Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Behavioral and Brain Connectivity Analysis of Upper Limb Sensorimotor Rehabilitation Post Stroke: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Stroke survivors often encounter impairments in the upper limb after stroke. Sensorimotor impairments are present in 67% of the stroke patients, resulting in problems with independency and performance of activities of daily life. In addition, the pattern of recovery in the brain is still a matter of ongoing debate. Although the importance of somatosensory function on motor performance is well described, evidence for somatosensory or sensorimotor therapy and brain-related changes is scares. Therefore, we aim to explore the effect of a sensorimotor therapy compared to pure motor therapy on motor function of the upper limb. A second objective is to investigate therapy-induced brain-behavior associations using resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* first ever stroke as defined by the WHO (world health organisation) criteria
* assessed and included within 8 weeks after stroke onset
* unilateral motor impairment in the upper limb (ARAT \<52/56)
* unilateral somatosensory impairment in the upper limb (SSD \<0.00)
* minimally 18 years old
* substantially cooperation to perform the assessments and therapy
* written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* musculoskeletal and/or other neurological disorders such as previous stroke, head injuries, multiple sclerosis of Parkinson's disease
* a subdural hematoma, tumor, encephalitis or trauma that lead to similar symptoms as a stroke
* severe communication deficits
* severe cognitive deficits
* the presence of contra-indications for proceeding an MRI scan such as defibrillator, pacemaker or metal prosthesis ( as defined in the MRI checklist of Radiology UZ Leuven)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. First or second stroke (haemorrhagic or ischaemic) confirmed by computer axial tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging
2. Neurological representation compatible with a unilateral right lesion involvement (i.e. left hemiplegic), exhibited left visual field inattention or neglect by following either one of below criteria:

   * obtaining a total score of star cancellation subtest in the conventional battery of the Behavioural Inattention Test \<51 (out of 54)
   * obtaining a total score of line bisection subtest in the conventional battery of the Behavioural Inattention Test \<7 (out of 9)
   * Score of Catherine Bergego Scale ≥ 1
3. Right handed
4. Less than six months since onset of stroke at study entry
5. Able to follow simple command

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with severe dysphasia (either expressive or comprehensive) which restricts communication;
2. History of other neurological disease, psychiatric disorder, or alcoholism;
3. significant impairment in visual acuity caused by cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma or hemianopia
4. Any additional medical or psychological condition that would affect their ability to comply with the study protocol.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* They are above 18 years.
* They have had a stroke.

Exclusion Criteria:

* They or their legal representative are unable to provide informed consent.
* They have a severe comorbid psychiatric (E.g. psychotic symptoms) disorder.
* They have a premorbid neurodegenerative disease (E.g. Alzheimer's dementia, vascular dementia).
* They have severe written language comprehension deficits.
* They have a medical implant, such as a cochlear implant or a pacemaker.
* They have a severe visual or auditory impairment that cannot be corrected for by wearing glasses or a hearing aid while wearing the Oculus Rift headset.
* They are unable to concentrate on a task for more than 15 minutes or are unable to complete a task according to simple task instructions.
* They have a history of epileptic seizures.
* They do not show signs of a spatial asymmetry in performance on a battery of screening tasks.
* The expected discharge of patients is in a period shorter than 7 weeks.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke 3 months post stroke.
* Fugl-Meyer Upper Extremity (FMA-Upper Extremity) score between 20-56/60
* Inducible motor evoked potential (MEP) of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) on the paretic stimulation (TMS)
* Demonstrate the presence of unilateral neglect (Virtual Reality Lateralized Attention Test score \<18)

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of cortical hemorrhagic stroke
* Presence of any MRI, TMS, tDCS risk factors including:

  * history of seizures
  * history of brain tumor
  * hardware in skull or spine (e.g. coils, clips)
  * implantable medical device (e.g. pacemaker)
  * metal in body (not compatible with MRI)
  * pregnancy
* Severe spasticity (Modified Ashworth Scale score 3)
* Severe aphasia or cognitive impairment limiting participants' comprehension (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Level of Consciousness Commands Item score 1 or Best Language Item score 2)
* Unable to travel to UE Motor Function Laboratory at the Center for Rehabilitation Research in Neurological Conditions (a collaborative, MOU approved, research center Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center and the Medical University of South Carolina) for the study

Answer: A