TrialPanorama/Dataset huggingface dataset:
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-center, Pilot Study of Envarsus XR® to Examine Safety, Medication Adherence, and Patient Reported Outcomes in Adolescent Renal Transplant Recipients
Brief Summary: Adolescents commonly experience barriers to adherence that entail forgetfulness, distraction, poor planning, and scheduling problems. A once daily oral regimen may be superior to the current regimens that require twice daily dosing. It is currently unclear if Envarsus XR® would improve outcomes in adolescent organ transplant recipients. Each patient will receive tacrolimus (twice daily immediate release oral formulation) which they are using as part of their standard of care immunosuppressive regimen for a portion of the study and Envarsus XR® (a once daily extended-release oral tacrolimus formulation) for a portion of the study in a cross-over design. Besides the advantage to adherence behaviors, a sustained-release tacrolimus preparation may decrease burdensome side effects and increase quality of life. Following enrollment, each patient will be maintained in the study for 9 months.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Arm A-Tacrolimus then Envarsus; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Envarsus XR, Drug: Tacrolimus | Arm Label: Arm B-Envarsus then Tacrolimus; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Envarsus XR, Drug: Tacrolimus | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Envarsus XR; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm A-Tacrolimus then Envarsus, Arm B-Envarsus then Tacrolimus | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Tacrolimus; Assigned to Arm(s): Arm A-Tacrolimus then Envarsus, Arm B-Envarsus then Tacrolimus
B: Arm Label: Video education + adherence contract; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Video education + adherence contract | Arm Label: Standard education; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Video education + adherence contract; Assigned to Arm(s): Video education + adherence contract
C: Arm Label: SMASK; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: SMASK | Arm Label: EnhancedSC; Type: OTHER; Interventions: Behavioral: EnhancedSC | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: SMASK; Assigned to Arm(s): SMASK | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: EnhancedSC; Assigned to Arm(s): EnhancedSC
D: Arm Label: standard of care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: remote home monitoring; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: remote home monitoring | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: remote home monitoring; Assigned to Arm(s): remote home monitoring

Answer: A
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Use Of Music Therapy In Autism Spectrum Disorder
Brief Summary: Music therapy is an established form of creative art therapy. By using music as a specific medium of communication, expression and adapting it to the individual resources and abilities of the patient, music therapy can be beneficial in activating and supporting mental and psycho-physical recover .


Options:
A: Arm Label: Study; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: music therapy sessions . | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: music therapy sessions .; Assigned to Arm(s): Study
B: Arm Label: Music therapy; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Music therapy | Arm Label: Behavioral-based social skill training; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Behavioral-based social skill training | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Music therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Music therapy | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Behavioral-based social skill training; Assigned to Arm(s): Behavioral-based social skill training
C: Arm Label: Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) | Arm Label: Aerobics Exercise (AE); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: Aerobics Exercise (AE) | Arm Label: Waiting List; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT); Assigned to Arm(s): Dance/Movement Therapy (DMT) | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Aerobics Exercise (AE); Assigned to Arm(s): Aerobics Exercise (AE)
D: Arm Label: Music therapy/Play therapy; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Music Therapy, Behavioral: Play therapy | Arm Label: Play therapy/Music therapy; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Music Therapy, Behavioral: Play therapy | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Music Therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Music therapy/Play therapy, Play therapy/Music therapy | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Play therapy; Assigned to Arm(s): Music therapy/Play therapy, Play therapy/Music therapy

Answer: A
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Application of Fibrinogen/Thrombin-coated Collagen Patch (TachoSil®) in Pancreaticojejunostomy for Prevention of Pancreatic Fistula After Pancreatoduodenectomy
Brief Summary: Fibrinogen/thrombin-coated collagen patch (TachoSil®) is known to have the effect of strengthening tissue anastomosis and promoting suturing to prevent leakage. The purpose of this study is to compare the incidence of pancreatic fistula that is most crucial for surgical outcome and complications in pancreaticoduodenectomy with those of the control group and the TachoSil® apply group.

