Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Exercise Rehabilitation Regimes in Combination With Changes in Dialysis Procedures in Aspects Related to Quality of Life and Health in End Stage Renal Disease Patients
Brief Summary: Despite the tremendous advances in dialysis technology, hemodialysis (HD) is a significant challenge for dialysis patients and quality of their lives\[2\]. Research has shown for years that dialysate fluid temperature and especially the typical dialysis (TD) temperature at (37°C) are complicated by hemodynamic instability which leading to an increased risk of heat-induced hypotension causing patient discomfort and increased mortality.

Cold dialysis (CD) is defined as the reduction of dialysis fluid temperature to 35-36°C, approximately 1°C below the typical dialysate temperature which ranges between 37-38°C. A number of studies have reported beneficial effects of CD on maintaining hemodynamic stability, minimizes hypotension and exerts a protective effect over major organs including the heart and brain. In addition, current evidence showed the protective effect of CD in cardiac performance during the dialysis session. As the investigators know until today cardiovascular mortality is an important issue for nephrologists that care for ESRD patients, however, many other benefits have been observed on patients' overall health and quality of life levels by used of CD.

The above-mentioned benefits of CD in the hemodynamic stability and the general quality of life of the patients are highlighted even further due to the ever-increasing adoption of intradialytic exercise programs. It has been well established that intradialytic exercise leads to benefits of physiological, functional, and psychological deterioration, which commonly accrues as a consequence of biological aging, catabolic illness, and a sedentary lifestyle, factors that may all contribute to the progressive decline of vitality and quality of life commonly observed in ESRD patients.

However, despite a strong rationale for the implementation of intradialytic exercise programs and the aforementioned benefits of CD, the separate and combined effects of these protocols in aspects related to quality of life and health in ESRD patients have not been investigated to date.

The aim of the current clinical study was to assess the effect of exercise rehabilitation regimes in combination with changes in dialysate temperature in aspects related to quality of life and health in end-stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis.


Options:
A: Change in non-invasive measures of arterial stiffness using applanation tonometry. (4 months and 8 months after study initiation)
B: Change in Executive Function as Assessed by the Trail Making Test Assessment (TMT) (3 months)
C: Change in Body Heat Storage (Changes from baseline at 7 months); Change in Insulin Resistance (Changes from baseline at 7 months); Change in Muscle Size (Changes from baseline at 7 months)
D: The number of participants with an adverse event (Change from baseline to 12 weeks); Adherence to the exercise protocol (At 12 weeks); The number of dropouts (At the end of the study, 6 months); Human activity profile (Change from baseline to 12 weeks); The number of participants who adopted the other group's exercise (Change from baseline and 12 weeks); The proportion of patients that would continue their current intradialytic exercise program after the study is over. (At the end of the study, 6 months.)

Answer: C