Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Dose Response Study of Exercise for Age-related Cognitive Changes
Brief Summary: This is a randomized, 26-week study of supervised exercise assessing three doses of exercise in sedentary individuals 65 years of age and over with age-related cognitive changes. A total of 100 subjects (n=25 in each of four groups) will be randomized to a non-aerobic control group, 75 minutes, 150 minutes, or 225 minutes a week of moderate intensity aerobic exercise spread over 3 to 5 days a week for 26 weeks. These exercise doses represent 50%, 100%, or 150% of the recommended exercise dose. Participants will be directly supervised during all exercise sessions for the first two months after which direct supervision will occur during at least one session a week. This is intended to provide increased flexibility while also maintaining direct contact with the participant to enhance adherence. Aerobic fitness, physical function, and cognition will be assessed at baseline and 26 weeks to examine the dose-response relationships.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis, confirmed by a rheumatologist
* Age, 18-70 years
* Not using TNF-α medication or steady medication for ≥3 months
* Disease activity ≥2.1 on ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score defined as high disease activity
* Not participated in a structured cardiorespiratory or muscle strengthening exercise program during the last year (\>60 min once per week), including large amounts of brisk walking (\>120 min per week)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known cardiovascular disease
* Severe comorbidity which involves reduced exercise capacity
* Not able to participate in weekly exercises sessions in Oslo
* Pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent
* Age 65 years or older
* Underactive or sedentary based on the Telephone Assessment of Physical Activity
* Community dwelling with a caregiver willing to accompany the participant to visits to the screening evaluation. The caregiver must visit with the subject more than five times a week.
* Nondemented: Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 0
* Adequate visual and auditory abilities to perform all aspects of the cognitive and functional assessments
* Stable doses of medications for at least 30 days prior to screening.
* Likely to participate in all scheduled evaluations and complete the exercise program over 52 weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* Dementia
* CDR \> 0
* Current clinically significant major psychiatric disorder (e.g., Major Depressive Disorder) according to Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV criteria or Geriatric Depression score of 5 or greater.
* Significant psychiatric symptoms (e.g., hallucinations) that could impair the completion of the study
* Current clinically-significant systemic illness likely to result in deterioration of the patient's condition or affect the patient's safety during the study
* History of clinically-evident stroke
* Clinically-significant infection within the last 30 days
* Myocardial infarction or symptoms of coronary artery disease (e.g., angina) in the last two-years.
* Uncontrolled hypertension within the last 6 months
* History of cancer within the last 5 years (except non-metastatic basal or squamous cell carcinoma)
* History of drug or alcohol abuse as defined by DSM-IV criteria within the last 2 years
* Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
* Significant pain or musculoskeletal disorder that would prohibit participation in an exercise program
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Include newly referred patients if:

* Onset of symptoms (back pain/arthritis/enthesitis) \< 45 years
* Undiagnosed disease with the following symptoms:

  * chronic back pain (duration of back pain more than 3 months)
  * and/or peripheral arthritis (asymmetric arthritis/predominantly of the lower limbs)
  * and/or enthesitis
  * and/or dactylitis

Exclusion Criteria:

* No symptoms such as specified in inclusion criteria: back pain, arthritis, enthesitis
* Definite diagnosis
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with established diagnosis of AS steinbrocker functional class I-II
* Basic medication stable for at least three months
* Agreed to participate and signed term of informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Uncontrolled hypertension
* Coronary artery disease
* History of revascularization
* History of syncope or arrhythmias induced by exercise
* Decompensated diabetes mellitus
* Severe psychiatric illness
* Fibromyalgia
* Another medical condition more disabling than AS
* History of exercise regular (at least 30 minutes 2 times per week)

Answer: B