Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Oral Vitamin B12 Administration for Vitamin B12 Deficiency After Total Gastrectomy
Brief Summary: Pernicious anemia develops in 50% of total gastrectomized due to gastric cancer patients. Lack of intrinsic factor, which is secreted by parietal cell from stomach wall causes deficiency of cobalamin, which, in final, causes pernicious anemia. Thus, patients who had undergone total gastrectomy needs to be provided externally with cobalamin. Until now, intramuscular injection of cyanocobalamin has been the choice of treatment for cobalamin deficiency, but it has demerits in that it causes discomfort of coming to the hospital to get an injection, and in its high costs.

However, in pernicious anemia in old age and absorption disorder patients, it has been reported that oral administration of cobalamin had effect of elevating serum vitamin B12. Thus, this study was designed to prove the effect of oral administration of vitamin B12 in total gastrectomized patients with cobalamin deficiency.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Undergone total gastrectomy for gastric cancer
* Regular follow up is possible
* Serum vit,. B12 \< 200pg/ml

Exclusion Criteria:

* Has diseases other than stomach cancer
* Patients with other kinds of oral supplementation (multi-vitamins)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* ≥ 65 aged patients with Cobalamin Deficiency.
* Patients give inform consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Treatment with B12 (1 last year)
* Neurologic or psychiatric pathologies
* Folic acid \< 2.3ng/ml ...
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients of both sexes (women after menopause, women of child-bearing age after sterilization or if practicing reliable contraception)
* Type 2 DM requiring insulin therapy after failure of maximal oral antidiabetic treatment (glycosylated Hb \> 7.5%) and need for exogenous insulin. (No concomitant use of oral antidiabetic agents)
* Being ambulatory
* Age: 30 to 80 years
* Proven absence of Islet Antibodies, if QI \< 28 kg/m2
* Insulin therapy 4 times daily (21), or insulin therapy 2 times daily using insulin 'mixtures' (rapidly and slowly acting)
* Standard dietary prescription by the dietician
* Absence of keto-acidosis
* Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Congestive heart failure, NYHA-classes III or IV
* Cardiac failure and/or myocardial infarction in the last four months before enrolment
* Other severe organic / systemic disease
* Metformin-induced lactic-acidosis
* Intolerance to metformin hydrochloride
* Renal disease or renal dysfunction
* Hypoxic states
* Severe hepatic dysfunction
* Excessive alcohol intake, acute or chronic
* Acute or chronic metabolic acidosis
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* General practitioner's prescription for Vitamin B12 deficiency testing
* Age\> 18 years
* Ability to give written informed consent
* Vitamin B12 serum concentrations \< 200pmol/l
* indication for vitamin B12 supplementation according to the General practitioners estimation

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with incorrect intake of vitamin preparations containing vitamin B12
* Patients with previously diagnosed dementia
* Patients with known hereditary transcobalamin transportation defects
* lack of written and/or oral understanding in German, French, Italian or English languages

Answer: A