Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Perioperative Systemic Lidocaine on Quality of Recovery After Outpatient Gynecologic Laparoscopy
Brief Summary: Although ambulatory gynecological laparoscopy is considered to be a minimally invasive surgical procedure, only 60% of patients undergoing this procedure are satisfied with postoperative pain control. Postoperative pain can lead to physiological, immunological and psychological derangements in patients.It also has been shown to be the most common cause of hospital admission after outpatient surgery.

Opioids constitute the most commonly used pain management strategy after surgery, however they have many undesirable side effects including nausea, vomiting and respiratory depression. Different strategies have been developed to decrease the amount of opioid required after surgery. Opioid sparing drugs as well as regional anesthesia have been shown to be effective. Systemic administration of lidocaine has been shown to decrease opioid consumption, improve recovery of bowel function and promote a better recovery after inpatient procedures. Lidocaine has been shown to have analgesic, antihyperalgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It also has an excellent safety profile when give by a low-dose infusion.

The improvement of surgical technique and anesthesia care has made major adverse outcomes infrequent, especially in the ambulatory setting. Assessing patient's quality of recovery has become an important outcome in several studies. The patient's capacity to return to his normal activities is one of the most important sign of a successful outpatient procedure and it has significant economic implications.

Quality of recovery -40(QoR-40) is a validated 40 item instrument to assess the quality of post-operative recovery. Myels et al. have concluded that the QoR-40 would be a useful outcome measure to assess the impact on changes in health care delivery, but anesthesia studies underutilize this instrument.

The research question for the study is; does the use of systemic perioperative lidocaine improve quality of recovery after outpatient laparoscopy?


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Female patients undergoing outpatient laparoscopic gynecologic surgery
* American society of anesthesiologists class (ASA) Physical status (PS) I and II
* Age between 18 and 64 years
* Fluent in English
* Body mass index (BMI) less than 35

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of allergy to local anesthetics
* History of chronic opioid use
* Pregnant patients
* Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 35
* History of electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities
* Hepatic Impairment
* History of congestive heart failure
* Electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities
* History of heart block (subject with history of heart block)
* Current use of anti-arrhythmic medications

Drop -Outs:

* Patient or surgeon request
* Conversion of the surgery from laparoscopic to open
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Total thyroidectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

* mental change
* allergy to local anesthetics
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients aged between 20 and 65 who have undergone thyroidectomy due to thyroid cancer and of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Class 1 or Class 2

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients experiencing pain for any cause or taking an analgesic
* Pregnant patients
* Patients with severe heart, kidney, or liver disease
* Patients with a psychiatric or neurological disorder
* Patients with a contraindication or allergic response to lidocaine
* Patients with a contraindication or allergic response to magnesium
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 1-level posterior lumbar fusion

Exclusion Criteria:

* mental change
* allergy to local anesthetics
* chronic analgesics user

Answer: A