Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nasopharyngeal Airway Facilitate Transnasal Humidified Rapid Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange
Brief Summary: For performing transnasal humidified rapid insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE), jaw-thrust maneuver have to maintain to make sure the airway open and the CO2 clearance during apnoea. The objective of present study is to prove that nasopharyngeal airway facilitate THRIVE and no need jaw-thrust maneuver and maintain the similar PO2 and PCO2 during apnoea.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 18 years
2. Mechanical ventilation \> 24 hours
3. Signed Informed Consent
4. Successful spontaneous breathing trial
5. PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 (or SpO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 if SpO2 is lower than 98%) within 30 min after extubation while breathing through a Venturi mask with a delivered FiO2 of 31%

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy
2. Presence of tracheostomy
3. Need for immediate post-extubation Non-Invasive Ventilation (\>3 consecutive failures of the spontaneous breathing trial and/or a PaCO2 \> 45 mmHg before the spontaneous breathing trial, with a respiratory rate ≥ 25/min)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult patients (18 years and above) requiring endotracheal intubation in the emergency department.
2. Intubation performed by the emergency medicine physician who are post graduate trainee year IV and above. The year IV and above cut off is taken because at this time the trainees have done more than 20 endotracheal intubations. The operators are assessed through direct supervision and confirmation through filing of their procedural log books

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Supervisor or operator feels specific intra-procedural oxygenation technique will be required.
2. Patients presenting with cardiac arrest
3. Pregnant patients (as the patients are at risk of aspiration and high oxygen delivery can have bad outcomes on the fetus)
4. Patients with 'Do not resuscitate' order.
5. Morbidly obese on assessment as such patient may need pre intubation preparation of the head side and more controlled settings.
6. Patient who are shifted from another hospital post intubation
7. Patients with interstitial lung disease or lung tumor
8. Neck trauma (expanding neck hematoma)
9. Neck and Oral cavity cancers, or patients with cancers of the neck and oral cavity who have undergone surgery, post radiation of the neck and oral cavity cancers.
10. Pulse oximetry \<90% in ambient air.
11. Body mass index \> 35kg/m2
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Signed informed consent.
* Undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia.
* Adult, \>18 years old.
* American Society of Anesthesiology classification I-II.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Coagulation disorders or a tendency of nose bleeding
* An episode/exacerbation of congestive heart failure (CHF) that requires a change in medication, diet or hospitalization from any cause in the last 6 months
* Severe aortic stenosis or mitral stenosis;
* Cardiac surgery involving thoracotomy (e.g., coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), valve replacement surgery) in the last 6 months;
* Acute myocardial infarction in the last 6 months;
* Acute arrhythmia (including both tachycardia and bradycardia) with hemodynamic instability;
* Diagnosed COPD or current other acute or chronic lung disease requiring supplemental chronic or intermittent oxygen therapy);
* Increased intracranial pressure;
* ASA \>II;
* Mouth, nose, or throat infection;
* Fever, defined as core body temperature \> 37.5°C;
* Pregnancy, breastfeeding or positive pregnancy test;
* Emergency procedure.
* Patient with known or suspected difficult airway
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults
* Medical ICU Patients
* Require endotracheal intubation
* Endotracheal intubation to be performed by Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Fellow
* Sedation and/or neuromuscular blockade is planned for the procedure

Exclusion Criteria:

* Operators other than Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Fellows
* The operator predetermines that the patient requires specific intubating equipment or oxygenation technique will be required for the safe performance of the procedure

Answer: C