Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nadroparin Anticoagulation for Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration (CVVH), a Randomized Cross-over Trial Comparing Hemostasis Between Two Hemofiltration Rates
Brief Summary: The low molecular weight heparin nadroparin is used for anticoagulation of the extracorporeal hemofiltration circuit. Continuous hemofiltration is a renal replacement modality for intensive care patients with acute renal failure. Up to now it is not known whether nadroparin is removed by hemofiltration or not. Accumulation would increase the risk of bleeding.

Aim of the present study is to determine

1. whether nadroparin accumulates in plasma
2. whether nadroparin is removed by filtration and whether removal depends on hemofiltration dose
3. the effects of nadroparin during critical illness on coagulation and anticoagulation


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

* (recent) bleeding or a suspicion of bleeding necessitating transfusion,
* need of therapeutic anticoagulation or
* (suspected) heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age older than 18 years old and admission in an ICU
* Acute kidney injury (defined by serum creatinine increase ≥ 0.3 mg/dL or urine output ≤ 0.5 mL/kg/hour according to KDIGO criteria)
* Informed consent provided by the patient or person with decisional responsibility
* Indwelling bladder catheter
* Documented cause of acute kidney injury from acute tubular necrosis e.g. presence of granular or epithelial casts on urine sediment, FeNa more than 1%, Feurea more than 50%, urine or plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) more than 150 mg/dL
* Opinion of the treating clinical team that patient was well resuscitated and sufficiently clinically stable for the intervention or by noninvasive or invasive measurements i.e. fluid accumulation at least 5% plus at least one of the following e.g. chest radiography, central venous pressure ≥ 8 mmHg, pulse pressure variation \< 13%, inferior vena cava collapsibility index \< 50% in spontaneously breathing patients or distensibility index \< 18% in mechanically ventilated patients

Exclusion Criteria:

* Baseline serum creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL (male) and ≥ 1.5 mg/dL (female) within 3 months
* Evidence of volume depletion at the time of furosemide administration or active bleeding
* Evidence of obstructive uropathy, renal vein thrombosis or renal artery stenosis, thrombotic microangiopathy, glomerulonephritis, tumor lysis syndrome
* History of renal allograft
* Known pregnancy
* Allergy or known sensitivity to loop diuretics
* Need for emergency renal replacement therapy at randomization or evaluation by the clinical team that the renal replacement therapy should be deferred
* Patient is moribund with expected death within 24 hr or whom survival to 28 days is unlikely due to an uncontrollable comorbidity (cardiac, pulmonary or hepatic end-stage disease; hepatorenal syndrome; poorly controlled cancer; severe post-anoxic encephalopathy; etc.)
* Patients with advance directives issued expressing the desire not to be resuscitated
* Prior treatment with RRT within 30 days
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients 18 years or older
* Written informed consent
* No pre-existing dialysis dependency

Exclusion Criteria:

* Minors / children
* No consent
* Severe electrolyte disturbances which necessitates special dialysis therapy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass
2. Patient still on high doses catecholamines 3 to 24 hours following cardiac-surgical ICU admission. High doses catecholamines is defined by IV infusion of :

   1. Epinephrine \>0.2 microg/kg/min or
   2. Norepinephrine \>0.4 microg/kg/min or
   3. Epinephrine + (Norepinephrine /2) \>0.2 microg/kg/min
   4. Cardiac assistance using ECMO/ECLS technique are considered equivalent to high doses catecholamines.
3. Informed consent has been obtained from next of kin or when consent cannot be obtained, the intervention is randomized, and written informed consent obtained from the patient as soon as he regains consciousness. This practice is consistent with the French law for clinical research.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age \< 18 years
2. Pregnancy
3. Chronic hemodialysis prior to heart surgery
4. Body weight \>120 kg
5. Moribund state, defined as SAPS 2 score\> 90
6. Severe underlying disease with survival expectancy of less than 8 days
7. Decision to withhold or withdraw active therapeutics
8. PrismaFlex machine unavailable in the unit
9. Intravascular access with dialysis catheter impossible -

Answer: A