Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: EFFICACY OF GINGER EXTRACT ON PAIN RELIEF FOR FIRST NORMAL POSTPARTUM WOMEN
Brief Summary: Introduction A common problem in women after childbirth is bleeding (5-8 percent). This is one of the leading causes of maternal death in Thailand. The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage is approximately 1-2 percent of the births. A second problem is infection after birth which is a leading cause of illness and death of the mother. Incidence of infection after childbirth is 1-2 percent of women in developed countries and 5-10 percent of postpartum women overall. Staphylococcus aureus bacterium is found in the reproductive system of 5-9 percent of women. Perineal wound infections cause perineal pain. Thirdly is the problem of insufficient milk in foreign countries, mothers breastfeeding for less than 12 months total 94.7 percent. The fourth problem is difficult urination after vaginal delivery or 6 hours after removing the catheter in surgical cases. It is a common and important problem from 1.7 to 17.9 percent. The above problem causes infection and inflammation pain.

The first 24 hours after birth to 6 weeks physical and physiological changes of maternal organs and systems occurs such as the decline in hormone levels. This includes human placental lactogen (HPL), human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, follicular stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormones. There is also blood loss. The clinical difficulties found in the postpartum period include after pain, perineal pain, breast engorgement, puerperal diuresis, weight loss, fever, pain and discomfort after birth. And the pain decreases or is lost in 3 days after birth.

The original gate-control theory proposed that there is a physiological within the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord's dorsal horn grey matter. It is suggested that sensory signals can only pass through the cells in the substantia gelatinosa when the gate is open. When the gate is closed, sensory information is blocked, and this forms the basis of a kind of physiological pain relief.

In relation to the 4 basic life elements of earth, water, wind and fire, the maternal body is lacking wind. This causes the fire to also decrease and the element of pain results. It becomes important to restore balance by stimulating blood circulation and herbal treatment is desirable to help the fire of the blood to speed the element of wind through the body.

Thai Traditional Medicine is used to treat the pain of mothers after childbirth. Because of in balance of mind fire in the body. By this reason, the balance of fire and wind increase to spread the circulatory system. Medicinal plants can increase the element of fire and the wind. Also, in Thai Traditional Medicine concept, pain reduction for postpartum mothers includes regular massage, herbal steam, herbal breast compress, Tub Mhor Kluer, eating heat-producing food. In the Thai Traditional Medicine manuscript, Kam-pee Mahachotharat there are 85 remedies for blood treatment therapy and especially, 44 contain ginger. Representing 51.76 percent of then.

Ginger has been included in the National Essential Medicines Catalogue 2554. Medication to relieve heartburn, bloating and distension, is documented and prevention and relief of nausea and vomiting due to motion sickness, seasickness. Or after surgery, are all included.


Options:
A: Rate of change in of the vas scores before and after using this device (24 months)
B: Pain Level Twenty Four Hours After Delivery (Twenty-four hours)
C: Reduction in the level of perineal pain (3 days); Reduction in perineal swelling (3 days)
D: Change in Pain Scores on the numeric rating scale at 3 days (2 hours after delivery time and be continued every 6 hours for 3 days.)

Answer: D