TrialPanorama/Dataset huggingface dataset:
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Attempters With Drug Dependence Disorder
Brief Summary: This study will examine the effectiveness of combining cognitive therapy with enriched usual care for preventing subsequent suicide attempts in people with a drug dependence who have recently attempted suicide.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Cognitive Therapy; Type: OTHER; Interventions: Behavioral: Cognitive Therapy | Arm Label: Enriched Care; Type: OTHER; Interventions: Other: Enriched Care | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Cognitive Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Cognitive Therapy | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Enriched Care; Assigned to Arm(s): Enriched Care
B: Arm Label: Mindfulness condition; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Mindfulness | Arm Label: Control condition; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Mindfulness; Assigned to Arm(s): Mindfulness condition
C: Arm Label: Experimental Arm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Other | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Other; Assigned to Arm(s): Experimental Arm
D: Arm Label: No text messages; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Supportive and interactive text messages; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Supportive and interactive text messages | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Supportive and interactive text messages; Assigned to Arm(s): Supportive and interactive text messages

Answer: A
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Attempters With Drug Dependence Disorder
Brief Summary: This study will examine the effectiveness of combining cognitive therapy with enriched usual care for preventing subsequent suicide attempts in people with a drug dependence who have recently attempted suicide.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Dialectical Behavior Therapy; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Dialectical Behavior Therapy | Arm Label: Inidividual and Group Supportive Therapy; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Individual and Group Supportive Therapy | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Dialectical Behavior Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Dialectical Behavior Therapy | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Individual and Group Supportive Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Inidividual and Group Supportive Therapy
B: Arm Label: Caring Letter Condition (CL); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Caring Letter (email) | Arm Label: Usual Care (UC); Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Caring Letter (email); Assigned to Arm(s): Caring Letter Condition (CL)
C: Arm Label: Prevention Program; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Prevention program | Arm Label: Assessment Only; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Prevention program; Assigned to Arm(s): Prevention Program
D: Arm Label: Cognitive Therapy; Type: OTHER; Interventions: Behavioral: Cognitive Therapy | Arm Label: Enriched Care; Type: OTHER; Interventions: Other: Enriched Care | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Cognitive Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Cognitive Therapy | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Enriched Care; Assigned to Arm(s): Enriched Care

Answer: D
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Promoting Child Mental Health: RCT of Home Visiting
Brief Summary: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program (HSP), a home visitation program for families at risk for child abuse, in promoting the health and development of children.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Precision Family Spirit; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Precision Family Spirit | Arm Label: Standard Family Spirit; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Standard Family Spirit | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Precision Family Spirit; Assigned to Arm(s): Precision Family Spirit | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Standard Family Spirit; Assigned to Arm(s): Standard Family Spirit
B: Arm Label: Family Spirit Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Family Spirit Intervention | Arm Label: Optimized Standard Care Control Group; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Family Spirit Intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): Family Spirit Intervention
C: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Home Visiting; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
D: Arm Label: Healthy Children, Strong Families (first); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Healthy Children, Strong Families, Behavioral: Child Safety | Arm Label: Child Safety (first); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Healthy Children, Strong Families, Behavioral: Child Safety | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Healthy Children, Strong Families; Assigned to Arm(s): Child Safety (first), Healthy Children, Strong Families (first) | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Child Safety; Assigned to Arm(s): Child Safety (first), Healthy Children, Strong Families (first)

Answer: C
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Promoting Child Mental Health: RCT of Home Visiting
Brief Summary: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program (HSP), a home visitation program for families at risk for child abuse, in promoting the health and development of children.


Options:
A: Arm Label: NFP + IPV intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: NFP + IPV intervention | Arm Label: NFP (standard care); Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: NFP + IPV intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): NFP + IPV intervention
B: Arm Label: Clinics trained in brief intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Family Planning-based Partner Violence Intervention | Arm Label: Control sites providing standard of care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Family Planning-based Partner Violence Intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): Clinics trained in brief intervention
C: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Home Visiting; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
D: Arm Label: Women's Health CoOp (WHC); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Women's Health CoOp (WHC) | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Women's Health CoOp (WHC); Assigned to Arm(s): Women's Health CoOp (WHC)

Answer: C
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Promoting Child Mental Health: RCT of Home Visiting
Brief Summary: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program (HSP), a home visitation program for families at risk for child abuse, in promoting the health and development of children.


