Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Home Non-invasive Ventilation Versus Long-term Oxygen Therapy in COPD Survivors of Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure. A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure are more likely to develop exacerbations. Non-invasive ventilation has been proposed to treat acute respiratory failure but little information is available about the benefits of home non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure surviving an acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. The purpose of this study is to determine whether home non-invasive ventilation can reduce recurrent acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in COPD patients who survived an episode of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) treated by Non-invasive ventilation (NIV).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \> 18 years old
* COPD patients who survived after an episode of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure
* Patients weaned from ventilation (non invasive ventilation or mechanical ventilation) for acute episode since at least seven days with stable arterial blood gas since at least two days: PaCO2 \> 55 mmHg and pH \> 7.35

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \> 85 years old
* Non- COPD causes of respiratory failure
* Obstructive sleep apnea excluded by polysomnography
* Adverse psychosocial status
* Serious co-morbidity
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* COPD (FEV1\< 50%, Tiffeneau \< 70%)
* Dyspnoea on exertion and a reduced exercise capacity
* Age 75 years or less
* PaCO2 \> 6.0 kPa at rest without oxygen

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cardial/neuromuscular diseases limiting a successful rehabilitation
* Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome: apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) \> 10
* Previous exposure to chronic NIPPV
* Participation in a pulmonary rehabilitation program less than 18 months ago
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* clinically stable, hypercapnic GOLD stage IV COPD, aged 18 years or older, baseline arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) of 6.7 kPa (50 mmHg) or higher and a pH higher than 7·35, measured after at least 1 h rest in a sitting position.

Exclusion Criteria:

* thorax or the lung other than COPD
* No smoking or Cigarette≤10/day
* obesity with a bodymass index (BMI) ≥40 kg/m²
* malignant co-morbidities,severe heart failure (New York Heart Association stage IV),unstable angina, and severe arrhythmias.
D: Inclusion Criteria

* Newly diagnosed with OSA on overnight polysomnogram (PSG) with RDI between 5 and 30
* Score of greater than 11 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) on two administrations of the instrument (performed at prescreening and screening), each completed on a different day to avoid sporadic values and confirm the presence of excessive daytime sleepiness
* Stable medical history and no change in medications, including hypertension medications, in the 3 months prior to study entry
* Stable psychiatric history and no change in psychotropic medications in the 3 months prior to study entry
* Has access to a telephone

Exclusion Criteria

* Diagnosis of another sleep disorder in addition to OSA based on PSG, e.g., periodic limb movement disorder (greater than 10 limb movements per hour of sleep with arousal); central sleep apnea (greater than 5 or more central apneas); insomnia; sleep hypoventilation syndrome; or narcolepsy
* Previous treatment for sleep apnea with nasal CPAP, oral appliance, home oxygen therapy, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, tracheotomy, or other surgery for OSA
* Oxygen or bi-level CPAP required for treatment of OSA
* Unable to return for study instructions or follow-up testing
* Medically unstable condition (e.g., heart attack, congestive heart failure, Cheyne-Stokes breathing, unstable angina, uncontrolled thyroid disease, unstable diabetes, depression or psychosis, ventricular arrhythmias, cirrhosis, or recently diagnosed cancer) in the 3 months prior to study entry
* Regular use (greater than 3 times per week) of sedative, hypnotic, or alerting medications (such as Modafinil) in the 3 months prior to study entry
* Chronic nasal congestion that would prevent the use of a nasal mask, in the 3 months prior to study entry
* History of automobile accidents due to excessive daytime sleepiness
* Employed in transportation-related safety sensitive occupation such as an airline pilot, truck driver, or train engineer
* Night shift worker regularly experiencing jet lag, or a history of irregular work schedules in the 6 months prior to study entry
* Regular use of alcohol as determined by answering yes to one or more of the questions on the CAGE questionnaire (i.e., alcohol dependent)
* Recent or recurring history of substance abuse leading to tolerance or dependence
* Pregnant; women must either be postmenopausal or confirmed not pregnant by a urine pregnancy test
* Unable to perform study tests, e.g., inability to communicate verbally; inability to write and read in English; less than a 5th grade reading level (evaluated using Flesch-Kincaid assessment); visual impairment; hearing impairment; cognitive impairment (e.g., previous head injury); or upper extremity motor deficit (e.g., previous stroke or spinal cord injury)
* Residing with an individual who is currently using CPAP treatment

Answer: A