Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Efficacy and Safety of Heparin-coated Surface-treated Polyacrylonitrile Membrane Hemofilter in Critical Ill CRRT Patients Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Patients
Brief Summary: CRRT patients are generally critical ill patients with unstable conditions, such as low blood pressure,severe SIRS,et al. Acute kidney injury(AKI)is especially prevalent,with even two or more organ failure. CRRT serves as an important supportive therapy.Continuous anticoagulation is needed to prevent treatment interruptions due to clotting of the extracorporeal circuit. Unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin both increase the risk of bleeding and heparin induced thrombocytopenia in such cases.However, the problem of CRRT without anticoagulation is the early filter clotting. An alternative method is the use of heparin coated hemofilter. The AN69 ST hemofilter, a surface-treated polyacrylonitrile membrane hemofilter, allows irreversible fixing of heparin to filter membrane, is able to reduce thrombogenic properties of the membrane. In this study, we observe the efficacy and safety of heparin-coated AN69 ST hemofilter in CRRT patients, and compare to the original AN69 membrane hemofilter.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients admitted on the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) requiring continuous venovenous hemofiltration.
* No high bleeding risk. A high bleeding risk is defined as a platelet count below 40 x 10\^9/L or APTT of more than 60 seconds or a PT-INR of more than 2.0 or a recent major bleeding or significant active bleeding i.e. requirement for more than two units of packed red blood cells as a transfusion within 24 hours of initiation of CVVH.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Less than 18 or over 80 years of age.
* Patients administered heparin or coumarins for other reasons will also be excluded.
* Patients with a HIT in known history will also be excluded.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Injury stage of RIFLE criteria or more: \> 2-fold increase in the serum creatinine or urine output \< 0.5 mL/kg/hr for 12 hours
2. Patients with any dialysis treatment before admission to the ICU or patients with end-stage renal failure and receiving dialysis
3. Informed consent has been obtained.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. patient age \< 20 years or \> 85 years
2. life expectancy less than 3 months (ex. terminal stage of malignancy)
3. Child-Pugh class C liver cirrhosis
4. pregnancy or lactation
5. history of anticoagulation prior to the randomization
6. bleeding tendency (platelet count \< 50,000/ul, INR \> 2.5, PTT \> 65, or fibrinogen \< 1.00 g/L)
7. history of hemorrhagic disease (ex. GI bleeding, cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary hemorrhage)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female \> or equal to 19 yrs of age
* ARF defined by at least one of the following:

  * Volume overload from inadequate urine output despite diuretic agents.
  * Oliguria (urine output \< 200 ml/12hrs) despite fluid resuscitation and diuretic administration.
  * Anuria (urine output \< 50 ml/12 hrs).
  * Acute azotemia (BUN \> or equal to 80 mg/dl).
  * Acute hyperkalemia not responsive to medication (K+ \> or equal to 6.5mmol/L)
  * An increase in serum creatinine of \> 2.5 mg/dl from normal values or a sustained rise in serum creatinine of \> or equal to 1 mg/dl over baseline.

Exclusion Criteria

* Patients with end stage renal disease
* Patients who have had more than one previous dialysis session for acute or chronic renal failure during the current hospitalization
* Patient weight greater than 125 kg
* Patient weight less than 50 kg
* Pregnancy
* Prisoner
* Non-candidacy for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT)
* Patient/surrogate refusal
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Critical ill patients who need continuous renal replacement therapy
* Continuous anticoagulation therapy is not necessarily during CRRT process

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients needing continuous anticoagulation during each CRRT process
* Expectant survival time less than 72 hours
* Extremely unstable vital signs such as low blood pressure
* Any reasons that resulting in blood flow rate less than 150ml/min
* Pregnant women
* Patients allergic to heparin

Answer: D