Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Testing the Effect of Mobile Conditional Cash Transfers (mCCTs) of Different Schedules and Amounts on Routine Childhood Immunization Coverage and Timeliness in Pakistan: A Randomized Control Trial.
Brief Summary: Like many developing countries, Pakistan faces a public health challenge of low and incomplete immunization rates of children, only 54% of children aged 12 to 24 months are fully immunized, which leaves children susceptible to vaccine-preventable diseases. The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) is a low-cost and effective health intervention, but the uptake is low, delayed, and completion rates are poor.

Door-to-door campaigns can increase coverage, but are extremely expensive. Incentive-based approaches have been rigorously demonstrated to effectively increase take-up and completion rates of immunization, and there is substantial evidence that small incentives can have a large impact on the take up of preventative health behavior in general. There are two major constraints to scaling these findings, however.

This study will attempt to find the most effective incentive design that helps increase the coverage of full immunization rates among children between the ages of 0 - 24 months in the city of Karachi, Pakistan. The study proposes to conduct a randomized control trial involving small conditional cash transfers (mCCTs) to determine the optimal CCT amount (high versus low), schedule (flat versus increasing) and design (lottery versus sure payment) that would lead to the highest increase in immunization rates. Interactive Research and Development's digital immunization registry will be used to enrol and randomize the study participants and generate CCTs disbursed through a mobile money transfer platform and mobile top - ups . The three year study will be conducted in Karachi, Pakistan enrolling a sample of 11,200 children, 0-2 years of age.

The study aims to provide evidence regarding the most cost-effective way to structure incentives in terms of size, schedule, and design; and address the challenge of delivering small incentives in a way that is inexpensive, logistically simple, and not subject to leakage.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria

* Eligibility criteria

  1. be 18 years or over;
  2. own a mobile phone;
  3. started treatment following test and treat strategy; and
  4. under the first line ART regimen
* Exclusion criteria HIV-positive individuals will be excluded if they have severe physical and mental illnesses.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent
* HPV positive
* Age 25 - 60 years
* Private mobile phone

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant on day of enrolment
* Menstruating on day of enrolment
* Hysterectomy
* Diagnosed with cervical pre-cancer within past 12 months
* Diagnosed with cervical cancer
* Invalid mobile phone number
* Unreachable when trying to convey HPV positive result
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children between 0 - 23 months of age visiting the EPI center for BCG/OPV-0 or Pentavalent-1/Polio-1/PCV-1 or Pentavalent-2/Polio-2/PCV-2 vaccination.
* Children permanently residing within Korangi Town, Karachi and planto remain there for the next three years.
* Caregiver accompanying the child can provide a valid mobile phone number at the time of enrolment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children visiting the EPI center for Pentavalent-2 or Measles-1 or Measles 2
* Children born out of multiple births i.e twins or triplets
* Children not residing or planning to move out of Korangi in the next three years
* Children accompanied by caregivers unable to provide a phone number
D: Wisepill Participants:

Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV-infected
* Initiating ART within the next two weeks
* Age 18 years and older
* Owns a cell phone for personal use and has reliable cellular phone reception at home on a network supported by the technology used in this study
* Lives in the Mbarara District (i.e, within 20 km of the ISS Clinic)
* Has at least one person who could be named as a social supporter(see criteria below).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to use SMS
* Unwilling to receive SMS reminders
* Severe mental condition limiting the ability to provide consent
* Cellular phone reception is not reliable

Social supporters (i.e., recipients of the SMS notifications for Wisepill participants in the intervention arms):

Inclusion criteria:

* Knows Wisepill participant has HIV
* Age 18 years or older
* Reports having provided social support to the intervention participant at least once
* Own a cell phone for personal use and have reliable cellular phone reception at home on a network supported by the technology used in this study
* Lives in the Mbarara District

Exclusion criteria:

* Unable to use SMS
* Unwilling to receive SMS notifications regarding interruptions in the intervention participant's adherence
* Severe mental condition limiting the ability to provide consent

Answer: C