Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Efficacy of Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS) for Pregnant and Lactating Women and Their Infants
Brief Summary: In Ghana, low micronutrient intakes among pregnant women are a major problem. The standard nutritional intervention during pregnancy is iron-folic acid tablets, but adherence is low. The investigators have pioneered the use of multiple micronutrient-fortified semi-solid pastes called Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS) (made using vegetable oil, groundnut, milk, sugar, and micronutrients), and the investigators' previous studies show that the approach could have great potential for use by pregnant and lactating women.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of LNS-P\&L designed for pregnant and lactating women and LNS-20gM designed for infants. Pregnant women (n=864) randomly selected from ante-natal clinics in Yilo and Manya Krobo districts of Ghana will be randomized to receive daily (a) Group 1: Iron/ Folic Acid tablets during pregnancy, and a tablet containing calcium (Ca) only (akin to a placebo) during lactation (6 mo), (b) Group 2: Multiple Micronutrient tablets during pregnancy and the first six months of lactation, or (c) Group 3: LNS-P\&L during pregnancy and lactation, whilst their infants receive LNS-20gM daily from 6 to 18 months. There are two primary outcomes namely:

1. Maternal primary outcome: Birth length
2. Child primary outcome: Child length-for-age z-score at 18 mo.

The investigators hypothesize that a) mean birth length and length-for-age at 18 mo will be greater in children whose mothers are in Group 2 than those whose mothers are in Group 1, and b) children whose mothers are in Group 3 will have greater birth length and length-for-age at 18 mo than the children in either of the other two groups.


Options:
A: N/A
B: Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: No food supplement; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Food supplement: fortified spread; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Food supplement: maize-soy flour; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
C: Arm Label: Maternal ARVs & Nutrition Supplement; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Maternal zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir-ritonavir, Dietary Supplement: Maternal protein and calorie supplement | Arm Label: Infant NVP & Nutrition Supplement; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Infant nevirapine, Dietary Supplement: Maternal protein and calorie supplement | Arm Label: Maternal ARVs & No Nutrition Supplement; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Maternal zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir-ritonavir | Arm Label: Infant NVP & No Nutrition Supplement; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Infant nevirapine | Arm Label: No Drugs & Nutrition Supplement; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Maternal protein and calorie supplement | Arm Label: No Drugs & No Nutrition Supplement; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Maternal zidovudine/lamivudine/lopinavir-ritonavir; Assigned to Arm(s): Maternal ARVs & No Nutrition Supplement, Maternal ARVs & Nutrition Supplement | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Infant nevirapine; Assigned to Arm(s): Infant NVP & No Nutrition Supplement, Infant NVP & Nutrition Supplement | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Maternal protein and calorie supplement; Assigned to Arm(s): Infant NVP & Nutrition Supplement, Maternal ARVs & Nutrition Supplement, No Drugs & Nutrition Supplement
D: Arm Label: Iron and Folic Acid (IFA); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Iron and Folic Acid (IFA), Dietary Supplement: Multiple Micronutrient (MMN) group, Dietary Supplement: Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS) group | Arm Label: Multiple Micronutrient (MMN); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Iron and Folic Acid (IFA), Dietary Supplement: Multiple Micronutrient (MMN) group, Dietary Supplement: Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS) group | Arm Label: Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Iron and Folic Acid (IFA), Dietary Supplement: Multiple Micronutrient (MMN) group, Dietary Supplement: Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS) group | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Iron and Folic Acid (IFA); Assigned to Arm(s): Iron and Folic Acid (IFA), Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS), Multiple Micronutrient (MMN) | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Multiple Micronutrient (MMN) group; Assigned to Arm(s): Iron and Folic Acid (IFA), Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS), Multiple Micronutrient (MMN) | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS) group; Assigned to Arm(s): Iron and Folic Acid (IFA), Lipid-based Nutrient Supplements (LNS), Multiple Micronutrient (MMN)

Answer: D