Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Optimizing the Dose of Rehabilitation After Stroke.
Brief Summary: This study is about rehabilitation of arm function after a stroke. The investigators are testing the dosage of therapy that is needed for meaningful recovery of arm and hand function. Dosage of therapy refers to the amount of time (in this case, the total number of hours) that a person participates in treatment. The investigators hope to learn how much therapy time is needed in order for change to occur in arm and hand function after a person has had a stroke. Eligible candidates must have had a stroke affecting the use of an arm or hand at least 6 months ago.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* A single new focal unilateral stroke with diagnosis verified by brain imaging (MRI) or CT scan that has occurred at least 6 months prior to enrollment.
* Age 18 years of age and older.
* Upper extremity Fugl-Meyer score \>=7 or \<=38 (max 66). (These thresholds include neither hemiplegic nor fully recovered motor function in 14 muscles of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist.)
* Cognitive function sufficient to understand the experiments and follow instructions (Mini-Mental Status Score of 22 and higher or interview for aphasic subjects).
* Willingness to avoid any new alternative arm rehabilitative approaches for the duration of the study.
* Written informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* A fixed contracture in the affected limb that prevents movement along the entire dynamic range required by either robot-assisted or intensive comparison therapy.
* Joint pain that occurs within the range of motion required by the intervention protocols (intensive comparison therapy and robot-assisted therapy).
* Enrolled in or planning to enroll in another interventional research trial that involves the upper limbs using procedures proposed to enhance or limit the function of the upper extremity (such as adjuvant rehabilitation or Botox injections) during the 36 weeks of participation.
* Prior experience with robot-assisted therapy or intensive comparison therapy for the upper limb as described in this specific study.
* A complicating medical condition that would prevent completion of the trial.
* Unable to complete the nine-month study, e.g., extended planned vacation.
* Any other known pre-existing bone diseases that might increase the risk of bone fracture or other injury from intensive comparison therapy or robot-assisted therapy.
B: Inclusion criteria:

* Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke that occured at least 6 months ago.
* At least 21 years of age
* Persistent arm and hand weakness, with some ability to release a grasp
* Able to provide consent to participate
* No history of a medical condition that limited arm or hand use prior to the stroke
* Medically stable
* Able to participate for 10 months and attend evaluations at the University of Southern California (USC) Health Sciences Campus.
* Able to communicate in English or Spanish.

Exclusion criteria:

* Severe upper extremity sensory impairment
* Neglect
* Current major depressive disorder
* Severe arthritis or orthopedic problems that limit arm or hand movement
* Pain that interferes with daily activities
* Currently enrolled in other rehabilitation or drug intervention studies
* Living too far from the training site to participate reliably
* Receiving oral or injected anti-spasticity medications during study treatment.
* Pregnancy.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. First-ever stroke with the onset 10-90 days prior to the enrollment
2. Age: 20-80y
3. With a hemiplegic upper extremity with Brunnstrom stage in I\~IV
4. Able to understand simple orders (1-step orders, such as "raise your hand, touch your head....)
5. Totally independent in activity of daily life before the onset of stroke

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Incompliance to the assessments or interventions due to unstable medical condition, abnormal cognition, or other conditions.
2. Stroke of brainstem or cerebellum
3. Had received craniotomy or ventriculoperitoneal shunting
4. Needs of orthoses in walking before the onset of stroke
5. Had had motor dysfunctions (eg, amputation, cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis or other neuromuscular diseases) before the stroke.
6. Intracranial hemorrhage caused by artereovenous malformation, aneurysm, or tumor
7. Able to walk independently for more than 50 meters.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. 3 to 24 months onset from a first-ever unilateral stroke
2. an initial UL subsection of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment score of 18 to 56 indicating moderate to severe and moderate UL movement impairment
3. no excessive spasticity in any of the joints of the affected UL (shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers)
4. be able to follow study instructions and perform study tasks
5. without upper limb fracture within 3 months
6. lack of participation in any experimental rehabilitation or drug studies during the study period
7. willing to provide written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. subjects exhibiting physician-determined major medical problems or poor physical conditions that would interfere with participation
2. subjects with excessive pain in any joint that might limit participation

Answer: B