Options:
A: Arm Label: control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: RHANI Wives Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: RHANI WIves | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: RHANI WIves; Assigned to Arm(s): RHANI Wives Intervention
B: Arm Label: Intervention arm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: The SHARE Project | Arm Label: Control arm; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: The SHARE Project; Assigned to Arm(s): Intervention arm
C: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
D: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Home Visiting; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A

Answer: D
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Promoting Child Mental Health: RCT of Home Visiting
Brief Summary: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program (HSP), a home visitation program for families at risk for child abuse, in promoting the health and development of children.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Accountable Condition- 8 clinics; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Accountable Condition | Arm Label: Control Condition- 8 clinics; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Control Condition | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Accountable Condition; Assigned to Arm(s): Accountable Condition- 8 clinics | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Control Condition; Assigned to Arm(s): Control Condition- 8 clinics
B: Arm Label: Treatment as usual; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Behavioral education; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Behavioral education intervention | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Behavioral education intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): Behavioral education
C: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Home Visiting; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
D: Arm Label: Treatment as usual; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Behavioral education; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Behavioral education intervention | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Behavioral education intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): Behavioral education

Answer: C
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Promoting Child Mental Health: RCT of Home Visiting
Brief Summary: This study will evaluate the effectiveness of Hawaii's Healthy Start Program (HSP), a home visitation program for families at risk for child abuse, in promoting the health and development of children.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Primary Care for DILs; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Primary care for Daughters-in-Law | Arm Label: Standard Care plus Dil Mil Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: The Dil Mil Intervention | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Primary care for Daughters-in-Law; Assigned to Arm(s): Primary Care for DILs | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: The Dil Mil Intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): Standard Care plus Dil Mil Intervention
B: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
C: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Home Visiting; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
D: Arm Label: 1; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Public Health Nurse Home Visit | Arm Label: 2; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Protocol | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Public Health Nurse Home Visit; Assigned to Arm(s): 1 | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Protocol; Assigned to Arm(s): 2

Answer: C
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prophylactic Cognitive Therapy for Depression.
Brief Summary: This study determined the effectiveness of continuation phase cognitive therapy versus antidepressant medication in preventing relapse of depression in people with recurrent depression.


Options:
A: Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Interpersonal Psychotherapy; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Fluoxetine; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
B: Arm Label: 1; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Continuation phase cognitive therapy, Behavioral: Acute phase cognitive therapy | Arm Label: 2; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: Continuation phase pill placebo, Behavioral: Acute phase cognitive therapy | Arm Label: 3; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Continuation phase fluoxetine, Behavioral: Acute phase cognitive therapy | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Continuation phase cognitive therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): 1 | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Continuation phase fluoxetine; Assigned to Arm(s): 3 | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Continuation phase pill placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): 2 | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Acute phase cognitive therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): 1, 2, 3
C: Arm Label: Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy, Biological: Standard psychiatric care | Arm Label: CBASP; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy, Biological: Standard psychiatric care | Arm Label: Treatment-as-usual; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Biological: Standard psychiatric care | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy; Assigned to Arm(s): CBASP | Intervention Type: BIOLOGICAL; Name: Standard psychiatric care; Assigned to Arm(s): CBASP, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy, Treatment-as-usual
D: Arm Label: Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy | Arm Label: Combination; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, Drug: Optimal Medical Care | Arm Label: Optimal Medical Care; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Optimal Medical Care | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Combination, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Optimal Medical Care; Assigned to Arm(s): Combination, Optimal Medical Care

Answer: B
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Phase 3 Study With Randomization to Melphalan/Prednisone/Thalidomide Versus Melphalan/Prednisone/Placebo to Patients With Previously Untreated Multiple Myeloma
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to test the effect of thalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma. The patients receive either thalidomide or a placebo tablet (neither patient nor doctor know which of these are given) in addition to the ordinary chemotherapeutic drug against multiple myeloma. We will find out for how long time the patients will stay free of the disease and for how long time they will live, and can evaluate whether thalidomide is a beneficial drug against this disease.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Arm I (thalidomide); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: Laboratory Biomarker Analysis, Drug: Melphalan, Drug: Prednisone, Other: Quality-of-Life Assessment, Drug: Thalidomide | Arm Label: Arm II (lenalidomide); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Laboratory Biomarker Analysis, Drug: Lenalidomide, Drug: Melphalan, Drug: Prednisone | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Laboratory Biomarker Analysis; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm I (thalidomide), Arm II (lenalidomide) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Lenalidomide; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm II (lenalidomide) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Melphalan; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm I (thalidomide), Arm II (lenalidomide) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Prednisone; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm I (thalidomide), Arm II (lenalidomide) | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Quality-of-Life Assessment; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm I (thalidomide) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Thalidomide; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm I (thalidomide)
B: Arm Label: A (Thalidomide & Dexamethasone); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: A (Thalidomide + Dexamethasone) | Arm Label: B (Dexamethasone and placebo); Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: B (Placebo + Dexamethasone) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: A (Thalidomide + Dexamethasone); Assigned to Arm(s): A (Thalidomide & Dexamethasone) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: B (Placebo + Dexamethasone); Assigned to Arm(s): B (Dexamethasone and placebo)
C: Arm Label: A; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: thalidomide, Drug: placebo | Arm Label: B; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: thalidomide, Drug: placebo | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: thalidomide; Assigned to Arm(s): A, B | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): A, B
D: Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Thalidomide; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A

