Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of E2007 (Perampanel) Given as Adjunctive Therapy in Subjects With Refractory Partial Seizures
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of perampanel when given as an adjunctive therapy in subjects with refractory partial seizures.


Options:
A: Inclusion:

1. Clinical diagnosis of PGTC seizures (with or without other subtypes of primary generalized seizures) and experiencing greater than or equal to 3 PGTC seizures during the 8-week period prior to randomization
2. Have had a routine electroencephalogram (EEG) prior to or during the Baseline Period with electroencephalographic features consistent with primary generalized epilepsy; other concomitant anomaly should be explained by adequate past medical history
3. On a fixed dose of one to a maximum of three concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for a minimum of 30 days prior to Baseline; only one inducer AED (i.e., carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, or phenytoin) out of the maximum of two AEDs will be allowed
4. A vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) will be allowed, but it must have been implanted greater than or equal to 5 months prior to Baseline (stimulator parameters cannot be changed for 30 days prior to Baseline and for the duration of the study).
5. Have had a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within the last 10 years (for adults) and 5 years (for adolescents) that ruled out a progressive cause of epilepsy
6. A ketogenic diet will be allowed as long as the participant has been on this diet for 5 weeks prior to randomization

Exclusion:

1. A history of status epilepticus that required hospitalization within 12 months prior to Baseline
2. Seizure clusters where individual seizures cannot be counted
3. A history of psychogenic seizures
4. Concomitant diagnosis of Partial Onset Seizures (POS)
5. Progressive neurological disease
6. Clinical diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
7. If felbamate is used as a concomitant AED, participants must be on felbamate for at least 2 years, with a stable dose for 60 days prior to Baseline. They must not have a history of white blood cell (WBC) count below less than or equal to 2500/microL (2.50 1E+09/L), platelets less than 100,000/microL, liver function tests (LFTs) greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), or other indication of hepatic or bone marrow dysfunction while receiving felbamate.
8. Concomitant use of vigabatrin: Participants who took vigabatrin in the past must be discontinued for approximately 5 months prior to Baseline, and must have documentation showing no evidence of a vigabatrin-associated clinically significant abnormality in an automated visual perimetry test
9. Concomitant use of barbiturates (except for seizure control indication) within 30 days prior to Baseline
10. Use of intermittent rescue benzodiazepines (i.e., one to two doses over a 24-hour period considered one-time rescue) two or more times within the 30 days prior to Baseline
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Considered reliable and willing to be available for the study duration and was able to record seizures and report adverse events (AEs) themselves or had a legal guardian or a caregiver who could record seizures and report AEs for them.
2. Understand the requirements of the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) System tests and able to perform the tests appropriately at Visit 1.
3. Male or female, 12 to less than 18 years of age at the time of consent/assent
4. Had a diagnosis of epilepsy with partial-onset seizures with or without secondarily generalized seizures according to the International League Against Epilepsy's (ILAE) Classification of Epileptic Seizures (1981).
5. Diagnosis was established at least 6 months prior to Visit 1, by clinical history and an electroencephalogram (EEG) that was consistent with localization-related epilepsy; normal interictal EEGs were allowed provided that the subject met the other diagnosis criterion (ie, clinical history).
6. Had a brain imaging (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging \[MRI\] scan or computed tomography \[CT\]) within the 5 years prior to Visit 1 that ruled out a progressive cause of epilepsy.
7. Had at least 1 partial-onset seizure during the 4 weeks prior to Visit 1 despite a stable regimen of 1 to 3 concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).
8. Were currently being treated with stable doses of 1-3 AEDs. Only 1 inducer AED (either carbamazepine or phenytoin) out of the maximum of 3 AEDs was allowed.
9. Were on a stable dose of the same concomitant AED(s) for at least 4 weeks prior to Visit 1; in the case where a new AED regimen was initiated for a subject, the dose must have been stable for at least 8 weeks prior to Visit 1.
10. Female subjects of childbearing potential must had a negative serum human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) at Visit 1 and a negative urine pregnancy test prior to randomization at Visit 2. Female subjects of period of at least 60 days following administration of the last dose of study medication to commit to the consistent and correct use of a medically acceptable method of birth control (e.g., a double-barrier method \[condom + spermicide, condom + diaphragm with spermicide\]). Abstinence was considered an acceptable method of contraception on a case by case basis upon prior approval by the Medical Monitor.
11. Had an intelligence quotient (IQ) of greater than or equal to 70, using the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, second edition (KBIT-2).
12. Provided written informed consent signed by the legal guardian and a written assent from the subject prior to entering the study or undergoing any study procedures.

