Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Adductor Canal Block: Single Injection vs Catheter for Pain Management of Total Knee Arthroplasty - A Randomized, Unblinded, Non-Inferiority Trial
Brief Summary: This study investigates single injection adductor canal block (ACB) with or without intravenous dexamethasone and adductor canal catheter for pain management of total knee arthroplasty. This is a non-inferiority trial seeking to determine whether single injection ACB with dexamethasone is "no worse" than a continuous catheter.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients undergoing thyroid surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* ASA physical class III or IV
* age \> 75 years
* pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with ASA physical status 1 and 2 between 20 and 65 years undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgery with patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain control.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women
* Patients who took sedatives, antiemetics, hypnotics, analgesics, steroid, or gabapentin
* Patients with neurological deficits
* Patients with history of drug abuse and allergy of study drugs
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients over or equal to the age of 18 years old who can understand the study protocol and are able to give consent
* Patients with an American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) classification 1 to 3
* Patients must have a preoperative oral 24 hour opioid consumption of less than or equal to 30 mg morphine equivalents
* Patients must be able to understand and be able to use patient controlled analgesia
* Patients must be undergoing a primary total knee arthroplasty with neuraxial anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with a contraindication to neuraxial and/or regional anaesthesia
* Patients with an allergy to local anaesthetics
* Patients who have chronic pain not related to their knee joint
* Patients with chronic opioid use (daily or almost daily use \>3 months)
* Patients with contraindications to dexamethasone (allergy, infection, Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
* Patients with pre-existing neuropathy
* Patients with hepatic failure
* Patients with renal failure with eGFR\<60
* Patients with allergy to ketorolac or NSAIDs
D: Inclusion criteria

1. Male or female patients ≥ 18 years of age
2. Ability and willingness to give written informed consent
3. Patients undergoing elective surgery under general anaesthesia requiring at least one overnight stay in hospital for either:

   1. Hysterectomy (any surgical technique)
   2. Cholecystectomy (any surgical technique)
   3. Other elective surgery requiring overnight admission to hospital and scheduled to last at least 1 hour from induction of anaesthesia
4. Patients with at least 2 of the following risk factors for PONV:

   1. Past history of PONV and/or motion sickness
   2. Habitual non-smoking status
   3. Female sex
   4. Expected to receive opioid analgesia post-operatively
5. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) risk score I-III
6. Adequate cardiac, hepatic and renal function

   * QTc interval \< 500 ms
   * Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \< 5 x upper limit normal (ULN)
   * Bilirubin \< 3 x ULN
   * Creatinine \< 2 x ULN
7. Adequate haematological function

   * Haemoglobin ≥ 9 g/dL
   * White blood count ≥ 3.0 x 109/L
   * Platelet count ≥ 100 x 109/L
8. For females of child-bearing potential: ability and willingness to use a highly effective form of contraception (e.g., abstinence from sexual intercourse, surgical sterilisation (of subject or partner) or a double-barrier method of contraception such as either an intra-uterine device (IUD) or an occlusive cap with spermicide, in conjunction with partner's use of a condom) between the date of screening and at least 48 hours after administration of study drug.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Patients undergoing outpatient/day case surgery
2. Patients undergoing surgery where the patient is expected to remain ventilated for a period after surgery
3. Patients undergoing intra-thoracic, transplant or central nervous system surgery
4. Patients receiving a local anaesthetic/regional neuraxial (intrathecal or epidural) block
5. Patients who are expected to need a naso- or oral-gastric tube in situ after surgery is completed
6. Patients receiving the active ingredient of APD421 for any indication within the last 2 weeks
7. Patients who are allergic to the active ingredient or any of the excipients of APD421
8. Patients with a pre-existing vestibular disorder or history of dizziness
9. Patients with pre-existing nausea or vomiting in the 24 hours before surgery
10. Patients treated with regular anti-emetic therapy including corticosteroids
11. Patients being treated with medications which could induce torsades de pointes, including Class Ia antiarrhythmic agents such as quinidine, disopyramide, procainamide; Class III antiarrhythmic agents such as amiodarone and sotalol; and other medications such as bepridil, cisapride, thioridazine, methadone, IV erythromycin, IV vincamine, halofantrine, pentamidine, sparfloxacin
12. Patients being treated with levodopa
13. Patients who are pregnant or breast feeding
14. Patients with a history of alcohol abuse
15. Patients with pre-existing, clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia
16. Patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease
17. Patients who have received anti-cancer chemotherapy in the previous 4 weeks
18. Patients with a history of epilepsy
19. Any other concurrent disease or illness that, in the opinion of the investigator makes the patient unsuitable for the study
20. Patients who have participated in a previous study within the last 28 days (French sites only: Patients who have participated in a previous study within the last 6 months, if required by national or local regulations)

Answer: C