Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomised Controlled Trial of Optimised Surgical Recovery: the Potential Synergy Between Enhanced Gastrointestinal Motility and Oral Nutritional/ Metabolic Support
Brief Summary: Factors which delay recovery following uncomplicated abdominal surgery include uncontrolled pain, intolerance of diet and poor mobility. Enhanced recovery after Surgery (ERAS) programmes are perioperative care pathways that address systematically these issues (i.e. improved dynamic pain relief, optimised nutritional care and enforced mobilisation) to promote a faster recovery and a shorter stay. The key treatments that improve outcome within an ERAS programme are not known. Moreover there are few acceptable, objective endpoints to assess key outcome variables such as return of GI function. This randomised trial will assess the potential synergy between early recovery of GI function (laxation) and early postoperative oral nutritional support(with associated preoperative preconditioning using carbohydrate/fluid loading). The main overall outcome targets being improved recovery of gastrointestinal function, postoperative nutritional status and physical function. It will validate the use of a novel, objective technique to measure gastric motility (surrogate for GI function). Such refinement of ERAS should result in shorter hospital stay and better use of limited health care resource.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients undergoing hepatic resection for benign or malignant conditions
* Able to understand the nature of the study and what will be required of them.
* Men and non-pregnant, non-lactating women
* BMI 18 - 30

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to give written, informed consent
* Patients with dementia or neurological impairment
* Patients with pre-existing condition limiting mobility
* Planned bile duct excision
* Repeat or staged procedures
* Central extended resections
* Underlying cirrhotic liver disease
* Jaundice (Bilirubin \> 50 μmol/L)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft or spinal (decompression and fusion) surgery
* Ability to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients undergoing associated cardiac procedures such as valve replacement or valve repair
* Patients undergoing spinal surgery without fusion
* Conditions likely to impair gastrointestinal motility or enhance gastrointestinal reflux
* On medications likely to delay gastric emptying
* BMI \> 40
* Existing Type I or Type II diabetes
* Participated in another study in the past 30 days
* Entering surgery greater than five hours after ingestion of morning drink
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults (18-65 years-old)
* Both sexes
* Candidates to elective moderate operations such as open cholecystectomy, laparoscopic cholecystectomy and unilateral repair of inguinal hernia).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute cholecystitis
* Diabetes mellitus
* Chronic kidney failure
* Chronic liver disease ot serum bilirubin greater than 2 mg/dL, body mass index (BMI) above 35Kg/m2
* American Anesthesiologists Association (ASA) score above 2
* Gastro-esophageal reflux
* Gastroparesis or intestinal obstruction
* Patients with any non-compliance with the study protocol, or who had associated operations, or presented significant intraoperative occurrences, or experienced prolonged operations (lasting more than 3 hours) were also excluded.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* infrarenal aortic aneurysm
* given written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* contraindication for epidural anesthesia
* suprarenal clamping

Answer: A