Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Comparison Between Dexamethasone and Ibuprofen on Postoperative Pain Prevention and Control Following Surgical Implant Placement: a Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: Background and aim: Postoperative pain is an adverse effect of oral surgeries and may therefore be prevented or minimized. This study compares the efficacy of preemptive ibuprofen and dexamethasone protocols in pain prevention and control after surgical implant placement.

Methods: For this prospective, double-masked, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, 117 dental implants were placed. The groups received three different protocols 1 hour before surgery:

1. 600 mg ibuprofen (and another 600 mg dose 6 hours after the first dose);
2. 4 mg dexamethasone (and another 4 mg 6 hours after the first dose) or
3. placebo.

Rescue medication (1000 mg acetaminophen) was given to each patient who was instructed to take it if necessary. Pain intensity was evaluated by a 101-point numeric rate scale and visual analogue scale, additionally discomfort was evaluated using a four-point verbal rate scale, hourly for the first 8 hours after surgery and three times a day on the following 3 days.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients ages 2-18 undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy by electrocautery alone for sleep disordered breathing or infectious tonsillitis will be included.
* Patients with complex medical conditions and craniofacial abnormalities will be included.
* Informed consent and child assent will be required for enrollment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with a known personal or family history of a bleeding disorder will be excluded.
* Patients with a history of asthma, kidney or liver problems will also be excluded.
* Patients with tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy performed using a cold knife technique, microdebrider, coblation or plasma knife.
* Patients on NSAIDs for other medical conditions, or those who have taken NSAIDs within 1 week of surgery will be excluded.
* Patients with allergy to aspirin or other NSAIDs, acetaminophen, Red Dye #40 or Red Dye #33 will also be excluded.
* Pregnancy testing using urine β-subunit of hCG gonadotropin (beta-HCG) will be performed on all children \> 13 years of age, or those younger than 13 who are menstruating; this is the testing protocol used at the Children's Hospital of Boston. Patients found to be pregnant will be excluded from participation.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Males and females 16 to 40 years of age
* Moderate to severe post-operative pain following surgical extraction of three or more third molar teeth

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence of history of significant hepatic, renal, endocrine, cardiovascular, neurological, psychiatric, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, hematologic or metabolic disorder
* Pregnant or breastfeeding females
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* all children aged 5-17 years who undergo an elective orthopedic or fracture-related surgical procedure at the Children's Hospital in London, Ontario and have a same-day discharge.

Exclusion Criteria:

* known hypersensitivity to either ibuprofen or morphine
* chronic users of NSAIDS or opioids
* cognitive impairment
* poor English fluency
* pregnancy
* acute or chronic renal insufficiency
* bleeding disorder
* obstructive sleep apnea
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent for the described procedure
* Surgical placement of a single endosteal implant
* Age of at least 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* The need for bone grafting or sinus lift for implant placement
* Pregnant and lactating women
* Metabolic disorders
* Immunocompromised status
* Hemophilia or bleeding disorders
* Drug or alcohol abuse
* Treatment with steroids in the previous 6 months
* History of radiation therapy in the head and neck
* Psychiatric disorders
* Inability to understand the procedure described in the questionnaire

Answer: D