Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reducing Stress With Parenting-focused Mindfulness to Prevent Youth Substance Use
Brief Summary: The goal of study is to develop and test a parenting-focused version of mindfulness intervention ("Parenting Mindfully") to reduce parent stress and prevent adolescent substance use and HIV risk behaviors (e.g., risky sex). The investigators hypothesize that Parenting Mindfully (PM) will decrease prevent adolescent substance use and HIV risk behaviors and intentions. Secondarily, PM will improve parenting, and decrease adolescent stress responses.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Between ages 18-70 years;
2. Able to read and write (parent)
3. Family with a child between 2-5 years old
4. BMI of parent in obese category
5. High parenting stress (mean score of \>=3 on 3 questions from Parenting Stress Index)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any psychotic disorder or current psychiatric symptoms for child or parent requiring specific attention, including active symptoms of psychosis or suicidal/homicidal ideation
2. Diagnosis of mental retardation, autism or other pervasive developmental disorder for child
3. Inability to give informed consent
4. Current serious medical disorder precluding participation in physical activity
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Parents eligible to participate include parents: a) English-speaking, b) of a child aged 4:0 to 10:11 years, c) with a previous diagnosis of ASD and evidence of current social impairment (SRS-2) and repetitive behaviors (RBS-R), and d) who are able to consistently participate in sessions. Given budgetary constraints, direct diagnostic testing will not be feasible. Instead, child diagnostic status will be confirmed through review of the child's medical record for evidence that the child previously met ADOS criteria for ASD and shows clinically significant social impairment at baseline (SRS-2 T\>65).

Parents who are not eligible to participate include parents: a) with severe psychiatric, genetic, or medical disorder among parents and/or children, b) taking psychiatric medication, and c) with elevated resilience scores at baseline (Total Score \>80 on CD-RISC). The DSM-5 CCSM will be administered to parents to screen for parent mental illness. Any identified issues on the DSM-5 CCSM will be investigated further by the PI to rule out severe psychiatric disorders.

Exclusion Criteria:

a) Severe psychiatric, genetic, or medical disorder among parents and/or children, b) parents taking psychiatric medication, and c) parents with elevated resilience scores at baseline (Total Score\>80 on CD-RISC). The DSM-5 Cross Cutting Symptom Measure (DSM-5 CCSM) will be administered to parents to screen for parent mental illness. Any identified issues on the DSM-5 CCSM will be investigated further by the PI to rule out severe psychiatric disorders. These families will be referred for behavioral consultation (available in our clinic) and then be reconsidered for group participation.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Family with a child between 12-16 years;
2. High parenting stress (mean score of \>=3 on 2 questions adapted from the Perceived Stress Scale and the Parenting Stress Index).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of mental retardation, autism or other pervasive developmental disorder for adolescent;
2. Current serious psychiatric or medical disorder (including current substance dependence) requiring immediate treatment for adolescent or parent- We will include those that are in treatment;
3. Medical condition that would preclude participation in gentle yoga (for parents)
4. Inadequate English proficiency to complete questionnaires for youth or parents.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Child has a clinical diagnosis of ADHD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DSM-IV or DSM-5 system, and confirmed by a structured interview (The Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for school-Age Children (K-SADS)).
* Child receives CAU and has remaining ADHD-symptoms (average score \> 1.0 on the investigator-rated DSM-5 items from the Conners' ADHD rating scale).
* Child is between 8 and 16 years old.
* At least one parent is willing to participate.
* ADHD medication dose is stable, or there is an informed decision on not taking ADHD medication.
* Psychiatric comorbidities are allowed except psychosis, bipolar illness, active suicidality, untreated posttraumatic stress disorder or substance use, provided ADHD is the primary diagnosis in the child; similarly, psychopathology in the parents is allowed except psychosis, bipolar disorder, active suicidality, untreated posttraumatic stress disorder or substance use.
* Child and parent have an estimated intelligence quotient (IQ) ≥ 80.
* Child and parent have adequate mastery of Dutch language.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Child or the participating parent(s) have participated in a mindfulness programme in the past year or ever in a Mindful Parenting training.
* Child or parent is participating in another intervention study.

Answer: C