Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Regular Exercise in Prevention of Excessive Weight Gain in Pregnancy. A Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Background:

Use of variable definitions of exercise and disparate results, emphasize the need of proper randomized controlled trials examining the relationship between physical activity and weight development during pregnancy. So far, only few intervention studies aiming at weight management during pregnancy have been performed (Gray-Donald et al., 2000,Olson et al., 2004,Polley et al., 2002,Kinnunen et al., 2007). Moreover, most of these interventions have focused on how gestational weight gain may be altered through individual counselling combining diet and exercise habits, rather than supervised training. Search on PubMed revealed no randomized controlled trial where the main outcome was to investigate how the effect of supervised structured exercise may reduce the proportion of women gaining more weight than optimal. The aim of the present study is to assess whether a 12-week aerobic exercise program during pregnancy can prevent excessive gestational weight gain.

Method:

This is a single blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a structured, supervised aerobic exercise program on weight gain stabilization in primiparous pregnant women. The aim is to include 100 women. Interested women eligible for the present study will be invited to a pre-test including interview and assessments at the university. The women are examined three times during the study period. The first visit is between 12 and 24 weeks of gestation, the second at week 36-38 and the last 8-12 week after delivery. The exercise program consists of supervised exercise for 60 minutes, performed at least 2 times per week, for 12-16 weeks. Compliance with the training protocol is controlled by the instructors and registrations in the womens personal training diary


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant 18 weeks
* attend the routine ultrasound control at the three hospitals
* healthy
* age 18 years or more
* singleton live foetus at the routine ultrasound scan
* normal pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy complications
* high risk for preterm labour
* pain during pelvic floor muscle contractions
* ongoing urinary tract infection
* diseases that could interfere with participation (following recommendations from SEF 2000, ACOG 2003)
* living too far from the hospitals to be able to attend weekly exercise groups
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primiparous women who have not participated in a structured exercise program, including significant amounts of walking for the past six months are eligible for the trial.
* Other inclusion criteria are ability to read, write and speak Norwegian, and to be within their first 24 weeks of pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe heart disease
* Pregnancy induced hypertension
* History of more than two miscarriages
* Persistent bleeding after week 12 of gestation
* Poorly controlled thyroid disease
* Poorly controlled pre-eclampsia and/or other diseases that could interfere with participation (Artal and O'Toole, 2003)
* In addition, all women who live to far from the university to be able to attend weekly training groups will be ineligible
C: Inclusion Criteria:

All women, 18 years of age or older, receiving medical care at Kaiser Permanente Northern California with a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes between March 2011 and May 2012 that have a telephone or cellular phone will be eligible.

Exclusion Criteria:

Women with overt diabetes not recognized prior to pregnancy (any women with fasting plasma glucose \> 126 mg/dl, or any plasma glucose level over 200 mg/dl on more than 1 occasion during pregnancy) will be excluded from the analyses but will be eligible for the lifestyle intervention.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* singleton pregnant
* BMI \>/= 30 and \</= 45

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chronic diseases
* Not Danish speaking
* Abuse of alcohol or drugs
* Preterm delivery in earlier pregnancies

Answer: B