Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Group Learning Achieves Decreased Incidents of Lower Urinary Symptoms
Brief Summary: This three-site randomized controlled trial compares the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a group-administered behavioral treatment program to no treatment. Women with stress, urgency, or mixed urinary incontinence will be recruited and screened centrally, evaluated clinically at each of three study sites, and random assigned to one of two treatment arms: 1. Group behavioral treatment or 2. No treatment. Group treatment modalities have the potential to reach a larger population of older women with urinary incontinence, not only in the traditional medical settings, but also in community settings. The investigators hypothesize that group behavioral treatment will be more effective than no treatment. The investigators hypothesize that the group treatment will be cost-effective compared to no treatment.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female
2. Aged 55 years or older
3. Ability to understand, read and write English
4. Stress, urgency, or mixed urgency and stress urinary incontinence (UI) (by self report)
5. On the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ UI-SF), frequency of leakage at least a 1 ("about once a week or less often") on item #1 and volume of urine loss at least a 2 ("a small amount") on item #2.
6. Symptoms of three months duration or longer (on history)
7. Passing score (i.e., categorized as "probably not demented") on the MiniCog Test
8. Timed "Up and Go" Test (TUG) score of 20 seconds or less
9. Willing to undergo vaginal/pelvic examination
10. Signed informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of renal, bladder, uterine, ovarian, urethral, anal or rectal cancer, radiation therapy to the pelvis for any cancer/malignancy, or any active cancer/malignancy (except skin cancer)
2. Non-ambulatory (participant confined to bed or wheelchair)
3. Persistent pelvic pain (defined as daily pelvic pain \> 3 months)
4. History of neurologic or end-stage diseases (e.g. cerebral vascular accident (CVA), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, spinal cord tumor or trauma, spina bifida, symptomatic herniated disc)
5. Previous treatment or current participation in a research study for UI, including surgery or formal behavioral treatment (pelvic floor muscle training, biofeedback, pelvic floor electrical stimulation, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, sacral neuromodulation, botox or other periurethral injection)
6. Currently taking urinary incontinence or overactive bladder medications
7. History of other urinary conditions or procedures that may affect continence status (e.g. urethral diverticula, previous augmentation cystoplasty or artificial urinary sphincter; implanted nerve stimulators for urinary symptoms)
8. Participation in any drug/device research study.
9. Pelvic organ prolapse protruding past the introitus (at rest or persisting after strain)
10. Evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) by urine dipstick (leukocytes +1 or greater, nitrites +1 or greater, leukocytes alone (w/o nitrites) +2 or greater, or presence of hematuria \> +1). Participants may be re-screened after treatment with antibiotics or if hematuria work-up is negative.
11. History of 2 or more recurrent UTI's within the past year; more than one UTI within past 6 months
12. Post void residual urine volume 150 cc or more.
13. Unstable medical condition (as determined by site PI)

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B: Inclusion Criteria:

Women who are pregnant and expecting their first, second, or third baby are eligible if they:

* are age eighteen years or older
* are able to understand and read English or Spanish
* are low risk antepartum (first, second or third pregnancy)
* are 16-25 weeks pregnant
* expect a vaginal birth
* have lost no more than a few drops of urine as often as every other day
* have no previous or current urinary incontinence treatment with medication, formal behavioral programs or surgery
* have no history of bladder cancer, diabetes, stroke, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's, epilepsy, or trauma of the spinal cord
* Do not have (or have not had within the last 3 years) \*chronic urinary tract infection. \*Chronic is defined as having more than 3 urinary tract infections in one year.

Exclusion Criteria:

* If participant does not meet all of the above criterion for inclusion
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant women aged between 16 and 40 years old
2. gestational age \>20 weeks
3. nulliparous women
4. single fetus
5. Performing pre-natal care.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pathological heart condition
2. diabetes
3. hypertension
4. asthma bronchial
5. HIV+
6. gestational hypertension
7. gestational diabetes
8. pre-eclampsia
9. persistent bleeding
10. premature labor
11. cervical incompetence
12. acute infection with fever
13. restriction in fetal growth
14. indication of elective caesarian-section
15. in psychotherapy
16. performing other physical activity more than once a week.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Clinical diagnosis of overactive bladder.
2. Frequent micturition.（average urinary frequency of ≥8 voids per day）
3. No relevant drug use within 2 weeks and no acupuncture treatment within 1 month before the study; not in other clinical trials.
4. Self-reported bladder symptoms ≥3 months
5. Capable of giving informed consent .
6. Capable and willing to follow all study-related procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

* Frequent micturition and urinary urgency are secondary to other diseases.
* Clinical diagnosis of simple stress urinary incontinence.
* Patients with urinary track infection and vagenal infection.
* Patients with implantable pelvic stimulator.
* Current use of electric therapy on pelvic area/back/legs.
* Current use of clostridium botulinum therapy on vesical or pelvic muscles.
* participation in any clinical inverstigation involving or impacting gynecological/urinary/renal function.
* Suffering from severe cardiac/hepatic/renal injury or cognitive disorder/aphasia/ dysphrenia/malnutrition, or in poor perform status and unable to cooperate.
* Patients in gestation and in lactation period.
* Patients in coagulation disorders or taking anticoagulation drugs.
* People with cardiac pacemaker or metal allergy.
* Patients having got eletroacupunture therapy or solifenacin in 4 weeks before the study.
* Patients are afraid of needles.

Answer: A