Answer: C
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nasogastric Tube in Premature Babies - Pain and Treatment. A Randomised, Partly Blinded, Placebo-controlled Factorial Clinical Trial of Sucrose and Pacifier
Brief Summary: Does sucrose or pacifier influence pain in premature babies when a nasogastric tube is inserted?


Options:
A: Arm Label: Co-bedding; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Co-bedding (caring for twins in the same incubator) | Arm Label: Standard care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Co-bedding (caring for twins in the same incubator); Assigned to Arm(s): Co-bedding
B: Arm Label: control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: water; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: sterile water | Arm Label: sucrose; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Sucrose | Arm Label: pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Pacifier | Arm Label: water and pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Pacifier | Arm Label: sucrose and pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Sucrose, Device: Pacifier | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sucrose; Assigned to Arm(s): sucrose, sucrose and pacifier | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Pacifier; Assigned to Arm(s): pacifier, sucrose and pacifier, water and pacifier | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: sterile water; Assigned to Arm(s): water
C: N/A
D: Arm Label: Pentacel; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Pentacel (DPTaP+Hib) | Arm Label: Prevnar; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Prevnar (conjugated pneumococcal vaccine) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Pentacel (DPTaP+Hib); Assigned to Arm(s): Pentacel | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Prevnar (conjugated pneumococcal vaccine); Assigned to Arm(s): Prevnar

Answer: B
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nasogastric Tube in Premature Babies - Pain and Treatment. A Randomised, Partly Blinded, Placebo-controlled Factorial Clinical Trial of Sucrose and Pacifier
Brief Summary: Does sucrose or pacifier influence pain in premature babies when a nasogastric tube is inserted?


Options:
A: Arm Label: control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: water; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: sterile water | Arm Label: sucrose; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Sucrose | Arm Label: pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Pacifier | Arm Label: water and pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Pacifier | Arm Label: sucrose and pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Sucrose, Device: Pacifier | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sucrose; Assigned to Arm(s): sucrose, sucrose and pacifier | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Pacifier; Assigned to Arm(s): pacifier, sucrose and pacifier, water and pacifier | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: sterile water; Assigned to Arm(s): water
B: Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sucrose; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
C: Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sucrose solution 30%1 ml; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Breastfeeding; Assigned to Arm(s): N/A
D: Arm Label: sucrose; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: sucrose | Arm Label: supplemental breast milk; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: supplemental breast milk | Arm Label: Breast feeding; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: breast feeding | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: breast feeding; Assigned to Arm(s): Breast feeding | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: supplemental breast milk; Assigned to Arm(s): supplemental breast milk | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: sucrose; Assigned to Arm(s): sucrose

Answer: A
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nasogastric Tube in Premature Babies - Pain and Treatment. A Randomised, Partly Blinded, Placebo-controlled Factorial Clinical Trial of Sucrose and Pacifier
Brief Summary: Does sucrose or pacifier influence pain in premature babies when a nasogastric tube is inserted?


Options:
A: Arm Label: control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: water; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: sterile water | Arm Label: sucrose; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Sucrose | Arm Label: pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Pacifier | Arm Label: water and pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Pacifier | Arm Label: sucrose and pacifier; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Sucrose, Device: Pacifier | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sucrose; Assigned to Arm(s): sucrose, sucrose and pacifier | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Pacifier; Assigned to Arm(s): pacifier, sucrose and pacifier, water and pacifier | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: sterile water; Assigned to Arm(s): water
B: Arm Label: Pentacel; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Pentacel (DPTaP+Hib) | Arm Label: Prevnar; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Prevnar (conjugated pneumococcal vaccine) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Pentacel (DPTaP+Hib); Assigned to Arm(s): Pentacel | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Prevnar (conjugated pneumococcal vaccine); Assigned to Arm(s): Prevnar
C: Arm Label: Group M; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: recorded maternal voice | Arm Label: Group S; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: recorded stranger's voice | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: recorded maternal voice; Assigned to Arm(s): Group M | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: recorded stranger's voice; Assigned to Arm(s): Group S
D: Arm Label: OH; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: Hernia repair | Arm Label: LH; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: Hernia repair | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Hernia repair; Assigned to Arm(s): LH, OH

Answer: A