Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized Control Trial of Bone Loading Exercises Versus Risedronate on Bone Health in Post-Menopausal Women
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to identify the best way to prevent bone loss in the first years after menopause. The HOPS study will compare bone loss at 12 months in women: 1) who take calcium and vitamin D only; 2) who take calcium and vitamin D plus the medication "risedronate"; or 3) who take calcium and vitamin D plus participate in bone-loading exercises. Our central hypothesis is that improvements in bone health will be greater in women randomized to bone-loading exercises with calcium and vitamin D compared to women who take calcium and vitamin D only or women who take calcium and vitamin D plus risedronate.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women who are in their first 5 years of menopause
* Have a T score between -1 and -2.49 at the femoral neck, total hip, or L1-L4 spine
* Be 19 years of age or older
* Have their health care provider's permission to enroll in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Have osteoporosis
* Have a 10 yr probability of hip fracture \>3% or major fracture \>20% based on results of the fracture risk assessment (FRAX) tool
* Currently take bisphosphonates, estrogen replacement therapy, glucocorticosteroids, or other drugs affecting bone
* Currently participate in a resistance training or high impact weight bearing exercise program three or more times weekly
* Weigh \>300 lbs
* Have abnormal results for the following laboratory tests: serum 25(OH)D; serum creatinine; serum calcium; parathyroid hormone (PTH); thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
* Have Paget's disease, heart disease, uncontrolled hypertension, renal disease, or other concomitant conditions that prohibit participation in exercises, risedronate therapy, or use of CaD supplements.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* At least 4 years post-menopausal

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not currently taking estrogen replacement therapy or undergoing any treatment for osteoporosis
* Diagnosis of breast cancer
* Results of mammogram suggesting breast cancer
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women with postmenopausal osteoporosis

Exclusion Criteria:

* Bilateral hip replacements
* Esophageal abnormalities
* Metabolic bone disease (example - Vitamin D deficiency)
* Medications that would affect the breakdown or build-up of bone turnover
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, as defined by low bone mineral density (BMD), i.e. anterior-posterior lumbar spine, total hip or femoral neck BMD ≥1.5 standard deviations below the average BMD for young, healthy, non-Hispanic, Caucasian women
* A minimum of 2 moderate or 1 severe vertebral fragility fractures (confirmed by central reader) were required

Exclusion Criteria:

* Increased risk of osteosarcoma
* History of unresolved skeletal diseases that affect bone metabolism
* History of atypical subtrochanteric or diaphyseal femoral fractures
* Abnormally high or low calcium levels
* Abnormally high parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels
* Severe vitamin D deficiency
* Abnormal thyroid function not corrected by therapy
* History of malignant neoplasms in the last 5 years
* Active liver disease, clinical jaundice
* Significant impairment of hepatic or renal function
* History of nephro- or urolithiasis
* Previous or planned kypho- or vertebroplasty
* Active or risk for osteonecrosis of the jaw
* Active or recent history of upper gastrointestinal disorders
* Unable to stand or sit in the upright position for at least 30 minutes

Answer: A