Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Investigation of the Dynamics of Sitting Postural Control in Infants With Cerebral Palsy
Brief Summary: The overall goal of this research is to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of postural control in sitting using new methodology, in order to provide a scientific basis for evaluation and treatment of posture and movement disorders in infants with cerebral palsy. The development of early posture control remains poorly understood despite considerable therapeutic effort. Infants with cerebral palsy show their first delays in the acquisition of sitting, with subsequent problems developing adequate posture and movement control. Identifying the delay, determining the nature of the problem, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment quickly, are vital in the early part of an infant's life, since this is the time of greatest plasticity. Tools from nonlinear dynamics, which are increasingly being used to examine other biological rhythms, are used in this study to analyze postural sway from center of pressure data during the development of sitting postural control.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* able to prop sit for 10 seconds
* 1.5 SD below mean on Peabody motor assessment
* between 5 months and 24 months old
* diagnosis of CP or at risk for CP

Exclusion Criteria:

* blindness
* dislocated hip
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* between the ages of 7 and 16 years and engaged in regular education as their primary academic path (children receiving resource help will not be excluded); - ability to follow simple verbal directions;
* good or fair selective motor control for at least one limb; and
* ability to walk independently, with or without assistive devices, for short distances. The lowest level of walking ability for inclusion is independent walking indoors but limitations outdoors and in the community, requiring the use of a wheelchair in these settings. These criteria for walking ability place subjects in Levels I-III of the Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) (Palisano et al., 1997).

Exclusion Criteria:

* musculoskeletal or neurosurgical surgery or baclofen pump implantation within the past year;
* botulinum toxin injections within the past 6 months;
* serial casting or new orthotics within the past 3 months;
* initiating or increasing oral medications that affect the neuromuscular system, e.g. baclofen, within the past 3 months;
* onset of physical therapy, exercise, sport activity, or change in assistive devices for walking within the past 3 months;
* inability or unwillingness to maintain age appropriate behavior;
* serious medical conditions such as cardiac disease, diabetes, asthma, or uncontrolled seizures;
* current participation in a fitness program, that includes a cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, at least one time per week;
* significant hip joint contractures so that the hip cannot be passively moved throughout an excursion between 30 and 80 degrees;
* significant knee joint contractures so that the knee cannot be passively moved throughout an excursion between 40 and 110 degrees; and
* significant ankle joint contractures so that the ankle cannot be passively moved throughout an excursion of -10 to 20 degrees of plantarflexion. Exclusion criteria 8 - 10 are based on passive joint excursions necessary to perform stationary cycling (Ericson et al., 1988) allowing for some hip and knee joint compensation for subjects without ankle dorsiflexion range of motion.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Traumatic distal segment injuries (elbow and wrist)
* Patients in their subacute stage.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Multiple joint problems
* Bilateral extremity problems
* Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
* Trunk and lower extremity problems
* Non-union fractures
* Malignant ans systemic diseases
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* confirmed to have developmental delays
* provided informed consent
* 2 to 12 years old

Exclusion Criteria:

* failed to provide informed consent

Answer: A