Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Acupuncture for Non-emergent Acute Musculoskeletal Pain and Primary Headache in an Emergency Department Setting: a Parallel, Randomized, Controlled Pilot Trial
Brief Summary: Acupuncture is widely used for managing acute and chronic pain conditions. In the context of an emergency department (ED), patients often present with non-emergent acute pain symptoms. This may result in a delayed triage process and inefficient emergent management. An integrative patient-care approach in emergency departments has been explored that may improve patient satisfaction and promote efficient use of healthcare resources for non-emergent patients in the ED. This implies there is a potential role for acupuncture in such contexts. The aim of this pilot study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture as an add-on intervention for patients with non-emergent acute musculoskeletal pain and primary headaches in an ED setting.

Hypotheses of this study are as follows:

1. A single session of add-on acupuncture, with standard ED management, can reduce pain levels in non-emergent acute pain, compared to standard ED management alone.
2. A single session of add-on acupuncture to standard ED management can reduce additional consumption of healthcare resources for management of non-emergent acute pain, compared to standard ED management alone.

This study aimed to include 40 participants, 20 in the acupuncture plus standard ED management group and 20 in the standard ED management alone group.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

- presence of Chronic neck pain

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cancer
* Spinal infection
* ankylosing spondylosis
* myelopathy
* moderate hypertension or more
* serious mental disease
* other skeletomuscular disease
* history of operation or acupuncture treatment about spinal disease
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age between 18 and 65 years
* nonspecific, uncomplicated, chronic neck pain over 3 months
* volunteer can read and write in Korean, providing written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* exhibited abnormalities on neurological examination
* radicular pain
* serious spinal disorders including malignancy, vertebral fracture, spinal infection or inflammatory spondylitis
* other chronic diseases that could affect or interfere with the therapeutic outcomes including cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, active hepatitis, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, dementia or epilepsy
* previous spinal surgery or scheduled procedures during the study
* painful conditions induced by traffic accidents
* a substantial musculoskeletal problem generating pain from an area other than the neck
* conditions for which administration of BVA might not be safe including clotting disorders, administration of an anticoagulant agent, pregnancy and seizure disorders
* a documented hypersensitive reaction to previous BVA treatments, bee stings or insect bites
* positive reaction observed during a skin hypersensitivity test
* severe psychiatric or psychological disorders
* current use of corticosteroids, narcotics, muscle relaxants or herbal medicines to treat neck pain or any medication considered inappropriate by the investigator
* pending lawsuits or receipt of compensation due to neck pain.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged over 19 years with acute pain defined as pain occurring within 72 hours of ED presentation
* Acute neck pain with no evidence of neurological abnormality
* Acute headache which meets the classification criteria of a primary headache as described by the International Headache Society (code 1 to 4)
* Acute ankle injury with no evidence of fracture or complete tear of ligaments

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any suspected non-musculoskeletal cause (neoplasm or neurological complications) for neck or ankle pain
* Any suspected secondary headaches classified by codes 5 to 12 in the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edition
* Pain due to bone fracture or joint dislocation
* Pain with fever (defined by a temperature above 37.5 °C)
* Inappropriate at the ED physician's discretion
* Pain level of less than 4 points of pain intensity on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) (range 0 to 10) at the completion of observations after the standard ED management
* Pregnant women
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Back/neck pain with or without headache for at least two weeks and at least three times per week
* Resident of Stockholm County
* Literate in Swedish
* Willing and able to comply with study requirements

Exclusion Criteria:

* Specific pathology and severe causes of back/neck pain such as malignant disease, vertebral fractures and severe or progressive neurological symptoms.

Answer: C