Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently occurs after cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is known to provide organ protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury through its anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a single preoperative bolus of EPO on the incidence of AKI following complex valvular heart surgery in a randomized, controlled and double-blind trial.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Heart failure of at least 3 months duration and of New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II, III, or IV
* hemoglobin between 9.0 g/dL and 12.0 g/dL
* left ventricular ejection fraction equal to or less than 40%

Exclusion Criteria:

* Transferrin saturation (Tsat) \< 15%
* Blood pressure \> 160/100 mm Hg
* Heart failure primarily due to valvular heart disease or clinically significant valvular heart disease that might lead to surgical correction within 12 months of randomization
* Recipient of a major organ transplant or receiving renal replacement therapy
* Serum creatinine \> 3.0 mg/dL (\> 265 µmol/L)
B: * INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Age greater than 21 years

Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Referral for primary or rescue angioplasty

Revascularization procedure within 8 hours from the onset of ischemic symptoms

TIMI (Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) flow grade 0 or 1 in the culprit coronary artery at the beginning of coronary angiography

Successful revascularization of infarct-related artery

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Clinical indication for erythropoietin

STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) due to occlusion of a branch vessel

Any history of prior MI, PCI (Percutaneous coronary intervention), CABG (Coronary artery bypass graft), cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, or CHF (congestive heart failure)

Hypersensitivity to human albumin, mammalian cell-derived products, or erythropoietin

Hematocrit greater than 42% in men or greater than 40% in women at the time of study drug administration

Uncontrolled hypertension at the time of study drug administration

Cardiogenic shock

Need for coronary surgical revascularization as determined at the time of the index coronary catheterization

History of hypercoagulable disorder, thromboembolic event, or venous thrombosis

History of stroke or TIA (transient ischemic attack)

History of seizures

Contraindication to MRI

Pregnancy or nursing mother
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction \<24 h from pain onset
* Successful primary PCI and left ventricular ejection fraction \<50%
* Informed, written consent
* In women with childbearing potential a pregnancy test is mandatory

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 18 and \> 80 years
* Cardiogenic shock
* pericarditis
* thrombolysis for the index infarction
* malignancies/other comorbid conditions with life expectancy \< 1 year
* previous myocardial infarction
* planned staged PCI or prior PCI within 30 days from index procedure
* uncontrolled hypertension \>160/100mmHg unresponsive to therapy
* epilepsy
* active bleeding; bleeding diathesis; history of gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding, recent trauma or major surgery \< 1 month; history of intracranial bleeding or structural abnormalities; suspected aortic dissection; patient's refusal to blood transfusion
* hematologic disorders such as essential thrombocytosis, megakaryoblastic leukemia, polycythemia vera
* relevant hematologic deviations: hemoglobin \< 100 g/l or hemoglobin \> 160 g/l platelet count \< 100 x 10\^9 cells/l or platelet count \> 600 x 10\^9 cells/l
* any contraindication to magnetic resonance imaging: electronically, magnetically and mechanically activated implants such as cardiac pacemakers, automatic cardioverter defibrillators, joint prostheses, surgical/vascular clips/ hearing aids, neurostimulators, infusion pumps etc metallic splinters in the eye ferromagnetic haemostatic clips in the central nervous system cochlear implants lead wires or similar wires prosthetic heart valves, if dehiscence is suspected non-ferromagnetic stapedial implants, hemostatic clips
* glomerular filtration rate \< 30 ml/min or serum creatinine \> 30 mg/l or dependence on renal dialysis
* chronic liver disease with GOT \> 5-fold over the normal range
* allergy to erythropoietin/true anaphylaxis after prior exposure to contrast media
* phenylketonuria
* previous enrollment in this trial
* women who are known to be pregnant, who are of childbearing potential and test positive for pregnancy, who have given birth within the last 90 days, who are breastfeeding
* patient's inability to fully cooperate with the study protocol
* other contraindication according to the summary of product characteristics of recombinant human erythropoietin beta (NeoRecormon®)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* preoperative risk factors for AKI and scheduled for complex valvular heart operations
* Enrolled criteria for high risk of AKI were patients with more than 2 of bellows: female, serum creatinine \>1.2 mg/dl, preoperative A-fib, GFR \< 60 ml/min, NYHA class IV, HTN, DM, age \> 65 years, peripheral vascular disease.
* Complex valvular heart operations were defined as double-valve surgery, combined valve and coronary artery bypass grafting procedures, Bentall operation, combined mitral valve surgery and tricuspid annuloplasty or reoperation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with preexisting uncontrolled hypertension (diastolic blood pressure \> 100 mmHg), immunosuppression, history of thromboembolism, malignant disease, seizure, liver dysfunction, renal impairment (serum creatinine \> 2 mg/dL), and drug or alcohol abuse were excluded.

Answer: D