Extension Phase:

Had completed all scheduled visits up to and including Visit 8 in the Core Study Randomization Phase.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Had a diagnosis of primary generalized epilepsies or seizures such as absences and/or myoclonic epilepsies.
2. Had current or a history of pseudo-seizures (psychogenic non-epileptic seizures \[PNES\]) within approximately 5 years prior to Visit 1.
3. Had a diagnosis of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
4. Had seizure clusters where individual seizures could not be counted.
5. Had a history of status epilepticus that required hospitalization during the 12 months prior to the Visit 1.
6. Had an unstable psychiatric diagnosis that could confound the investigator's ability to conduct the study or that could prevent completion of the protocol specified tests (e.g., significant suicide risk, including suicidal behavior and ideation 6 months prior to Visit 1, current psychotic disorder, or acute mania).
7. Had any concomitant illnesses/co-morbidities (e.g., autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder \[ADHD\]) at Visit 1 that could severely affect cognitive function during the course of the study.
8. Had previously participated in a clinical trial involving perampanel.
9. Had chronically or routinely use benzodiazepines and who have not discontinued the use at least 4 weeks prior to Visit 1.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Provide written informed consent signed by the subject or legal guardian prior to entering the study or undergoing any study procedures (If the written informed consent is provided by the legal guardian because the subject is unable to do so, a written or verbal assent from the subject must also be obtained.).
2. Be considered reliable and willing to be available for the study period and able to record seizures and report AEs them self or have a caregiver who can record seizures and report AEs for them;
3. Male or female and greater than or equal to 12 years of age (within the course of the study), or greater than or equal to 18 years of age (depending on location) at the time of signing the informed consent.
4. Females should be either of non-childbearing potential (defined as having undergone surgical sterilization, or postmenopausal \[age 50 and amenorrheic for 12 months\]) or of childbearing potential. Females of childbearing potential must have a negative serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) at Visit 1 and a negative urine pregnancy test prior to randomization at Visit 2. Female subjects of childbearing potential must agree to be abstinent or to use at least 1 medically acceptable methods of contraception (eg, a double-barrier method \[eg, condom + spermicide, condom + diaphragm with spermicide\], IUD, or have a vasectomised partner) starting at Visit 1 and throughout the entire study period and for 2 months after the last dose of study drug. Those women using hormonal contraceptives must also be using an additional approved method of contraception (as described previously) starting at Visit 1 and continuing throughout the entire study period and for 2 months after the last dose of study drug. (It is not required for male subjects to use contraceptive measures based on preclinical toxicology data.);
5. Have a diagnosis of epilepsy with partial seizures with or without secondarily generalized seizures according to the International League Against Epilepsy's Classification of Epileptic Seizures (1981). Diagnosis should have been established by clinical history and an electroencephalogram (EEG) that is consistent with localization-related epilepsy; normal interictal EEGs will be allowed provided that the subject meets the other diagnosis criterion (ie, clinical history);
6. Have had a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within the last 10 years that ruled out a progressive cause of epilepsy;
7. Have uncontrolled partial seizures despite having been treated with at least 2 different anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) within approximately the last 2 years;
8. During the 6-week Pre-randomization Phase subjects must have had \>/= 5 partial seizures per 6-week (with \>/=2 partial seizures per each of 3-week period) and with no 25-day seizure-free period in the 6-week period, as documented via a valid seizure diary. Only simple partial seizures with motor signs, complex partial seizures, and complex partial seizures with secondary generalization are counted toward this inclusion;
9. Are currently being treated with stable doses of 1, 2 or a maximum of 3 approved AEDs. Only 1 inducer AED (defined as; carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone only) out of the maximum of 3 AEDs is allowed;
10. Are on a stable dose of the same concomitant AED(s) for 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1; in the case where a new AED regime has been initiated for a subject, the dose must be stable for 2 months (or no less than 49 days) prior to Visit 1;
11. If on a stable dose (other than intermittent rescue use) of benzodiazepines for epilepsy (or for anxiety or sleep disorders) the prescribed dose must be stable for 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1. (Note: the use of intermittent rescue benzodiazepines is defined in the exclusion criterion #22 below.) When used in these cases (epilepsy, anxiety or sleep disorders), benzodiazepines will be counted as 1 AED; therefore, only 1 or a maximum of 2 additional approved AEDs will be allowed;
12. A vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) is allowed but it must have been implanted \>/= 5 months prior to Visit 1. Stimulator parameters can not be changed for 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1 or thereafter during the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Participated in a study involving administration of an investigational compound or device within 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1, or within approximately 5 half-lives of the previous investigational compound, whichever is longer;
2. Pregnant and/or lactating;
3. Participated in previous perampanel studies;
4. Presence of nonmotor simple partial seizures only;
5. Presence of primary generalized epilepsies or seizures, such as absences and or myoclonic epilepsies;
6. Presence or previous history of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome;
7. A history of status epilepticus within approximately 12 months prior to Visit 1;
8. Seizure clusters where individual seizures cannot be counted;
9. A history of psychogenic seizures;
10. Evidence of clinically significant disease (eg, cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal disease) that in the opinion of the Investigator(s) could affect the subject's safety or the study conduct;
11. Scheduled and/or confirmed to have epilepsy surgery within 6 months after Visit 1; however those who have previously documented "failed" epilepsy surgery will be allowed;
12. Evidence of significant active hepatic disease. Stable elevations of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) due to concomitant medication(s) will be allowed if they are less than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN);
13. Evidence of significant active hematological disease; white blood cell (WBC) count \<= 2500/µL (2.50 1E+09/L) or an absolute neutrophil count \<= 1000/µL (1.00 1E+09/L);
14. A clinically significant ECG abnormality, including prolonged QTc defined as \>450 msec;
15. Suffering from psychotic disorder(s) and/or unstable recurrent affective disorder(s) evident by use of antipsychotics or have had a suicide attempt(s) within the last 2 years.
16. Presence of a progressive central nervous system (CNS) disease, including degenerative CNS diseases and progressive tumors;
17. History of drug or alcohol dependency or abuse within approximately the last 2 years;
18. Have had multiple drug allergies or a severe drug reaction to an AED(s), including dermatological (eg, Stevens-Johnson syndrome), hematological, or organ toxicity reactions;
19. If felbamate is used as a concomitant AED, subjects must be on felbamate for at least 2 years, with a stable dose for 2 months (or no less than 49 days) prior to Visit 1. They must not have a history of white blood cell (WBC) count below 2500/µL (2.50 1E+09/L), platelets below 100,000, liver function tests (LFTs) above 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), or other indication of hepatic or bone marrow dysfunction while receiving felbamate. If patients received felbamate in the past, it must have been discontinued 2 months (or no less than 49 days) prior to Visit 1;
20. Concomitant use of vigabatrin. Subjects who took vigabatrin in the past must be off vigabatrin for approximately 5 months prior to Visit 1 and must have documentation showing no evidence of a vigabatrin associated clinically significant abnormality in a visual perimetry test;
21. Concomitant use of barbiturates (except for seizure control indication) within 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1;
22. Use of intermittent rescue benzodiazepines (ie, 1-2 doses over a 24-hr period considered one-time rescue) 2 or more times in a 1-month period prior to Visit 1; or
23. Any condition(s) that will make the subject, in the opinion of the Investigator, unsuitable for the study.
D: Inclusion criteria:

