Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: CSP #530 - Intensive vs. Conventional Renal Support in Acute Renal Failure
Brief Summary: This is a multi-center, prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial of an intensive strategy vs conventional strategy of renal replacement therapy for the treatment of acute renal failure secondary to acute tubular necrosis in critically ill patients. The primary hypothesis is that the intensive strategy will reduce 60-day all cause mortality by 10% compared to the conventional strategy - i.e.,a reduction from 55% in the conventional arm to 45% in the intensive arm. Secondary outcomes are 60-day in-hospital all-cause mortality, 1-year all cause mortality, and recovery of renal function by day 28. The study will recruit 1164 patients over a period of 3 years, 8 months and each patient will be actively followed for 60 days.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Acute renal failure clinically consistent with a diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis
* Plan for renal replacement therapy by clinical team
* Receiving care in a critical care unit
* One non-renal organ failure or sepsis
* Age 18 or older
* Patient or surrogate provides informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Baseline serum creatinine \> 2 mg/dL (177 mol/L) in males, \> 1.5 mg/dL (133 mol/L) in females
* Acute renal failure clinically believed to be due to an etiology other than acute tubular necrosis
* More than 72 hours since meeting both of the following conditions:

  1. Fulfillment of the definition of ARF; and
  2. BUN \> 100 mg/dL (36 mmol/L)
* More than 1 hemodialysis treatment or more than 24 hours since starting continuous renal replacement therapy
* Prior kidney transplant
* Pregnancy
* Prisoner
* Weight \> 128.5 kg
* Non-candidacy for renal replacement therapy
* Moribund state
* Patient not expected to survive 28 days because of underlying terminal chronic medical condition
* Comfort-measures-only status
* Participation in a concurrent interventional study
* Patient/surrogate refusal
* Physician refusal
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients 18 years or older
* Written informed consent
* No pre-existing dialysis dependency

Exclusion Criteria:

* Minors / children
* No consent
* Severe electrolyte disturbances which necessitates special dialysis therapy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* critically patients ill patients with acute kidney failure (AKI) needing renal replacement therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

* therapy with aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the previous 7 days
* concomitant treatment with other extracorporeal organ-assist devices any other drug affecting coagulation or platelets
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* The treating clinician believes that the patient requires haemofiltration for acute renal failure
* The patient is on noradrenaline infusion for haemodynamic support
* The patient was commenced on noradrenaline or haemofiltration within the last 12 hours
* The clinician is uncertain about the balance of benefits and risks likely to be conferred by treatment with different membranes
* The treating clinicians anticipate treating the patient with haemofiltration for at least 72 hours
* Informed consent has been obtained
* The patient fulfils ONE of the following clinical criteria for initiating haemofiltration:
* Oliguria (urine output \< 100 ml/6 hr) that has been unresponsive to fluid resuscitation measures.
* Hyperkalemia (\[K+\] \> 6.5 mmol/L)
* Severe acidemia (pH \< 7.2)
* Urea \> 25 mmol/liter
* Creatinine \> 300 mmol/L
* Clinically significant organ oedema in the setting of ARF (e.g., lung)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient age is \< 18 years
* Death is imminent (\< 24 hours)
* There is a strong likelihood that the study treatment would not be continued in accordance with the study protocol
* The patient has been treated with haemofiltration or other dialysis previously during the same hospital admission
* The patient was on maintenance dialysis prior to the current hospitalisation
* Any other major illness that, in the investigator's judgment, will substantially increase the risk associated with the subject's participation in this study
* The patient is pregnant or is breastfeeding
* The patient has previously been enrolled in this study

Answer: A