Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: V-TIME: A Treadmill Training Program Augmented by Virtual Reality to Decrease Fall Risk in Older Adults, Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairments
Brief Summary: The proposed randomized controlled trial will evaluate the effects of treadmill training augmented with virtual reality on fall risk.

300 older adults with a history of falls will be recruited to participate in this study. This will include older adults (n=100), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n=100), and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)(n=100). Subjects will be randomly assigned to the intervention group (treadmill training with virtual reality) or to the active-control group (treadmill training without virtual reality). Each person will participate in a training program set in an outpatient setting 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Assessments will take place before, after, and 1 month and 6 months after the completion of the training.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* a diagnosis of PD
* Up to the age of 67
* on at least 1 DA drug, may be on several PD medications
* able to walk for six minutes (may take rest breaks)
* able to come off their PD medication for testing (12 hour overnight withdrawal of antiparkinsonian medications)
* able to stay on stable PD medications for at least 6 months
* live within a 30 mile radius of Chicago
* Hoehn and Yahr Score: II - III while in the "Off" PD medication state

Exclusion Criteria:

* history of any other neurological disorder as determined by medical history and neurological exam
* history of a known injury, disease, or other disorder that might interfere with motor function in the proposed experiments
* a score less than 23 on the Mini-Mental State Examination
* currently involved in an active, ongoing formal exercise program deep brain stimulation surgery
* known cardiac problem or significant hypertension
* depression that may interfere with regular exercise
* hallucinations or being treated for hallucinations
B: Inclusion Criteria:

(1) idiopathic Parkinson's disease, (2) intact cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination; MMSE\>24), 22 (3) Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) stage II-III diagnosed by neurologists, (4) not participated in any balance or gait training previously, (5) able to follow simple command and had no uncontrolled chronic condition.-

Exclusion Criteria:

(1) history of other neurological, cardiovascular and orthopedic diseases affecting postural stability, (2) on-off motor fluctuation and dyskinesia above grade 3 by the Unified Parkinson' Disease Scale (UPDRS)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with Idiopathic PD, diagnosed according to the Brain Bank Criteria of the UK Parkinson's Disease Society
* Regular control by the neurologist
* Living independently in the community
* Able to complete the trial questionnaires

Exclusion Criteria:

* Atypical parkinsonian syndromes
* Hoehn and Yahr stage 5
* Severe cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* Presence of other neurological disorders
* Severe co-morbidity (e.g. cancer)
* Planned surgical procedure for PD within the intervention period
* Patients who have already visited the Multidisciplinary Assessment Center
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 2 or more falls within 6 months prior to the beginning of the study
* Aged 60-85 years
* Able to walk for 5 minutes unassisted
* Adequate hearing and vision capabilities.
* Stable medication for the past 1 month and anticipated over a period of 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychiatric co-morbidity
* Clinical diagnosis of dementia or other severe cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* History of stroke, traumatic brain injury or other neurological disorders (other than PD and MCI, for those groups)
* Acute lower back or lower extremity pain, peripheral neuropathy, rheumatic and orthopaedic diseases
* Unstable medical condition in the past 6 months
* Unable to comply with the training
* Interfering therapy

Answer: D