Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Fixation Using Alternative Implants for the Treatment of Hip Fractures: A Multi-Centre Randomized Trial Comparing Sliding Hip Screws and Cancellous Screws on Revision Surgery Rates and Quality of Life in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fractures
Brief Summary: Each year, hip fracture, an injury that can impair independence and quality of life, occurs in about 280,000 Americans and 36,000 Canadians. The annual healthcare costs associated with this injury are expected to soon reach $9.8 billion in the United States and $650 million in Canada. It is important to have in place optimal practice guidelines for the surgical handling of this injury. One type of hip fracture, called a femoral neck fracture, is often treated with a surgical procedure called internal fixation. When performing internal fixation, most orthopaedic surgeons favor using multiple small diameter screws over using a single large diameter screw with a sliding plate. However, use of the sliding hip screw might in fact result in fewer complications after surgery and reduce the need for a second surgery, called a revision surgery. This study will compare the two different surgical procedures to determine which one results in better outcomes after surgery.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult men or women aged 50 years and old (with no upper age limit)
* Fracture of the femoral neck, as confirmed with either anteroposterior or lateral hip radiographs, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Displaced fracture that is not, in the judgment of the attending surgeon, optimally managed by reduction and internal fixation
* Operative treatment is planned within 72 hours of the patient being medically cleared for surgery
* Patient was ambulatory prior to the fracture, though they may have used an aid such as a cane or a walker
* Anticipated medical optimization for arthroplasty of the hip
* Provision of informed consent by patient or proxy
* Low energy fracture (defined as a fall from standing height), with no other trauma
* Assurance from site that surgeons with expertise in both total hip arthroplasty and hemi-arthroplasty are available to perform surgery (Note: Surgeons do not need to be experts in both techniques)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not suitable for hemi-arthroplasty (i.e., inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pathologic fractures (secondary to cancer), or severe osteoarthritis of the hip)
* Associated major injuries of the lower extremity (e.g., ipsilateral or contralateral fractures of the foot, ankle, tibia, fibula, knee, or femur; dislocations of the ankle, knee, or hip; or femoral head defects or fracture)
* Retained hardware around the affected hip that will interfere with arthroplasty
* Infection around the hip (soft tissue or bone)
* Bone metabolism disorder except osteoporosis (e.g., Paget's disease, renal osteodystrophy, osteomalacia)
* Patients with a previous history of frank dementia that would interfere with the assessment of primary outcome (e.g., secondary procedures at 2 years).
* Likely problems, in the judgment of the investigators, with maintaining follow-up (e.g., no fixed address, plans to move out of town in the next year, or intellectually challenged and without adequate family support)
* Enrolled in another ongoing drug or surgical intervention trial
* Patients whose fracture occurred as a result of violence.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Written informed consent
* Diagnosis: displaced femoral neck fracture type AO 31-B2 or B3/Garden type 3 or 4
* Eligible for THA according to local guidelines and routines

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous inclusion of contralateral hip
* Delayed fracture surgery (date of injury \>7 days prior to date of randomization)
* Pathological or stress fracture of the femoral neck, or fracture adjacent to a previous ipsilateral hip implant
* Inability or unwillingness to give written consent
* Dementia (as diagnosed by the screening physician)
* Unavailability of both interventions for a study subject (e.g., implants being out of stock, or lack of the individual surgeon's expertise to perform either procedure)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Fracture of femoral neck
* Operative treatment within 4 days for displaced fractures
* Operative treatment within 7 days for nondisplaced fractures
* Ambulatory before the injury
* Low energy trauma, such as falls from a sitting or standing position
* No other major trauma

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unsuited for both surgical treatments
* Associated major injuries of the lower extremities
* Retained hardware around the hip
* Infection around the hip
* Bone metabolic disorder (except for osteoporosis)
* Moderate or severe cognitive impairment
* Parkinson's disease or dementia
* Unable to complete the 2-year follow-up
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Undisplaced (Garden I-II) femoral neck fracture (within 72h)
* treated at participating unit
* informed consent
* amenable for both treatment options

Exclusion Criteria:

* no informed consent
* pathological or stress fracture
* peri-implant fracture

Answer: C