Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Pilot Study of Yoga vs. Health Education for Chronic Pain in Persons Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy
Brief Summary: The Specific Aims of this treatment development research are:

To conduct a pilot randomized clinical trial (n = 40) of hatha yoga vs. a health education group (attention control) for persons with chronic pain who are taking methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) or bupreonorphine (BUP) for opioid use disorder maintenance treatment. Participants will be enrolled in the active intervention for 3 months, and then be followed for 6 months afterwards. Investigators' aims are:

1. To assess feasibility and acceptability of both the yoga class and the health education control group. Investigators will assess credibility of the assigned intervention and expectancy for improvement for both groups at baseline, program satisfaction following program participation, participant adherence (class attendance rate and amount of home practice corresponding to assigned study arm), and instructor fidelity to the manuals. Investigators will conduct structured interviews following program participation to understand specific aspects of both programs considered attractive, useful, or not useful; we will solicit suggestions for improvements as well.
2. To assess safety, investigators will track all adverse events in a structured fashion. Investigators do not expect to see any serious adverse events definitely or probably related to study participation.
3. To assess feasibility of research procedures, investigators have benchmarks for recruitment rate, retention for study assessments, and reliability of instructor fidelity measures.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment or buprenorphine treatment for 3 or more months;
2. Plan to continue this treatment for next 6 months;
3. Chronic pain, defined as pain duration for at least three months (Dworkin et al., 2012), a mean score of 4 or higher on the BPI Pain Interference Scale (C. S. Cleeland \& Ryan, 1994), and pain severity of 4 or higher on a Visual Analog Scale (0-10) indicating "worst pain in the last week"(Breivik et al., 2008; Jensen, Chen, \& Brugger, 2003);
4. No current psychosis;
5. Do not anticipate have surgery in the next 6 months;
6. Not currently taking yoga classes, not practicing yoga once per week or more often at home;
7. Not engaging in meditation once per week or more often;
8. Medically cleared by a primary care physician or SSTAR's OAT physician for mild-moderate physical activity (this is the only criterion NOT required for Phase 1 participants);
9. Not pregnant;
10. Aged 18 or older;
11. Proficiency in English sufficient to engage in informed consent in English and understand classes taught in English.

Exclusion Criteria:

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B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Current non-specific low back pain persisting for at least 12 weeks
* 18-64 years old
* Mean low back pain intensity for the previous week of 4 or greater on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale (0=no pain to 10=worst possible pain)
* English fluency sufficient to follow treatment instructions and answer survey questions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* New CLBP treatments started within the previous month or anticipated to begin in the next 3 months
* Known pregnancy
* Inability to understand English at a level necessary to understand treatment instructions and survey questions
* Previous back surgery or back fracture
* Specific CLBP pathologies (including spinal canal stenosis, severe scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, ankylosing spondylitis, large herniated disk)
* Severe or progressive neurological deficits
* Sciatica pain equal to or greater than back pain
* Active or recent cervical radiculopathy
* Active or planned worker's compensation, disability, or personal injury claims
* Lack of consent
* Significant participation in yoga or physical therapy in the last six months
* Has read The Back Pain Helpbook or the Back Book in the previous six months
* The principal investigator judges the participant to be unable to participate in the study due to serious medical and/or psychiatric comorbidities
* Has previously participated in the Yoga Dosing Study or the Physical Therapy Pilot
* Plans to move out of the Boston area in the next year
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18-64 years old
* Current non-specific low back pain persisting \>12 weeks. Mean low back pain intensity for the previous week 4 or greater on a 0 to 10 numerical rating scale (0=no pain to 10=worst possible pain).
* English fluency sufficient to follow treatment instructions and answer survey questions
* Willingness to list comprehensive contact information for at least one (preferably two) friend, family member, or work colleague who will always know how to contact the participant.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Use of yoga in the previous 6 months
* New CLBP treatments started within the previous month or anticipated to begin in the next 12 months
* Pregnancy
* Back surgery in the previous three years
* Specific CLBP pathologies
* Severe or progressive neurological deficits
* Sciatica pain equal to or greater than back pain
* Active substance or alcohol abuse
* Active or planned worker's compensation, disability, or personal injury claims
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Group Health Cooperative enrollee
* Uncomplicated low back pain
* At least moderate pain levels

Exclusion Criteria:

* Sciatica persisting 3 or more months after physician visit
* History of cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer)
* Severe disk problems
* Unstable medical conditions
* Back surgery within past 3 years
* Physically unable to do the yoga or exercise classes and homework
* Unable to attend classes
* Currently doing yoga
* Taken yoga or exercise class for back pain within past year
* Currently in litigation for back pain
* Seeking other treatment for back pain

Answer: A