Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Facilitating EndotracheaL Intubation by Laryngoscopy Technique and Apneic Oxygenation Within the Intensive Care Unit
Brief Summary: Respiratory failure requiring endotracheal intubation occurs in as many as 40% of critically ill patients. Procedural complications including failed attempts at intubation, esophageal intubation, arterial oxygen desaturation, aspiration, hypotension, cardiac arrest, and death are common in this setting. While there are many important components of successful airway management in critical illness, the maintenance of adequate arterial hemoglobin saturation from procedure initiation until endotracheal tube placement is paramount as desaturation is the most common factor associated with peri-intubation cardiac arrest and death. Interventions that either shorten the duration of time required for tube placement or prolong the period before desaturation may be effective in improving outcome. The high rate of complications and the lack of existing evidence regarding the efficacy of current airway management techniques in shortening the time to airway establishment or prolonging the time to desaturation mandates further investigation. The primary hypothesis is that video laryngoscopy will be superior to direct laryngoscopy in successful first attempt at endotracheal intubation (defined by confirmed placement of an endotracheal tube in the trachea during first laryngoscopy attempt) of medical ICU patients by Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine fellows after controlling for the operator's past number of procedures with the equipment used. Also, the investigators hypothesize that the provision of apneic oxygenation during the endotracheal intubation procedure (defined as a nasal cannula with 15 liters per minute of oxygen flow placed prior to sedation or neuromuscular blockade and maintained until after completion of the procedure) will result in a higher arterial oxygen saturation nadir (defined as lowest noninvasive oxygenation saturation value observed between the administration of sedation and/or neuromuscular blockade and 2 minutes after successfully secured airway or death) compared to no apneic oxygenation.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 18 years
2. Mechanical ventilation \> 24 hours
3. Signed Informed Consent
4. Successful spontaneous breathing trial
5. PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 (or SpO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 if SpO2 is lower than 98%) within 30 min after extubation while breathing through a Venturi mask with a delivered FiO2 of 31%

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy
2. Presence of tracheostomy
3. Need for immediate post-extubation Non-Invasive Ventilation (\>3 consecutive failures of the spontaneous breathing trial and/or a PaCO2 \> 45 mmHg before the spontaneous breathing trial, with a respiratory rate ≥ 25/min)
B: Main inclusion Criteria:

* acute hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring endotracheal intubation

Main exclusion Criteria:

* coma
* NIV contraindication
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults older than 18 years regardless of the gender
* Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure defined as :

Respiratory rate \> 30/mn AND Hypoxemia with SpO2 \<90% with oxygen supply \> FiO2 0,5 AND PaO2/FiO2 \<300 mmHg

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication to oro-tracheal intubation
* Intubation without anesthetic delivery
* Intubation during cardiac arrest
* Asphyxia with immediate intubation needed
* Nasopharyngeal obstacle with contraindication to use Optiflow device
* Patients with a documented Cormack IV exposition before inclusion
* Protected adult
* Pregnancy
* Lack of consent
* Patient already enrolled in an other randomized study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults
* Medical ICU Patients
* Require endotracheal intubation
* Endotracheal intubation to be performed by Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Fellow
* Sedation and/or neuromuscular blockade is planned for the procedure

Exclusion Criteria:

* Operators other than Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine Fellows
* The operator predetermines that the patient requires specific intubating equipment or oxygenation technique will be required for the safe performance of the procedure

Answer: D