Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Investigating the Effect of Intra-operative Infiltration With Local Anaesthesia on the Development of Chronic Postoperative Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair. A Randomized Placebo Controlled Triple Blinded and Group Sequential Study Design
Brief Summary: The effect of intraoperative infiltration of the operation site with bupivacain on the development of chronic pain is the object of our trial. We hypothesize that the occurrence of chronic pain in the goup of patients receiving the infiltration will be 50% less than in the placebo group receiving normal saline. The study is a randomized controlled triple blinded trial with a sequential study design.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and females 18-85 years old scheduled to use PCA with morphine for postoperative pain control
* HIV-negative
* Classification American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I: without systemic disease
* Classification ASA II or III (moderate systemic disease or severe systemic disease that limits activity without disability)
* Scheduled for major abdominal and urologic surgery (no emergency surgery)

Exclusion Criteria:

* regular use of opioid analgesics;
* History of abuse of drugs and / or alcohol;
* Postoperative hospitalization in intensive care with sedation and / or mechanical ventilation;
* severe renal impairment (creatinine\> 2 g / dl, creatinine clearance \<30 ml / h) and / or hepatic impairment (cholinesterase \<2000 IU);
* Cardiac disorders (arrhythmias, heart failure);
* Neurological disorders (epilepsy);
* Cognitive disorders, mental retardation, psychiatric disorders;
* Changes in the normal coagulation or coagulopathy (INR\> 2, PTT\> 44 sec);
* Platelet count less than 100.000/mm3;
* BMI\> 30;
* Allergy to study drugs.
* diabetes type I/II
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients 18 years of age or older undergoing posterior cervical, thoracic, or lumbar surgery
* willingness to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* individuals who underwent surgical intervention in the past 6 months
* previous iliac crest bone harvesting
* history of tumor and spondyloarthropathies (rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthritis)
* history of adverse reaction to local anesthetic
* history of severe pelvic and hip conditions that can interfere with the outcome assessment of the study
* opioid addiction
* pregnancy
* acute mental illness
* uncontrolled major depression and any other psychiatric disorders
* prisoners
* non-english speaking patients
* inability to understand the informed consent and demands of the study.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients (≥ 18 years) with primary or recurrent single or double sided symptomatic but not incarcerated inguinal hernias with an elective hernia repair are included.
* No other interventions (i.e. umbilical hernia) are allowed.
* Written informed consent needs to be obtained.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with legal incompetence,
* Pregnant and nursing women,
* Patients with presence or history of active malignancy or systemic diseases,
* Under immunosuppressive treatment,
* With systemic or severe local inflammation or infection,
* With wound healing disorders and with physical or mental incapacity, which makes it impossible to obtain informed consent are excluded.
* As pacemakers interfere with the electrical stimulation of the Pain Matcher® and vice versa patients with pacemakers or other implanted electrical devices were also excluded.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Non-emergent CD with planned spinal anesthesia
* American Society of Anesthesia physical status class I \& II
* Age ≥ 18 years
* Term gestational age (≥ 37 weeks)
* English-speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

* Morbid Obesity (BMI³ 45 kg/m2)
* Laboring women
* Emergency CD
* Severe maternal cardiac disease
* Subjects with significant obstetric co-morbidities
* Failed spinal anesthesia
* Patient enrollment in another study involving medication within 30 days of CD
* Any other condition which may impair ability to cooperate with data collection
* Height less than 152 cm (5'0")
* Fetal anomalies or intrauterine fetal death

Answer: C