 days of last breast milk exposure, or reached 18 months postpartum (whichever comes first). Women who reach 18 months postpartum while still breastfeeding will be eligible for entry within 2 weeks before and 4 weeks after the Week 74 visit (Week 72-78); OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Postpartum Component and her infant is infected and still breastfeeding, she will be eligible for the Maternal Health Component within 42 days of specimen collection for the confirmatory infant HIV NAT; OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Antepartum Component but mother-infant pair was ineligible for the Postpartum Component she will be eligible for the Maternal Health Component beginning at the Week 1 visit (6-14 days postpartum) through 28 days after delivery; these women should be randomized as soon as possible, ideally within 6-14 days after delivery; OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Postpartum Component and breastfeeding risk for MTCT ceases for other reasons (e.g., infant death or permanent removal from home through legal services or adoption) within 28 days of event. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Provided written informed consent
* CD4 cell count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm\^3, or greater than or equal to the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is greater than 350 cells/mm\^3), on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry
* The following laboratory values on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry:

  1. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  2. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.0 gm/dL
  3. Platelet count greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  4. ALT (SGPT) less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN
  5. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the Cockroft-Gault equation for women
* Intend to remain in current geographical area of residence for the duration of study

Maternal Health Component Exclusion Criteria:

* WHO Stage 4 disease
* Clinically significant illness or condition requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 30 days prior to study entry
* Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Use of prohibited medications within 14 days prior to study entry
* Social or other circumstances that would hinder long term follow-up as judged by the site investigator
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block \[also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach\] is not considered exclusionary)
* Requires a triple ARV regimen for own health
B: Antepartum Component Inclusion Criteria:

* Confirmed HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from two samples collected at different time points prior to study entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Currently pregnant and greater than or equal to 14 weeks gestation based on clinical or other obstetrical measurements
* CD4 count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm\^3, or greater than or equal to the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is greater than 350 cells/mm\^3), on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry
* Results of HBV screening (HBsAg testing) available from specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry
* The following laboratory values from a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry:

  1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.5 g/dL
  2. White blood cell count (WBC) greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm\^3
  3. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  5. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than or equal to 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
  6. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the Cockroft-Gault equation for women
* Plans to deliver in the study-affiliated clinic or hospital
* Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following delivery
* Age of legal majority for the respective country and willing and able to provide written informed consent

Antepartum Component Exclusion Criteria:

* Participation in PROMISE for a prior pregnancy
* Ingestion of any antiretroviral (ARV) regimen with three or more drugs (regardless of duration) or more than 30 days of a single or dual ARV regimen during current pregnancy, according to self report or available medical records
* Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health based on local standard guidelines
* World Health Organization (WHO) stage 4 disease
* Prior receipt of HAART for maternal treatment indications (e.g., CD4 less than 350 cells/mm\^3 or clinical indications); however, could have received ARVs for the sole purpose of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) in previous pregnancies (prior PMTCT regimens could have included a triple ARV regimen, ZDV, 3TC-ZDV, and/or sdNVP for PMTCT, as well as use of a short dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor \[NRTI\] "tail" to reduce risk of NVP resistance.)
* In labor - at onset or beyond (may be eligible for the Late Presenter registration)
* Clinically significant illness or condition requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 30 days prior to study entry
* Current or history of tuberculosis (TB) disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Use of prohibited medications within 14 days prior to study entry (refer to the protocol for a list of prohibited medications)
* Fetus detected to have serious congenital malformation (ultrasound not required to rule out this condition)
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block \[also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach\] is not considered exclusionary)
* Known to meet the local standard criteria for treatment of HBV (Note: HBV DNA testing or other specialized assessments are not expected to be performed as part of this study. A woman would be excluded only if this information is documented from other sources and she meets the local standard criteria for HBV treatment based on those assessments.)
* Social or other circumstances that would hinder long-term follow-up, in the opinion of the site investigator
* Currently incarcerated

Late Presenter Inclusion Criteria:

* Age of legal majority for the respective country
* HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from tests performed on one sample at any time prior to Late Presenter Registration
* In labor (from onset/early labor or beyond) or within 5 days after delivery (with day of delivery considered day 0)
* Has provided written informed consent
* Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following delivery
* If delivered, infant alive and healthy (In the case of a multiple birth, a mother-infant pair will be included in the Late Presenter registration only if both/all infants and the mother meet the eligibility criteria. If only one infant of a multiple birth is alive, the M-I pair may be registered if the infant and the mother otherwise meet all of the eligibility criteria.)

