Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Incidence of Pneumonia in Children in Afghanistan: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of childhood mortality, accounting for 19% of the 10.6 million deaths that occur each year1. Case-control studies from Ethiopia2 and India3 suggest that sub-clinical vitamin D deficiency may increase ten times the risk of pneumonia in children. We postulate that controlling childhood vitamin D deficiency has the potential to dramatically reduce the incidence of pneumonia and save \>700,000 lives each year since vitamin D deficiency is widespread in developing countries.

Aim: To investigate whether 3-monthly oral supplementation of 100,000iu vitamin D reduces pneumonia and its consequences among children aged 1-12 months (followed for 18 months), living in a deprived area of Kabul, Afghanistan, where \>70% of young children are vitamin D deficient (\<8ng/dl). The effect of vitamin D on the incidence of other diseases, in particular diarrhea and rickets will also be investigated.

Methods: Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial: 3000 children will be randomised to receive either 6 doses of vitamin D or placebo. The first dose will be given at the start of autumn and the second and subsequent doses every 3 months thereafter; children will be followed for 18 months. Incidence of pneumonia will be ascertained though weekly home visits (active surveillance) and from attendances and admissions at the trial clinic and wards in the hospital serving the study area (passive surveillance).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. 1 to 11 month old infants living in the study area
2. caretakers are willing to give consent to take part in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. the family is likely to migrate out of the study area within the next 18 months
2. the child has been diagnosed with rickets or known to have received a course of vitamin D treatment in the past 3 monDths.
3. Child with Kwashiorkor or Marasmus.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Eligible subjects will be children age 12 to 15 years inclusive in public school, located in Songino-Khairhan district, who are residents of Ulaanbaatar, and whose parents have given informed consent and who accent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individuals with pre-existing calcium, parathyroid conditions, or type I diabetes, sarcoidosis, or who require chronic diuretic therapy including calcium channel blockers, or who are cognitively impaired.
C: Inclusion Criteria: Singleton, live born infants born to HIV-infected women Exclusion Criteria: Infants with multiple congenital abnormalities
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 2-17 years
* AD rated 10-72 by EASI scale
* Wintertime onset or exacerbation of AD

Exclusion Criteria:

* Active skin infection
* History of summertime onset or exacerbation of AD
* History of underlying illness causing immunosuppression within the past 2 years (eg. hematologic malignancies)
* Medications causing iatrogenic immunosuppression (eg. cyclosporine; azathioprine, oral steroids) taken within the past month
* Parathyroid disease
* Acute or chronic renal disease
* Hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia
* Thyroid disease
* History of osteomalacia or Paget's disease of bone
* History of malabsorption (eg cystic fibrosis)
* Planned trip to sunny climate during the one-month study

Answer: A