Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Low Energy Shock Wave for the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS) - a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Prospective Study
Brief Summary: To investigate the efficacy and safety of LESW on participants with IC/BPS


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Males or females ≥18 and ≤ 65 years of age previously diagnosed with Interstitial Cystitis
* Currently have symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency or pain for more than 6 months
* Urinating at least 7 times a day or having some urgency or pain (measured on linear analog scales)
* Must be post-menopausal or surgically sterile or willing to use an adequate form of birth control
* Not pregnant or lactating
* Capable of voiding independently
* Willing to provide informed consent to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

* Have symptoms that are presently relieved on other medications for interstitial cystitis
* Have absence of nocturia
* Have symptoms that are relieved by antimicrobials or antibiotics.
* Have a body mass index (BMI) of \>39 kg/m2
* Have uncontrolled hypertension
* Have Type I or type 2 diabetes
* Have active Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, or who are known carriers (Hepatitis B) at Screening
* Have a positive tuberculosis test at screening
* Have had a urinary tract infection for 6 weeks
* Have had bacterial cystitis in previous 3 months
* Have had previous exposure to Humira® (adalimumab)
* Have taken investigational medication within 30 days of screening
* Have any other condition/disease which, in the opinion of the investigator, could compromise subject safety or confound the interpretation of study results
* Are unable or unwilling to comply with protocol requirements
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subject's signs, symptoms and diagnostic work-up are in accordance with the international society for the study of bladder pain syndrome (ESSIC) definition for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC): pelvic pain, pressure or discomfort perceived to be related to the urinary bladder accompanied by at least 1 other urinary symptom such as persistent urge to void or frequency, for at least 6 months in absence of urinary infection or other obvious pathology or identifiable causes. There is documented proof of the diagnosis BPS/IC that has been entered into the subject's records at least 2 months prior to Visit 1/Screening.
* Subject has a score of ≥ 4 and ≤ 9 for pain as assessed by scoring the average pain of the week preceding Visit 1/Screening, using an 11-point NRS (0-10).
* Subject has an estimated voiding frequency of ≥ 8 and ≤ 30 voids per 24 hours.
* Subject has a score of ≥ 7 on the interstitial cystitis symptom index (ICSI) questionnaire.
* Subject must either:

  * Be of nonchildbearing potential:
  * Postmenopausal (defined as at least 1 year without any menses for which there is no other obvious pathological or physiological cause) prior to screening, or
  * Documented surgically sterile (e.g., hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, bilateral oophorectomy)
  * Or, if of childbearing potential,
  * Agree not to try to become pregnant during the study and for 5 half-lives (i.e., 70 days) after the final study drug administration at Visit 5/Week 8, and
  * Have a negative urine pregnancy test at Visit 1/Screening, and
  * If heterosexually active, agree to consistently use 1 form of highly effective birth control starting at screening and throughout the study period and for 5 half-lives (i.e., 70 days) after the final study drug administration at Visit 5/Week 8.
* Subject must agree not to breastfeed starting at screening and throughout the study period, and for 5 half-lives (i.e., 70 days) after the final study drug administration at Visit 5/Week 8.
* Subject must agree not to donate ova starting at screening and throughout the study period, and for 5 half-lives (i.e., 70 days) after the final study drug administration at Visit 5/Week 8.
* Subject must be willing and able to comply with study requirements (e.g., complete questionnaires and diaries, able to read and attend all required study visits).
* Subject agrees not to participate in another interventional study while participating in the present study (i.e., between Visit 1/Screening and Visit 7/Week 18).
* Subject has undergone at least 2 different therapies for BPS/IC with unsatisfactory results, prior to study entry.
* Subject has at least moderate pain as reflected by an average MDP of ≥ 4.0 and ≤ 9.0. The average MDP is the average of daily assessments of MDP in the week prior to the visit with at least 5 recordings. Additionally, the MDP recordings must not differ over 4 points between consecutive days.
* Subject has a mean voiding frequency of ≥ 8.0 and ≤ 30.0 per 24 hours as assessed with the 3 day electronic micturition diary in the week prior to the visit.
* Subject is confirmed to be willing to comply and has shown to be compliant with all study requirements during the run-in period.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subject has osteoarthritis or has a history of rapidly progressive osteoarthritis.
* Subject has a score of ≥ 30 on the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS).
* Subject has a score of \> 12 on the HADS-D (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - Depression subscale).
* Subject has significant pelvic floor pain or spasm which is considered the main cause of the chronic pelvic/bladder pain as concluded by the investigator based on the pelvic floor examination.
* Subject has undergone a fulguration or excision of a Hunner's lesion any time prior to the screening visit.
* Subject has recently undergone or started treatment for BPS/IC as specified below:

