Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Measuring the Influence of Kefir on Children's Stools on Antibiotics (MILK)
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of commercially available kefir on preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea compared to placebo in children ages 1-5.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ability to speak and write English
* Aged 1-5 years
* Male or female
* Diagnosed with an upper respiratory infection and placed on a penicillin class antibiotic regimen for 10 days

Exclusion Criteria:

* Developmental delays
* Chronic conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, that require medication
* Prematurity, birth weight \<2500 grams
* Allergy to kefir and/or milk
* Active diarrhea
* Congenital anomalies
* Failure to thrive
* Parental belief of lactose intolerance
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Planned CABG and/or valve surgery
* Left ventricular dysfunction (EF≤ 45%)
* Age \> 18 years
* able to give written information consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Existing permanent pace maker
* Atrial fibrillation
* Enrolment in other research protocols
* Inability to give written informed consent
* Heart transplant
* Pre operative cardiovascular instability
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Antibiotic therapy for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 14 days
* Expected to remain hospitalized for a minimum of 5 days
* Patients who have received less than 36 hours of antibiotic therapy
* Negative pregnancy test at screening
* Obtained his/her informed consent after verbal and written information
* Patients having a telephone available (mobile, work, home)
* Patients having a fridge at home

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or breastfeeding women
* Patients presenting with active diarrhea (3 or more liquid stools per 24 hour period).
* Patients with a history of daily consumption of probiotics, fermented milk and/or yogurt;
* Patients known to have shown a previous reaction, including anaphylaxis, to any substance in composition of the study product (i.e. Non-medicinal ingredients: Cellulose, hypromellose, magnesium stearate (vegetal source), ascorbic acid, Colloidal silicon dioxide)
* Patients presenting with an active, non-controlled intestinal disease such as Crohn's Disease or ulcerative colitis;
* A previous documented C. Difficile infection \< 3 months prior to study initiation ;
* Ostomized patients, parenteral nutrition users
* Patients with an immunosuppressive therapy or any health condition causing immunosuppression (including haematological malignancies, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS))
* Ongoing or recent use of antibiotic therapy in the 30 days prior to the study product first administration.
* Patients with planned administration of antibiotics other than broad spectrum Penicillin, Cephalosporin or Clindamycin for the treatment of an infection;
* Patients with concomitant participation in another clinical trial;
* Patients who are not likely to comply with study requirements
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* adult patient (≥ 18 years)
* patient hospitalized
* patient receives systemic antibiotic treatment
* patient contractually capable
* patient able to follow study procedures
* informed consent of patient

Exclusion Criteria:

* allergy against yeast and/or Perenterol® forte und/oder placebos containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae HANSEN CBS 5926, lactose-monohydrate, magnesium stearate, gelatine, sodium dodecyl sulfate, titan dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose.
* central venous catheter
* immunosuppression
* diarrhoea and/or chronic diarrhoea
* regular intake of Perenterol®, Perenterol® forte oder Yomogi® in the last seven days before the start of the study
* systemic antimycotic treatment
* systemic antibiotic treatment within the last 6 weeks
* no protection against conception, pregnancy, or lactation
* simultaneous participation in other clinical trials

Answer: A