Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Acetazolamide on Central Sleep Apnea Related to Opium Consumption
Brief Summary: Acetazolamide improves central sleep apnea related to opium consumption.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women Veterans with central sleep apnea, defined as Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI)\>15/hour with CAHI\>5/hour, will be included in the experiments.

Exclusion Criteria:

* less than 18 years old
* pregnant or breastfeeding female
* have severe respiratory disease that require to be on oxygen
* recent health event that may affect the ability to participate in the study,
* Body Mass Index (BMI) is \>40 kg/m2
* significant insomnia
* mental instability
* recent health event that may affect sleep
* if at any time the principal investigator (PI) identifies that a certain drug is not suitable, or are unable to use the device that is used to treat sleep apnea, will be not be allowed to participate in the study
B: Inclusion criteria:

* percapillary pulmonary hypertension diagnosed by right heart catheterisation -- stable therapy and clinical condition for at least 4 weeks
* sleep disordered breathing with apnea/hypopnea index \> 10 events/h and/or median nocturnal oxygen saturation \<90%

Exclusion criteria:

* Pregnancy
* severe daytime hypoxemia (PaO2 \< 7.2 kPA)
* patients with predominantly obstructive sleep apnea.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. At least 18 years of age
2. Central Sleep apnea confirmed by core lab analysis of PSG with EEG within 40 days of scheduled implant:

   * Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) greater than or equal to 20;
   * Central Apnea Index (CAI) at least 50% of all apneas, with at least 30 central apnea events;
   * Oxygen Desaturation Index (OAI) less than or equal to 20% of the total AHI
3. Medically stable for 30 days prior to all baseline testing (including PSG), i.e., no hospitalizations for illness, no breathing mask-based therapy, and on stable medications and therapies:

   * Stable medications are defined as no changes during this period except for those within a pre-specified sliding scale medication regimen;
   * If the subject has heart failure, the baseline testing (including PSG) should occur at least 6 months after initial diagnosis;
   * If the subject has systolic heart failure, the baseline testing (including PSG) should occur after maximally titrating beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and other medications indicated in the current guidelines (unless contraindicated or not considered medically necessary) and after receiving any indicated device therapy including devices for cardiac resynchronization therapy and/or primary prevention of sudden cardiac death;
   * If subject has a hospitalization or physician visit requiring IV medication between the screening PSG and implant, the subject must be re-screened when stable
4. Expected to tolerate study procedures in the opinion of the investigator, in particular:

   * Ability to lie down long enough to insert the remede system without shortness of breath and able to tolerate instrumentation for the Polysomnogram/Polygram testing;
   * Expected to tolerate therapy titration and the sensation of therapy, and communicate therapy experience.
5. In the investigator's opinion, willing and able to comply with all study requirements
6. Signed the Institutional Review Board/Medical Ethics Committee approved informed consent (HIPAA authorization in the U.S.)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pacemaker dependent subjects without any physiologic escape rhythm
2. Suspected inability to place catheter for delivery of stimulation lead (e.g. previously know coagulopathy, distorted anatomy, prior failed pectoral implant, etc.)
3. Evidence of phrenic nerve palsy
4. More than 2 previous open chest surgical procedures (e.g., CABG)
5. Etiology of central sleep apnea known to be caused primarily by pain medication
6. Documented history of psychosis or severe bipolar disorder
7. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) within 12 months of baseline testing
8. History of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, World Health Organization Class 1
9. Limited pulmonary function with either forced expiratory volume (FEV) 1/forced vital capacity (FVC) less than 65% of predicted value or FVC less than 60% of predicted value
10. Baseline oxygen saturation less than 92% while awake and on room air after 5 minutes of quiet rest
11. Anticipated need for chronic oxygen therapy or breathing mask-based therapy for 6 months post therapy initiation visit
12. Active infection or sepsis within 30 days of enrollment
13. Currently on renal dialysis or creatinine level greater than 2.5 mg/dL or calculated creatinine clearance equal to or less than 30 ml/min using the Cockcroft-Gault equation
14. Poor liver function with baseline aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and/or total bilirubin greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (per lab normals at each site)
15. Hemoglobin less than 8 gm/dL
16. In subjects with heart failure, American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association Heart (AHA) Stage D
17. Within the 3 months prior to baseline testing, any of the following: uncorrected severe valvular stenosis, valve replacement or repair (percutaneous or surgical), myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cardiac ablation, new cardiac resynchronization device or new pacemaker implant
18. New implantable cardioverter defibrillator or any implantable device generator change-out within 30 days prior to baseline testing or anticipated within the first 6 months of enrollment
19. Other anticipated surgery or invasive procedure expected to affect ability to perform testing at 6-month post-therapy initiation visit
20. Unstable angina
21. Allergy to or intolerant of contrast dye
22. Pregnancy or of child bearing potential without a negative pregnancy test within 10 days prior to remede system implant
23. Life expectancy or expected time to transplant or left ventricular assist device of less than 12 months
24. Currently enrolled or planning to enroll in another study that may conflict with protocol requirements or confound subject results in this trial
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Opium or opioid use for at least two months in a daily manner
* Presence of five or more central sleep apnea per hour in a full-night recorded PSG

Exclusion Criteria:

* Congestive heart failure
* living in high altitude
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
* Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) elevation due to other respiratory diseases
* Body Mass Index (BMI) \> 32
* Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
* Severe renal or liver disorders
* Using Benzodiazepine
* Using Theophylline

Answer: D