Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Evaluating the Real-world Effectiveness of Varenicline and Bupropion for Long-term Smoking Cessation
Brief Summary: Clinically proven medications such as nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion and varenicline are available to help smokers quit but there are not widely used. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the real-world long-term effectiveness of of bupropion and varenicline treatment in a community sample of smokers interested in quitting. The investigators hypothesize that varenicline treatment will result in higher quit rates at end of treatment and at one year after treatment compared to bupropion. Smoking status will be biochemically confirmed at various time points using salivary cotinine measures. Furthermore, since 50% of the variation in quit success is genetically determined, and the effectiveness of different cessation medication may differ considerably in sub-groups of smokers carrying certain genetic variants, the investigators will collect saliva samples from consenting participants to evaluate the moderating effect of genetics on treatment response.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Inclusion Criteria are:

  1. DSM-IV diagnosis of Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
  2. Age: 18-64
  3. Regular half pack a day smokers
  4. Score of at least 4 on the Nicotine Dependency Test

     Exclusion Criteria:

     Exclusion Criteria are:

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  1. Seizure disorders, other Neurologic illnesses, or a family history of seizures
  2. A medical condition that could manifest psychiatrically
  3. Currently experiencing a depressive episode
  4. Active substance abuse
  5. Currently receiving bupropion
  6. Pregnant women
  7. Children (\<18 years of age)
  8. Two consecutive sodium levels of 130 mmol/L or less
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years and older.
* Smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day for at least 1 year.
* English speaking.
* Females who are of childbearing potential must practice effective contraception and meet the following criteria:
* Are instructed to avoid pregnancy through 30 days after the last dose of study medication.
* Have a negative urine pregnancy test at baseline.
* Agree to use of the birth control methods listed: an oral contraceptive agent, an intrauterine device (IUD), an implantable contraceptive (e.g., Norplant), or an injectable contraceptive (e.g., Depo-Provera) for at least one month prior to entering the study and will continue its use through at least 30 days after the last dose of the study medication. A barrier method of contraception (e.g., condom or diaphragm with spermicide) while participating in the study and 30 days after the last dose of study medication.
* Willingness to reduce alcohol consumption during study to 2 or fewer standard drinks/day (3 oz. of alcohol or two beers (12 oz.), or two 5 oz. glasses of wine).
* Willingness to not use illicit drugs during study period including marijuana.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Concurrent use of tobacco products (other than cigarettes) or nicotine products.
* Contraindications to use of bupropion (i.e., concurrent use of other forms of bupropion, MAO inhibitors, anti-depressant medication, seizure disorder or any clinical situation that might increase risk for seizures, past head injury, current or prior diagnosis of bulimia or anorexia nervosa; bipolar disorder).
* Contraindications to use of naltrexone (i.e., past history of opioid abuse or dependence or evidence of opioid use in the past 30 days; significant hepatocellular injury as evidenced by liver enzyme levels over 3 times normal limits).
* Use of medications whose metabolism or effects may be adversely altered by bupropion or naltrexone. Medications that contraindicate the use of bupropion include theophylline, procarbazine, carbimazole, nialamide, pargyline, toloxatone, iproniazid, and systemic steroids. Medications that contraindicate the use of naltrexone include opioid analgesics and yohimbine.
* Current use of anti-seizure medications, disulfiram, or any medications that significantly challenge liver functioning.
* Treatment for drug or alcohol dependence during the last year, or evidence of alcohol abuse so severe that the patient is judged potentially unable to comply with the protocol.
* Evidence of problem alcohol consumption based on AUDIT.
* Self-reported use of illicit drugs in the past 90 days (including opioids, but excluding marijuana).
* Suicidal or homicidal ideation.
* Current major depression.
* History of bipolar disorder.
* Recent (within twelve months) myocardial infarction.
* Pregnant or lactating or planning pregnancy during treatment period.
* Having plans to leave the immediate geographical area within 9 months.
* Unwillingness or inability to given written informed consent.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* At least 19 years of age
* Smoking at least 10 cigarettes per day
* Smoked daily for at least the past year
* Have an intention of quit smoking in the next 30 days.

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of psychotic disorder or eating disorder
* Brain injury
* Seizure disorder
* Pregnancy, lactation, or at risk of becoming pregnant
* Allergy or sensitivity to bupropion or varenicline
* Taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (anti-depressants), thioridazine or Wellbutrin or other medication containing bupropion hydrochloride.
D: smokers of at least 10 cigarettes per day

Inclusion Criteria:

MULTIPLE

Exclusion Criteria:

MULTIPLE

Answer: C