Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: Dietary modification is of great essential for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common oat (Avena sativa L.) and its products showed a great potential benefits on NCDs including type 2 diabetes mellitus. But data about such effects of naked oat (Avena nuda L.) is still unavailable. The investigators aimed to examine the effects of organic naked oat with whole germ (ONOG) plus diet on patients with type 2 diabetes.

After a pre-study with healthy adults, a randomized, single-blinded, multi-arm parallel trial of 30 days would be carried out in adults of 50-65 years old with type 2 diabetes. Participants would be randomly assigned to one of the four following groups: usual care group (only basic health advice, no other interventions), diet group (systematic education, structured dietary), 50g-ONOG plus diet group (all the interventions of diet group plus replacement of 50g ONOG per day) and 100g-ONOG plus diet group. A regular follow-up for years would be carried out to predict the long-term effects of ONOG plus diet intervention on patients with type 2 diabetes.

The investigators hypothesized that ONOG combined with diet would have better effects on glycaemia and insulin resistance control in addition to those yielded by diet or usual care.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* The updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria for the diagnosis of the MetS will be used. MetS will be defined with at least three of the following abnormalities:

  * central obesity (defined as waist circumference ≥ 80 cm for women or ≥ 90 cm for men)
  * Raised triglycerides level: ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality;
  * Reduced HDL cholesterol: \< 40 mg/dL (1.0 mmol/L) in males and \< 50 mg/dL (1.3 mmol/L) in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality;
  * Elevated blood pressure (BP): systolic BP ≥ 130 or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mm Hg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension;
  * Increased fasting plasma glucose (FPG): ≥ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes.
* Being able to comply with the specified feeding conditions
* Being able to eat brown rice
* Being between the ages of 35 and 60 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy or lactation
* Use of insulin
* Severe kidney disease
* Cardiovascular diseases, stroke, cancer and psychological disorders
* Brown rice allergies
* Drug or alcohol abuse
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and Women (age range 23-64 y)
* BMI of 18-30kg/m2
* Fasting glucose concentration \>5.5 but \<7.5mmol/L
* Total cholesterol \>5.2 but \<7.8mmol/L

Exclusion Criteria:

* medical history of heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cancer, pancreatitis or renal disease
* use of lipid lowering drugs, systemic corticosteroids or drugs for regulating hemostasis
* exposure to any investigational agent \<42 d before the study
* presence of gastrointestinal disorder or use of a drug likely to alter gastrointestinal motility or nutrient absorption
* history of substance misuse or alcoholism
* current pregnancy, planned pregnancy, or given birth in the past 12 months
* antibiotic treatment 6 weeks previous to study start date
* allergy or intolerance to intervention breakfast cereals components
* smoking
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* BMI \> 25 to \< 42
* Waist circumference of \> 40 inches for males and \> 35 inches for females and having one other of the criteria for metabolic syndrome will be recruited
* In this population, we will also accept the following:

  * LDL-C \< 175 mg/dL
  * HDL-C \> 25 mg/dL
  * Triglycerides \< 400 mg/dL
* All subjects will be required to meet one specific criteria for metabolic syndrome beyond increased waist circumference

Exclusion Criteria:

* Smokers
* Have insulin-dependent diabetes
* Are pregnant or expecting to be pregnant, lactating in the last 6 months
* Are taking NSAIDS or other medications known to affect inflammatory markers or drugs affecting glucose metabolism

Blood pressure lowering medications are acceptable if the person has controlled BP at screening, \<140/90 mmHg.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* all adults aged 50-65 years old with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
* stable physical condition
* fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration ≥7.8mmol/L or 2-h postprandial blood glucose (PG) ≥11.1mmol/L after 75g oral dextrose with an glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)\>7 %, stable medication.

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy
* breastfeeding
* severe renal or hepatic complications
* treatment by glucocorticoid
* having pancreatic disease or malignancy in recent 3 months
* other factors that may limit adherence to interventions or affect conduct of the trial or participation in another supplementary feeding programme.

Answer: D