Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Screening for Lung Cancer. A Randomised Controlled Trial of Low-Dose CT-Scanning.
Brief Summary: The trial is a randomised trial comparing annual CT screening for lung cancer with no screening in 4104 smokers and former smokers between the age of 50 and 70 years. The goals are: 1) to evaluate if annual CT screening can reduce lung cancer mortality by more than 20 % (in collaboration with the NELSON trial in the Netherlands, 2) to evaluate psychological effects of screening including the effects of false positive diagnoses, and 3) to evaluate possible effects on smoking behaviour. The trial is funded in full by the Danish Ministry of Interior and Health.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Smoking exposure \> 20 pack years
* Quit smoking \< 10 years
* Fit to undergo treatment
* Pulmonary function test \> 30 % of expected (FEV1)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Bodyweight \> 130 Kg
* Formely treated for lungcancer, breastcancer, melanoma or hypernephroma.
* Serious co-morbidity with life expectancy below 10 years.
* Treated for other malignant diseases within the last 5 years.
* Treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis within the last 2 years.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Participants must report smoking at least 5 cigarettes per day for the previous 6 months AND sometimes smoke at least 10 cigarettes in one day.
2. Participants must want to quit smoking and be ready to make a quit attempt within the next 30 days.
3. Participants must plan to remain in the intervention catchment area for at least 8 months.
4. Age \>18 years. Nicotine patches are not currently approved by FDA for those under age 18.
5. Participants must be willing to attend and provide data at the 8 study visits, including an assessment visit at which a blood sample will be drawn, 6 group treatment sessions, respond to follow-up telephone calls, and a 6-month follow-up visit.
6. Participants must be able to read and write in English.
7. Nicotine is known to be harmful to the developing human fetus at the recommended therapeutic dose. For this reason women of child-bearing potential must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry and for the standard duration of transdermal nicotine therapy (10 weeks). Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, the patient should inform the treating clinician immediately.
8. Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document

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Exclusion Criteria:

1. A history of severe allergic reaction while using a nicotine patch.
2. Currently using a drug/medicine as an aid to smoking cessation (e.g. Zyban, Chantix, nicotine replacement).
3. Currently pregnant, trying to get pregnant, or nursing, because nicotine is known to be harmful to the developing human fetus at the recommended therapeutic dose.
4. Had a heart attack, stroke, continuing arrhythmias or angina (chest pains) or abnormal electrocardiogram within the past 4 weeks.
5. Uncontrolled serious mental illness or substance abuse.
6. Uses non-cigarette tobacco products and does not plan to quit all tobacco.

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C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Current daily smoker with more or equal to 10 cigarettes per day for at least 1 year
* Age between 40 and 70 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prevalent CVD at baseline, defined as a medical diagnosis or self-report of coronary heart disease, stroke or transient ischemic attack, peripheral arterial disease, carotid artery disease, congestive heart failure, or having a pacemaker.
* Unstable life-threatening or severe medical conditions (major arrhythmia, cancer,...)
* Current psychiatric disease
* Current substance abuse (cannabis, other drugs, alcohol abuse)
* Current use of pharmacological agent to quit smoking
* Current participation in another clinical trial
* Plan to move out of the French part of Switzerland in the following year
* Recent carotid ultrasound (\< 1 year) to assess subclinical CVD
* Language barrier (not fluent with French)
* Potential difficulty to obtain good imaging of the carotid by ultrasound: past radiotherapy or major surgery of the neck
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years old,
* smoke greater than or equal to 15 cigarettes a day,
* have an expired CO level greater than or equal to 10 ppm,
* are not currently being treated for smoking cessation,
* can read and write in English,
* provide contact information,
* agree to the study requirements,
* have no medical contraindications for spirometry assessment,
* and no an obvious cognitive or physical impairment that would preclude their ability to comprehend or fully participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

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Answer: A