Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Development of and Feasibility Testing of Decision Support for Patients Who Are Candidates for an Implantable Defibrillator
Brief Summary: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to a ventricular arrhythmia is a serious cause of cardiovascular death in Canada. The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) offers high-risk patients a treatment option to reduce the incidence of SCD by delivering an internal shock to restore a normal rhythm, if needed. Definitive evidence has established the effectiveness of the ICD for reducing mortality when used as prophylaxis for SCD (a primary prevention indication). Approximately 3,700 new candidates accrue annually. Practice guidelines define the criteria to determine patient ICD candidacy for primary prevention. However, in addition to SCD risk, ICD candidates may have chronic diseases such as diabetes, renal insufficiency, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. Thus, balancing the benefits and risks of an ICD can become complex, particularly when competing mortality risks are present. Research has recognized human costs associated with device complications and shocks affecting psychological, health related quality of life (HRQL), and morbidity outcomes. The complexities surrounding the long-term benefits/risks, complications, replacements, and shocks, warrant decision support to prepare patients to make decisions. In Canada, there is no clear framework to support patients' decision-making in the context of ICD treatment options. Decision support, using a decision aid, could moderate treatment related uncertainty and prepare patients to make active, informed, quality decisions.

Objectives: 1) develop a decision aid for ICD candidates to support quality decision-making (informed, deliberate, values-based choices), 2) to evaluate the decision aid, and 3) to determine the feasibility of conducting a trial.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women aged 55-64 years
* Lower levels of education
* English as a main language spoken at home
* Average risk of bowel cancer

Exclusion Criteria:

* Higher levels of education
* Invitation to take part in bowel cancer screening in last two years
* Personal or strong family history of bowel cancer
* Had a bowel cancer screening test in the last two years
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Two more or less comparable categories of patients are eligible: 1. if diagnosed with T2DM in 2002-2004 by screening, aged between 50-70 years at that time and having participated in the ADDITION-study that ended in 2009; 2. treated for their T2DM in a practice that participated in the ADDITION study, between 60 and 80 years in 2012-2014 and with a T2DM duration between 8 to 15 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients will be excluded if they have a history of alcoholism, drug abuse, psychosis, personality disorder or another emotional, psychological or intellectual problem that is likely to invalidate informed consent, or limit the ability of the individual to comply with the protocol requirements and patients with a limited life expectancy.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Referred for consideration of an ICD(non-CRT)for a primary prevention indication
* English speaking
* able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* unable to understand the decision aid due to a language barrier or visual impairment
* referred for secondary prevention indication
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ages 52-75
* Aetna Health Plan member
* Average risk for colorectal cancer
* Did not have colorectal cancer screening within guideline time frame (1 to 10 years, depending on individual's age and type of screening)

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of colorectal cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding, cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, blindness, uncorrectable hearing loss, severe dementia, severe heart failure, severe coronary artery disease
* Family history of colorectal cancer/polyps

Answer: C