Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Healthy Child Uganda: Can Village Health Volunteers Trained in Integrated Community Case Management of Childhood Illness Improve Access to Care for Africa's Most Vulnerable Children?
Brief Summary: In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), many children die from diarrhoea, acute respiratory illness (ARI) and malaria, despite well- recognized, inexpensive and highly effective treatments, since health access and human resources are limited. Healthy Child Uganda (HCU) is a Ugandan-Canadian partnership that since 2003, has developed, implemented and evaluated a Village Health Volunteer (VHV) program in 175 rural villages. Volunteers, selected by peers, provide health education and refer sick children. Volunteer retention (94%) and significant decreases in child deaths are remarkable. Now, HCU wonders whether VHV scope can extend to provide treatment for sick children using Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS)/Zinc, antibiotics, and antimalarials. Use of lay providers in this capacity, called integrated community case management (iCCM), has been proposed as a potential inexpensive solution to SSA's human health resource crisis.

PRIMARY QUESTION: In rural southwest Uganda, can iCCM provided by lay volunteers, improve the proportion of children with diarrhoea receiving ORS/Zn, ARI receiving antibiotics, and fever/malaria receiving antimalarials? Secondary study questions consider VHV capacity to prescribe appropriate drug, dose, duration; iCCM acceptance by family, and VHV; VHV retention/motivation; program cost. Selected VHV will be iCCM trained then receive treatments for distribution. Qualitative and quantitative methods including household surveys, and focus groups will consider pre/post intervention differences and differences in control and intervention populations. A research short course and micro research grants (\~ $3000 to multidisciplinary groups pursuing relevant questions) will promote health system evaluation capacity. Lessons learned are critical as SSA countries move forward in planning for increased iCCM programming.


Options:
A: The proportion of clients negative for malaria by double read research blood slide who received an anti-malarial in both arms (Until the estimated sample size is obtained or up to 2 yrs whichever comes first)
B: Proportion of cases correctly treated (Outcomes measured during consultation - approximately 30-40 minutes)
C: Number of patients with fever prescribed artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of malaria in respective study groups (28 days)
D: Percentage of change in number of children under five in intervention area who receive appropriate Integrated Community Case Management Treatment from a Community Health Worker for presumed pneumonia. (March 2013 - November 2014 (8 months)); Percentage of change in number of children under five in intervention area who receive appropriate Integrated Community Case Management Treatment from a Community Health Worker for diarrhea (March 2013 - November 2014 (8 months)); Percentage of change in number of children under five in intervention area who receive Integrated Community Case Management Treatment from a Community Health Worker for fever. (March 2013 - November 2014 (8 months))

Answer: D