Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Cluster Randomized Trial to Assess the Impact of Opinion Leader Endorsed Evidence Summaries on Improving Quality of Prescribing for Patients With Chronic Cardiovascular Disease
Brief Summary: BACKGROUND: Although much has been written about the influence of local opinion leaders on clinical practice, there have been few controlled studies of their effect, and almost none have attempted to change prescribing in the community for chronic conditions such as congestive heart failure (CHF) or ischemic heart disease (IHD). These two conditions are common and there is very good evidence about how to best prevent morbidity and mortality - and very good evidence that quality of care is, in general, suboptimal. Practice audits have demonstrated that about half of eligible CHF patients are prescribed ACE inhibitors (and fewer still reaching appropriate target doses) and less than one-third of patients with established IHD are prescribed statins (with many fewer reaching recommended cholesterol targets). It is apparent that interventions to improve quality of prescribing are urgently needed.

HYPOTHESIS: An intervention that consists of patient-specific one-page evidence summaries, generated and then endorsed by local opinion leaders, will be able to change prescribing practices of community-based primary care physicians.

DESIGN: A single centre randomized controlled trial comparing an opinion leader intervention to usual care. Based on random allocation of all physicians in one large Canadian health region, patients with CHF or IHD (not receiving ACE inhibitors or statins, respectively) recruited from community pharmacies will be allocated to intervention or usual care. The primary outcome is improvement in prescription of proven efficacious therapies for CHF (ACE inhibitors) or IHD (statins) within 6 months of the intervention.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with HF or IHD who are not currently taking the study medications of interest (ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers for HF or statins for IHD) and whose primary care physicians are part of the study population

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are unable or unwilling to give informed consent,
* previously taken the study medications according to dispensing records
* allergy or intolerance to study medications
* residents of long-term care facilities
* unable to confirm a diagnosis of either HF or IHD
* primary care physician has already contributed 5 patients to the study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* The patient or his/her legal representative was informed about the study
* The patient is admitted as an in-patient to one of the participating hospitals
* The patient is available for 3 months of follow-up

Exclusion Criteria:

* The subject is participating in another drug study
* The subject is under judicial protection
* It is impossible to correctly inform the patient or his/her legal representative
* The patient or his/her legal representative refuses to participate in the study
* The expected life span of the patient is less than the required 3 months of follow-up
* It is impossible to contact the patient after hospitalisation
* Hospitalizatin for longer than 21 days
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Resident in long time care ward in Bergen, Bærum, Sarpsborg, Kvam, Fjell, Sund, Askøy and Øygarden

Exclusion Criteria:

* Dying patients with reduced consciousness at baseline
* Active Schizophrenia
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years of age and older
* plan to receive health care and prescriptions at study facility
* prescribed at least one blood pressure medication
* English-speaking
* access to a telephone
* no hearing impairments in the normal range of conversation

Exclusion Criteria:

* dementia

Answer: A