Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Elastic Abdominal Binder on Pain and Functional Recovery After Cesarean Delivery: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Cesarean delivery is a common obstetrical procedure and is associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality. Pain and limited mobilization are major contributing factors that result in delayed functional recovery and complications. Elastic abdominal binder, a wide elastic belt that is wore around the patient's abdomen to support surgical incision after surgery, has been employed by clinicians for pain relief, wound complications prevention, improved pulmonary function, and stabilization. Benefits of the abdominal binder use have not been properly examined.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of postcesarean elastic abdominal binder use on recovery by comparing pain scores and mobility function (through the 6-minute walk test \[6MWT\]) in postcesarean mothers who use versus do not use the elastic abdominal binder to support incisional site.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Delivery by scheduled cesarean section at Brigham and Women's Hospital

Exclusion Criteria:

* Answer "yes" to the question: "Has any provider talked to you this pregnancy about medications for pain control after your c-section?"
* History of opiate abuse
* Use of chronic opiates, benzodiazepines or gabapentin
* History of chronic pain
* Cesarean hysterectomy
* Vertical skin incision
* Myomectomy at the time of cesarean section
* Non English-speaking
* Patient of the investigator performing the recruitment
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women undergoing cesarean delivery

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cesarean hysterectomy
* Intraoperative accidental injury to urinary or gastrointestinal organs
* Postoperative admission to intensive care unit (ICU)
* Postoperative intraperitoneal drain placement
* Unable to understand and follow oral/written instructions
* Severe neuromuscular or circulatory disorders
* Pulmonary diseases
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Cesarean section at term (at least 39 weeks gestation) scheduled in advance
* Singleton gestation confirmed by ultrasound in the current pregnancy
* Body mass index 20-40 kg/m2 (at first prenatal visit or pre-pregnancy)
* None of these pregnancy complications in the current pregnancy:

  1. bleeding disorder or use of anticoagulants other than low-dose heparin
  2. abnormal placenta (placenta previa or accrete)
  3. Preoperative hemoglobin less than 10 mg/dL
  4. Chorioamnionitis (intrauterine infection)
* No chronic pain syndrome (defined as participating in formal chronic pain management within the past year)
* Able to read English and understand spoken English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Onset of labor prior to time when the cesarean was scheduled
* Complications during performance of cesarean or discovered during cesarean:

  1. placenta accreta, increta, or percreta
  2. vasa previa
  3. cesarean hysterectomy required for severe hemorrhage
  4. organ damage during cesarean (cystotomy, enterotomy, ureteral injury)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with an American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status of I to III scheduled for elective caesarean section in spinal anaesthesia
* Surgery time does not exceed 60 minutes
* Patients without previous opioid and psychotropic medication
* Patients ranged 19-45 years old
* Patients who have given written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Recidivist alcoholics
* Local skin infection at the sites of acupuncture
* Age \< 19 and \> 45 years
* Switching to general anaesthesia in cases where spinal anaesthesia fails
* Surgery time more than 60 minutes
* Intraoperative complications (bleeding, required blood transfusion more than 6 units of packed cells, cardiovascular instability, required catecholamines except for short hypotension after induction of spinal anaesthesia )
* Patients who consumed opioid medication at least 6 months before surgery
* Patients who are unable to understand the consent form and fill in the study questionnaire
* History of psychiatric disease

Answer: B