Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Safety and Effectiveness Study of Percutaneous Catheter-based Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Patients With Drug-resistant Hypertension and Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation
Brief Summary: To study whether renal sympathetic denervation(RSD) is safe and effective in patients with drug-resistant hypertension and symptomatic atrial fibrillation.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Refractory hypertension: 3 or more antihypertensive agents of different classes (including a diuretic) at optimal dosage without change in the 4 weeks preceding randomization
* Systolic blood pressure of 135-149 and/or diastolic blood pressure of 90-94 mmHg (ABPM mean daytime values)
* No change in blood pressure medication within 6 months after randomization
* Age 18 to 75 years
* Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Blood pressure outside range mentioned above
* Renal, aortic or pelvic anatomy unsuited for renal sympathetic denervation
* Estimated glomerular filtration rate \<45 mL/min/1.73 m² (modification of diet in renal disease formula)
* Unstable angina pectoris
* Myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to randomization
* Planned surgery or cardiovascular intervention within 6 months after randomization
* Severe heart valve disease
* Severe comorbidities with limited life expectancy
* Pregnancy
* Participation in another trial
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* \>= 18 years of age.
* a systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or greater.
* receiving and adhering to full doses of an appropriate antihypertensive drug regimen for a minimum of two weeks prior to screening.
* agrees to have the study procedure(s) performed and additional procedures and evaluations, including repeat phlebotomy, imaging, urine analyses, and clinical examination.
* competent and willing to provide written, informed consent to participate in this clinical study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* renal arterial abnormalities
* end stage renal disease requiring dialysis or renal transplant
* serum Cr \> 3, or calculated GFR \< 45 ml/min
* has experienced MI, unstable angina pectoris, or CVA with 6 months
* others
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Symptomatic drug-refractory AF (with history of failure of ≥2 class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs) in patients referred for catheter ablation of AF
* PAF with ≥1 monthly episodes or PersAF in patients who had already undergone ≥3 electrical cardioversions. PAF was defined as episodes lasting less than 7 days with spontaneous termination. PersAF was defined as lasting more than 7 days before being terminated pharmacologically or by electrical cardioversion.
* Office-based systolic blood pressure of ≥140/90 mm Hg, despite treatment with 3 antihypertensive drugs (including 1 diuretic)
* A glomerular filtration rate ≥45 mL/min/1⋅73 m2, with modification of diet using a renal disease formula

Exclusion Criteria:

* Secondary causes of hypertension
* Severe renal artery stenosis or dual renal arteries
* Congestive heart failure with NYHA II-IV symptoms
* Left ventricular ejection fraction \<35%
* Transverse left atrial diameter \> 60 mm on transthoracic echocardiography

  1. Previous AF ablation procedure
  2. Treatment with amiodarone
* Previous renal artery stenting or angioplasty
* Type 1 diabetes mellitus
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individual is ≥18 and ≤75 years of age
2. More than half a year for definite primary hypertension
3. Individual has a systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg (≥150 mmHg for type 2 diabetics) based on an average of three office blood pressure readings measured
4. Individual is adhering to a stable drug regimen, including three or more antihypertensive medications of which one is a diuretic, for a minimum of 14 days prior to enrollment
5. At least 30 seconds on a rhythm strip in an ECG record and at least 1 AF outbreak which was recorded by EGG and Holter during the preceding 6 months
6. Paroxysmal and persistent AF individual
7. Agree to attend experimental clinic and sign written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Secondary and white-coat hypertension
2. Permanent AF individual
3. Thrombus in left atrial appendage found by transesophageal echocardiography
4. Individual with severely enlarged left atria ≥55 mm
5. Individual has experienced renal artery stenosis, or a history of prior renal artery intervention including balloon angioplasty or stenting, or ineligible conditions seen on renal artery computed tomography angiogram inspection such as double renal artery on one side, renal artery length ≤2 cm, diameter ≤4 mm, and distortion at incept sect
6. Individual has experienced a definite acute coronary syndrome in the past 3 months, or a cerebrovascular accident and alimentary canal bleeding within 3 months
7. Individual has experienced sick sinus syndrome
8. reversible causes of AF, including alcohol abuse, surgery, electrocution, myocadial infarction, pericarditis, myocarditis, pulmonary embolism or other pulmonary diseases, hyperthyroidism, and other metabolic disorders
9. structural heart diseases such as congenital, valvular heart diseases and kinds of cardiomyopathy
10. Individual is pregnant or nursing
11. Mental disorders - individual cannot complete follow-up or one the researcher thinks is unfit to be included in this study

Answer: D