Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Efficacy of Fenoldopam in Reducing the Need for Renal Replacement Therapy After Cardiac Surgery. A Randomized Controlled Study.
Brief Summary: Patients undergoing cardiac surgery could develop postoperative acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy.

Fenoldopam, already used for patients with hypertensive emergencies, could improve renal function in critically ill patients with or at risk for acute renal failure.


Options:
A: Enrollment Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \> 18 years
* Undergoing heart surgery for coronary artery bypass (on-pump or off-pump CABG) and/or valve repair or replacement (excluding mechanical valves), including re-operations
* Hemodynamically stable

Randomization Inclusion Criteria

* AF that persists for \> 60 minutes or recurrent (more than one) episodes of AF up to 7 days after surgery during the index hospitalization.

Exclusion Criteria:

* LVAD insertion or heart transplantation
* Maze procedure
* TAVR
* History of or planned mechanical valve replacement
* Correction of complex congenital cardiac defect (excluding bicuspid aortic valve, atrial septal defect or PFO)
* History of AF or AFL
* History of AF or AFL ablation
* Contraindications to warfarin or amiodarone
* Need for long-term anticoagulation
* Concurrent participation in an interventional (drug or device) trial
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age \>18 years
* written informed consent
* scheduled procedures
* planned isolated CABG (multiple bypass are allowed; planned combined intervention such as CABG plus valve surgery are not allowed

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy
* planned valve surgery or surgery on the aorta
* planned locoregional anesthesia without general anesthesia
* unstable or ongoing angina
* recent (\< 1 month) or ongoing acute myocardial infarction
* use of sulfonylurea, theophylline or allopurinol
* previous unusual response to an anesthetic agent
* inclusion in other randomised controlled studies in the previous 30 days
* any general anesthesia performed in the previous 30 days
* emergency operation (not scheduled)
* Kidney or liver transplant in medical history
* Liver cirrhosis (Child B or C)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* adult patients
* who underwent cardiac surgery
* have Risk of Acute Renal Failure (R of RIFLE score)

Exclusion Criteria:

* glaucoma
* already on renal replacement therapy
* study drug in the past 30 days
* inclusion in other protocols
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 60 years
* Planned and scheduled surgical aortic valve replacement via a full or minimal-access sternotomy (using central aortic perfusion cannulae) for calcific aortic stenosis with a legally marketed valve
* No evidence of neurological impairment as defined by a NIHSS ≤1 and modified Rankin scale (mRS) ≤ 2 within 7 days prior to randomization
* Ability to provide informed consent and comply with the protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication to legally marketed embolic protection devices (e.g. aneurysm of the ascending aorta, aortic trauma, porcelain aorta, known sensitivity to heparin)
* History of clinical stroke within 3 months prior to randomization
* Cardiac catheterization within 3 days of the planned aortic valve replacement
* Cerebral and or aortic arch arteriography or interventions within 3 days of the planned aortic valve replacement
* Active endocarditis at time of randomization
* Anticipated inability to tolerate or contraindication for MRI (e.g., known intolerance of MRI, permanent pacemaker at baseline or expected implantation of a permanent pacemaker)
* Any other concomitant aortic procedure such as root replacement
* Concomitant surgical procedures other than CABG, mitral annuloplasty, left atrial appendage (LAA) excision or exclusion, atrial septal defect (ASD) closure or patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure
* Clinical signs of cardiogenic shock or treatment with IV inotropic therapy prior to randomization
* Concurrent participation in an interventional (drug or device) trial

Answer: C