  * subject has undergone a cystoscopy with hydrodistension or Botox injections in the bladder within 6 months prior to the screening visit.
  * subject has received non-pharmacological interventions for BPS/IC (including but not limited to electric stimulation therapy or acupuncture therapy) within 3 months prior to the screening visit.
  * subject has received any intravesical pharmacological treatment for BPS/IC (including but not limited to heparin or dimethyl sulfoxide) within 4 weeks prior to the screening visit
  * subject had an initiation, discontinuation, or variation in the dose and/or frequency of antimuscarinics, mirabegron, antidepressants (including amitriptyline), anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, skeletal muscle relaxants, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-opioid analgesics, pentosan polysulphate sodium, homeopathic medication and/or herbal therapies during the last 4 weeks prior to the screening visit.
  * subject has had changes in non-pharmacological treatment for BPS/IC (e.g., diet or physical therapy) during the last 4 weeks prior to the screening visit.
* Subject has bladder pathology as specified below:

  * a post-void residual (PVR) \>200 mL.
  * subject has a known currently symptomatic urethral diverticulum.
  * subject has genital tract condition or pelvic pathology (e.g., post-partum, post-pelvic surgery, post-hysterectomy) that may complicate diagnosis and the evaluation of pelvic pain and urinary symptoms. Note: A history of a Cesarean section is not a reason for exclusion.
  * subject has a known currently symptomatic bladder or ureteral calculi.
  * subject currently has cystitis (radiation cystitis, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced cystitis, bacterial/tuberculous cystitis, cyclophosphamide cystitis) or has had a documented symptomatic bacterial cystitis within the last 1 month prior to the screening visit. In case of bacterial cystitis (UTI), the subject can be re-screened 1 month after successful treatment.
  * subject has currently clinically significant urinary bladder abnormalities (e.g., bladder mass, bladder stone, bladder diverticulum, small contracted end-stage bladder), except for abnormalities associated with BPS/IC.
  * subject has had any invasive procedures of either the urinary bladder, urethra, ureter or renal pelvis (e.g., transurethral resection of bladder \[including bladder biopsy\], urethral dilatation, endovesicular lithotripsy) within 3 months prior to the screening visit.
  * subject has a known current neurologic disease or a defect affecting urinary bladder function (e.g., neurogenic bladder, systemic or central neurological disease, such as Multiple Sclerosis or Parkinson's disease).
  * subject has a known current lower urinary tract malignancy. In case of positive sediment (micro) hematuria results, local procedures/guidelines will need to be followed to exclude malignancy. Only if hematuria has been present within the last 6 months and malignancy has been adequately ruled out by the investigator according to local diagnostic procedures, the subject does not have to be excluded. Note that if the subject had a (negative) bladder biopsy, the subject can only be re-screened after 3 months following this biopsy. Documentation of all diagnostic outcomes and investigator's decisions need to be available.
* Subject has a known history of, or currently has inflammatory bowel disease (i.e., Crohn's Disease or Ulcerative Colitis) and/or Sjögren Syndrome.
* Subject has a known current severe constipation and/or severe diarrhea, severe active diverticulitis and/or severe gastrointestinal bleeding.
* Subject has a known or suspected hypersensitivity to ASP6294 or any components of the formulation used.
* Subject has been pregnant within 6 months prior to screening assessment or breast feeding within 3 months prior to screening.
* Subject has a known history of an allergic or anaphylactic reaction to biological drugs (e.g., \[monoclonal\] antibodies including tanezumab or fusion proteins).
* Subject has received a biological drug (e.g. \[monoclonal\] antibodies including tanezumab or fusion proteins) during the last 6 months prior to the screening visit.
