Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effectiveness of Three Interventions Programs to Improve Functionality and Decrease Fear of Falling in the Elderly
Brief Summary: Fear of falling is a major health problem among community-dwelling older adults that may contribute to avoidance of activities that they are capable of performing. Studies show that the fear of falling may lead to a continual, complex decline in older adults that includes a loss of auto efficacy, restriction of physical activities and social participation, physical frailty, falls and disability. Apart from these effects, the fear of falling may also have financial implications for health care systems and the general public. Several interventions have been shown to reduce fear of falling with multifactorial interventions, including physical and behavioral components, being most successful. Behavioral components usually comprise strategies to reduce catastrophic thinking and fear-related avoidance behaviors while physical components usually comprise falls prevention exercise programs. However, multifactorial programs are not always feasible or preferred by older people. In this framework, the objective of this works is to assess the effects (benefits and effectiveness) of three interventions programs (Tai Chi, postural control exercises and behavioral therapy intervention) to improve functionality and decrease fear of falling in older people living in the community.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Target group are community-dwelling senior citizens aged 65 years or above with an increased risk of falling.
* Increased risk of falling are seen by:

  * history of falls
  * fear of falling
  * chair rise \> 10 sec./TUG \> 10 sec./ subjective \& objective balance deficits

Exclusion Criteria:

* Elderly people not living independently or suffering from physical or mental restrictions that do not allow the participation in an exercise program or the assessment of risk of falling
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Community-dwelling older people
* People who reported fear of falling
* "Leganés Cognitive Test" ≥23
* SPPB ≤ 9

Exclusion Criteria:

* Some cognitive affection and/or medical condition that may affect the intervention
* Permanent use of wheelchair
* People who have received prior protocolized management for fear of falling
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 65 years old or older.
2. Severe fear as measured by a brief FES-I score \> or = 13.
3. Low to moderate actual risk of falls as set out in Lamb et al. (2008).
4. Distress or functional impairment due to fear of falling.
5. Approval from the patient's primary health care provider.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Medical condition that would interfere with the safe conduct of the intervention or compromise study participation.
2. Bedbound, wheelchair-dependent, paralyzed in the lower extremities, or requiring the assistance of another person to transfer, walk, or perform intervention exercises within the home.
3. Dementia or cognitive impairment as measured by a score above 10 on the Blessed Orientation Memory Test.
4. Corrected visual acuity \< 20/60.
5. Current participation in psychotherapy or professional rehabilitation services (PT, OT) or in the process of being referred or evaluated for such services. Patients who develop a need for such services during their participation will complete an assessment prior to commencing the outside therapy but will be allowed to continue in the study.
6. Active suicidal ideation
7. Lifetime diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder or any psychotic disorder.
8. Alcohol or other substance abuse or dependence within six months.
9. Psychosocial factors that would compromise study participation (e.g. homelessness, no telephone).
10. History of osteoporotic fracture.
11. Experiencing 3 or more falls in the past year.
12. Body Mass Index of 17.0 or under.
13. Significant orthostasis, defined as a 20 point or greater difference between seated and standing blood pressure, either systolic or diastolic.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients have to meet NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable or possible AD (McKhann et al., 1984). Mixed Alzheimer and Vascular dementia cases will also be included.
* Only AD cases with a mild dementia severity will be included, determined by the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale (i.e. scores of 0.5 or 1, Morris, 1993) and by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (i.e. scores of 20 or more, Folstein, Folstein, \& McHugh, 1975).
* The patient must suffer under any non-cognitive symptom that motivates him to accept psy-chotherapeutic help.
* A caregiver must be available to take part in most of the therapy sessions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* concomitant alcohol or drug addiction and a history of a malignant disease, severe organ failure, metabolic or hematologic disorders, neurosurgery or neurological condition such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, postencephalitic and postconcussional syndrome

Answer: B