Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Three-part Intervention to Improve Regular Care for Asthma After a Pediatric Emergency Department Visit: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: The study will assess the efficacy of a three-part Emergency Department (ED)-based "Asthma Belief and Control" intervention on healthcare utilization, asthma controller medication use, symptoms, and quality of life during the 6 months following an Emergency Department visit.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 1-18 years
* History of Asthma:
* At least 2 prior episodes of bronchodilator treatment
* No underlying cardiac disease
* No other chronic lung disease
* Residence within Philadelphia city limits
* Discharged from ED after treatment for asthma

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior study enrollment
* Parent unable to speak English
* No telephone to be reachable for follow-up calls
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Physician diagnosed mild to moderate asthma according to CTS criteria
2. Asthmatics from Chinese and Punjabi communities in the Greater Vancouver Area (GVA), BC
3. Age greater than 21 years
4. Immigrated to Canada in the last 10 yrs
5. Patients who are able to give informed consent and are willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age less than 21 years
2. Other immigrants than Punjabi and Chinese
3. Immigrated before 1998
4. Patients who do not want to sign the consent form
C: Inclusion criteria:

A. The child of the parent/caregiver has a diagnosis of asthma made by a physician and reported by the parent, or diagnosis of asthma made during the ED visit if the child has experienced two previous wheezing episodes.

B. The child will undergo treatment during the enrollment ED visit for the current asthma exacerbation, as determined by the treating ED clinician. As a result, only parents/caregivers with children experiencing a significant wheezing episode will be entered into the study.

C. The child is 2-10 years of age (second birth date until, but not including, eleventh birth date).

D. The child has Medicaid or no medical insurance. This criterion permits easy identification and selection of low-income children/families, who are the target population for this proposal.

E. The parent/caregiver has a working telephone at home. F. The child attends one of the target practices (7 private practices and 5 federally funded clinics) for routine care.

G. The parent/caregiver and child live within the St. Louis metro area.

Exclusion criteria:

A. The child attends a practice other than the target group. B. The parent/caregiver and child live outside of the St. Louis metro area. C. The child has a chronic illness other than asthma that manifests as wheezing or respiratory symptoms.

D. The parent/caregiver does not have a working telephone in home. E. The parent/caregiver is not able to effectively communicate in English.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

The study participants will be a non-institutionalized ambulatory sample of women who are willing to participate in the project and meet the following criteria:

* Self-identify as African-American
* 18 years of age or older
* Are listed on the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) Asthma Patient Registry, a validated, all-payer registry of patients with persistent asthma cared for within the UM Health System
* Have access to a telephone or cell phone
* Are not pregnant.. Because the UMHS Asthma Patient Registry is validated, there is minimal risk of diagnostic misclassification. The Registry is created and maintained with a two-step process of identification and validation. UMHS patients with persistent asthma are initially identified through the electronic medical record using National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) criteria, billing and claims data (when available), and then are validated using documented clinical diagnoses, pulmonary function test (PFT) results, or clinician review.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with chronic respiratory conditions, including cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are excluded

Answer: A