Late Presenter Exclusion Criteria:

* Participation in PROMISE in prior pregnancy
* Ingestion of any antiretroviral regimen during current pregnancy (including for solely for PMTCT), according to self report and available medical records (Note: Use of ARVs provided as standard of care for PMTCT during labor/delivery or postpartum prior to Late Presenter registration is not exclusionary.)
* If known: CD4 count \< 350 cells/mm3 or below the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment, if that threshold is \> 350 cells/mm3, on specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry (result not required prior to registration)
* Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health according to local standard guidelines
* WHO Stage 4 disease
* Prior receipt of HAART for maternal treatment indications (e.g., CD4 \< 350 cells/mm3 or clinical indications); however, could have received ARVs for the sole purpose of PMTCT in previous pregnancies. (Prior PMTCT regimens could have included a triple ARV regimen, ZDV, 3TCZDV and/or sdNVP for PMTCT, as well as use of a short dual NRTI "tail" to reduce risk of NVP resistance.)
* Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Known positive infant HIV nucleic acid test (NAT) result (result not required prior to registration)
* Fetal demise or early neonatal death (prior to enrollment/registration)
* Fetus detected with serious congenital malformation (ultrasound not required to rule out this condition)
* Life threatening infant illness or birth condition incompatible with life
* If delivered, infant birth weight \< 2.0 kg
* Social or other circumstances which would hinder long-term follow-up, in the opinion of the site investigator
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block (also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach) is not considered exclusionary)

Postpartum Component Inclusion Criteria:

* Participation in the Antepartum Component or registered as a Late Presenter
* Provided written informed consent
* Has no plans to move outside of the study site area during the 24 months following delivery
* Maternal CD4 count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm\^3, or greater than or equal to the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is greater than 350 cells/mm\^3), from a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* The following maternal laboratory values within 30 days prior to entry:

  1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.0 g/dL
  2. WBC greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm\^3
  3. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  5. ALT less than or equal to 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)
  6. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the Cockroft-Gault equation for women
* Infant alive, healthy, less than or equal to 14 days of age, and uninfected (negative HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to study entry)
* The following infant lab values on specimen obtained prior to study entry (within 14 days of birth):

  1. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 10 g/dL
  2. WBC greater than or equal to 1,500 cells/mm\^3
  3. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  4. Platelets greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  5. ALT less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN
* For Registered Late Presenters: Confirmed maternal HIV-1 infection, defined as documented positive results from two samples collected at different time points at any time prior to entry. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.

Postpartum Component Exclusion Criteria:

* Positive infant HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to entry or no infant HIV NAT result on specimen drawn prior to entry
* Life-threatening infant illness or birth condition incompatible with life
* Infant birth weight less than 2.0 kg
* Social or other circumstances that would hinder long-term follow-up, as judged by the site investigator
* Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block \[also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach\] is not considered exclusionary)
* Requires triple ARV therapy (HAART) for own health

Maternal Health Component Inclusion Criteria:

* Randomly assigned to triple ARV prophylaxis as part of the Postpartum Component and has continued triple ARV prophylaxis until the current randomization without treatment interruption (defined as more than 14 consecutive days of missed dosing) within the previous 30 days; OR randomly assigned to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Antepartum Component but ineligible for the Postpartum Component and has continued triple ARV prophylaxis until the current randomization without treatment interruption (defined as more than 7 consecutive days of missed dosing) within the previous 30 days
* Within two weeks after complete breastfeeding cessation is achieved (defined as completely stopping all exposure to breast milk for greater than or equal to 28 days); i.e., within 29 to 42 days of last breast milk exposure, or reached 18 months postpartum (whichever comes first). Women who reach 18 months postpartum while still breastfeeding will be eligible for entry within 2 weeks before and 4 weeks after the Week 74 visit (Week 72-78); OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Postpartum Component and her infant is infected and still breastfeeding, she will be eligible for the Maternal Health Component within 42 days of specimen collection for the confirmatory infant HIV NAT; OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Antepartum Component but mother-infant pair was ineligible for the Postpartum Component she will be eligible for the Maternal Health Component beginning at the Week 1 visit (6-14 days postpartum) through 28 days after delivery; these women should be randomized as soon as possible, ideally within 6-14 days after delivery; OR if the woman was randomized to triple ARV prophylaxis in the Postpartum Component and breastfeeding risk for MTCT ceases for other reasons (e.g., infant death or permanent removal from home through legal services or adoption) within 28 days of event. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Provided written informed consent
* CD4 cell count greater than or equal to 350 cells/mm\^3, or greater than or equal to the country-specific threshold for initiation of treatment (if that threshold is greater than 350 cells/mm\^3), on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry
* The following laboratory values on a specimen obtained within 30 days prior to study entry:

