Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Efficacy of Newborn Vitamin A Supplementation in Improving Immune Function
Brief Summary: Vitamin A supplementation at birth may increase survival of infants through one year of age by reducing mortality from infectious diseases, though current studies are not conclusive on this point. The goal of our study is to determine if supplementation of newborn infants with 50,000 IU of vitamin A improves aspects of immune function that may be impaired by vitamin A deficiency. Our underlying assumption is that supplementation may thus decrease risk of death by improving immune function and the ability to survive infections. This project will be limited to the examination of the impact of vitamin A on immune function and will not aim to determine the impact on morbidity or mortality, which would require larger sample sizes. The hypotheses addressed by this study are as follows: Provision of vitamin A supplements to newborns at risk of vitamin A deficiency will (1) improve functioning of the thymus (the source of T lymphocytes, cells of the immune system that are important in response to infection and immunization); (2) enhance T lymphocyte-mediated responses to standard vaccines given at birth and early in infancy; and (3) improve gut barrier function (i.e., ability to prevent bacterial infection across the epithelial barrier), relative to provision of a placebo.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Urban area: 6-17-month-old children, presenting for vaccination at a health centre in the study area.
* Rural area: 6-23-month-old children who are missing one or more routine vaccinations when visited by our mobile team.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Normally applied contraindications for receiving vaccinations, including high fever.
* VAS within last month.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infant receiving OPV and BCG within 48 hr of birth

Exclusion Criteria:

* Mother is less than 18 years of age
* Infant is part of a multiple birth
* Infant will likely not remain in the study area for the next 4 months
* Infant has a condition precluding vaccination
* Infant is unable to breastfeed or drink other fluids
* Birth weight is less than 1.5 kg
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Children aged 57-88 months at the time of initiation of the study
2. Children living in the locality defined by the study and not enrolled in school.
3. Consent from parent/guardian.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Severely malnourished children (weight for age or height z-scores \<-3 standard deviations below the WHO growth reference standards)
2. Children found to be below 57 months and still holding an under five card or above 88 months at the time of initiation of the study or enrolled in school, based on verification of birth dates at screening
3. Children whose families plan to leave the study area before completion of the study
4. Consent not obtained from parent/guardian
5. Children suffering from diarrhea at the time of initiation of the study or with high fever, based on the report of symptoms by the parent/guardian
6. Children with severe anemia (Hb \<7.0 g/dL) as determined at the baseline blood draw.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* for infant: completion of NCT01583972
* for mother: mother of study infant

Exclusion Criteria:

* none

Answer: B