Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Functional and Cognitive Impairment Prevention Through Early Physical Activity for Elderly Hospitalized Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: The current model of care for the hospitalized elderly patients has been conditioned by many factors unrelated to the disease process that caused the hospitalization and usually worsen the outcome of hospitalization circumstances. Many times hospitalized elderly patients spend most of the time in bed (even higher than 83% of bed rest versus 4% of those who stand or are walking). These patients have their functional and physiological reserve reduced which makes them more vulnerable to the effects of being bedridden. The consequences are at multiple levels emphasizing the functional loss or cognitive impairment, longer stays, mortality and institutionalization, delirium, deconditioning, pressure ulcers and decreased caloric intake, social isolation, poor quality of life and increased use of resources related to health. Exercise training can prevent functional and cognitive decline and modify even the posterior trajectory.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 75 years and older
* Able to tolerate exercise
* Able to ambulate, with or without personal / technical assistance or move unassisted in a wheelchair
* Able to communicate
* Non-elective admission to hospital

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe dementia (GDS 7)
* Duration of hospitalization \<72 hours
* Unwillingness to either complete the study requirements or to be randomized into control or intervention group
* Unstable cardiovascular disease or other unstable medical condition
* Terminal illness
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants will include approximately 150 elderly people aged 75 years or older recruited from patients admitted into the Geriatrics Department of the Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (Madrid, Spain).
* Able to ambulate, with or without personal/technical assistance.
* Able to communicate.
* Informed consent: Must be capable and willing to provide consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Duration of hospitalization \< 72 hours
* Any factor precluding performance of the physical training program or testing procedures as determined by the attending physician. These factors include, but are not limited to the following:
* Terminal illness.
* Myocardial infarction in the past 3 months.
* Not capable of ambulation.
* Unstable cardiovascular disease or other medical condition.
* Upper or lower extremity fracture in the past 3 months.
* Severe dementia.
* Unwillingness to either complete the study requirements or to be randomised into control or intervention group.
* Presence of neuromuscular disease or drugs affecting neuromuscular function.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age greater or equal to 65 years;
2. Admitted to the Birmingham VAMC for a medical condition

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Delirious based on positive Confusion Assessment Method (CAM);
2. Mini-Cognitive Assessment score indicating dementia;
3. Inability to ambulate 2 weeks prior to admission;
4. Having a medical diagnosis deemed by the primary physician to be a contraindication to ambulation;
5. patient with an imminently terminal illness; and
6. Non-English speaking
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinical diagnosis of pneumonia
* Must be able to walk
* Time less than 48 hours of hospitalization
* Age above 18 years
* Conscious and oriented
* Hemodynamically stable

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with other respiratory diseases
* Osteoarticular or cognitive disorders
* Patients who refuse to participate or complete the procedures

Answer: A