Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Automated Closed-Loop Versus Restrictive Fluid Therapy in Abdominal Surgery: a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: The aim of this study is to compare hemodynamic variables and outcome in patients undergoing laparoscopic and/or robotic elective abdominal surgery. Patients will receive either an automated closed-loop goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) guided by non-invasive flow monitoring or a restrictive fluid therapy of 4ml/kg/h.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Laparoscopic and/or robotic elective abdominal surgery( colorectal, gynecological, urological)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Intraoperative invasive monitoring (arterial line)
* Open colorectal surgery (laparotomy)
* Emergency surgery
* Expected intraoperative blood loss greater than 1000ml
* Arrhythmia (e.g. atrial fibrillation)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age greater than 18 years
* signed informed consent
* listed for deceased donor transplantation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* esophageal surgery or cancer
* esophageal stricture, varices or diverticulum
* upper airway surgery
* coarctation of the aorta
* significant valvular heart disease
* clinically significant cardiac arrhythmias
* patient randomized to other trials with an outcome variable of delayed graft function or early graft function will also be excluded
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* To provide high generalizability and representativeness the high number of patients with laparotomy and major surgical trauma is included into this study. - Therefore, open visceral, urological, and gynecological surgery is covered by this study.
* Expected duration of surgery must be ≥ 120 minutes and requirement of volume therapy needs to be expected ≥ 2 liters.
* Risk for any postoperative complications needs to be ≥10% assessed by the ACS (American College of Surgery)- NSQUIP (National Surgical Quality Improvement Program) risk calculator.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients \<18 years,
* laparoscopic approach,
* patients not having sinus rhythm,
* patients having highly impaired left ventricular function (ejection fraction \<30%) or severe aortic valve stenosis (aortic valve area \<1 cm2, mean gradient \>40 mmHg),
* pregnant women,
* emergency surgeries (surgery required within 24 hours),
* primarily vascular surgery,
* patients suffering from septic shock,
* patients having phaeochromocytoma,
* patients suffering from non-cardiac chest pain,
* refusal of consent,
* patients receiving palliative treatment only (likely to die within 6 months) and patients suffering from acute myocardial ischemia (within 30 days before randomization) are excluded from the study.
* Further, in case that clinicians intended to use cardiac output monitoring for clinical reasons patients should also not be included in the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Medico-surgical pre-operative decision of post-operative ICU admission (because of co-morbidities or/and the surgical procedure)
* Age \> 18 yr
* Elective surgery

Exclusion criteria:

* No informed consent
* Cardiac arrhythmias
* Body mass index \> 40
* Patients undergoing surgery with an open thorax
* Patients undergoing neurosurgery
* Enrolment in any other protocol

Answer: A