Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Phase 2a, Randomized, 2-Arm, Open-Label, Clinical Trial of the Efficacy of Linezolid Combined With Antituberculous Therapy in Subjects With Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Brief Summary: This study, conducted in Masan and Seoul, South Korea, investigated the effectiveness of linezolid (LZD) in treating patients with extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB). Because regular medicines do not work well against XDR TB, many more people die from it than from regular TB, which can be successfully treated by taking TB medication for 6 months. Linezolid has been used to treat other kinds of infections, but has not been well studied for TB. This study examined the side effects and effectiveness of prolonged treatment with linezolid at two different doses.

People 20 years of age and older who have XDR TB were eligible for this 3-year study.

Participants underwent the following tests and procedures:

* LZD treatment: Patients were randomly assigned to one of two study groups. Group 1 patients were observed for 2 months before starting LZD, while group 2 patients begin taking LZD right away. Both groups began with a 600 mg daily dose of LZD. After patients stopped coughing up TB germs (or after 4 months on LZD) they were randomly assigned either to continue taking 600 mg of LZD for the rest of the study or to take a decreased dose of 300 mg. In addition to LZD, patients continued to take their currently prescribed TB medications.
* Medical history.
* Physical examinations each month during treatment.
* Sputum collections once a week or more until 3 weeks after the patient was no longer contagious.
* Blood draws every week for 16 to 24 weeks and then once a month.
* Urine collections at several time points.
* Nerve and eye examinations before starting treatment and then monthly to look for possible LZD side effects.
* CT scans of the lungs three to four times the first year and once more later in the study. For this test the patient lay on a table within the doughnut-shaped CT scanner while special X-ray pictures are taken.

Patients who participated in a substudy had PET scans instead of the CT scans. For this test, the patient was given an injection into a vein of a radioactive chemical that can be detected by a special camera and viewed on a screen. The patient lay on a table within the doughnut-shaped scanner while pictures were taken.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients of either gender between 18-65 years of age
* All HIV positive and HIV negative patients suffering from confirmed tuberculosis (Cat I) will be included in the study
* Able to give written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients already started on ATT for more than two weeks except when sputum smear positive with on going ATT
* Pregnancy
* Patients with SGOT/SGPT levels more than three times the upper limit of normal on three occasions, five times on one occasion.
* Serious form of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis
* Concomitant diabetes mellitus
* Epilepsy
* Alcoholics
* Terminally ill patients
* Defaulters
B: * INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Males and females age 20 and above

Documented pulmonary tuberculosis at screening

Radiographic evidence of tuberculous disease of the lung(s)

History of chronic, AFB positive sputum smears and culture positive TB

Mycobacterium species identification as Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Confirmed resistance to INH, RIF, kanamycin, ofloxacin, and moxifloxacin by genotypic or phenotypic testing OR subjects with documented failure to respond to treatment despite DST susceptibility

Failure to respond (after at least 6 months) to a anti-TB drug regimen including any known active agents

Willingness to be an inpatient until 2 consecutive AFB-negative sputum smears

When an outpatient, willing to come back for weekly tests and scheduled follow-up visits

Willingness to have samples stored

Ability and willingness to give written or oral informed consent

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Subjects below 20 years of age

Subjects who have previously been on LZD

Women of childbearing potential, who are pregnant, breast feeding, or unwilling to avoid pregnancy (i.e., the use of appropriate contraception including oral and subcutaneous implantable hormonal contraceptives, condoms, diaphragm, intrauterine device (IUD), or abstinence from sexual intercourse). \[Note: Prospective female participants of childbearing potential must have negative pregnancy test (urine) within 48 hours prior to study entry.\]

Men who are unwilling to use contraceptives or practice abstinence

People with any of the following in their current medical assessments:

Absolute neutrophil count less than 1000 cells/mL

White blood cell count (WBC) less than 3.0 X 10(3)/microL

Hemoglobin less than 7.0 g/dL

Platelet count less than 75,000 cells/mm(3)

Serum creatinine greater than 2.0 mg/dL

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) greater than 100 IU/L

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT) greater than 100 IU/L

Total bilirubin greater than 2.0 mg/dL

Moderate or severe peripheral or optical neuropathy (or a history of)

HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection

Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or other connective tissue disease

Patients who, in the investigator's judgment, are too ill to participate in the study

History of allergy or serious adverse reaction to the LZD formulation used in this study

Patients with anticipated surgical intervention

The use of any of the following drugs within 30 days prior to study or anticipated use of these drugs within the next 60 days: (Please not, bronchodilators and cough syrup (or similar cough medicines) are allowed before and during the study if blood pressure is monitored regularly, per Contraindications, p.12, of the Zyvox Package Insert.)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Systemic cancer chemotherapy

Systemic corticosteroids

Systemic investigational agents

Antiretroviral medications

Growth factors

HIV vaccines

Immune globulin

Interleukins

Interferons

The need for ongoing therapy with antidepressants (SSRI, MAOI), hydroxyzine, dopaminergic agents (such as Sinemet, dopamine, and dobutamine), lithium, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and levodopa (such as sinemet) while on study drug

