Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Improving Early Childhood Development in Zambia
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of a community-based early childhood development (ECD) program on children's physical and cognitive development. Under the program, targeted communities will be assigned a trained Child Development Agent (CDA) who will have four main tasks and responsibilities: 1) biweekly screening and management (including referral) of acute malnutrition in children; 2) encouragement of caregivers to utilize routine care services for children; 3) screening for symptoms of acute diseases including malaria, diarrhea, and pneumonia and referral for diagnosis and treatment; and 4) organization and mentoring of biweekly caregiver meetings to discuss parenting and promote early childhood cognitive stimulation. The investigators will enroll at baseline around 600 children ages 6 - 12 months and their caregivers, and randomize them at the community-level to receive the ECD program or to remain in the control group. The study period will be one year. At end line, the investigators will collect important indicators of child physical and cognitive development to assess program impact. If the program shows both feasibility and impact, there is the potential to integrate program interventions into existing national community-based health initiatives.

Amendment: the study period has been extended for a second year. After a five month gap when no intervention was provided, biweekly (i.e., fortnightly) community-based parenting groups were restarted in intervention clusters. In the second year of the intervention, CDAs no longer visit households.


Options:
A: Once youth are referred to the study, a screening tool will be administered to determine whether or not they meet eligibility requirements as described below.

The screening tool contains four sections;

1. Consent and Age: assures that participants meet the age requirements
2. Oxford Refugees Psychosocial Adjustment Scale: assesses depression, anxiety and hostility
3. Functioning: assesses the participant's ability to carry out activities of daily living
4. Psychological Analysis: clinician's assessment of the psychological state of the participant.

Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants must be between 15-24 years of age;
* Participants must prefer to have the opportunity to join an educational program but not currently be enrolled in school;
* A participant's total score on the Oxford scale must equal or exceed 30 AND
* Participants must display at least one non-zero score on the functioning questions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participant does not plan to reside in the Freetown urban area for the duration of the study (9 months from start date);
* Participant fails to meet age requirements;
* Participant is currently enrolled in school;
* Participant is not in favor of joining an educational program;
* Participant fails to meet Oxford psychosocial or functioning thresholds;
* Participant is judged by clinical staff as:

  * Needing mental health treatment beyond the scope of the YRI
  * Otherwise not suitable for a group treatment setting
* Participant displays the following:

  * Cognitive delays
  * Active suicidality
  * Psychosis
  * Risk of harm to themselves or others

Participants at risk of harm to themselves or others, as well as those requiring treatment beyond the scope of the YRI, will be referred to local mental health or social work treatment facilities as appropriate.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adolescents studying in grade 6, 7 and 8 of the selected schools at the time of data collection
* Adolescents with written consent from themselves and their guardian

Exclusion Criteria:

* Adolescent who refused to participate
C: Inclusion criteria

* Child ages 6 to 12 months at the time of intervention launch residing in the catchment areas of the five study health facilities
* Child's mother or main caregiver must be 15 years or older
* Child's primary caregiver must be a female (because the participants in the caregiver groups may feel uncomfortable discussing certain issues if a man is present)

Exclusion criteria

* Caregivers who are unwilling to provide informed consent
* Families that plan to move from their health center catchment zone during the twelve month period of the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults (18 years of age or older) Afro-Colombian victims of violence and torture who have expressed sadness, suffering psychological trauma caused by violence and when the situation was known by the leaders of Afro-Colombian Displaced Association (AFRODES) or the community leaders contacted by the research team.
* Persons with a total symptomatic value greater than or equal to 49 points in the study instrument, with the presence of trauma from violence, and a loss of functionality score greater than zero.
* Individuals who signed the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* People of ethnicities other than Afro-Colombian.
* Children under 18 years old.
* Persons who present symptoms of severe mental illness such as schizophrenia, psychotic episodes, suicidal attempters, and those who potentially could harm others.
* Anyone who is related with the counselors (LPCW).

Answer: C