Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study on Parallel Groups Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpon) in Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.
Brief Summary: Bladder dysfunction occurs at some time in most patients with multiple sclerosis and these patients are prone to have recurrent urinary tract infections. Cranberry has been traditionally used for the treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections but there is no reliable randomized controlled trial demonstrating evidence of cranberry's utility in this disease. The aim of our study is to assess the efficacy and safety of cranberry in the prophylaxis of urinary tract infections in patients with multiple sclerosis with a prospective randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* At least one UTI within 12 months prior to study entry
* Premenopausal
* Agree to avoid all foods that contain plants from the genus Vaccinium (related to cranberries) for the duration of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Anatomic abnormalities of the urinary tract
* History of kidney stones
* Bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria)
* Use of prophylactic antibiotics within 7 days prior to study entry
* Use of investigational drugs within 30 days prior to study entry
* Current use of warfarin
* Diabetes
* Cancer. Participants with skin cancer are not excluded.
* Allergy or intolerance of cranberry products
* Symptomatic vaginitis
* Pregnant or breastfeeding
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Greater than 60 years old and a resident of the nursing home or assisted living facility for greater than 30 days duration

Exclusion Criteria:

* Having a known major anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract
* Presence of acute UTI symptom
* Intolerance or allergy to cranberry products
* Current use of cranberry for prevention of UTI
* Use of warfarin
* History of kidney stones
* Presence of a chronic indwelling bladder catheter
* Dialysis dependence
* Chronic suppressive antibiotics
* Immunocompromised state due to hematological malignancies, HIV infection, chronic high dose (\>10mg daily) prednisone or equivalent steroid use.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. female residents;
2. long term residents
3. English speaking; and
4. age ≥ 65 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. residents that are not expected to be in the nursing home for at least one month (i.e., short term rehabilitation, pending discharge, terminal \[life expectancy \< 1 month\]);
2. residents who are on chronic suppressive antibiotic or anti-infective (i.e., mandelamine) therapy for recurrent UTI;
3. residents with end stage renal disease on dialysis (they do not regularly produce urine);
4. residents unable to produce a baseline clean catch urine specimen for collection;
5. residents on warfarin therapy because of a potential interaction of warfarin and cranberry juice;
6. residents with a history of nephrolithiasis because cranberry may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis;
7. have an indwelling bladder catheter in place;
8. have an allergy to cranberry products;
9. are being treated with cranberry products;
10. residence \<4 weeks.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults aged 18 to 70, with multiple sclerosis, neurologically stable for at least 3 months
* With an EDSS score ≥ 3
* Symptomatic bladder dysfunction: frequency, urgency, dysuria, incontinence (at least one of these symptoms), needing intermittent catheterization or not
* Ambulatory at inclusion
* Able to undergo evaluation
* Informed written consent

Non-inclusion Criteria:

* Regular consumption of cranberry within 3 months before inclusion
* Symptomatic urinary tract infection at inclusion
* Chronic renal failure (creatinin clearance \< 10ml/min)
* Patients with urinary permanent catheterization
* Patients with hyperuricemia and risk of uric acid lithiasis
* Patients with oral anticoagulant treatment (antivitamins K)
* Peptic ulcer
* Intolerance to cranberry and/or excipients
* Urinary tract infections antibioprophylaxis

Answer: D