Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Age-related Cognitive Decline: Effects of Video Game Training on Behavioral and Neuroimaging Measures of Attention and Memory
Brief Summary: Neuroplasticity-based approaches seem very promising to maintain cognitive health in older adults and postpone the onset of cognitive-decline and dementia symptoms. The aims of this project are threefold:

1. the evaluation of the effects of a neuroplasticity-based-cognitive randomized computer-based intervention consisting in training with non-action video games on brain and cognitive functions that decline with ageing, including attention and spatial working memory (WM), in older adults using behavioral measures and electrophysiological recordings (event-related potentials -ERPs- and event-related spectral perturbations -ERSPs);
2. the study of the effects of age and 3 months maintenance on the cognitive and neural signatures of transfer effects to attentional and spatial WM tasks; and
3. to investigate the neuroinflammatory mechanisms assessed by non-invasive methods in saliva from participants underlying cognitive training-induced effects.

A better understanding of these mechanisms elucidates pathways that may be targeted in the future, either by behavioral or neuropsychological interventions. To achieve these aims, the investigators will recruit between 60-80 older adults volunteers to participate in the randomized, controlled, single-blind study. After screening, participants will be randomly distributed in one of these two groups: experimental and active control. Participants in the experimental group will receive 16 1 hour computerized training with non-action video games. The active control group will receive 16 1 hour training sessions with a social video game. The design is a mixed factorial design with type of intervention (experimental, active control) and assessment session (pre, post, maintenance). The results from the proposed research project will clarify the existence of transfer-of-benefit and neural mechanisms underlying cognitive improvement. The hypothesis is that mental stimulation through non-action video games will improve attention and memory, promoting brain and mental health, and extending independence among elderly people by avoiding the negative personal and economic consequences of long-term care.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. At least 60 years of age
2. Self-reported levels of proficiency in English (French for Montreal site only) for speaking and understanding spoken language.
3. Able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, and other trial procedures
4. Able to ambulate at least 10 meters independently
5. Having MCI operationalized using Albert et al. criteria as:

   * objective cognitive impairment in one of the following four cognitive domains: memory, executive function, attention, and language evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test with scores ranging from 13-24/30.
   * Preserved activities of daily living on the disability scale confirmed by clinician interview
6. Having normal or corrected to normal vision in at least one eye so that they can identify symbols and stimuli presented on a computer screen in front of them.
7. Must be in sufficient health to participate in the study's aerobic-based exercise training program, based on medical history, vital signs, physical examination by study physicians, or written recommendation by family physician indicating one's appropriateness to participate in aerobic-based exercise training program.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Serious underlying disease (such as active cancer, or recent heart attack) which, in the opinion of the investigator, may preclude engagement in interventions or may interfere with the participant's ability to participate fully in the study.
2. Diagnosis of dementia using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.
3. Participant with uncontrolled major depression, schizophrenia, severe anxiety and substance abuse.
4. Current parkinsonism or any neurological disorder with residual motor deficits (e.g. stroke with motor deficit), active musculo-skeletal disorders (e.g. severe osteoarthritis of lower limbs) or history of knee/hip replacement affecting gait performance at clinical evaluation.
5. Intention to enroll in other clinical trials during the same time period
6. Pre-existing exercise structured training program involving aerobic or resistance training in previous 6 months.
7. Taking cognitive enhancers, neuroleptics, anticholinergics or Vitamin D3 in doses more than 1000IU/day or equivalent.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Engaged with the Lumosity program at least 3 days in the first week after sign-up
* Access to an internet enabled computer to complete training

Exclusion Criteria:

* Paying subscriber
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* aged 60-77 years
* dementia Risk Score 6 points or more
* fulfillment of at least one of the following CERAD criteria: i) MMSE: 20-26 points ii) word list memory task (3x10 words): 19 words or less iii) delayed recall: 75% or less

Exclusion Criteria:

* malignant diseases
* dementia
* substantial cognitive decline
* major depression
* symptomatic cardiovascular disease
* revascularisation within 1 year
* severe loss of vision, hearing or communicative ability
* other conditions inhibiting from safe engagement in the prescribed intervention as judged by the study physician
* other conditions preventing from cooperation as judged by the study physician
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 26 or greater
* Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) score less than 5
* Independent living
* Normal or correct to normal vision and hearing

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of dementia
* Planned move from study area
* Inability to complete study activities
* Scores lower than inclusion criteria requirements
* Communication problems.

Answer: D