Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Association Between the Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for Upper-limb Rehabilitation After Stroke - A Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: The aim of this study is to verify the effectiveness of tDCS combined with FES on upper limb rehabilitation of post-stroke subjects with moderate and severe compromise.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* stroke with at least slight deficit

Exclusion Criteria:

* epilepsy
* contraindication to tDCS and/or to fMRI
* presence of metal in the head
* unability to understand / complete behavioural tasks
* chronic intake of alcohol or recreative drugs
* major health condition
* presence of pacemaker
* pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis and moderate or severe hemiparesis (chronic stroke - at least 6 months of disease)
* Ability to reach 60 degrees in the shoulder flexion
* Minimal cognitive ability to understand commands
* No current use of antiepileptic drugs for seizures

Exclusion Criteria:

* Painful shoulder, adhesive capsulitis or glenohumeral subluxation
* Contraindication for electrical stimulation (presence of metallic implants) or risks for the tDCS, as evaluated by means of a standard questionnaire
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* first ever haemorrhagic or ischaemic subcortical stroke more than 9 months prior to study enrollment
* upper extremity impairment of 11-45 on the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale

Exclusion Criteria:

* epilepsy
* neglect
* cognitive impairment
* other neurological or psychiatric diseases
* severe arm pain
* spasticity score \>2 on the Modified Ashworth Scale in the shoulder or elbow
* contraindications to TMS or tDCS (cranial implants, ventricular shunts, pacemakers, intrathecal pumps)
* grip strength \<10kg as measured by a dynamometer
* participation in other interventions or trials targeting stroke motor recovery.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. first ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke patients identified by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2. age between 40 and 80 years old
3. have a stroke over 6 months
4. unilateral hemiplegia
5. Fugl-Meyer assessment-upper extremity (FMA-UE) score≦29 when selection
6. poststroke elbow flexor spasticity less than 2 using modified Ashworth scale (MAS)
7. no severe anesthesia (FMA sensory test, upper extremity score≧10 )
8. no wrist and finger joint pain
9. clear consciousness, can understand simple sentences and spoken orders, and co-operate manipulation
10. can accept motor training in the sitting position for approximately 30 minutes.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Suffer from other orthopedic diseases (such as severe arthritis), nerve damage (such as peripheral nerve damage), or severe pain, which influences upper extremity motor
2. have a medical history or family history of epilepsy
3. regularly take central nervous system drugs (such as sedatives), or the Class III antiarrhythmic drugs (such as amiodarone)
4. have atopic dermatitis or skin disorders of the scalp
5. have allergy to anesthetic medicines of the acyl amine
6. have a metal implant in the head or neck, or serious arrhythmia (the heartbeat is less than 50 beats per minute or higher than 100 beats per minute); or use a pacemaker or atrial defibrillator
7. suffer from congenital or idiopathic methemoglobinemia. Aphasia is not an exclusion criterion, but the patients should understand simple spoken orders.

Answer: B