Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Impact of Resistance Training During Hospitalization in COPD Patients: a Randomized and Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether resistance exercise are effective in combating the decline in muscle strength during an exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients hospitalized for exacerbation of COPD

Exclusion Criteria:

* patients presenting change in mental status (confusion, lethargy or coma)
* persistence or worsening in hypoxemia (PaO2\<40mmHg) and/or respiratory acidosis (pH\<7.25) despite oxygen supplementation or use of non-invasive ventilation
* hemodynamic instability requiring vasoactive drugs
* patients transferred to ICU
* hospitalization lower than 5 days
* diseases that prevented the exercises
B: Inclusion criteria:

* COPD exacerbation, admitted to the respiratory units
* Informed consent
* Age \< 80
* No critical comorbidity compromising outcome up to one month.
* No suspect of malignancy

Exclusion criteria:

* Patient is involved in a rehabilitation program with a frequency \>1/wk during one month after inclusion in the study
* NIMV or ICU on admission
* Patient scheduled for procedure (LTX/LVRS) within one month after discharge
* Readmission \<14 days after previous hospitalization
* Significant pathology that would hinder the participation in resistance training (gonarthrosis, arthritis to be judged by the investigator)
* Clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients admitted to King's College Hospital with a clinical diagnosis of acute exacerbation of COPD. Patients with radiological and microbiological evidence of pneumonia with co-existing COPD will also be included.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Significant co-morbidity that could limit exercise training \& testing: Patients unable to walk due to a comorbid neuromuscular or rheumatological condition; patients with severe sensory and cognitive impairment; patients with unstable angina or aortic valve disease in which exercise could be dangerous.
* Attendance at a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in the preceding year.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients must be ≥40 years old
* Clinical diagnosis of COPD or pulmonary function testing reflecting an FEV1/FVC ratio of \<0.70
* Current or previous smoker with at least 10 pack-years of cigarette smoking
* Recently hospitalized for an exacerbation of COPD

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with a high likelihood of being lost to follow-up or contact (patients with active chemical dependency, are planning to move out of the state, are not living in the healthcare area, or have no telephone at home).
* Patents with characteristics that can confound the analysis of the primary outcome (patients who are living in a nursing home, have unresectable lung cancer, or have another advanced neoplasm).
* Patients with an inability to provide good data or follow commands (patients who are disoriented, have a severe neurologic or psychiatric condition).
* Patients with an inability to do mild exercise, such as cycling or walking, when their COPD is stable (patients who have orthopedic-neurologic problems; patients who have severe heart failure, characterized by an ejection fraction of \<20% or by New York Heart Association Class IV disease; patients who should be at complete rest, confined to a bed or chair; or patients in whom any physical activity brings on discomfort and in whom symptoms occur at rest).

Answer: A