Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Treating Working Memory Deficits in Patients With Schizophrenia Using Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Brief Summary: Deficits in working memory (WM) performance are the most significant cognitive impairments in schizophrenia (SCZ). It has also been shown that WM performance is contingent on the cortex synchronization, a process that relies on brain inhibition. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) has been demonstrated as an effective treatment for patients with SCZ and has been shown to increase brain inhibition and improve cognitive performance. In this study the investigators intend to:

* evaluate rTMS as a treatment for WM deficits in SCZ
* evaluate rTMS as a method to increase WM performance in healthy individuals
* determine if improvements in WM performance are related to enhanced synchronization of brain networks
* determine whether genetic polymorphisms predict cortical function and treatment response
* evaluate the influence of rTMS treatment on brain structure.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female in-patients and out-patients, 18 - 60 years of age
* Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to ICD-10/DSM IV
* PANSS negative sum score \> 20 points, 1 of items N1 - N7 (range 1 to 7) ≥ 4 (at least moderate)
* Improvement in PANSS negative sum score less than 10 % in the last 2 weeks prior to study entry, stable antipsychotic medication
* Informed Consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Clinically relevant psychiatric comorbidity, verbal IQ \< 85
* History of epileptic seizures, organic brain disease
* Instable medical comorbidity or condition
* Previous treatment by rTMS
* Factors not compatible with the use of TMS, e.g. cardiac pace makers or other metallic implants, pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria for Schizophrenia Subjects:

* Voluntary and competent to consent
* SCID-IV Diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
* Between the ages of 18 and 85

Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Subjects:

* voluntary and competent to consent
* between the ages of 18-85
* considered a healthy individual free of psychopathology based on the Personality Assessment Inventory
* right-handed determined by the TMS screening and demographic form
* self-reported non-smoker
* do not have a self-reported concomitant major medical or neurologic illness
* if a woman of childbearing potential, must be on an effective means of birth control determined through completion of the TMS screening and demographic form.

Exclusion Criteria for both Healthy Controls and Schizophrenia Subjects:

* Have a DSM-IV history of substance abuse or dependence in the last 6 months
* Have a concomitant major and unstable medical or neurologic illness
* Have a history of seizures
* Have a first degree relative with a history of a seizure disorder
* Are pregnant
* Have any clinically significant EEG activity indicating an increased risk of seizure, as confirmed by a neurologist.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients will fulfill DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
* Patients reporting auditory hallucinations on average at least 5 times per day based on prospective assessment using a diary or handheld counter.
* Patients are maintained on their psychotropic medication at steady dosages for at least 4 weeks before study entry and for the duration of the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cardiac pacemaker implant, or a history of epilepsy, neurosurgery, or brain trauma patients suffering from chronic medical conditions of any sort
* History of current hypertension
* History of seizure or heat convulsion
* History of epilepsy or seizure in first degree relatives
* History of head injury
* History of any metal in the head (outside the mouth)
* Known history of any metallic particles in the eye
* Implanted cardiac pacemaker or any intra-cardiac lines
* Implanted neuro-stimulators
* Surgical clips or any medical pumps
* History of frequent or severe headaches
* History of migraine
* History of hearing loss
* Known history of cochlear implants
* History of drug abuse or alcoholism
* Pregnancy or not using a reliable method of birth control (non-pregnancy will be proved by beta-HCG test)
* Systemic and metabolic disorders
* Inadequate communication skills or under custodial care.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia
* age between 18 and 60
* informed consent
* right handed patient
* no change of antipsychotic treatment \> 2 weeks before recruitment

Exclusion Criteria:

* seizures, epilepsy
* history of severe head injury
* status post implantation of a cardiac pacemaker or other electronic devi-ses

Answer: B