Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: St. John's Wort for Tobacco Cessation
Brief Summary: After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 23%. Currently available treatments among adults are expensive and not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents need to be developed and tested to achieve the Healthy People 2010 goal of less than a 12% adult tobacco use prevalence.

Bupropion, an FDA approved agent for tobacco cessation, acts by inhibiting central synaptosomal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. A widely used herbal antidepressant, St. John's Wort (SJW), shares a similar mechanism of action and is effective for treating mild to moderate depression. SJW is well tolerated, available over the counter, and is significantly less expensive than the established treatments for tobacco dependence.

To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SJW for the treatment of tobacco use has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SJW for increasing tobacco abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel group, dose-ranging clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups and will receive a twelve-week course of SJW 900 mg per day, 1800 mg per day, or a matching placebo.

This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism.


Options:
A: A total of 120 subjects will be recruited in the study. Subjects will be eligible to participate if they:

1. Are at least 18 years of age;
2. Smoked more than10 cigarettes/day for the past one year;
3. Willing to make a quit attempt;
4. Able to participate fully in all aspects of the study; and
5. Have been provided with, understand, and have signed the informed consent.

Individuals will be excluded from study participation if they:

1. Meet diagnostic criteria for current major depressive disorder or lifetime history of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Patients with mild or moderate depressive symptoms \[Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition \&#8804; 28\], but who do not meet current diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, will be included;
2. Are currently (within past 30 days) using antipsychotics or antidepressants;
3. Are currently (in previous 30 days) using any treatments for tobacco dependence (i.e., behavioral therapy, nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion SR, clonidine, or nortriptyline);
4. Have used an investigational drug within the 30 days prior to enrolling in this study;
5. Have ever used an herbal product for tobacco cessation;
6. Have recent history (in the past 3 months) of alcohol abuse or dependence as assessed by the CAGE questionnaire and study investigators;
7. Have a recent history of drug abuse as assessed by the Drug Abuse Screening Test 20 (DAST-20) and physician interview;
8. Are pregnant, lactating, or of child bearing potential, likely to become pregnant during the medication phase and not willing to use a reliable form of contraception. Reliable forms of contraception include barrier (diaphragm or condom with spermicidal jelly), injections, intrauterine device \[IUD\], surgical sterilization and abstinence;
9. Have a history of any major cardiovascular events in the past 6 months including unstable angina, acute MI or coronary angioplasty;
10. Have clinically significant acute or chronic progressive or unstable neurologic, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, respiratory or metabolic disease;
11. Are currently on medications interacting with St. John?s Wort including warfarin, antiretrovirals (particularly indinavir and nevirapine), cyclosporine and tacrolimus, digoxin, nifedipine and verapamil, theophylline, all serotonergic drugs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, venlafaxine, tryptophan and buspirone), MAO inhibitors, oral contraceptives, anti-cancer agents including imatinib and irinotecan, migraine medications (sumatriptan and zolmitriptan), methadone, lithium, sibutramine, atorvastatin and simvastatin, midazolam, alprazolam, fexofenadine, omeprazole, and general anesthetics (fentanyl, propofol, and sevoflurane);
12. Have another household member or relative participating in the study;
13. Have a known allergy to St. John?s Wort;
14. Have a history of photosensitivity;
15. Are professional drivers or operators of heavy machinery; and
16. Are scheduled for a planned surgical procedure within five days of taking SJW.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged 18 to 65 years old
* Smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day
* Wants to stop smoking(seeking treatment)
* No period of smoking abstinence longer than 3 months in the past year
* Be able to give informed consent to participate
* Complete the study questionnaires
* Female smokers will be eligible providing they are not breastfeeding, pregnant (negative pregnancy test) or at risk of becoming pregnant

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous use of nicotine transdermal patches or varenicline (VRN) in the last 6 months
* Cigar, pipe and oral tobacco users who do not smoke 20 or more cigarettes per day
* Those who meet the criteria contra-indicating nicotine patches or VRN use, as described in the Summaries Product Characteristics
* Those with previous severe adverse reactions to nicotine patch or to VRN
* Those currently taking either medication for smoking cessation that they are unwilling to stop or taking medication with a known influence on smoking cessation that they should not stop (e.g. nortriptyline for depression)
* Those who are non-Spanish neither Catalan speakers
* Those deemed unsuitable for the study by their smoking cessation physicians; -- Unstable diseases within the previous 6 months
* Diagnoses of or treatment for major depression last 6 months or psychotic disorder; or drug or alcohol dependence within the previous 12 months
* Skin disorders that cause a difficulty of nicotine absorption by patches as Psoriases as well as general dermatitis
* Clinically significant renal or hepatic impairment or dysfunction
* Pregnant or breast-feeding women
* women who do not use neither want to use any effective anticonceptive method.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia

Exclusion Criteria:

* Refractory schizophrenia
* Mental Retardation
* Serious Medical illness
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* African American
* 18-75 years of age
* Smoke more than 10 cigarettes per day
* Have a functioning telephone number
* Be interested in quitting smoking
* Be willing to take 3 months of Chantix
* Be willing to complete all study visits

Exclusion Criteria:

* Renal impairment
* Evidence or history of clinically significant allergic reactions to Chantix
* Cardiovascular event in the past month
* History of alcohol or drug abuse/dependency in the past year
* Major depressive disorder in the last year requiring treatment
* History of panic disorder
* Psychosis, bipolar or eating disorder
* Use of antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers/anticonvulsants or naltrexone
* Use of tobacco products other than cigarettes
* Use of nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, clonidine or nortriptyline in the month prior to enrollment
* Prior use of Chantix
* Women who are pregnant, contemplating getting pregnant or breastfeeding
* Plans to move from Kansas City during the 3 month treatment phase
* Another household member enrolled in the study

Answer: A