Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Brief Interventions to Create Smoke-Free Home Policies in Low-Income Households
Brief Summary: The burden of tobacco use falls disproportionately on low-income populations, through high rates of primary smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke. The remarkable progress in creating smoke-free environments in the U.S. over the past two decades has left smoker's homes as one of the primary sources of exposure to secondhand smoke for both children and nonsmoking adults. Intervention research that identifies effective and practical strategies for reaching the minority of households that still allow smoking in the home has considerable potential to reduce smoke exposure, but suitable channels to reach low-income families are limited. The proposed research will develop, evaluate and disseminate a brief smoke-free homes intervention through the established national infrastructure of 2-1-1 call centers. 2-1-1 is a nationally designated 3-digit telephone exchange, similar to 9-1-1 for emergencies or 4-1-1 for directory assistance, that links callers to community-based health and social services.

The proposed research has four specific aims: 1) Conduct formative research on intervention messages and materials for promoting smoke-free homes in low-income populations, applicable to both smokers and nonsmokers as household change agents; 2) Conduct a randomized controlled trial in the Atlanta 2-1-1 service area to evaluate the efficacy of a brief intervention to create smoke-free homes among 2-1-1 callers; 3) Conduct replication studies in Houston and North Carolina 2-1-1 systems to systematically test the intervention in varied populations and tobacco control climates, and 4) Disseminate the research-tested smoke-free homes intervention through a variety of mechanisms including a national grants program to 2-1-1 systems and through the Tobacco Technical Assistance Consortium's linkages to the state and local tobacco control infrastructure in the U.S.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Must be 18 years of age or older.
* Must speak and understand English.
* Must smoke and live with at least one other non-smoking person OR be a non-smoker who lives with a smoker(s).
* Must not have a total smoking ban in their home.

Exclusion Criteria:

* None
B: DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* Parents or guardians meeting the following criteria:

  * Self-identified as smokers on the baseline survey
  * Must have a child who is seen by a pediatrician in a participating practice

    * Child must not have a medically emergent condition that requires transfer outside the practice for immediate medical intervention
  * Must be present at the child's healthcare visit
* Pediatric practice meeting the following criteria:

  * Participates in the Pediatric Research in Office Settings (PROS) network
  * Practice manager and a majority of pediatricians are willing to implement a tobacco control strategy for parental smokers
  * Cares for at least 2,000 families
  * Located in a geographically distinct location to minimize contamination effects of the intervention

    * No practices at the same geographic location

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

* Have a telephone at home (parent or guardian)
* Able to speak English (parent or guardian)
* Have a working fax machine (practice)

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

* No prior enrollment in this study during a previous visit to the pediatric healthcare clinician (parent or guardian)
* No prior participation in phase II focus groups or other pilot tobacco control studies (practice)
* No active enrollment of patients onto other PROS trials (practice)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* at least 18 years of age
* English-speaking
* parent or legal guardian of child under 11 years old who lives with him/her
* daily smoker

Exclusion Criteria:

* non-nicotine drug dependence
* psychiatric disturbance (bipolar, schizophrenia, psychosis)
* pregnant
* inadequate health literacy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

At least one parent was a current smoker. The child was of the appropriate age (\<8 years of age). The child had sufficient hair growth for hair samples. A parent gave consent for participation in the research. The parent can communicate in Hebrew.

Exclusion Criteria:

* One of above conditions not met

Answer: A