Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Prospective, Multi-center Trial of NovoTTF-100A Together With Temozolomide Compared to Temozolomide Alone in Patients With Newly Diagnosed GBM.
Brief Summary: The study is a prospective, randomly controlled pivotal trial, designed to test the efficacy and safety of a medical device, the NovoTTF-100A, as an adjuvant to the best standard of care in the treatment of newly diagnosed GBM patients. The device is an experimental, portable, battery operated device for chronic administration of alternating electric fields (termed TTFields or TTF) to the region of the malignant tumor, by means of surface, insulated electrode arrays.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Pathological evidence of GBM using WHO classification criteria.
2. \> 18 years of age.
3. Received maximal debulking surgery and radiotherapy concomitant with Temozolomide (45-70Gy):

   1. Patients may enroll in the study if received Gliadel wafers before entering the trial
   2. Any additional treatments received prior to enrollment will be considered an exclusion.
   3. Minimal dose for concomitant radiotherapy is 45 Gy
4. Karnofsky scale ≥ 70
5. Life expectancy at least 3 months
6. Participants of childbearing age must use effective contraception.
7. All patients must sign written informed consent.
8. Treatment start date at least 4 weeks out from surgery.
9. Treatment start date at least 4 weeks out but not more than 7 weeks from the later of last dose of concomitant Temozolomide or radiotherapy.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Progressive disease (according to MacDonald Criteria). If pseudoprogression is suspected, additional imaging studies must be performed to rule out true progression.
2. Actively participating in another clinical treatment trial
3. Pregnant
4. Significant co-morbidities at baseline which would prevent maintenance Temozolomide treatment:

   1. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count \< 100 x 103/μL)
   2. Neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count \< 1.5 x 103/μL)
   3. CTC grade 4 non-hematological Toxicity (except for alopecia, nausea, vomiting)
   4. Significant liver function impairment - AST or ALT \> 3 times the upper limit of normal
   5. Total bilirubin \> upper limit of normal
   6. Significant renal impairment (serum creatinine \> 1.7 mg/dL)
5. Implanted pacemaker, programmable shunts, defibrillator, deep brain stimulator, other implanted electronic devices in the brain, or documented clinically significant arrhythmias.
6. Infra-tentorial tumor
7. Evidence of increased intracranial pressure (midline shift \> 5mm, clinically significant papilledema, vomiting and nausea or reduced level of consciousness)
8. History of hypersensitivity reaction to Temozolomide or a history of hypersensitivity to DTIC.
B: DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* Histologically or cytologically confirmed glioblastoma
* Measurable disease by MRI
* Completed standard first-line treatment for glioblastoma including surgery (unless not received due to anatomical location), radiotherapy and temozolomide (last dose given at least 28 days prior to enrollment)

  * No other prior treatment for glioblastoma except Gliadel or steroids
* Recurrent or progressive disease after standard first-line treatment

  * No disease progression within 3 months of completion of radiotherapy
* No intra- or peri-tumoral hemorrhage

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

* Karnofsky performance status 70-100%
* Mini-mental status score ≥ 15
* Life expectancy ≥ 12 weeks
* Serum bilirubin, ALT/AST, creatinine, and urine protein normal
* Adequate bone marrow reserve
* Not pregnant or nursing
* Normal ECG
* No history of familial long QT syndrome
* No absorption or swallowing difficulties
* No uncontrolled hypertension or cardiac ventricular arrhythmias
* No current or history of uncontrolled hypertension or requiring maximal doses of calcium channel blockers
* No severe or uncontrolled disease
* No history of lung disease
* No recent hemorrhage or hemoptysis
* No known hypersensitivity to cediranib maleate, gefitinib, or any excipients
* No history of other malignancies except adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma or carcinoma in situ within the past 5 years, unless disease-free for 2 years with tissue diagnosis
* No known HIV positivity
* No known hepatitis B or C infection
* No unhealed surgical incision
* Not involved in planning or conducting this study

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

* See Disease Characteristics
* Recovered from prior anticancer therapy, including radiotherapy
* At least 3 months since prior cranial radiation
* At least 30 days since prior investigational drugs
* At least 28 days since prior craniotomy
* At least 2 weeks since prior enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs
* At least 2 weeks since prior and no concurrent dexamethasone (\> 8 mg/day) or equivalent
* At least 14 days since prior major surgery or brain biopsy
* No concurrent steroids OR on stable dose 5 days prior to baseline MRI
* No other concurrent anticancer therapy, except for steroids (dexamethasone only)
* No previous enrollment on the current study
* No prior inhibitors of angiogenesis, EGFR, or downstream targets
* No prior radiosurgery or brachytherapy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. A previous diagnosis of glioblastoma (histologically verified) and presenting with a first progression/recurrence documented by MRI.
2. Indication for treatment with chemotherapeutic alkylating agents (i.e. temozolomide OR lomustine including PCV treatment).
3. Age 18 years or older.
4. Karnofsky performance status of 60 - 100 .
5. Not receiving another experimental treatment for glioblastoma at the moment of inclusion or during active treatment within the assigned group (i.e. control or disulfiram group).
6. Able to take oral medications.
7. No known allergy to disulfiram or copper.
8. Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1,500/mcL and platelets ≥ 100,000/mcL
9. Serum/plasma copper and serum ceruloplasmin within institutional limits.

