Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Local Anesthesia and Simple Maneuver on Shoulder Pain After Gynecologic Laparoscopy
Brief Summary: This prospective, randomized controlled trial was designed to compare the efficacy of a simple maneuver using lower airway pressure (30 cm H2O) and intraperitoneal instillation of bupivacaine, alone or in combination, to reduce shoulder pain after gynecologic laparoscopy.

Patient aged 15-65 years, scheduled for laparoscopic surgery for benign adnexa disease will be eligible for the study. Patients will be excluded from analysis if the procedure requires conversion to a laparotomy, an operative time \> 3 hours, or interpretation of pain is impossible due to serious adverse effects

240 patients will be randomly assigned to one of four groups Upon completion of surgery, the patient is placed in the Trendelenburg position (30 degrees), and one of four procedures is followed. For group A (control), 50 ml of normal saline is instilled under the diaphragm and CO2 is removed by manual deflation of the abdominal cavity through the cannula; For group B, a mixture of 50ml solution (20ml of 0.5% bupivacaine + 30ml normal saline) is instilled under the diaphragm and CO2 is removed by manual deflation of the abdominal cavity through the cannula; For group C, 50 ml of normal saline is instilled under diaphragm and CO2 was removed by means of a pulmonary recruitment maneuver consisting of five manual inflations of the lung with a maximum pressure of 30 cm H2O. The anesthesiologist holds the fifth positive pressure inflation for approximately 5 seconds. During these maneuvers, the surgeon will be instructed to ensure that the trocar sleeve valve is fully open to allow the CO2 gas to escape. For group D, patients receive an instillation of a mixture of 50ml solution in combination with the clinical maneuver.

Patients will be given a questionnaire with the pain question represented as a visual analog scale (VAS) preoperatively. Patients will be asked to fill out the questionnaires during the first 24 hours after surgery to determine the frequency and severity of their shoulder pain. All patients are instructed to record the pain scores regarding their shoulder pain only. The degree of postoperative shoulder pain will be assessed using VAS at 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. The VAS, with scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (excruciating pain), is constructed without numeration, thus allowing patients to mark a point along the scale that best represented their pain at that time.

In addition, the following parameters are recorded on the case report form by the investigators: operative time, blood loss, the length of hospital stay, analgesic use, and incidence of postoperative events.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients receive benign gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.
* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of patient:

classification I-II

Exclusion Criteria:

* The procedure will be required to conversion to laparotomy.
* Any cardio-vascular diseases.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* benign adnexa diseases which are scheduled for laparoscopic surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* The procedure required conversion to a laparotomy, An operative time \> 3 hours, Interpretation of pain was impossible due to serious adverse effects.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elective laparoscopic hysterectomy (total/subtotal)
* Can read and understand Danish
* Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* BMI \> 30 kg/cm2
* Known allergy to medications that are included in the project
* Severe renal disease, defined by S-creatinine \> 0,200 mmol/L, GFR \< 30ml/min or hemodialysis)
* Neuromuscular disease that may interfere with neuromuscular data
* Lactating
* Impaired liver function
* Indication for rapid sequence induction (esophageal reflux/ hiatus hernia/other cause)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients were recruited from a single Consultant's surgical clinic at the same District General Hospital between August 2010 and February 2012. This study was approved by the local ethics committee (National Research Ethics Service REC ref: 09/H0405/65) and informed consent was obtained from all patients after they had the opportunity to study information leaflets that were also given to them. The trial was designed as a prospectively randomized and double blind trial with a 1:1 (control:intervention) allocation.

The inclusion criteria was all adults with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grade 1 or 2, who were undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease or laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair performed as a transabdominal preperitoneal procedure (TAP). All procedures and data collection occurred at a District General Hospital.

Exclusion Criteria:

The pre-operative exclusion criteria included patients younger than 18 years, those who refused to give consent, those that had an inability to understand the research questionnaire and pregnancy. Patients who were found to require additional procedures, for example a conversion to open surgery, were excluded from the study prior to randomization.

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Answer: B