Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Probiotic on the Innate and Adaptive Host Response to Rhinovirus (EPIARR)
Brief Summary: The study is designed to assess the effect of ingestion of a probiotic on innate and adaptive host responses to rhinovirus infection.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 12-24 hours of life;
* 1st degree of prematurity (functionally mature infant, gestational age 35-36 weeks);
* exclusive breast feeding during study;
* both parents must sign and date an informed consent for infant's participation in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* perinatal asphyxia ( Apgar score less than 8);
* significant concomitant disease (congenital birth defects, perinatal encephalopathy, TORCH - infections and other infectious disease of newborn, respiratory distress syndrome ets);
* clinically significant changes in blood analyze results (if needed);
* use of other probiotics or prebiotics during the first 28 days of study participation.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

AT ENROLLMENT:

* Subject must be 18-60 years of age.
* Subject must read and sign a copy of the approved Consent Form
* Female subjects must be using an effective birth control method.

INCLUSION CRITERIA AT DAY -28

* Subject must read and sign a copy of the approved Consent Form

AT CHALLENGE:

* Female subjects must be using an effective birth control method.
* Subject must have a serum neutralizing antibody titer of less than or equal to 1:4 to rhinovirus type 39

Exclusion Criteria:

AT ENROLLMENT:

* Current cancer diagnosis or immunosuppressive therapy in the last 6 months
* Any clinically significant abnormalities of the upper respiratory tract
* Any clinically significant acute or chronic respiratory illness
* Any clinically significant bleeding tendency by history
* Hypertension that requires treatment with antihypertensive medications
* History of angina or other clinically significant cardiac disease
* Any medical condition that in the opinion of the Principal Investigator is cause for exclusion from the study
* History of regular use (more than 3 days in 7) of tobacco products within the preceding two weeks
* History of drug or alcohol abuse in the 6 months preceding the study

EXCLUSION CRITERIA AT DAY -28

* Antibiotic use within 3 months prior to study start
* Female subjects with a positive urine pregnancy screen.
* History of use of probiotics in the preceding 2 weeks.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA AT CHALLENGE:

* Any upper respiratory infection or allergic rhinitis in the two weeks prior to the start of the study
* Any medical condition that in the opinion of the Principal Investigator is cause for exclusion from the study
* Use of any anti-inflammatory (steroids or NSAIDs) or cough/cold preparation in the two weeks prior to the study
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* An informed consent has been signed by the parents.
* The child is at least one year old and has not had his 4th birthday at the beginning of the study
* The child is healthy.
* The child attends child care center at least 5 days a week, \> 4 hours per day.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Was born preterm.
* Had a birth weight \<2,500 g.
* Has congenital anomalies.
* Has a structural abnormality of the digestive tract or previous significant gastrointestinal surgery.
* Has chronic disease or malignancy.
* Has a serious, unstable medical condition.
* Is Failure to Thrive (FTT) (\<5th percentile of ideal body weight).
* Has an allergy or atopic disease.
* Has an allergy or intolerance to milk/dairy products.
* Has an established diagnosis of lactase deficiency.
* Is predisposed to infection (i.e., compromised immune system, HIV-AIDS, active bacterial disease, under steroid treatment).
* Received antibiotic treatment or intentionally consumes probiotic products during the preceding 4 weeks. (If the subject was on antibiotics before the beginning of the study or probiotics, a washout period of 2 weeks is required.)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* children aged 12-48 months attending educational program (either at nursery or primary school)

Exclusion Criteria:

* concomitant chronic/congenital diseases and disabilities,
* active tuberculosis,
* congenital cardiac defects,
* autoimmune diseases,
* immunodeficiency,
* chronic inflammatory bowel diseases,
* celiac diseases,
* cystic fibrosis,
* metabolic diseases,
* malignancy,
* chronic pulmonary diseases,
* malformation of the GI tract,
* history of allergy,
* severe wasting (less than 3 Standard deviations of weight-for-height z score),
* diarrhea on admission,
* antibiotic,
* pre/pro/symbiotic or immunostimulants use within 2 weeks before study start.

Answer: B