Patients who were planned to undergo pancreaticoduodenectomy without a history of chronic pancreatitis are enrolled in this open-label, single-center, randomized, single-blind, phase 4 clinical trial.


Options:
A: Arm Label: application of TachoSil®; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Fibrinogen/thrombin-coated collagen patch | Arm Label: control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Fibrinogen/thrombin-coated collagen patch; Assigned to Arm(s): application of TachoSil®
B: Arm Label: Pancreatic duct occlusion; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Pancreatic duct occlusion with Neoprene | Arm Label: Pancreato-Jejunal anastomosi; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: Pancreato-Jejunal anastomosis | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Pancreatic duct occlusion with Neoprene; Assigned to Arm(s): Pancreatic duct occlusion | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Pancreato-Jejunal anastomosis; Assigned to Arm(s): Pancreato-Jejunal anastomosi
C: Arm Label: Tachocomb; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Device: Tachocomb | Arm Label: PGA; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Device: Polyglycolic acid (PGA) (Neoveil) | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Tachocomb; Assigned to Arm(s): Tachocomb | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Polyglycolic acid (PGA) (Neoveil); Assigned to Arm(s): PGA
D: Arm Label: Patch and glue arm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Falciform patch and fibrin glue application | Arm Label: stapled /sutured pancreatic closure; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: standard pancreatic closure | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Falciform patch and fibrin glue application; Assigned to Arm(s): Patch and glue arm | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: standard pancreatic closure; Assigned to Arm(s): stapled /sutured pancreatic closure

Answer: A
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: PathMate2: The Impact of Health Information System Services on the Effects of Therapy in Overweight Teenagers
Brief Summary: Randomised controlled trial in overweight adolescents using a health App.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Step 1: Optimal First Line Treatment; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Step 1 Treatment: APP, Behavioral: Step 1 Treatment: APP + Coaching | Arm Label: Step 2: Optimal Strategy to Address Nonresponse; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Step 2 Treatment Strategy: Modest Step-up, Behavioral: Step 2 Treatment Strategy: Vigorous Step-up | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Step 1 Treatment: APP; Assigned to Arm(s): Step 1: Optimal First Line Treatment | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Step 1 Treatment: APP + Coaching; Assigned to Arm(s): Step 1: Optimal First Line Treatment | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Step 2 Treatment Strategy: Modest Step-up; Assigned to Arm(s): Step 2: Optimal Strategy to Address Nonresponse | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Step 2 Treatment Strategy: Vigorous Step-up; Assigned to Arm(s): Step 2: Optimal Strategy to Address Nonresponse
B: Arm Label: Intervention SG; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Device: PathMate2 | Arm Label: Control SG; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Intervention VD; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Device: PathMateS | Arm Label: Control VD; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: PathMate2; Assigned to Arm(s): Intervention SG | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: PathMateS; Assigned to Arm(s): Intervention VD
C: Arm Label: HABIT Group; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: HABIT | Arm Label: TRE Group; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: TRE | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: TRE; Assigned to Arm(s): TRE Group | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: HABIT; Assigned to Arm(s): HABIT Group
D: Arm Label: Delayed Intervention; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: eCMP | Arm Label: Immediate Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: eCMP | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: eCMP; Assigned to Arm(s): Delayed Intervention, Immediate Intervention

Answer: B
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: An Outcome Assessor-blinded Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of an Ion-exchange Water Softener for the Prevention of Atopic Eczema in Neonates, With an Embedded Mechanistic Study
Brief Summary: An outcome assessor-blinded pilot randomised controlled trial of an ion-exchange water softener for the prevention of atopic eczema in neonates, with an embedded mechanistic study


