Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Asthma and Health Literacy in Newcomer Communities in the Greater Vancouver Area (GVA): A Population-based Qualitative Study
Brief Summary: In this study, the investigators aim to develop and test the effectiveness of culturally appropriate asthma videos and other educational materials based on knowledge from this study and the investigators' previous studies. By culturally appropriate materials the investigators mean to develop health information (in the format of video and written materials) in the community own language and applied the most appealing cultural beliefs and practices in the Chinese and Punjabi communities. The investigators also aim to recommend a practical framework and to develop a measure of asthma knowledge and health literacy among immigrants from the Punjabi and Chinese communities in BC. The investigators' definition of health literacy in this study is the capability of a person to navigate and access to asthma-related information, as well as to understand, evaluate, and communicate the obtained information to improve his/her health status. The investigators' hypothesis is that audio-visual based asthma information in a subject's native language would improve a patient's knowledge and self-management of asthma in comparison to printed information.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 1-18 years
* History of Asthma:
* At least 2 prior episodes of bronchodilator treatment
* No underlying cardiac disease
* No other chronic lung disease
* Residence within Philadelphia city limits
* Discharged from ED after treatment for asthma

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior study enrollment
* Parent unable to speak English
* No telephone to be reachable for follow-up calls
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Physician diagnosed mild to moderate asthma according to CTS criteria
2. Asthmatics from Chinese and Punjabi communities in the Greater Vancouver Area (GVA), BC
3. Age greater than 21 years
4. Immigrated to Canada in the last 10 yrs
5. Patients who are able to give informed consent and are willing to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age less than 21 years
2. Other immigrants than Punjabi and Chinese
3. Immigrated before 1998
4. Patients who do not want to sign the consent form
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Physician enrollment criteria are: 1) licensed physician in practice and board certified in pediatrics or family medicine; 2) treating children with asthma; 3) full-time in a practice in Atlanta, GA or New York City, NY; 4) not Latino/Hispanic or African American in ethnicity/race; 5) consenting to participate and 6) will generate a roster of pediatric asthma patients.

The following patient selection criteria will be used.

* The child must: 1) be treated by the participating physician during the study intake period; 2) be between one and 16 years of age; 3) have a diagnosis of asthma made by a physician using the NAEPP Guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma (NHLBI, 2007) (The investigators will not accept alternative descriptions such as reactive airway disease, bronchitis, or wheezy bronchitis. The determination must be asthma); 4) have at least one emergency medical care visit in the previous year (hospitalization, or ED or physician office visit on an emergency basis defined as administration of epinephrine sub-cutaneously or bronchodilators by aerosol); 5) not have other chronic disorders that have pulmonary complications, e.g. sickle cell disease; 6) be of self-identified African American or Latino/Hispanic race/ethnicity.
* In addition, the parent/caretaker must meet the following criteria: 1) be the one usually responsible for the child's car; 2) be of self identified African American or Latino/Hispanic race/ethnicity; 3) have access to a telephone; and 4) consent to participate.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Physicians and patients who cannot meet the above inclusion criteria
D: Inclusion criteria:

A. The child of the parent/caregiver has a diagnosis of asthma made by a physician and reported by the parent, or diagnosis of asthma made during the ED visit if the child has experienced two previous wheezing episodes.

B. The child will undergo treatment during the enrollment ED visit for the current asthma exacerbation, as determined by the treating ED clinician. As a result, only parents/caregivers with children experiencing a significant wheezing episode will be entered into the study.

C. The child is 2-10 years of age (second birth date until, but not including, eleventh birth date).

D. The child has Medicaid or no medical insurance. This criterion permits easy identification and selection of low-income children/families, who are the target population for this proposal.

E. The parent/caregiver has a working telephone at home. F. The child attends one of the target practices (7 private practices and 5 federally funded clinics) for routine care.

G. The parent/caregiver and child live within the St. Louis metro area.

Exclusion criteria:

A. The child attends a practice other than the target group. B. The parent/caregiver and child live outside of the St. Louis metro area. C. The child has a chronic illness other than asthma that manifests as wheezing or respiratory symptoms.

D. The parent/caregiver does not have a working telephone in home. E. The parent/caregiver is not able to effectively communicate in English.

Answer: B