Any other serious systemic illness requiring treatment and/or hospitalization until subject either completes therapy or is clinically stable on therapy for at least 14 days prior to study entry

Patients who the physician has reason to believe may have been non-compliant in the previous 12 months of treatment

SUBSTUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Subjects who meet the inclusion criteria for main study are eligible for the substudy.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Exclusion criteria for main study apply to the substudy with the exception that subjects with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will be excluded from the substudy. The study physician may decide that a patient is healthy enough to participate in the main study but not the sub-study.
C: Inclusion Criteria

1. Pulmonary tuberculosis with or without extrapulmonary TB with a M. tuberculosis isolate that is confirmed to be resistant to at least rifampin and isoniazid (without regard to prior treatment for TB).
2. A documented positive sputum culture result for M. tuberculosis from a sputum obtained in the four months prior to enrollment.
3. Willingness to have HIV testing performed, if HIV serostatus is not known or if the last documented negative HIV test was more than 6 months prior to enrollment.
4. Residence within the Durban Functional Region (Durban Metropolitan Area) or Tugela Ferry, Msinga District, KZN, RSA.
5. Age ≥ 18 years.
6. Karnofsky score of \> 50 (see section 18.1)
7. Willingness by the patient to attend scheduled follow-up visits and undergo study assessments.
8. Women with child-bearing potential must agree to practice an adequate method of birth control or to abstain from heterosexual intercourse during study therapy. (Standard birth control measures are provided free of charge by public health institutions)
9. Laboratory parameters done within 14 days prior to screening:

   1. Serum creatinine level \< 2 times upper limit of normal
   2. Hemoglobin level ≥ 9.0 g/dL
   3. Platelet count of ≥ 80,000/mm3
   4. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) \> 1000/ mm3
   5. Negative pregnancy test (for women of childbearing potential)
10. Able to provide informed consent or legally authorized representative able to do so if decisionally impaired.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Currently breast-feeding or pregnant.
2. Known allergy or intolerance to linezolid.
3. Planned therapy during the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment using drugs having unacceptable interactions with linezolid, including dopamine, selective serotonin uptake inhibitors (citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline), amitriptyline, bupropion, mirtazepine, levodopa, carbidopa, sinemet, or herbal medications.
4. Significant peripheral neuropathy as evidenced by \< 5 seconds of vibratory sense to a 128 Hz tuning fork on either big toe
5. Pain, aching or burning of the feet that interfere with walking or sleep.
6. In the judgment of the physician the patient is not expected to survive for more than 4 weeks.
7. Anticipated surgical intervention for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis
8. Visual acuity of 20/200 (6/60 meters) best corrected vision or less.
9. Poor color vision as evidenced by incorrect answers on \> four of 12 screening Ishihara plates
10. Participation in another drug trial.
11. The patient has received second line TB drugs for \> 7 days immediately prior to enrollment (note: use of first line drugs such as INH, Rifampin, PZA, or ethambutol for \> 7 days immediately prior to enrollment is allowed)
D: Inclusion criteria:

Patients eligible for inclusion in the trial must fulfil all of the following criteria:

* Male or female subjects aged 15 years of age or above, regardless of HIV status;
* Microbiological test (molecular or phenotypic) confirming presence of M. tuberculosis;
* Resistant to at least rifampicin by either molecular or phenotypic drug susceptibility test;
* Completed informed consent form (ICF);

Exclusion criteria:

Patients will not be eligible for inclusion in the trial if they meet any of the following criteria:

* Known allergies, hypersensitivity, or intolerance to any of the study drugs;
* Pregnant or breast-feeding; or unwilling to use appropriate contraceptive measures
* Liver enzymes \>3 times the upper limit of normal (AST or ALT);
* Any condition (social or medical) which, in the opinion of the investigator, would make study participation unsafe;
* Taking any medications contraindicated with the medicines in the trial;
* QTcF \> 450ms;
* One or more risk factors for QT prolongation (excluding age and gender) or other uncorrected risk factors for TdP;
* History of cardiac disease, syncopal episodes, symptomatic or asymptomatic arrhythmias (with the exception of sinus arrhythmia);
* Any baseline biochemical laboratory value consistent with Grade 4 toxicity.
* Moribund
* Known resistance to bedaquiline, pretomanid, delamanid or linezolid.
* Prior use of bedaquiline and/or pretomanid and/or linezolid and/or delamanid for one or more months.
* Patients not eligible to start a new course of MDR-TB/XDR-TB treatment according to local protocol, including but not limited to:

  * currently on MDR-TB treatment for more than 2 weeks (and not failing)
  * unstable address
  * loss to follow-up in previous treatment with no change in circumstance and motivation.
* Tuberculous meningoencephalitis, brain abscesses, osteomyelitis or arthritis.

PKPD inclusion/exclusion:

* Adult patients (aged 18 years or above) recruited into the investigational arms of the TB-PRACTECAL trial in the approved sites.
* Willing to sign the sub-study informed consent form after agreeing to the additional blood draws.

Answer: B