Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: Hypothesis: Use of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis can effectively prevent common nosocomial (gastrointestinal and respiratory) infections. Nosocomial infection will be defined as infections which develop more than 48 hours after admission and they are not present or incubating on admission

This study is a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo- controlled parallel study in children hospitalized at Children's hospital Zagreb.

The study will investigate the effect of supplementation with the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis on the incidence and duration of gastrointestinal and respiratory infections.

The test product is a sachet containing 1 gram of powder. The test product will contain minimum 1 billion CFU (colony forming units) probiotic per serving.

The placebo product is an identical product except for the absence of probiotics.

The study includes an intervention period lasting the length of the hospital stay.

The study product will be consumed daily in the morning together with breakfast.

The consumption of the study products will be taken under the surveillance of the physician.

Data on infections will be diagnosed by a physician and recorded in a CRF. The incidence of infections will be analyzed based on the information recorded in the CRF.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Child 36-48 months of age
* Child is currently attending a daycare and has attended for 6 months or less
* Has consumed cow's milk or a cow's milk-based beverage during the 48 hours prior to randomization
* Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Child who received any food product or supplement containing probiotics or prebiotics in the 15 days prior to randomization
* Child with allergy to gluten or serious concurrent illness that will interfere in the general management of the child
* Child with diarrhea or acute respiratory infection during the 48 hours prior to randomization
* Child's z-score of weight for height \< -3 according to World Health Organization criteria
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children aged 3-5 years of normal nutritional status and health

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindications to dairy products (lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy)
* Indicators of inflammatory disease, intestinal disease, Crohn's disease, colitis, celiac disease
* Chronic cough from recurring respiratory distress-related diseases
* Hirschsprung's disease
* Cystic fibrosis
* Other metabolic, neurological, or anatomic alteration that predisposes participation
* Intake of probiotics within the last 3 weeks
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Apparently healthy children aged 1-6 years, with emphasize on aged 2-5 years, living permanently in low socio-economic urban areas of East Jakarta for at least 6 months
* Parents are willing to sign the informed consent and give the supplements to the children for the period of 6 months
* Capable and willing to drink liquid milk with a straw (acceptance to be tested at screening by providing a sample drink and placebo straw to be consumed under supervision for 2 days)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Calcium intake exceeding 75% of the RDA for calcium (\<375 mg/d) based on a Food Frequency Questionnaire
* Currently breastfed children
* Siblings of already included children that are living in the same household, except if it is a twin sibling
* Severely malnourished with or without oedema (Weight for height-WHZ Z-score of \<-3.00 SD)
* Symptoms of chronic/congenital diseases and disabilities, suspected Tuberculosis by clinical examination, and /or history of allergic disease.
* Taking (any) antibiotics during 2 weeks prior to start of the study (children will be included after 3 weeks of last antibiotic intake
* Participation in another clinical trial at the same time or 2 months prior to the start of this study
* Both mothers and other caregivers present in the family are illiterate
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children hospitalized at the Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Zagreb
* Age from 1 year to 18 years
* Signed informed consent by the parents

Exclusion Criteria:

* Immunodeficiency
* Infants from neonatal period until 1 year of age
* Re-hospitalisation (readmission in a hospital within one month)
* Receiving probiotic and /or prebiotic products prior to enrolment (2 weeks prior to hospitalization)
* Neoplasms
* Severe chronic diseases
* Hospitalization shorter than 3 days

Answer: D