Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: The aim of this study is to compare laparoscopic versus open approach on the surgical treatment of mid and low-lying rectal cancer, both performed by the same surgical team with experience in open colorectal surgery and advanced laparoscopic surgery, assessing preoperative and anatomopathological results and long-term outcome.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mid- and low-lying rectal cancer (between 0 and 11 cm from the anal margin)
* Histology of adenocarcinoma

Exclusion Criteria:

* Locally advanced disease (T4)
* Emergency surgery
* Rectal cancer over familial colic polyposis
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* solitary rectal cancer observed at colonoscopy or on barium X-ray
* no evidence of distant metastases
* distal border of the tumor within 15 cm of the anal verge at rigid rectoscopy or under linea conjugata at lateral barium enema radiography
* suitable for elective surgical resection
* informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* T1 tumors treated by locl excision
* T4 tumors
* patients under 18 years of age
* signs of acute intestinal obstruction
* more than one colorectal tumor
* Familial Adenomatosis Polyposis, Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer
* active crohn's or active ulcerative colitis
* scheduled need for other synchronous colon surgery
* preoperative indication of invasion of adjacent organs, immobile at palpation or CT showing invasion
* preoperative evidence of metastases (at least chest X-ray and liver ultrasound)
* other malignancies in medical history except adequately treated basocellular carcinoma of the skin or in situ carcinoma of the cervix uteri
* absolute contraindications to general anesthesia or prolonged pneumoperitoneum (ASA class \> III)
* pregnancy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Solitary colon carcinoma observed at colonoscopy or on barium enema X-ray within 28-days before operation (no biopsy required)
* Polyp containing invasive carcinoma according to colonoscopic biopsy, undertaken within 28 days before operation
* Suitable for elective surgical resection by right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy or sigmoid resection
* Sigmoid colon tumour cranially to conjugata diagonalis on lateral view of barium enema
* BMI \< 30 kg/m2
* Informed consent according to local requirements

Exclusion Criteria:

* Carcinoma of the splenic flexure
* Carcinoma of the transverse colon
* Signs of acute intestinal obstruction
* More than one colon tumour
* Scheduled need for other synchronous colon surgery
* Synchronous surgery ofr other intra-abdominal organs
* Pre-operative indication of invasion of adjacent organs
* Pre-operative evidence of distant metastases
* Previous ipsilateral colon surgery
* Other malignancies in medical history, except adequately treated basocellular carcinoma of the skin or in situ carcinoma of the cervix uteri
* Absolute contra-indications to general anaesthesia or prolonged pneumoperitoneum, such as severe cardiovascular or respiratory disease
* Pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mid to low rectal cancer (within 9cm from AV, measured by RS)
* Histologically proven adenocarcinoma
* Locally advanced (T3, determined by CT, MRI and TRUS)
* Completion of preoperative chemoradiation
* Age: 18-80
* Hb ≥ 10g/dl, WBC≥ 3,000/mm3, Plt≥ 100,000/mm3
* Cr ≤ 1.5 mg/dl
* Adequate cardiopulmonary function
* Informed consent from patient or patient's relative

Exclusion Criteria:

* Metastasis in liver, lung, brain, bone, paraaortic LN, subclavicular LN, inguinal LN
* Second primary malignancy (except CIS of the cervix or adequately treated skin cancer or prior malignancy treated more than 5 years ago without recurrence)
* Cardiopulmonary dysfunction
* Active, uncontrolled infection
* Active, uncontrolled psychosis

Answer: A