Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Comparison of Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Three Drug Combinations for Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Children Aged 1-5 Years in an Area of Seasonal Malaria Transmission in Upper River Division, The Gambia
Brief Summary: Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) offers a way of preventing malaria infection without compromising the development of malaria immunity or encouraging drug resistance. The effect of IPT in children in the prevention of malaria has been evaluated in a number of trials in areas of seasonal malaria transmission. Results from these trials have shown that IPTc provided between 40% - 86% protection against clinical malaria. In 2006, a trial that compared two methods of IPTc delivery was carried out in Upper River Division, The Gambia. Preliminary results of the trial have shown that the treatment was very effective as only 4% (45/1133) of the children seen at the end of year cross-sectional survey were parasitaemic. Tolerability was assessed in a subset of 1100 children and the results showed that about 13.5% of children developed mild to moderate vomiting. Malaise was present in about 10% of the study subjects. Severe adverse events were rare. Thus it is important to investigate if other drug regimens might be equally effective in preventing malaria but less likely to cause adverse events. During the 2007 malaria transmission season, 1009 children aged 1-5 years will be individually randomized to receive amodiaquine plus SP, piperaquine plus SP or Artekin TM (dihdroartemisinin plus piperaquine) at monthly intervals on three occasions during the months of September, October, and November. To determine the prevalence of side effects following drug administration participants in each treatment group will be visited at home three and seven days after each round of drug administration and a side effects questionnaire completed. To help establish whether these adverse events are drug related, the same questionnaire will be administered after each treatment round, to 286 age-matched children who are not part of the trial. The primary ends points will be the incidence of adverse events.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age between 1 to 5 years at enrolment.
2. Informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardians.
3. No current participation in another malaria intervention trial.
4. Free of obvious health problems as established by medical history and clinical examination before entering into the study.
5. Available for the duration of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known allergy to any of the antimalarial drugs used in the trial and if this is unknown, then a history of allergic reaction to any drug.
2. Acute or chronic, clinically significant pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic or renal functional abnormality, as determined by physical examination or laboratory tests.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age between 3 months and 59 months at enrolment.
2. Informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardians.
3. No current participation in another malaria intervention trial
4. Permanent residence in the study area with no intention of leaving during the surveillance period.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previous adverse reaction to treatment with SP, amodiaquine or Coartem. If this is unknown, then a history of allergic reaction to any drug.
2. Temporary residence in the study area
3. Lack of informed consent
4. Presence of a severe, chronic illness such as severe malnutrition or AIDS, likely to interfere with evaluation of the trial results.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Presenting for Pentavalent 1 immunization
* Age 5 weeks to 16 weeks
* Parent or guardian currently resident in study catchment area
* Parent or guardian has given permission for their child to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known allergy to any of the study drugs
* Current Cotrimoxazole prophylaxis
* Concomitant disease requiring hospitalization or transfusion
* Plans to be away from the study area for more than 6 months during the next year
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Resident of Kolokani, Mali
* Age less than 24 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not Resident of Kolokani
* Age of 24 months or above

Answer: A