Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: STroke Secondary Prevention With Catheter ABLation and EDoxaban for Patients With Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation: STABLED Study
Brief Summary: Catheter ablation (CA) has been reported to reduce risk of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in retrospective studies, but risk and benefit of CA has not been well elucidated in NVAF with recent cerebral infarction in prospective randomized trials.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Prospective Cohort

* Written informed consent
* Age 18 years and older
* New diagnosis of non-valvular atrial fibrillation (diagnosed within the last 6 weeks) with at least one additional risk factor for stroke and regardless of therapy.

Retrospective validation cohort

* Written informed consent
* Age 18 years and older
* Diagnosis of non-valvular AF (diagnosed 6-24 months prior to enrolment) with at least one additional risk factor for stroke and regardless of therapy.

Exclusion criteria:

* No further follow-up envisaged or possible within enrolling hospital or with associated family practitioner.
* Patients with transient AF secondary to a reversible cause.
* Patients recruited in controlled clinical trials.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age- 18-75 years
2. Patients in paroxysmal, persistent or long-standing persistent (LSP) AF
3. patients with CHADS2 score ≥ 1
4. AF patients with INR in the range of 2.0-3.0 in the last 3-4 weeks prior to ablation

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with known bleeding disorders or inherited thrombophilic disorder
2. Patients with oral contraceptives or estrogen replacement therapy
3. Patients with prosthetic heart valves
4. Patients unable or willing to give informed consent
5. Contraindications for Coumadin therapy
6. Patients with CHADS2 score zero
7. Contraindication to undergoing an MRI
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Any patient undergoing elective device surgery (i.e. de novo device implantation or pulse generator change or lead replacement or pocket revision)
2. Patient at moderate or high risk of arterial thrombo-embolic events (ATE) or high risk of venous thrombo-embolic events (VTE) (defined as one or more of following):

   * Prosthetic mitral valve replacement
   * Caged ball or tilting disc aortic valve prosthesis
   * Bileaflet aortic valve prosthesis and one or more of: AF (atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter), prior stroke or TIA, hypertension, diabetes, CHF age \>75
   * AFib/Flutter associated with rheumatic valvular heart disease
   * Non-rheumatic AFib/Flutter and CHADS2 risk criteria SCORE \> 2
   * Non-rheumatic AFib/Flutter and stroke or TIA (within 3 months)
   * Persistent/permanent AFib/Flutter on day of acceptance for device surgery AND plan for cardioversion or DFT testing at device implant
   * Recent (within 3 months) VTE
   * Severe thrombophilia (Protein C or S deficiency or anti-thrombin or anti-phospholipid antibodies or multiple abnormalities)
3. Willing to self-inject or have a relative or friend or nurse inject LMWH

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unable ro unwilling to provide informed consent
2. History of noncompliance of medical therapy
3. Renal failure with Cr \> 180 umol/l
4. Prior Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
5. Active device infection
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥20 or ≤85 years at time of giving informed consent
* Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
* History of stroke in previous 6 months
* Current or planned treatment with edoxaban
* Modified Rankin scale ≤3

Exclusion Criteria:

* Symptomatic paroxysmal AF resistant to anti-arrhythmic drugs
* Presence of left atrial thrombus and left atrial appendage on transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging
* Unable to take anticoagulation therapy for any reason, including tendency to bleed or considered at high risk for bleeding from anticoagulation therapy.
* Presence of severe renal disorder (estimated creatinine clearance \<30 mL/min by Cockroft-Gault equation)
* Previous CA or surgical intervention for AF
* History of treatment with a left atrial appendage closure device
* Left atrial diameter ≥55 mm on transthoracic echocardiography
* Ejection fraction ≤35% on transthoracic echocardiography
* Persistent AF for ≥10 years
* Pregnant or possibility of pregnancy
* Unlikely to complete the study, such as due to progressive malignant tumor
* Participating or planning to participate in another clinical trial
* Unwilling to participates
* Judged as incompatible for the study by the investigators

Answer: D