Each subject must meet all of the following criteria to be enrolled in this study:

1. Provide written informed consent signed by the subject or legal guardian prior to entering the study or undergoing any study procedures (If the written informed consent is provided by the legal guardian because the subject is unable to do so, a written or verbal assent from the subject must also be obtained).
2. Be considered reliable and willing to be available for the study period and able to record seizures and report Adverse Events (AEs) them self or have a caregiver who can record seizures and report AEs for them.
3. Male or female and greater than or equal to 12 years of age (within the course of the study), or greater than or equal to 18 years of age (depending on location) at the time of signing the informed consent.
4. Females should be either of non-childbearing potential (defined as having undergone surgical sterilization, or postmenopausal \[age 50 and amenorrheic for 12 months\]) or of childbearing potential. Females of childbearing potential must have a negative serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) at Visit 1 and a negative urine pregnancy test prior to randomization at Visit 2. Female subjects of childbearing potential must agree to be abstinent or to use at least 1 medically acceptable method of contraception (eg, a double-barrier method \[eg, condom + spermicide, condom + diaphragm with spermicide\], IUD, or have a vasectomised partner) starting at Visit 1 and throughout the entire study period and for 2 months after the last dose of study drug. Those women using hormonal contraceptives must also be using an additional approved method of contraception (as described previously) starting at Visit 1 and continuing throughout the entire study period and for 2 months after the last dose of study drug. (It is not required for male subjects to use contraceptive measures based on preclinical toxicology data).
5. Have a diagnosis of epilepsy with partial seizures with or without secondarily generalized seizures according to the International League Against Epilepsy's Classification of Epileptic Seizures (1981). Diagnosis should have been established by clinical history and an electroencephalogram (EEG) that is consistent with localization-related epilepsy; normal interictal EEGs will be allowed provided that the subject meets the other diagnosis criterion (ie, clinical history).
6. Have had a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within the last 10 years that ruled out a progressive cause of epilepsy.
7. Have uncontrolled partial seizures despite having been treated with at least 2 different anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) within approximately the last 2 years.
8. During the 6-week Pre-randomization Phase subjects must have had ≥5 partial seizures (with ≥2 partial seizures per each of 3-week period) and with no 25-day seizure-free period in the 6-week period, as documented via a valid seizure diary. Only simple partial seizures with motor signs, complex partial seizures, and complex partial seizures with secondary generalization are counted toward this inclusion.
9. Are currently being treated with stable doses of 1, 2 or a maximum of 3 approved AEDs. Only 1 inducer AED (defined as; carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone only) out of the maximum of 3 AEDs is allowed.
10. Are on a stable dose of the same concomitant AED(s) for 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1; in the case where a new AED regime has been initiated for a subject, the dose must be stable for 2 months (or no less than 49 days) prior to Visit 1.
11. If on a stable dose (other than intermittent rescue use) of benzodiazepines for epilepsy (or for anxiety or sleep disorders) the prescribed dose must be stable for 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1. (Note: the use of intermittent rescue benzodiazepines is defined in the exclusion criterion #22 below.) When used in these cases (epilepsy, anxiety or sleep disorders), benzodiazepines will be counted as 1 AED; therefore, only 1 or a maximum of 2 additional approved AEDs will be allowed.
12. A vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) is allowed but it must have been implanted ≥5 months prior to Visit 1. Stimulator parameters can not be changed for 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1 or thereafter during the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

