Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Laparoscopic and Open Surgery for Rectal Cancer.
Brief Summary: COLOR II is a randomized, international, multi center study comparing the outcomes of laparoscopic and conventional resection of rectal carcinoma below 15 cm with curative intent. Clinical and operative data will be collected centrally in the coordinating centre in Halifax, Canada. Quality of life and costs will be assessed on a national basis.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* solitary rectal cancer observed at colonoscopy or on barium X-ray
* no evidence of distant metastases
* distal border of the tumor within 15 cm of the anal verge at rigid rectoscopy or under linea conjugata at lateral barium enema radiography
* suitable for elective surgical resection
* informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* T1 tumors treated by locl excision
* T4 tumors
* patients under 18 years of age
* signs of acute intestinal obstruction
* more than one colorectal tumor
* Familial Adenomatosis Polyposis, Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer
* active crohn's or active ulcerative colitis
* scheduled need for other synchronous colon surgery
* preoperative indication of invasion of adjacent organs, immobile at palpation or CT showing invasion
* preoperative evidence of metastases (at least chest X-ray and liver ultrasound)
* other malignancies in medical history except adequately treated basocellular carcinoma of the skin or in situ carcinoma of the cervix uteri
* absolute contraindications to general anesthesia or prolonged pneumoperitoneum (ASA class \> III)
* pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Solitary colon carcinoma observed at colonoscopy or on barium enema X-ray within 28-days before operation (no biopsy required)
* Polyp containing invasive carcinoma according to colonoscopic biopsy, undertaken within 28 days before operation
* Suitable for elective surgical resection by right hemicolectomy, left hemicolectomy or sigmoid resection
* Sigmoid colon tumour cranially to conjugata diagonalis on lateral view of barium enema
* BMI \< 30 kg/m2
* Informed consent according to local requirements

Exclusion Criteria:

* Carcinoma of the splenic flexure
* Carcinoma of the transverse colon
* Signs of acute intestinal obstruction
* More than one colon tumour
* Scheduled need for other synchronous colon surgery
* Synchronous surgery ofr other intra-abdominal organs
* Pre-operative indication of invasion of adjacent organs
* Pre-operative evidence of distant metastases
* Previous ipsilateral colon surgery
* Other malignancies in medical history, except adequately treated basocellular carcinoma of the skin or in situ carcinoma of the cervix uteri
* Absolute contra-indications to general anaesthesia or prolonged pneumoperitoneum, such as severe cardiovascular or respiratory disease
* Pregnancy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mid- and low-lying rectal cancer (between 0 and 11 cm from the anal margin)
* Histology of adenocarcinoma

Exclusion Criteria:

* Locally advanced disease (T4)
* Emergency surgery
* Rectal cancer over familial colic polyposis
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mid to low rectal cancer (within 9cm from AV, measured by RS)
* Histologically proven adenocarcinoma
* Locally advanced (T3, determined by CT, MRI and TRUS)
* Completion of preoperative chemoradiation
* Age: 18-80
* Hb ≥ 10g/dl, WBC≥ 3,000/mm3, Plt≥ 100,000/mm3
* Cr ≤ 1.5 mg/dl
* Adequate cardiopulmonary function
* Informed consent from patient or patient's relative

Exclusion Criteria:

* Metastasis in liver, lung, brain, bone, paraaortic LN, subclavicular LN, inguinal LN
* Second primary malignancy (except CIS of the cervix or adequately treated skin cancer or prior malignancy treated more than 5 years ago without recurrence)
* Cardiopulmonary dysfunction
* Active, uncontrolled infection
* Active, uncontrolled psychosis

Answer: A