Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reducing the Transmission of Influenza by Face Masks
Brief Summary: Pharmaceutical interventions, particularly vaccination, have been the principal public health method of preventing and controlling seasonal influenza. Other less invasive non-pharmaceutical interventions include the use of face masks and hand hygiene. In Asia, masks are used extensively, especially in Japan, but with only circumstantial evidence of efficacy. Although there are numerous studies that support hand hygiene as an effective measure for decreasing transmission of enteric infections, there are fewer data assessing the effect of hand hygiene on respiratory illnesses. Therefore it is proposed that a study be conducted on the use of face masks with and without the use of hand hygiene in comparison to no intervention in residence housing units of the University of Michigan. The interventions will be carried out during a period of influenza transmission that is defined by surveillance conducted at the University Health Service. Data will be collected on use of the interventions and the occurrence of influenza and other illnesses. When illness occurs meeting a case definition, specimens for viral isolation will be collected in all intervention settings. Face masks could theoretically lead to a large reduction in transmission frequency of influenza, especially if most transmission occurs by the airborne (large or small droplet) route. Even a modest reduction could have a major effect during an influenza pandemic.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Hand sanitizer group; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: hand sanitizer | Arm Label: Liquid soap group; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: liquid soap | Arm Label: Control group; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: hand sanitizer; Assigned to Arm(s): Hand sanitizer group | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: liquid soap; Assigned to Arm(s): Liquid soap group
B: Arm Label: Mask Intervention; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Face mask, Behavioral: Face mask awareness | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Face mask; Assigned to Arm(s): Mask Intervention | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Face mask awareness; Assigned to Arm(s): Mask Intervention
C: Arm Label: 2; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Device: control | Arm Label: 1; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Device: Face mask | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: control; Assigned to Arm(s): 2 | Intervention Type: DEVICE; Name: Face mask; Assigned to Arm(s): 1
D: Arm Label: Facemask and hand hygiene; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Ear Loop Procedure Mask, Behavioral: 62% Ethyl Alcohol Hand Sanitizer | Arm Label: Facemask only; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Ear Loop Procedure Mask | Arm Label: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Ear Loop Procedure Mask; Assigned to Arm(s): Facemask and hand hygiene, Facemask only | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: 62% Ethyl Alcohol Hand Sanitizer; Assigned to Arm(s): Facemask and hand hygiene

Answer: D