   a. However increased levels are seen together with ongoing acute phase reaction as determined by elevated C-reactive protein (ceruloplasmin is elevated as part of the same process) it is possible to retest after normalization of C-reactive protein.
10. Willing to refrain from ingestion of alcoholic beverages while on the study is a criteria to be randomized. However, once randomized alcohol abstinence only affects the group treated with disulfiram, and in this group it includes the entire period and one month after last dosage of disulfiram.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Earlier treatment for progression (e.g. "rescue therapy")
2. History of idiopathic seizure disorder, psychosis or schizophrenia.
3. History of uncontrolled hypertension (i.e. systolic BP \> 180 mmHg) and a diagnosis of congestive heart failure
4. Received radiotherapy within the 3 months before the diagnosis of progression .
5. Addiction to alcohol or drugs.
6. Pregnant and/or breastfeeding.
7. Women of childbearing potential who do not have negative pregnancy test not older than 14 days before enrollment.
8. History of active liver disease, including chronic active hepatitis, viral hepatitis (hepatitis B, C and CMV), cholestatic jaundice of any etiology or toxic hepatitis or inadequate hepatic function, defined as baseline ASAT and ALAT \> 2.5 X upper institutional limit and/or bilirubin \> 2.0 X upper institutional limit.
9. History of Wilson's disease or family member with Wilson's disease (unless excluded as a carrier by genetic test).
10. History of hemochromatosis or family member with hemochromatosis (unless excluded as a carrier by genetic test).
11. Nickel hypersensitivity (disulfiram mobilize nickel causing a brief increase in nickel concentrations before excretion. The initial increase may lead to hepatitis and predisposed patients).
12. Need for metronidazole, warfarin and/or theophylline medication (the metabolism may be influenced by disulfiram).
13. Patients who are taking medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 2E1, including chlorzoxazone or halothane and its derivatives (phenytoin, phenobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, imipramine, diazepam, isoniazid, metronidazole, warfarin, amitriptyline within 14 days prior to the first dose of disulfiram. Of note, lorazepam and oxazepam are not affected by the P450 system and are not contraindicated with disulfiram).
14. Unfit for participation for any other reason judged by the including physician.
D: Histologically confirmed de novo glioblastoma (primary) with unequivocal first progression after RT concurrent/adjuvant chemotherapy at least 3 months off the concomitant part of the chemoradiotherapy

