Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Enhancing Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Virtual Reality and Imaginal Exposure With a Cognitive Enhancer
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to test the differences between four active treatment conditions for combat-related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): virtual reality exposure therapy (VRE) or prolonged imaginal exposure therapy (PE), both with DCS or placebo, as well as to examine predictors for PTSD and response to treatment in active duty military personnel, veterans, and civilians who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Certain number of PTSD symptoms plus functional impairment
* Must be able to swallow pills

Exclusion Criteria:

* Serious kidney or liver disease
* Epilepsy
* Bipolar disorder
* Psychosis
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Males or females 18-65 years of age with a psychiatric diagnosis of acrophobia defined by DSM-IV criteria.
2. Willingness and ability to comply with the requirements of the study protocol.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. A lifetime history of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, psychosis, delusional disorders or obsessive-compulsive disorder; an eating disorder in the past 6 months; organic brain syndrome, mental retardation or other cognitive dysfunction that could interfere with capacity to engage in therapy; a history of substance (amphetamines, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, cocaine metabolites, marijuana, narcotics, and sedative hypnotics) abuse or dependence or alcohol abuse or dependence (other than nicotine) in the last 6 months or otherwise unable to commit to refraining from alcohol use during the acute period of study participation.
2. Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder within the past 6 months are excluded. Entry of patients with other mood or anxiety disorders will be permitted in order to increase accrual of a clinically relevant sample. Patients with significant suicidal ideation (MADRS item 10 score \> 3) or who have enacted suicidal behaviors within 6 months prior to intake will be excluded from study participation and referred for appropriate clinical intervention.
3. Patients must be off concurrent psychotropic medication (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics, beta blockers) for at least 2 weeks prior to initiation of randomized treatment.
4. Significant personality dysfunction likely to interfere with study participation.
5. Serious medical illness or instability for which hospitalization may be likely within the next year.
6. Patients with a current or past history of seizures.
7. Pregnant women, lactating women, and women of childbearing potential who are not using medically accepted forms of contraception (e.g., IUD, oral contraceptives, barrier devices, condoms and foam, or implanted progesterone rods stabilized for at least 3 months).
8. Any concurrent psychotherapy initiated within 3 months of baseline, or ongoing psychotherapy of any duration directed specifically toward treatment of acrophobia is excluded. Prohibited psychotherapy includes CBT therapy focusing on exploring specific, dynamic causes of the phobic symptomatology and provides management skills. General supportive therapy initiated \> 3 months prior is acceptable.
9. Prior non-response to adequately delivered exposure (i.e., as defined by the patient's report of receiving specific and regular exposure assignments as part of a previous treatment) will exclude participants from the study.
10. Patients with a history of head trauma causing loss of consciousness, seizure or ongoing cognitive impairment.
11. Patients receiving isoniazid.
12. Patients unable to understand study procedures and participate in the informed consent process.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Principal diagnosis of panic disorder

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of psychotic disorders or bipolar disorder
* Substance dependence
* Pregnant or breastfeeding
* History of a medical condition that may increase the risks of taking the study drug
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of OEF-OIF (Operations Enduring Freedom or Iraqi Freedom) Combat Related PTSD;
2. Female participants of childbearing potential must agree to use an effective method of birth control (i.e., oral contraceptive, Norplant, diaphragm, condom, or spermicide) during the course of the study, or to remain abstinent from sex, to ensure they do not become pregnant during the course of the study;
3. Ability to provide informed consent and function at an intellectual level sufficient to allow accurate completion of all assessment instruments;
4. Participants must be literate in English;
5. Patients must be medically healthy and willing to take the study drug;
6. VRE stimuli available must be consistent with subject's trauma.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Lifetime or current diagnosis of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder;
2. Participation in a clinical trial during the previous 3 months;
3. Current evidence or history of significant unstable medical illness or organic brain impairment, including stroke, CNS tumor, demyelinating disease, cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal or hepatic impairment;
4. Patients who in the investigator's judgment pose a current suicidal or homicidal risk;
5. Alcohol, medication, or illegal substance dependence within the past 90 days;
6. Treatment with any other concomitant medication with primarily CNS activity, or treatment with any medication that the PI judges not acceptable for this study;
7. history of seizures;
8. Pregnancy or lactation.

Answer: D