  1. ANC greater than or equal to 750 cells/mm\^3
  2. Hemoglobin greater than or equal to 7.0 gm/dL
  3. Platelet count greater than or equal to 50,000 cells/mm\^3
  4. ALT (SGPT) less than or equal to 2.5 times the ULN
  5. Estimated creatinine clearance of greater than or equal to 60 mL/min using the Cockroft-Gault equation for women
* Intend to remain in current geographical area of residence for the duration of study

Maternal Health Component Exclusion Criteria:

* WHO Stage 4 disease
* Clinically significant illness or condition requiring systemic treatment and/or hospitalization within 30 days prior to study entry
* Current or history of TB disease (positive PPD without TB disease is not exclusionary)
* Use of prohibited medications within 14 days prior to study entry
* Social or other circumstances that would hinder long term follow-up as judged by the site investigator
* Current documented conduction heart defect (specialized assessments to rule out this condition are not required; a heart murmur alone and/or type 1 second-degree atrioventricular block \[also known as Mobitz I or Wenckebach\] is not considered exclusionary)
* Requires a triple ARV regimen for own health
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy
* At least 18 years of age
* Negative Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) serology
* Positive HBsAg and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) tests
* Gestational age of 28 weeks (+ or - 10 days) as determined by obstetrician
* Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)≤30 U/L, confirmed ≤60 U/L on a subsequent blood draw
* Agreeing to bring their infants at the planned study visits at one study site until one year after delivery and to inform the site investigators if they plan to move to another place and not be able to return to the clinic.
* Understanding the need for adequate infant immunization and agreeing to the blood draws from their infants and the need for close follow up to manage possible exacerbation of hepatitis.

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of tenofovir treatment at any time, or any other anti-HBV treatment during the current pregnancy
* Creatinine clearance \<50 ml/min, calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula
* Dipstick proteinuria\>1+ (\>30 mg/dL) or normoglycemic glucosuria confirmed on two separate occasions
* Positive serology for Hepatitis C infection less than 12 months prior to enrollment
* Evidence of pre-existing fetal anomalies incompatible with life
* Any concomitant condition or treatment that, in the view of the clinical site investigator, would contraindicate participation or satisfactory follow up in the study.
* Concurrent participation in any other clinical trial without written agreement of the two study teams
D: Note: As of 08/10/07, the arm assignments for current and new participants have changed. Please see the above description for this trial for more information.

Inclusion Criteria for Mothers:

* 18 years of age or older
* HIV infected
* In third trimester of pregnancy, or at most 3 days post-delivery
* If baby is not yet born, planning to deliver at a facility where the study is being conducted
* Plan to breastfeed

Exclusion Criteria for Mothers:

* Complications with this pregnancy
* Serious medical condition that would interfere with the study (e.g., that would prevent breastfeeding or adherence to the follow-up schedule), as judged by the on-site clinician

Inclusion Criteria for Infants:

* Born to an HIV infected mother who is eligible for the study
* Weighed at least 2000 grams (4.4 lbs) at birth
* Blood sample obtained from the infant for HIV-1 DNA PCR, CBC with differential, and ALT
* Infants in a multiple birth are eligible only if both/all infants are eligible for the study and assigned to the same study group
* Able to breastfeed (e.g., mother and infant alive with no condition apparent that would prevent breastfeeding)

Exclusion Criteria for Infants:

* HIV DNA PCR positive at birth
* ALT of Grade 2 or higher at birth
* Hemoglobin, absolute neutrophil count, or platelet count of Grade 3 or higher at birth
* Skin rash of Grade 2B (urticaria), Grade 3, or above
* Confirmed or suspected clinical hepatitis
* Serious illness or condition that would interfere with compliance with study procedures

Answer: A