* Availability of biological material (tumor) for central review processes and translational research projects (tumor and blood)
* No more than one line of chemotherapy (concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide based chemotherapy including in combination with another investigational agent is considered one line of chemotherapy). Chemotherapy must have been completed at least 4 weeks prior to randomization if prior temozolomide
* No current or recent (within 4 weeks before randomization) treatment with another investigational drug
* No prior treatment with bevacizumab or other VEGF inhibitors or VEGF-Receptor signaling inhibitors
* No prior treatment with nitrosoureas
* Patient may have been operated for recurrence. If operated:
* residual and measurable disease after surgery is not required but surgery must have confirmed the recurrence
* a post-surgery MRI should be available within 48 hours following surgery
* Surgery completed at least 2 weeks before randomization and patients should have fully recovered
* Craniotomy or intracranial biopsy site must be adequately healed free of drainage or cellulitis, and the underlying cranioplasty must appear intact at the time of randomization.
* Study treatment should be initiated \> 28 days following the last surgical procedure (including biopsy, surgical resection, wound revision, or any other major surgery involving entry into a body cavity)
* For non operated patients recurrent disease must be at least one bi-dimensionally measurable contrast-enhancing lesion with clearly defined margins by MRI scan, with minimal diameters of 10 mm, visible on 2 or more axial slices 5 mm apart, based on MRI scan done within two weeks prior to randomization
* Stable or decreasing dosage of steroids for 7 days prior to the baseline MRI scan.
* Patients who require anti-convulsant therapy must be taking non-enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs (non-EIAED). Patients previously on EIAED must be switched to non-EIAED at least 2 weeks prior to randomization
* No non tumor related surgery or other invasive procedures (major surgical procedure, open biopsy or significant traumatic injury) within 4 weeks prior to randomization, or anticipation of the need for major surgery during the course of the study treatment.
* No core biopsy or other minor surgical procedure within 7 days prior to randomization. Placement of a central vascular access device (CVAD) if performed at least 2 days prior to study treatment administration is allowed
* No radiotherapy within the three months prior to the diagnosis of progression
* No radiotherapy with a dose over 65 Gy, stereotactic radiosurgery or brachytherapy unless the recurrence is histologically proven No previous other malignancies, except for any previous malignancy which was treated with curative intent more than 5 years prior to randomization, and except for adequately controlled limited basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous carcinoma of the skin or carcinoma in situ of the cervix
* Absence of any cardiovascular disorder, including but not limited to:
* No history of myocardial infarction, unstable angina within 6 months prior to randomization
* No "New York Heart Association" (NYHA) Grade II or greater congestive heart failure, or serious cardiac arrhythmia requiring medication.
* No significant vascular disease (e.g. aortic aneurysm requiring surgical repair or recent peripheral arterial thrombosis) within 6 months prior to randomization
* No prior history of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy
* No inadequately controlled hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure \>150 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure \>100 m Hg)
* Absence of any thrombotic or hemorrhagic event, including but not limited to:
* No evidence of recent hemorrhage on MRI of the brain. However, patients with clinically asymptomatic presence of hemosiderin depositions, resolving hemorrhagic changes related to surgery, and presence of punctate hemorrhage in the tumor are permitted entry into the study
* No history or evidence of inherited bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy with the risk of bleeding.
* No arterial or venous thrombosis ≤ 6 months prior to randomization
* No history of stroke or TIAs within 6 months prior to randomization
* No history of pulmonary haemorrhage/haemoptysis ≥ grade 2 according to the NCI-CTCAE version 4.0 criteria within 1 month prior to randomization
* Absence of current or recent (within 10 days of first dose of bevacizumab) use of aspirin (\> 325 mg/day) or other NSAID with anti-platelet activity or treatment with dipyramidole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel or cilostaz.
* International normalized ratio (INR) \> 1.5 ULN and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) \> 1.5 × the ULN. Use of full-dose anticoagulants is permitted as long as the INR or aPTT is within therapeutic limits (according to the medical standard in the institution) and the patient has been on a stable dose of anticoagulants for at least two weeks before randomization. As per ASCO guidelines, LMWH should be the preferred approach.
* Absence of known hypersensitivity:
* to any part of the bevacizumab or lomustine formulations.
* to Chinese hamster ovary cell products or other recombinant human or humanized antibody.
* No underlying or previous conditions that could interfere with treatment, including but not limited to:
* No history of intracranial abscess within 6 months prior to randomization
* No clinically serious (as judged by the investigator) non-healing wounds, active skin ulcers or incompletely healed bone fracture.
* No history of active gastroduodenal ulcer(s).
* No history of abdominal fistula as well as non-GI fistula, gastrointestinal perforation or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months prior to inclusion.
* No evidence of active infection requiring hospitalization or antibiotics, within 2 weeks prior to randomization.
* No other diseases, interfering with follow up.
* Normal hematological functions: neutrophils ≥ 1.5 x 109 cells/l, platelets ≥ 100 x 109 cells/l and Hb ≥ 6.2 mmol/l (9.9 g/dl).
* Normal liver function: bilirubin \< 1.5 x upper limit of the normal range (ULN), alkaline phosphatase and transaminases (ASAT) \< 2.5 x ULN.
* Normal renal function: calculated (Cockcroft-Gault) or measured creatinine clearance \> 30 mL/min; Urine dipstick for proteinuria \< 2+. Patients with ≥ 2+ proteinuria on dipstick urinalysis at baseline should undergo 24 hours urine collection and must demonstrate ≤ 1 g of protein/24 hr.
* Age ≥ 18 years
* WHO Performance status 0 - 2
* Absence of pregnancy. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) must be using an adequate method of contraception to avoid pregnancy throughout the study and 6 months beyond stop of treatment in such a manner that the risk of pregnancy is minimized. In general, the decision for appropriate methods to prevent pregnancy should be determined by discussions between the investigator and the study subject. WOCBP include any female who has experienced menarche and who has not undergone successful surgical sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or bilateral oophorectomy) or is not postmenopausal. Females should not be breast feeding.
* Post menopause is defined as: amenorrhea ≥ 12 consecutive months without another cause or for women with irregular menstrual periods and on hormone replacement therapy (HRT), a documented serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level \> 35 mIU/mL
* Women who are using oral contraceptives, other hormonal contraceptives (vaginal products, skin patches, or implanted or injectable products), or mechanical products such as an intrauterine device or barrier methods (diaphragm, condoms, spermicide) to prevent pregnancy, or are practicing abstinence or where their partner is sterile (e.g., vasectomy) should be considered to be of childbearing potential.
* Women of child bearing potential must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of HCG) within 72 hours prior to the start of investigational product.
* Female patients within one year of entering the menopause must agree to use an effective non-hormonal method of contraception during the treatment period and for at least 6 months after the last study treatment.
* Males must agree to use an effective method of contraception during the treatment period and for at least 6 months after the last study treatment.
* Absence of any psychological, familial, sociological or geographical factors potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule; such conditions should be assessed with the patient before randomization in the trial.
* Before patient randomization and study related procedures (that would not have been performed as part as standard care), written informed consent must be given according to ICH/GCP, and national/local regulations. Informed consent should also be given for biological material to be stored and used for future research on brain tumors.
* Patients with a buffer range from the normal values of +/- 5 % for hematology and +/- 10% for biochemistry are acceptable. A maximum of +/- 2 days for timelines may be acceptable (one day for post operative MRI).

Answer: A