Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Benefits and Costs of Home-based Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Brief Summary: Pulmonary rehabilitation is an effective treatment for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which improves symptoms, reduces hospitalisation and lowers healthcare costs. However less than 1% of Australians with COPD receive pulmonary rehabilitation each year, due to poor access to programs and high levels of disability. This randomised controlled trial will examine the benefits and costs of a novel, entirely home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD. We hypothesise that home-based pulmonary rehabilitation can deliver equivalent clinical outcomes at lower cost than the centre-based program.

We will randomly allocate 144 people with COPD to undertake either standard pulmonary rehabilitation in a hospital setting, or a low-cost home-based program. Those who undertake pulmonary rehabilitation in the hospital setting will attend the hospital twice each week for eight weeks for supervised exercise training and education. People in the home pulmonary rehabilitation group will receive one home visit and weekly telephone calls for eight weeks, for supervision and mentoring of exercise and provision of education. We will compare the number of people who complete the program in each setting. We will also test whether the groups have similar results for the standard pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes of breathlessness, quality of life and exercise capacity, at the end of the program and 12 months later. We will compare health care costs and personal costs between groups after 12 months.

If home-based pulmonary rehabilitation can improve uptake of this important treatment, deliver good clinical outcomes and reduce costs this will have significant and long-lasting benefits for patients, the community and the health system


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* A physician diagnosis of COPD
* Age 45 years and older
* Affirmative response to "Are you short of breath when hurrying on the level or walking up a slight hill?"
* Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC \<0.7 and FEV1 \<70%

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to speak/read English
* Lives in a chronic care facility (i.e., nursing home, assisted living)
* Plans to move from the area within the next 18 months
* Life expectancy less than 12 months
* Participation in pulmonary rehabilitation or other clinical research in the past 12 months
* Inability to walk without assistance of a wheelchair or walker
* Inability to walk at least 110m on a 6-minute walk
* Uncontrolled angina, hypertension, psychiatric illness, or dementia
* Inability to obtain supplemental oxygen if indicated
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* current or former smokers of at least 10 packet years
* aged 40 years or over
* diagnosis of COPD confirmed on spirometry.

Exclusion Criteria:

* previous diagnosis of asthma
* have attended a pulmonary rehabilitation program in the last two years
* exacerbation of COPD within the last four weeks
* have comorbidities which prevent participation in an exercise training program
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients must be ≥40 years old
* Clinical diagnosis of COPD or pulmonary function testing reflecting an FEV1/FVC ratio of \<0.70
* Current or previous smoker with at least 10 pack-years of cigarette smoking
* Recently hospitalized for an exacerbation of COPD

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with a high likelihood of being lost to follow-up or contact (patients with active chemical dependency, are planning to move out of the state, are not living in the healthcare area, or have no telephone at home).
* Patents with characteristics that can confound the analysis of the primary outcome (patients who are living in a nursing home, have unresectable lung cancer, or have another advanced neoplasm).
* Patients with an inability to provide good data or follow commands (patients who are disoriented, have a severe neurologic or psychiatric condition).
* Patients with an inability to do mild exercise, such as cycling or walking, when their COPD is stable (patients who have orthopedic-neurologic problems; patients who have severe heart failure, characterized by an ejection fraction of \<20% or by New York Heart Association Class IV disease; patients who should be at complete rest, confined to a bed or chair; or patients in whom any physical activity brings on discomfort and in whom symptoms occur at rest).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with COPD
* Eligible to participate in a exercise training intervention of 8 weeks
* Pi,max \<60cmH2O or \<50% of the predicted normal value

Exclusion Criteria:

* Major comorbidities preventing successful participation in an 8 week exercise training intervention

Answer: B