Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing Opioid-Sparing and Opioid-Containing Analgesia Regimens Following Trans-sphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Tumors
Brief Summary: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial involving 100 treated subjects undergoing endonasal trans-sphenoidal (ENTS) resection of pituitary lesion. Subjects will be randomized into two groups: 50 treated in the opioid-sparing arm and 50 treated in the standard post-operative medication arm.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Enrollment was open to patients undergoing scheduled abdominal surgery (intestinal or lower abdomen) or orthopedic surgery (such as knee arthroplasty or shoulder joint reconstruction) under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation and were expected to require patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) pump for more than 24h for moderate to severe pain after surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Those who can not understand the NRS score and cooperate with the evaluation; those who had head trauma or complicated with organic lesions of the central nervous system within 4 weeks before operation; those who developed coagulation dysfunction or took anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs; those with a history of severe cardio-cerebrovascular disease, heart failure; those with liver and kidney dysfunction, severe endocrine system diseases, mental illness; those with a history of peptic ulcer or bleeding; those who did not control grade 2 or above hypertension or were still taking two or more of antihypertensive drugs such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin converting enzyme antagonists (ARB) and diuretics at admission; Increased toxicity due to the interaction of methotrexate, lithium preparations, etc. with the test drug; use of NSAIDs or analgesic muscle relaxants within 24 hours before operation, narcotic dependence or tolerance; allergy to ibuprofen or other NSAIDs; pregnant or lactating women
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Is male or female ≥ 18 and ≤ 65 years of age.
2. Is classified by the anesthesiologist as P1 to P2 in the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status Classification System.
3. Has undergone primary, unilateral, distal, first metatarsal bunionectomy (osteotomy and internal fixation) with no additional collateral procedures.
4. Experiences a pain intensity rating of ≥ 40 mm on a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) during the 9-hour period after discontinuation of the anesthetic block.
5. Has a body weight ≥ 45 kg and a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 40 kg/m2.
6. If female and of childbearing potential, is nonlactating and nonpregnant (has negative pregnancy test results at Screening \[urine\] and on the day of surgery prior to surgery \[urine\]).
7. If female, is either not of childbearing potential (defined as postmenopausal for at least 1 year or surgically sterile \[bilateral tubal ligation, bilateral oophorectomy, or hysterectomy\]) or practicing 1 of the following medically acceptable methods of birth control:

   Hormonal methods such as oral, implantable, injectable, or transdermal contraceptives for a minimum of 1 full cycle (based on the subject's usual menstrual cycle period) before study drug administration.

   Total abstinence from sexual intercourse since the last menses before study drug administration through completion of final study visit.

   Intrauterine device (IUD). Double-barrier method (condoms, sponge, diaphragm, or vaginal ring with spermicidal jellies or cream).
8. Is able to provide written informed consent to participate in the study and able to understand the procedures and study requirements.
9. Must voluntarily sign and date an informed consent form (ICF) that is approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) before the conduct of any study procedure.
10. Is willing and able to comply with study requirements (including diet, alcohol, and smoking restrictions), complete the pain evaluations, remain at the study site for approximately 72 hours, and return for follow-up 7 ± 2 days after surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Has a known history of allergic reaction or clinically significant intolerance to acetaminophen, aspirin, opioids, or any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, including ibuprofen); history of NSAID-induced bronchospasm (subjects with the triad of asthma, nasal polyps, and chronic rhinitis are at greater risk for bronchospasm and should be considered carefully); or hypersensitivity, allergy, or significant reaction to sulfa (including sulfonamide) medicines, ingredients of the study drug, or any other drugs used in the study including anesthetics and antibiotics that may be required on the day of surgery.
2. Has experienced any surgical complications or other issues that, in the opinion of the investigator, could compromise the safety of the subject if he or she continues into randomized treatment period or could confound the results of the study.
3. Has known or suspected history of alcoholism or drug abuse or misuse within 2 years of screening or evidence of tolerance or physical dependence before dosing with study drug.
4. Has any clinically significant unstable cardiac, respiratory, neurological, immunological, hematological, or renal disease or any other condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, could compromise the subject's welfare, ability to communicate with the study staff, or otherwise contraindicate study participation.
5. Has any ongoing condition, other than a condition associated with the current primary, unilateral, first metatarsal bunionectomy that could generate levels of pain sufficient to confound the results of the study (eg, gout, severe osteoarthritis of the target joint or extremity).
6. Has a history or current diagnosis of a significant psychiatric disorder that, in the opinion of the investigator, would affect the subject's ability to comply with the study requirements.
7. Has tested positive either on the urine drug screen or on the alcohol breathalyzer test. Subjects who test positive at Screening only and can produce a prescription for the medication from their physician may be considered for study enrolment at the discretion of the investigator.
8. Has a history of a clinically significant (investigator opinion) gastrointestinal (GI) event within 6 months before Screening or has any history of peptic or gastric ulcers or GI bleeding.
9. Has a surgical or medical condition of the GI or renal system that might significantly alter the absorption, distribution, or excretion of any drug substance.
10. Is considered by the investigator, for any reason (including, but not limited to, the risks described as precautions, warnings, and contraindications in the current version of the Investigator's Brochure for IV Maxigesic®), to be an unsuitable candidate to receive the study drug.
11. Is receiving systemic chemotherapy, has an active malignancy of any type, or has been diagnosed with cancer within 5 years before Screening (excluding treated squamous or basal cell carcinoma of the skin).
12. Is currently receiving anticoagulants (eg, heparin or warfarin).
13. Has received a course of systemic corticosteroids (either oral or parenteral) within 3 months before Screening (inhaled nasal steroids and regional/limited area application of topical corticosteroids (investigator discretion) are allowed).
14. Has received or will require any analgesic medication within 5 half-lives (or, if half-life is unknown, within 48 hours) before surgery.
15. Has a history of chronic use (defined as daily use for \> 2 weeks) of NSAIDs, opiates, or glucocorticoids (except inhaled nasal steroids and regional/limited topical corticosteroids), for any condition within 6 months before study drug administration. Aspirin at a daily dose of ≤ 325 mg is allowed for cardiovascular prophylaxis if the subject has been on a stable dose regimen for ≥ 30 days before Screening and has not experienced any relevant medical problem.
16. Has been treated with agents that could affect the analgesic response (such as central alpha agents \[clonidine and tizanidine\], neuroleptic agents, and other antipsychotic agents) within 2 weeks before dosing with study drug.
17. Has a significant renal or hepatic disease, as indicated by clinical laboratory assessment (results ≥ 3 times the upper limit of normal \[ULN\] for any liver function test, including aspartate aminotransferase \[AST\], alanine aminotransferase \[ALT\], and lactate dehydrogenase, or creatinine ≥ 1.5 times the ULN).
18. Has any clinically significant laboratory finding at Screening that, in the opinion of the investigator, contraindicates study participation.
19. Has significant difficulties swallowing capsules or is unable to tolerate oral medication.
20. Previously participated in another clinical study of Maxigesic® IV or received any investigational drug or device or investigational therapy within 30 days before Screening.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy surgery with anticipated need for post-operative I.V. morphine analgesia with anticipated use of ≥ 24 hours.
2. Adequate IV access
3. Anticipated hospital stay ≥ 24 hours

