Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Comparison of Two Lengths of Treatment in Early-onset Ventilated Associated Pneumonia
Brief Summary: The duration of treatment of community acquired pulmonary infection varies between 5 and 14 days according to the authors (22), or even 3 days with new drugs having long half-life (2). For nosocomial pulmonary infection, treatment durations are not standardized (5). It is simply mentioned the concept of "usual" treatment of at least 15 days. However, recent studies used 10 days of treatment without significant decrease in the rate of healing compared to usual treatment. It is essential to clarify the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment. Indeed, any excessive extension of treatment may increase the occurrence of adverse effects (renal toxicities, hepatic...), and induce resistance of bacteria to antibiotics (selection pressure), colonization of the patient by Multiresistant bacteria and an increase in the cost of treatment


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female patients 18 years of age or older with a clinical diagnosis of VAP, HAP or HCAP who are expected to be on mechanical ventilation for at least 3 days

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with compromised of suppressed immune systems, severe hypoxemia, PEEP\>15cm H2O, creatinine\>2 mg/dL, or who are pregnant
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Early onset nosocomial pneumonia in patients under mechanical ventilation since at least 24 h Patients aged 18 years or more The patient must be able to receive either one of the two arms of treatment defined for the study Information on the patient and his family informed consent obtained during the first three days Bacteria sensitive to the specified antibiotic regimen

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients do not match the criteria for inclusion
* 18 years of age, pregnant Patients
* Another infectious outbreak documented the day of the BAL.
* Patients with acquired immunosuppression (blood diseases, HIV,...), induced (immunosuppressive drugs, cancer, radiation therapy) or congenital.
* Steroids for a period exceeding 15 days.
* Leukopenia (1000 GB/mm (or neutropenia (500 PN/mm)
* Purulent pleural effusion, pulmonary abscess
* Cystic fibrosis
* Antibiotic treatment according to the following terms:

  1. Ongoing curative antibiotic therapy
  2. Antibiotics within 3 days before the diagnosis of VAP, except surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (defined according to the consensus conference "antibiotic prophylaxis in the surgical environment in adult" December 11, 1992) (27)
  3. Use of antibiotics not authorized in the study (see list)
* Allergy to antibiotics used in the study
* Inclusion in another study assessing antibiotic treatment, either the treatment or prevention of nosocomial pulmonary disease
* Refusal to participate
* Lack of informed consent by the patient or his family
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients must have new or worsening radiographic infiltrates consistent with ventilator-associated pneumonia that was not related to cardiac or other disease processes
* Have at least 1 of the following: fever (core body temperature greater than 39.0°C); hypothermia (core body temperature of less than 35.0°C); leukocytosis (increased WBC count); and leukopenia (decreased WBC count)
* Have developed ventilator-associated pneumonia and have been on mechanical ventilation for more than or equal to 48 hours and on mechanical ventilation at the time that study medication is assigned
* Have been hospitalized or been in a chronic care facility for consecutive 5 days or more within the last 90 days
* Have a baseline Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) more than or equal to 6 and an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score more than 8 and less than 35

Exclusion Criteria:

* Have received antibiotics for this episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia for more than 24 hours before study medication administration
* Known presence at baseline of only methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Stenotrophomonas infection
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome
* Has any of the following conditions: chest trauma with severe lung bruising or loss of stability of the thoracic cage following a fracture of the sternum, ribs, or both, increased amounts of fluid in the lung cavities requiring drainage or pus in the cavity
* Has active seizure disorder within the last 2 years or brain injury such that imipenem cilastatin would not be administered to the patient in usual practice
* Has lung cancer within the last 2 years, chronic bronchitis with an increase in severity within the last 30 days, chronic enlargement of the bronchi or bronchioles related to inflammatory disease or obstruction, lung abscess(s), anatomical bronchial obstruction, respiratory tuberculosis on treatment, suspected atypical pneumonia, chemical pneumonitis, cystic fibrosis, congestive heart failure, severe burns to greater than 15% of the body, evidence of severe and chronic liver disease
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Fulfilment of all of the following three criteria:

1. Male or female, aged \> 18 years of age.
2. Admitted to the participating Intensive Care Units (ICUs) at the following hospitals: Hvidovre Hospital, Bispebjerg Hospital, Amager Hospital, Herlev Hospital, Glostrup Hospital, and Gentofte Hospital
3. Ability to understand and provide written informed consent to participate in this trial; or ability to understand and provide oral informed consent in the presence of at least one impartial witness who should sign and personally date the consent form; or the subject's legally acceptable representative can understand and provide written informed consent if the subject is not capable of this because of the present mental or physical condition of the subject.

Exclusion Criteria:

A subject will NOT be eligible for inclusion in this trial if any of the following criteria apply:

1. Subjects with known hyperbilirubinaemia (\> 0.4 mg/ml) or hypertriglyceridaemia (\> 10 g/l) since this can interfere with measurements. If subjects with unknown status on these points are included and have PCT measurements, the measuring equipment will detect these conditions.
2. Subjects suffering from a blood disorder, where daily sampling of 7 ml of blood for a maximum of 28 days (210 ml distributed on 28 days) will be an inconvenience or a potential risk, which could compromise the safety of the subject.
3. Subjects who are pregnant or breast feeding

The a priori probability of surviving with the normal recommended diagnostics and treatment with the presently available means to detect infections and, on the other hand, the normal diagnostics and treatment together with daily procalcitonin measurements and prompt clinical reaction should be equal.

Answer: B