Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Post-partum Non-pharmacologic Pain Management
Brief Summary: This study aims to examine whether use of an abdominal binder for postpartum patients after vaginal delivery can effectively manage their pain and reduce the need for pharmacologic analgesics. The investigators hypothesize that use of an abdominal binder will decrease patient pain as reported on a visual analog scale of one to ten, and will decrease quantity of pain medications given. The study will be conducted at the Berry Women's Center at Miami Valley Hospital. Potential eligible participants will be approached regarding the study on admission to labor and delivery. The investigators will recruit 130 participants that will be randomized to two study arms, standard care and standard care plus abdominal binder with 65 participants in each study arm. Data will be collected prospectively while participants are admitted, and through review of electronic medical records. Potential benefits of this study include investigation of a cost-effective method for pain management that could improve patient comfort and reduce need for medications.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female.
2. Being 20-34 years of age.
3. First normal, healthy showing no symptoms of disorder. No history of toxemia of pregnancy, liver disease, kidney disease and gastrointestinal bleeding during pregnancy or after participating in a research project.
4. Healthy pregnant women.
5. No postpartum hemorrhage.
6. Agrees to consent form.
7. No need to take medication regularly.
8. No smoking, no drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unable to travel conveniently.
2. Allergic to modern medicine or herbal remedies.
3. Have a gallstone problem.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy female with a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by Carpenter-Coustan criteria (see below) in most recent singleton or twin pregnancy (Carpenter \& Coustan, 1982)
* Women with a glucose value \>200 mg/dL after a 50-g glucose challenge test at \>12 weeks' gestation will also be included
* 18-45 years old
* No personal history of Type 1 or 2 diabetes
* Pre-pregnancy body mass index between 18 and 40 kg/m2
* Six weeks postpartum body mass index between 25 and 50 kg/m2
* Capable of providing informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pre-pregnancy diagnosis of diabetes (type 1, 2, or a secondary form of diabetes)
* Pre-pregnancy body mass index \<18 kg/m2 (underweight) or \>40 kg/m2 (morbidly obese)
* Current pregnancy
* Six weeks postpartum body mass index \<25 kg/m2 or \>50 kg/m2
* Excessive alcohol intake defined as \>1 beverage per night or past history of alcohol abuse (within the previous 5 years)
* Current or past recreational drug use (within the previous 5 years)
* Diagnosis of diseases associated with glucose metabolism
* Taking certain prescription medication including glucocorticoids, atypical antipsychotics associated with weight gain (such as respirdal(respiradone), clozapine (klozaril), olanzapine (zyprexa), quetiapine (seroquel), etc.) or weight loss medications including prescription, non-prescription or herbal medications
* Personal history of breast cancer or any other type of cancer other than a basal cell skin cancer
* Personal history of cardiovascular disease (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or intermittent claudication), kidney disease, liver disease, venous or arterial thromboembolic disease, adrenal insufficiency, depression requiring hospitalization within the past 6 months, or non-pregnancy related illness requiring overnight hospitalization in the past 6 months
* Underlying disease/treatment that might interfere with participation in/completion of the study (e.g., significant gastrointestinal conditions, major psychiatric disorders, and others at the discretion of the study clinician)
* Other active medical problems detected by examination or laboratory testing
* Plans to be in a different geographic area within the year
* Unable to give informed consent
* Non-English speaking
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Maternal age 18-45 years.
2. Normal vital signs.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Contraindications for breastfeeding.
2. Significant systemic disease that cause pain or require chronic pain relief.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years of age and older
* Pregnant
* Admitted to labor and delivery
* Anticipated spontaneous vaginal delivery
* Informed consent obtained

Exclusion Criteria:

* Documented chronic pain condition
* Chronic narcotic use or Maternal Abstinence Treatment
* UDS positive for opiates on admission
* Trial of labor after cesarean
* Lack of sufficient English proficiency to obtain informed consent

Answer: D