* Subject has a known history of hepatitis B or C or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
* Subject has a known history of or has a currently active or treated sexually transmittable disease (including genital herpes).
* Subject has a known current substance abuse issue (including alcoholism).
* Subject has peripheral neuropathy, or an abnormality has been observed during the sensory testing at Visit 1/Screening.
* Subject has a known currently clinically severe, unstable or uncontrolled renal, hepatic, respiratory, hematological, genitourinary (except BPS/IC), cardiovascular, endocrine, neurological, psychiatric, or other medical illness that may put the subject at safety risk or may mask measures of efficacy.
* Subject has had any malignancy diagnosed within 5 years prior to the screening visit, except for curative treated localized non-melanoma skin cancer (e.g. basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma).
* Subject has a known current psychiatric condition, mental incapacity, language barrier or the inability to read that would impair the subject's successful participation in the study.
* Subject has a body mass index of ≥ 40 kg/m\^2 as sign of morbid obesity.
* Subject has any condition that makes the subject unsuitable for study participation.
* Subject has received investigational therapy (i.e., not yet approved experimental medicine) within 28 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to the screening visit.
* Subject is an employee of the Astellas Group, the Contract Research Organization (CRO) involved, or the investigator site executing the study.
* Results of the Visit 1/Screening blood sample indicate that the subject has active hepatic and/or biliary disease, defined as: liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \> 2 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), or total bilirubin (TBL) \> 1.5 times the ULN.
* Result of the Visit 1/Screening serum pregnancy test is positive.
* Results of the Visit 1/Screening blood/urine samples indicate that the subject has clinically significant abnormal biochemistry, hematology or urinalysis safety laboratory values.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adults with age of 20 years old or above
2. Patients with symptoms of unpleasant sensation (pain, pressure, discomfort) perceived to be related to the urinary bladder, associated with lower urinary tract symptoms of more than six months duration, in the absence of infection or other identifiable causes
3. Patients has received cystoscopy and ruled out other bladder lesion
4. Free of active urinary tract infection
5. Free of bladder outlet obstruction on enrollment
6. Free of overt neurogenic bladder dysfunction and limitation of ambulation
7. Patient or his/her legally acceptable representative has signed the written informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients had received intravesical hyaluronic acid treatment in recent 3 months, or intravesical Botox injection in recent 12 months Patients with severe cardiopulmonary disease and such as congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, poorly controlled hypertension, not able to receive regular follow-up
2. Patients with bladder outlet obstruction on enrollment
3. Patients with PVR \>100 ml
4. Patients with uncontrolled confirmed diagnosis of acute urinary tract infection
5. Patients have laboratory abnormalities at screening including: alanine aminotransferase (ALT)\> 3 x upper limit of normal range, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \> 3 x upper limit of normal range
6. Patients have abnormal serum creatinine level \> 2 x upper limit of normal range
7. Female patients who is pregnant, lactating, or with child-bearing potential without contraception
8. Patients with any other serious disease considered by the investigator not in the condition to enter the trial
9. Patients had received intravesical treatment for IC within recent 1 month
10. Patients had participated investigational drug trial within 1 month before entering this study
11. Patients with coagulopathy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants must have a chronic urogenital pain condition

Exclusion Criteria:

* non-English speaking
* unable to read
* psychosis
* dementia
* mental impairment

Answer: C