Options:
A: Arm Label: Coconut Oil Application; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Coconut Oil Application | Arm Label: No Oil Application; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Coconut Oil Application; Assigned to Arm(s): Coconut Oil Application
B: Arm Label: Twice daily use treatment with EpiCeram; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: EpiCeram | Arm Label: Standard skin care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: EpiCeram; Assigned to Arm(s): Twice daily use treatment with EpiCeram
C: Arm Label: Domestic ion-exchange water softener; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Domestic ion-exchange water softener | Arm Label: Usual hard water supply; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Domestic ion-exchange water softener; Assigned to Arm(s): Domestic ion-exchange water softener
D: Arm Label: Peanut Consumption Group; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Biological: Peanut Consumption Group | Arm Label: Peanut Avoidance Group; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BIOLOGICAL; Name: Peanut Consumption Group; Assigned to Arm(s): Peanut Consumption Group

Answer: C
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: An Outcome Assessor-blinded Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of an Ion-exchange Water Softener for the Prevention of Atopic Eczema in Neonates, With an Embedded Mechanistic Study
Brief Summary: An outcome assessor-blinded pilot randomised controlled trial of an ion-exchange water softener for the prevention of atopic eczema in neonates, with an embedded mechanistic study


Options:
A: Arm Label: Cholecalciferol; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Cholecalciferol | Arm Label: Placebo of cholecalciferol; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Placebo of cholecalciferol | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Cholecalciferol; Assigned to Arm(s): Cholecalciferol | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Placebo of cholecalciferol; Assigned to Arm(s): Placebo of cholecalciferol
B: Arm Label: A: UVA1; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: UVA1 phototherapy | Arm Label: B: NB UVB; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: NB-UVB phototherapy | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: UVA1 phototherapy; Assigned to Arm(s): A: UVA1 | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: NB-UVB phototherapy; Assigned to Arm(s): B: NB UVB
C: Arm Label: Domestic ion-exchange water softener; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Domestic ion-exchange water softener | Arm Label: Usual hard water supply; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Domestic ion-exchange water softener; Assigned to Arm(s): Domestic ion-exchange water softener
D: Arm Label: Blue light at 415nm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Full Body Blue Light Device | Arm Label: Blue light at 450nm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Full Body Blue Light Device | Arm Label: Placebo; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Device: Full Body Blue Light Device | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Full Body Blue Light Device; Assigned to Arm(s): Blue light at 415nm, Blue light at 450nm, Placebo

Answer: C
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: An Outcome Assessor-blinded Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial of an Ion-exchange Water Softener for the Prevention of Atopic Eczema in Neonates, With an Embedded Mechanistic Study
Brief Summary: An outcome assessor-blinded pilot randomised controlled trial of an ion-exchange water softener for the prevention of atopic eczema in neonates, with an embedded mechanistic study


Options:
A: Arm Label: Balneum oil bath; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Balneum oil bath | Arm Label: standard skin cleanser; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Balneum oil bath; Assigned to Arm(s): Balneum oil bath
B: Arm Label: Domestic ion-exchange water softener; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Domestic ion-exchange water softener | Arm Label: Usual hard water supply; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Domestic ion-exchange water softener; Assigned to Arm(s): Domestic ion-exchange water softener
C: Arm Label: Coconut Oil Application; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Coconut Oil Application | Arm Label: No Oil Application; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Coconut Oil Application; Assigned to Arm(s): Coconut Oil Application
D: Arm Label: Twice daily use treatment with EpiCeram; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: EpiCeram | Arm Label: Standard skin care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: EpiCeram; Assigned to Arm(s): Twice daily use treatment with EpiCeram

Answer: B
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reducing Post-discharge Adverse Drug Events Amongst the Elderly: a Multi-centre Electronic Deprescribing Intervention
Brief Summary: Reducing medications and associated side effects in older adults: an electronic hospital-based intervention


