Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: Purpose: to investigate the postoperative outcomes of Retrograde intrarenal surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 2 to 4 cm kidney stones.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* The patients who have 2 to 4 cm kidney stones
* ASA score within 1 to 3

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous surgical treatment including SWL
* Congenital abnormalities
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. 10-20mm lower pole renal stone measured by KUB or CT;
2. Age between 18-60 years, no gender limitation;
3. Participators can understand the research and sign the consent form without mental illness nor language disorder;
4. Low pole renal stone left after lithotripsy;
5. Lower pole infundibulopelvic angle which measured by IVP or CTU will less than 30 degree;
6. Asymptomatic patients with positive urine white blood cells and negative preoperative urine culture should be treated with antibiotics for 3days before operation;
7. Patients with symptoms of urinary infections, positive urine withe blood cells and positive preoperative urine culture should be treated with suitable antibiotics based on the culture sensitivity result for at least 7days before operation.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Transplant kidney stone;
2. Renal malformations, such as UPJO, medullary sponge kidney, polycystic kidney, horseshoe kidney, etc.;
3. Combine other part of urinary stones need to be handle at the same procedure, for example ureteral stone, renal pelvic stone, middle or upper pole renal stone;
4. Hematological Disease or Coagulation disorders;
5. Withdraw anticoagulant medicine less than two weeks;
6. Fever or urinary infections without treatment according to the inclusion criteria;
7. Sevier renal dysfunction(endogenous creatinine clearance rate≤50ml/min)
8. Middle or severe hydronephrosis(dilatation of the renal pelvis ≥20mm by ultrasound);
9. Women in menstrual period or pregnancy;
10. Patients have severe disease, such as heart disease, lung dysfunction, and multiple organ failure that cannot tolerate anesthesia or operation.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 18 years
2. Evidence of ureterolithiasis (i.e. stone is located in ureter, not in bladder) as demonstrated on radiographic studies, specifically non-contrast spiral CT.
3. Willingness to participate and able to proceed with standard outpatient management (no personal or job-related issues, e.g. airline pilot.
4. Has a telephone in order to be contacted for follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patient desiring or requiring immediate surgical intervention making then not a candidate for outpatient kidney stone management.
2. Current urinary tract infection based on urine dipstick as admission and urgent procedural management are likely indicated.
3. Known anatomical genitourinary abnormalities or prior Genitourinary surgeries.
4. Positive pregnancy test making proper radiological imaging contraindicated.
5. Breastfeeding mothers.
6. History of hypersensitivity to tamsulosin.
7. Current use of alpha blockers or calcium channel blockers.
8. Current use of steroids which may have an independent effect on stone expulsion.
9. Spontaneous stone expulsion prior to enrollment.
10. Largest stone dimension ≥ 9mm assessed using radiologic imaging, being very unlikely to pass spontaneously.
11. Presence of stone in the bladder.
12. Current use of vardenafil which is tamsulosin contraindicated.
13. Ipsilateral, transplanted or solitary kidney as hospitalization may be necessary.
14. Known renal insufficiency.
15. Fever defined as \>101.5°F which may indicate infection.
16. Floppy iris syndrome which is tamsulosin contraindicated.
17. Planned cataract surgery in the next 60 days which is tamsulosin contraindicated.
18. Prisoners /wards of state.
19. Prior enrollment in STONE (Candidates who are screened and found ineligible may be rescreened at a later date.)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients of both sex with age greater than 18 years to 90 years
* Stone burden between 10 and 20 mm diagnosed by CT scan
* Patient must be agreeable to randomization between shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous stone removal

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with bleeding diathesis or taking anti-platelet or anti-coagulant medication
* Patients who are pregnant based on routine pre-operative pregnancy testing
* Patients with skin to stone size greater than 12 cm (measured routinely on CT scan)
* Patients with either Horseshoe kidney, transplant kidney or a solitary kidney
* Patients with ureteral calculi
* Patients with stone size of \< 10 mm and \> 20 mm
* Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Answer: A