Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Local Anesthetic Use at Iliac Crest Bone Graft Site in Spinal Reconstructive Surgery
Brief Summary: The use of iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) remains the gold-standard in spinal reconstructive surgery for achieving fusion. Major complications from the harvesting of ICBG are rare, but chronic pain has been reported in 10-39%. Catheters implanted at the time of surgery have been used to provide local anesthetic at the harvest site for 24-48 hours after surgery. This has been shown to decrease chronic pain at 4 years post-operatively. A single application of local anesthetic at surgery has been shown to decrease pain at the harvest site for up to 5 days. No study has demonstrated a benefit to using a single application of local anesthetic at the ICBG site beyond 5 days. In current clinical practice, the use of a local anesthetic at the ICBG site is determined according to surgeon preference. The purpose of this study is to determine if a single application of bupivacaine at the ICBG site, as currently done in some cases, provides any pain relief beyond 5 days such as that demonstrated with longer infusions of local anesthetics.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients (≥ 18 years) with primary or recurrent single or double sided symptomatic but not incarcerated inguinal hernias with an elective hernia repair are included.
* No other interventions (i.e. umbilical hernia) are allowed.
* Written informed consent needs to be obtained.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with legal incompetence,
* Pregnant and nursing women,
* Patients with presence or history of active malignancy or systemic diseases,
* Under immunosuppressive treatment,
* With systemic or severe local inflammation or infection,
* With wound healing disorders and with physical or mental incapacity, which makes it impossible to obtain informed consent are excluded.
* As pacemakers interfere with the electrical stimulation of the Pain Matcher® and vice versa patients with pacemakers or other implanted electrical devices were also excluded.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with given inform consent, aged mor than 18 years, who undergo scheduled surgery of one of the following types: inguinal hernia (men), hysterectomy, thoracotomy (men).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients aged less than 18 years,
* Patients requiring reoperation because of surgical complications.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients 18 years of age or older undergoing posterior cervical, thoracic, or lumbar surgery
* willingness to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* individuals who underwent surgical intervention in the past 6 months
* previous iliac crest bone harvesting
* history of tumor and spondyloarthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthritis)
* history of adverse reaction to local anesthetic
* history of severe pelvic and hip conditions that can interfere with the outcome assessment of the study
* opioid addiction
* pregnancy
* acute mental illness
* uncontrolled major depression and any other psychiatric disorders
* prisoners
* non-english speaking patients
* inability to understand the informed consent and demands of the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \>18, Visual Analog. Scale (VAS) pain score \>70mm which was frequent or continuous one week before scheduled major (above or below knee) amputation, and patient consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* No written patient consent
* Age \< 18 years
* Age \> 82 years
* Antiplatelet medication
* Mental status not acceptable
* Exclusion criteria were age \>85
* Emergency amputation
* Ipsilateral re-amputation
* Foot or toe amputation
* Inability to complete a detailed pain questionnaire
* History of chronic pain or substance abuse
* Active psychiatric disease requiring treatment
* Any contraindication to epidural catheter placement (anticoagulation, anti-platelet medications, previous lumbar spine surgery).

Answer: C