Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effectiveness of a Preoperative Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program in Exercise Tolerance and Quality of Life in Patients Awaiting Lung Resection by Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to establish the effectiveness of a preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients awaiting lung resection for lung cancer by Video-assisted thoracic surgery in order to improve exercise tolerance and quality of life. The investigators hypothesized that a pulmonary rehabilitation program including both endurance and strength training may improve exercise tolerance and quality of life measured with a submaximal exercise test and a quality of life questionnaire respectively.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Biopsy proven prostate cancer within 2 years prior to enrolment
* PSA ≤ 10 ng/ml, Gleason-score ≤ 6, clinical localized prostate cancer ≤ cT2a or PSA ≤ 10 ng/ml, Gleason-score ≤ 7, clinical localized prostate cancer ≤ cT2a.
* Maximum 1/5 tumor positive biopsy rate
* On active surveillance (elected to forgo treatment)
* Level of testosterone normal in sera

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior history of cancer, except for non-melanoma skin cancer, unless considered cured without signs of treatment failure for at least five years
* Less than 10 years of life expectancy
* Conditions or behaviors likely to affect the capability of participating fully in the intervention
* Moderate to severe co-morbidity (kidney, liver, heart or respiratory problems) or the general physical constitution
* Gluten intolerance
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn, colitis)
* Physical handicaps
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis confirmed or suspected of lung cancer (either primary or metastatic)
* Be on the waiting list for lung resection by Video-assisted thoracic surgery
* Present at least one of the next conditions: Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)\<80% of predicted and/or Body Mass Index \> 30 or/and \>80 years old and/or two or more comorbidities (Arterial Hypertension, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Coronary Disease, Diabetes, Renal Failure and/or cancer.
* No smoking at the time of recruitment
* Signed Informed Consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy in the previous 6 months before the Rehabilitation program.
* Thoracotomies or pneumonectomies.
C: * Are diagnosed with stage I-IIIA breast cancer, histologically confirmed
* Are scheduled to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced cancer is an exclusion criteria)
* Have not received previous chemotherapy (previous cancer is NOT an exclusion criteria)
* Have not received transabdominal rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) reconstructive surgery
* Are 18 years or older
* Received approval from their treating oncologist
* No uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac illness or psychiatric condition or any other medical condition that would be a contraindication to exercise
* Able to understand and provide written informed consent in English or French (Ottawa)
* Complete maximal aerobic and strength tests. No contraindication to exercise as determined by fitness tests
* Are not pregnant
* Willing to accept randomization and complete their assigned exercise program
* If participant is currently exercising (e.g., swimming at the Y 3 times per week) must be willing to give this up in place of their randomly assigned program
* Willing to travel to fitness center 3 times/week to complete exercise program
* Willing to complete all assessments (except blood) at all timepoints including 6, 12, and 24 month follow-ups
* Must not have a planned/known absence of greater than 2 weeks during the intended intervention period and must be able/willing to perform exercise sessions on their own during any planned absences of less than 2 weeks
D: DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* Histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma (small cell acinar type) of the prostate

  * Has undergone an extended pattern biopsy (defined as 8+ cores) within the past 2 years OR is scheduled to undergo an extended pattern clinical biopsy within 6 weeks of starting study intervention and is willing to undergo 4 additional research core biopsies
  * No more than 33% of biopsy cores positive (\> 33% of biopsy cores positive allowed if due to microfoci of adenocarcinoma)
  * No more than 50% of the length of a tumor core involved by carcinoma
* Clinical stage T1 or T2a disease
* Previously untreated disease
* Gleason score ≤ 6 with no pattern 4 or 5 histology (Gleason pattern 4 seen as a microfocus \[\< 2 mm in length\] allowed)
* Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) ≤ 10.0 ng/mL (PSA \< 15 ng/mL allowed for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostatitis)

  * Must have had 3 serum PSA levels performed ≥ 2 weeks apart over the past year to allow calculation of a PSA doubling time

    * No PSA doubling time of \< 3 months
* Has chosen watchful waiting as treatment

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

* ECOG performance status 0-2
* Life expectancy \> 3 months
* Living in the greater San Francisco Bay Area
* Willing to make comprehensive lifestyle changes
* Baseline dietary fat intake ≥ 15%
* Able to participate in the exercise portion of this study, as determined by the cardiologist or primary care physician
* No limited exercise tolerance precluding participation in the lifestyle intervention component of this study
* No comprehensive lifestyle change similar to the lifestyle intervention used in this study
* No concurrent uncontrolled illness including, but not limited to, any of the following:

  * Ongoing or active infection
  * Symptomatic congestive heart failure
  * Unstable angina pectoris
  * Coronary artery disease requiring a revascularization procedure
  * Cardiac arrhythmia
  * Psychiatric illness/social situation that would limit compliance with study requirements

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

* No prior or other concurrent treatment for prostate cancer, including any of the following:

  * Surgery
  * Radiotherapy
  * Hormonal therapy (e.g., leuprolide acetate, bicalutamide, flutamide, goserelin, megestrol acetate, nilutamide, or DES/estrogen)
  * Chemotherapy
  * PC-SPES
  * Investigational agents
* More than 4 weeks since prior and no concurrent finasteride or dutasteride
* More than 4 weeks since prior and no concurrent saw palmetto or any other herbal/nutritional preparation that would affect hormone levels
* More than 4 weeks since prior multivitamin/mineral and/or supplemental soy protein, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, fish oil, or any other preparation intended to supplement levels of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids
* More than 1 month since prior and no concurrent NSAIDs, COX-2-inhibitors, and/or aspirin used for \> 7 consecutive days

Answer: B