Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin K Antagonists Versus Rivaroxaban in Hemodialysis Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: The investigators refer to the trial with clinicaltrials.gov indentifier NCT02610933 entitled Effect on Vascular Calcification of Replacing Warfarin by Rivaroxaban With or Without VitK2 in Hemodialysis Patients.

After termination of this trial, included patients will be asked to participate in the extension trial by continuing the treament of their respective allocation arm. No new intervention will be done.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* inclusion in the trial with clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02610933
* signed informed consent for this extension trial

Exclusion Criteria:

* none
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Signed Written Informed Consent
2. 18 years of age or older
3. Ongoing treatment with any chronic dialysis treatment OR an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)\* \<20 ml/min/1.73 m2 at least twice 3 months apart of which at least one occasion is \<15 ml/min/1.73 m2 due to CKD during the last year (12 months).
4. Diagnosis of chronic (i.e., repeated) paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL)
5. CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 or more for men ≥3 or more for women as an indication for oral anticoagulation
6. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) should have a negative highly effective pregnancy test at screening and must agree to follow instructions for method(s) of contraception for the duration of treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

Participants may not be included in the study if any of the following criteria are met:

1. AF or AFL due to reversible causes (e.g., thyrotoxicosis, pericarditis)
2. Any degree of rheumatic mitral stenosis or moderate-to-severe non-rheumatic mitral stenosis at the time of inclusion into the study
3. Any condition other than AF or AFL that requires chronic anticoagulation (e.g., a prosthetic mechanical heart valve, antiphospholipid syndrome).
4. Any contraindication for anticoagulation including

   1. endocarditis
   2. documented intolerance for apixaban
   3. liver disease with documented coagulation disorder
   4. pregnancy or breast feeding
5. Active bleeding or serious bleeding within 3 months, or

   1. documented hemorrhagic blood dyscrasia
   2. patients currently receiving dual antiplatelet therapy
6. Planned for surgery

   1. kidney transplantation with a living donor within 3 months
   2. active on the kidney transplant waiting list at a kidney transplant center where apixaban use is prohibited
   3. valvular heart disease surgery
7. Current use of strong inhibitors of both CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein in accordance with the summary of product characteristics (SmPC) of apixaban or regular intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors
8. Any condition or circumstance in which the patient should not participate in the study according to the study investigator (reason documented in the pre-screening protocol)

Being active on the kidney transplant waiting list is not an exclusion criterion if it is allowed according to the current clinical guidelines at the transplant clinic where the patient is registered. The patient must report changes in waiting list status to the investigator promptly.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Prevalent NHHD patients who have received \>1 year dialysis with unfractionated heparin as anticoagulant
* Age \>= 18
* Informed consent available

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of intolerance to LMWHs during HD
* Receiving warfarin or other oral anticoagulant
* Pregnant patients
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* platelet below 10k PTT above 60 second INR above 20 patient with bleeding (epistaxis, orbital bleeding, hematuria) recent brain hemorrhage (within 6 months) receiving anticoagulant therapy (coumadin or NOAC) dual antiplatelet agent users received major surgery within one month

Exclusion Criteria:

* cancer liver cirrhosis pregnancy drug allergy current bleeding on major organ (brain, gastrointestinal)

Answer: A