Subjects who meet any of the following criteria will be excluded from the study:

1. Participated in a study involving administration of an investigational compound or device within 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1, or within approximately 5 half-lives of the previous investigational compound, whichever is longer.
2. Pregnant and/or lactating.
3. Participated in previous perampanel studies.
4. Presence of nonmotor simple partial seizures only.
5. Presence of primary generalized epilepsies or seizures, such as absences and or myoclonic epilepsies.
6. Presence or previous history of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
7. A history of status epilepticus within approximately 12 months prior to Visit 1.
8. Seizure clusters where individual seizures cannot be counted.
9. A history of psychogenic seizures.
10. Evidence of clinically significant disease (eg, cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal disease) that in the opinion of the Investigator(s) could affect the subject's safety or the study conduct.
11. Scheduled and/or confirmed to have epilepsy surgery within 6 months after Visit 1; however those who have previously documented "failed" epilepsy surgery will be allowed.
12. Evidence of significant active hepatic disease. Stable elevations of liver enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) due to concomitant medication(s) will be allowed if they are less than 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN).
13. Evidence of significant active hematological disease; white blood cell (WBC) count \<= 2500/µL (2.50 1E+09/L) or an absolute neutrophil count \<= 1000/µL (1.00 1E+09/L).
14. A clinically significant ECG abnormality, including prolonged QTc defined as \>450 msec.
15. Suffering from psychotic disorder(s) and/or unstable recurrent affective disorder(s) evident by use of antipsychotics or have had a suicide attempt(s) within approximately the last 2 years.
16. Presence of a progressive central nervous system (CNS) disease, including degenerative CNS diseases and progressive tumors.
17. History of drug or alcohol dependency or abuse within approximately the last 2 years.
18. Have had multiple drug allergies or a severe drug reaction to an AED(s), including dermatological (eg, Stevens-Johnson syndrome), hematological, or organ toxicity reactions.
19. If felbamate is used as a concomitant AED, subjects must be on felbamate for at least 2 years, with a stable dose for 2 months (or no less than 49 days) prior to Visit 1. They must not have a history of white blood cell (WBC) count below 2500/µL (2.50 1E+09/L), platelets below 100,000, liver function tests (LFTs) above 3 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), or other indication of hepatic or bone marrow dysfunction while receiving felbamate. If subjects received felbamate in the past, it must have been discontinued 2 months (or no less than 49 days) prior to Visit 1.
20. Concomitant use of vigabatrin. Subjects who took vigabatrin in the past must be off vigabatrin for approximately 5 months prior to Visit 1 and must have documentation showing no evidence of a vigabatrin associated clinically significant abnormality in a visual perimetry test.
21. Concomitant use of barbiturates (except for seizure control indication) within 1 month (or no less than 21 days) prior to Visit 1.
22. Use of intermittent rescue benzodiazepines (ie, 1-2 doses over a 24-hr period considered one-time rescue) 2 or more times in a 1-month period prior to Visit 1; or
23. Any condition(s) that will make the subject, in the opinion of the Investigator, unsuitable for the study.

Answer: C