Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Goal-directed Resuscitation in High-risk Patients Undergoing Major Cancer Surgery: a Controlled and Randomized Study
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether a goal-directed resuscitation therapy within the first 8 hours after major abdominal cancer surgery reduces postoperative complications compared to a standard therapy.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Medico-surgical pre-operative decision of post-operative ICU admission (because of co-morbidities or/and the surgical procedure)
* Age \> 18 yr
* Elective surgery

Exclusion criteria:

* No informed consent
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Body mass index \> 40
* Patients undergoing surgery with an open thorax
* Patients undergoing neurosurgery
* Enrolment in any other protocol
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients admitted to ICU in immediate postoperatory of major abdominal surgery for cancer treatment
* Age over 18 years-old

Exclusion Criteria:

* Weight under 55 kilograms or over 140 kilograms;
* Contra-indication for invasive hemodynamic monitoring;
* Expected ICU permanence less than 24 hours;
* Active bleeding
* Vasoplegic shock with noradrenaline dose higher than 1mcg/kg/min
* Enrolled in other study
* Refuse to consent
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* To provide high generalizability and representativeness the high number of patients with laparotomy and major surgical trauma is included into this study. - Therefore, open visceral, urological, and gynecological surgery is covered by this study.
* Expected duration of surgery must be ≥ 120 minutes and requirement of volume therapy needs to be expected ≥ 2 liters.
* Risk for any postoperative complications needs to be ≥10% assessed by the ACS (American College of Surgery)- NSQUIP (National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) risk calculator.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients \<18 years,
* laparoscopic approach,
* patients not having sinus rhythm,
* patients having highly impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction \<30%) or severe aortic valve stenosis (aortic valve area \<1 cm2, mean gradient \>40 mmHg),
* pregnant women,
* emergency surgeries (surgery required within 24 hours),
* primarily vascular surgery,
* patients suffering from septic shock,
* patients having phaeochromocytoma,
* patients suffering from non-cardiac chest pain,
* refusal of consent,
* patients receiving palliative treatment only (likely to die within 6 months) and patients suffering from acute myocardial ischemia (within 30 days before randomization) are excluded from the study.
* Further, in case that clinicians intended to use cardiac output monitoring for clinical reasons patients should also not be included in the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults (18 years old or greater) who are able to provide informed consent.
* Patients who undergo an open, elective liver resection. Including those initially approached laparoscopically but converted to an open resection and those undergoing additional procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Active coronary disease.
* Patients with a history of coronary disease will be eligible if they have had a cardiac stress study showing no reversible ischemia and normal LV function within 3 months of operation.
* Active symptomatic cerebrovascular disease.
* Active congestive heart failure and ejection fraction \<35%.
* Active severe restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease and resting SpO2 \<90%.
* Active renal dysfunction (Cr \>1.8)
* Abnormal coagulation parameters (INR \> 1.8 not on Coumadin, or platelet count \< 100,000 per mcL)
* Presence of active infection including HIV
* Patients with active atrial fibrillation or flutter.
* Preoperative hypoalbuminemia (Albumin \< 2g/dl).
* Female patients who are pregnant (female patients of child-bearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test ≤ 14 days prior to surgery or 15 to 30 days prior to surgery with a negative urine pregnancy test the morning of surgery).
* Presence of ascites.
* BMI \> 45 or \<17

Answer: B