Options:
A: Arm Label: Multidisciplinary medication review; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Multidisciplinary medication review | Arm Label: usual care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Multidisciplinary medication review; Assigned to Arm(s): Multidisciplinary medication review
B: Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Deprescribing opportunities | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Deprescribing opportunities; Assigned to Arm(s): Intervention
C: Arm Label: naive Deprescribing arm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Team-care deprescribing with deprescribing guide | Arm Label: naive Wait-list Control arm; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: non-naive Deprescribing arm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Team-care deprescribing with deprescribing guide | Arm Label: non-naive Wait-list Control arm; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Team-care deprescribing with deprescribing guide; Assigned to Arm(s): naive Deprescribing arm, non-naive Deprescribing arm
D: Arm Label: Comprehensive drug review; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Comprehensive drug review | Arm Label: Control group; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Comprehensive drug review; Assigned to Arm(s): Comprehensive drug review

Answer: B
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prevenció Dels Problemes Relacionats Amb Alcohol a urgències.
Brief Summary: Alcohol use and its consequences represent an important public health problem. As well as alcohol dependence, hazardous drinking also contributes to a high burden in terms of morbidity and mortality. To improve these patients' prognosis and decrease associated social and health care costs, it is necessary to increase early detection, intervention and treatment for these problems. For these reasons, SBIRT programmes (Screening Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment) have been developed, evaluated and shown to be effective, particularly in primary care and general practice. Nevertheless, effectiveness of SBIRT in emergency departments (ED) has not been clearly established.

The investigators aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of an SBIRT programme in the ED of a tertiary hospital.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Brief motivational interview; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Brief motivational interview | Arm Label: No discussion; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Brief motivational interview; Assigned to Arm(s): Brief motivational interview
B: Arm Label: Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Brief Intervention | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Brief Intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): Intervention
C: Arm Label: Relaxation training; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Relaxation training | Arm Label: Brief Motivational Counseling; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Brief Motivational Counseling | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Brief Motivational Counseling; Assigned to Arm(s): Brief Motivational Counseling | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Relaxation training; Assigned to Arm(s): Relaxation training
D: Arm Label: EARLY; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Motivational Interviewing plus feedback | Arm Label: Video Information; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Video | Arm Label: Informational Brochure; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Informational Brochure | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Motivational Interviewing plus feedback; Assigned to Arm(s): EARLY | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Video; Assigned to Arm(s): Video Information | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Informational Brochure; Assigned to Arm(s): Informational Brochure

Answer: B
Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Parallel-group Randomized Trial to Compare the Efficacy of Different Behaviour Change Techniques in the e- and M-health Intervention 'MyPlan 2.0'
Brief Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of intervention 'MyPlan 2.0' and the efficacy of the different behaviour change techniques that are included. Eight groups will be created that will receive a different version of the intervention, varying in three behaviour change techniques (action planning, coping planning, self-monitoring).


Options:
A: Arm Label: AP+CP+M; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Action planning, Behavioral: Coping planning, Behavioral: Self-monitoring, Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Arm Label: AP+CP; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Action planning, Behavioral: Coping planning, Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Arm Label: AP+M; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Action planning, Behavioral: Self-monitoring, Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Arm Label: CP+M; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Coping planning, Behavioral: Self-monitoring, Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Arm Label: M; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Self-monitoring, Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Arm Label: CP; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Coping planning, Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Arm Label: AP; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Action planning, Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Arm Label: Control; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Feedback and tips | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Action planning; Assigned to Arm(s): AP, AP+CP, AP+CP+M, AP+M | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Coping planning; Assigned to Arm(s): AP+CP, AP+CP+M, CP, CP+M | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Self-monitoring; Assigned to Arm(s): AP+CP+M, AP+M, CP+M, M | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Feedback and tips; Assigned to Arm(s): AP, AP+CP, AP+CP+M, AP+M, CP, CP+M, Control, M
B: Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Exercise; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Theoretical & practical exercise counseling | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Theoretical & practical exercise counseling; Assigned to Arm(s): Exercise
C: Arm Label: Sitting time Change Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Sitting time Change Intervention | Arm Label: Active Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Sitting time Change Intervention; Assigned to Arm(s): Sitting time Change Intervention
D: Arm Label: Lifestyle change; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Reduction of sedentary time by breaking it with low intensity physical activity | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Reduction of sedentary time by breaking it with low intensity physical activity; Assigned to Arm(s): Lifestyle change

Answer: A