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Be unable to make a reliable self-report of pain intensity to pain relief
2. Less than 18 years of age
3. Greater than 70 years of age
4. Use of NSAIDs within 12 hours prior to dosing
5. Use of analgesics, muscle relaxants and sedatives less than 24 hours prior to CTM administration with the following exceptions: paracetamol (acetaminophen) can be administered until 6 hours prior to surgery; tramadol can be administered until midnight the evening prior to surgery; muscle relaxants working at the neuromuscular junction used for intubation and/or anesthesia administration for the surgical procedure prior to CTM administration; and sedatives (i.e., midazolam) used as a co-induction agent for the surgical procedure prior to CTM administration
6. Patients taking warfarin, lithium, combination of ACE-inhibitors and furosemide
7. Patients with anemia (active clinically significant) and/or a history or evidence of asthma or heart failure
8. History of allergy or hypersensitivity to any component of Caldolor, aspirin (or aspirin related products), NSAIDs, or COX-2 inhibitors
9. Pregnant or nursing
10. History of severe head trauma that required current hospitalization, intracranial surgery or stroke within the previous 30 days, or any history of intracerebral arteriovenous malformation, cerebral aneurysm or CNS mass lesion
11. Weigh less than 30kg
12. Have a history of congenital bleeding diathesis (eg hemophilia) or any active clinically significant bleeding, or have underlying platelet dysfunction including (but not limited to) idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or congenital platelet dysfunction
13. Have GI bleeding that required medical intervention within the previous 6 weeks (unless definitive surgery has been performed)
14. Have a platelet count less than 30,000mm3 determined within the 28 days prior to surgery
15. Pre-existing dependence on narcotics or known tolerance to opioids
16. Inability to understand the requirements of the study, be willing to provide written informed consent (as evidenced by signature on an informed consent document approved by an Institutional Review Board \[IRB\]), and agree to abide by the study restrictions and to return for the required assessments
17. Refusal to provide written authorization for use and disclosure of protected health information
18. Be on dialysis, have oliguria or calculated creatinine clearance of less than 60 mL/min (calculated using the Cockcroft and Gault formula) determined within the 28 days prior to surgery
19. Inability to achieve hemostasis or inability to close surgical incision, prior to Operating Room discharge
20. Operative procedure includes organ transplant
21. Pre or intra-operative procedure utilized for the prevention of pre- or post-operative pain (i.e. epidural or nerve blocks)
22. Be receiving full dose anticoagulation therapy or Activated Protein C within 6 hours before dosing (Prophylaxis with subcutaneous heparin is acceptable)
23. Have received another investigational drug within the past 30 days
24. Be otherwise unsuitable for the study in the opinion of the investigator
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patient undergoing ENTS surgery for resection of pituitary tumor.
* Adults \>18 years and \<80 years of age.
* English speaking and literate or able to understand the use of a pain scale.
* Body Mass Index \>19 and \<40 kg/m2

Exclusion Criteria:

* Renal failure (acute or chronic) or creatinine \>2.0
* Allergy or intolerance to acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or opioids
* Pre-operative opioid tolerance, dependence, or abuse
* Anaphylaxis to opioids
* History of peptic ulcer disease or recent gastrointestinal bleed requiring surgery
* Cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver transplant, or liver function studies out of normal range, defined as aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/bilirubin\> 3x upper limit of normal range
* Subject unwilling or unable to sign informed consent for the study
* Pregnancy
* Incarcerated patients

Answer: D