Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Exposure Therapy for Fear of Falling in Older Adults
Brief Summary: This project aims to test the efficacy of an in-home intervention, "Activity, Balance, Learning, and Exposure" (ABLE), which integrates exposure therapy with cognitive restructuring, exercise, and home safety evaluation for older adults with excessive fear of falling. The intervention will be conducted by a licensed physical therapist. A control intervention will be conducted by a health educator. The specific aims of the study are to test the feasibility, acceptability, tolerability, and safety of the ABLE intervention.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 65 years old or older.
2. Severe fear as measured by a brief FES-I score \> or = 13.
3. Low to moderate actual risk of falls as set out in Lamb et al. (2008).
4. Distress or functional impairment due to fear of falling.
5. Approval from the patient's primary health care provider.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Medical condition that would interfere with the safe conduct of the intervention or compromise study participation.
2. Bedbound, wheelchair-dependent, paralyzed in the lower extremities, or requiring the assistance of another person to transfer, walk, or perform intervention exercises within the home.
3. Dementia or cognitive impairment as measured by a score above 10 on the Blessed Orientation Memory Test.
4. Corrected visual acuity \< 20/60.
5. Current participation in psychotherapy or professional rehabilitation services (PT, OT) or in the process of being referred or evaluated for such services. Patients who develop a need for such services during their participation will complete an assessment prior to commencing the outside therapy but will be allowed to continue in the study.
6. Active suicidal ideation
7. Lifetime diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder or any psychotic disorder.
8. Alcohol or other substance abuse or dependence within six months.
9. Psychosocial factors that would compromise study participation (e.g. homelessness, no telephone).
10. History of osteoporotic fracture.
11. Experiencing 3 or more falls in the past year.
12. Body Mass Index of 17.0 or under.
13. Significant orthostasis, defined as a 20 point or greater difference between seated and standing blood pressure, either systolic or diastolic.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Target group are community-dwelling senior citizens aged 65 years or above with an increased risk of falling.
* Increased risk of falling are seen by:

  * history of falls
  * fear of falling
  * chair rise \> 10 sec./TUG \> 10 sec./ subjective \& objective balance deficits

Exclusion Criteria:

* Elderly people not living independently or suffering from physical or mental restrictions that do not allow the participation in an exercise program or the assessment of risk of falling
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Community-dwelling older people
* People who reported fear of falling
* "Leganés Cognitive Test" ≥23
* SPPB ≤ 9

Exclusion Criteria:

* Some cognitive affection and/or medical condition that may affect the intervention
* Permanent use of wheelchair
* People who have received prior protocolized management for fear of falling
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged 70 years or over
* At least some concerns about falling
* At least some associated avoidance of activity
* Fair or poor perceived general health
* Living independently in the community
* Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cognitive impairment (a score of less than 4 on the Abbreviated Mental Test 4)
* Language or hearing problems that impede completing an interview by telephone
* Sight problems that impede completing the intervention
* Confinement to bed
* Waiting for nursing home admission
* Permanent use of a wheelchair

Answer: A