Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Field Efficacy Of Insecticide Treated Uniforms And Skin Repellents To Reduce Malaria Incidence In Military Personnel On Active Duty In Regions Of Hyperendemicity
Brief Summary: Purpose

While there is strong evidence that permethrin treated clothing prevents insect bites there is insufficient evidence from trials to demonstrate a reduction in infections. The evidence that topical insect repellants prevent malaria is more robust, but studies in civilian suffer from poor compliance. It is not known if there is an added benefit from combining the two. The effectiveness of permethrin-treated uniforms with and without DEET lotion are compared in a 2x2 design in Mgambo Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa (JKT) military camp in Tanga region.

The four arms are: 1) combined intervention group receiving permethrin treated uniform (PTU) and 30% DEET (diethyl toluamide) liposome formula; 2) permethrin intervention group receiving PTU and placebo lotion; 3) DEET intervention group receiving untreated army combat uniform (ACU) and 30% DEET liposome formula; 4) placebo group receiving untreated ACU and placebo lotion. Both participants and investigators will be blinded to treatment allocation.

The outcome measure is the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection measured by Polymerase Chain Reaction every month by active case detection.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All household members volunteering from selected communities

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants less than 2 years
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Member of a platoon passes physical examination - no underlying health risks females that are not pregnant malaria negative at enrolment consents to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

Not assigned to a platoon underlying health risks - does not pass physical examination pregnant female (pregnant females are not recruited into the army) malaria positive at enrolment does not consent to participate
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* working in agriculture
* available for monthly follow-up

Exclusion Criteria:

* allergy to repellent
* pregnant / breastfeeding
D: Inclusion:

Mobile and migrant individuals aged 18 years and over in selected villages including:

* Traditional slash-and-burn and paddy field farming communities visiting their forest farms (commonly ethnic minority groups)
* Seasonal agricultural laborers
* Forest workers in the informal sector (hunters, small-scale gem/gold miners, people gathering forest products (precious timber, construction timber, rattan/bamboo)
* Transient or mobile camp residents associated with commercial projects (road/pipeline construction, large-scale logging, deep seaport projects, etc.)
* Formal and informal cross-border migrant workers

For qualitative research component, local health stakeholders meeting the following criteria will be eligible:

* Aged 18 years and over
* The local health stakeholders such as health centre staff, Operational District Malaria Supervisor (ODMS), and Provincial Malaria Supervisor (PMS), and basic health staff such as malaria unit staff in health centres, midwives, health assistants, district health officers and district focal person from CMPE and CNM
* Health staff members from HPA and Lao malaria community service organisations

Exclusion:

A village will be excluded from the study if:

The village has an VHV/VMW program operated by any organizations other than CMPE, CNM, HPA, malaria CSOs in Lao PDR The village has no malaria cases or API less than 1 in any of the past three years (2018 - 2020) The village has no MMPs The village has no VHV/VMW The village has a government health facility for provision of malaria services

Answer: B