Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Study VEG108844, A Study of Pazopanib Versus Sunitinib in the Treatment of Subjects With Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Brief Summary: This was a randomized, open-label, parallel group Phase III non inferiority study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pazopanib compared with sunitinib in subjects with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who had not received prior systemic therapy for advanced or metastatic RCC.


Options:
A: Key Inclusion Criteria:

* Histological confirmation of RCC with a clear-cell component. Patients with TFE3 or TFEB translocation proven by cytogenetic analysis or by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are eligible.
* Metastatic (American Joint Committee on Cancer \[AJCC\] Stage IV) RCC
* No prior systemic therapy for mRCC
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) of ≤2
* Measurable disease as per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1
* Frozen tumor samples (primary tumor and/or metastasis biopsies) must be available and received by the central laboratory (Cordelier Research Center) to determine molecular groups. (Note: fine needle aspiration \[FNA\] and bone metastases samples are not acceptable for submission).
* Molecular group has to be determined prior to randomization.
* Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue available for biomarker (gene expression and immunohistochemistry (IHC)) analysis.

Key Exclusion Criteria:

* Any untreated CNS metastases. Patients with CNS metastases will be eligible if they are: asymptomatic, without significant oedema, not on corticosteroids, not eligible for radiation therapy/surgery or have already received radiation therapy.
* Prior systemic treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGF receptor-targeted therapy (including, but not limited to, sunitinib, pazopanib, axitinib, tivozanib, and bevacizumab) except in an adjuvant setting with a free interval of more than 1 year.
* Prior treatment with an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), anti-PD-L2, anti-CD137, or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) antibody, or any other antibody or drug specifically targeting T-cell co-stimulation or checkpoint pathways.
* Any active or recent history of a known or suspected autoimmune disease or recent history of a syndrome that required systemic corticosteroids (\>10 mg daily prednisone equivalent) or immunosuppressive medications except for syndromes which would not be expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger. Subjects with vitiligo or type 1 diabetes mellitus or residual hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis only requiring hormone replacement are permitted to enroll.
* Any condition requiring systemic treatment with corticosteroids (\>10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days prior to first dose of study drug. Inhaled steroids and adrenal replacement steroid doses \>10 mg daily prednisone equivalents are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease.
* Uncontrolled adrenal insufficiency.
* Ongoing symptomatic cardiac dysrhythmias, uncontrolled atrial fibrillation, or prolongation of the Fridericia corrected QT (QTcF) interval defined as \>450 msec for males and \>470 msec for females, where QTcF = QT / 3√RR.
* Poorly controlled hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of \>150 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of \>90 mmHg), despite antihypertensive therapy.
* History of any of the following cardiovascular conditions within 12 months of enrollment: cardiac angioplasty or stenting, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery by-pass graft surgery, symptomatic peripheral vascular disease, class III or IV congestive heart failure, as defined by the New York Heart Association.
* History of cerebrovascular accident including transient ischemic attack within the past 12 months.
* History of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) unless adequately treated with low molecular weight heparin.
* History of pulmonary embolism within the past 6 months unless stable, asymptomatic, and treated with low molecular weight heparin for at least 6 weeks.
* Known history of COPD (of any stage).
* Known history of uveitis or complaint of double vision.
* History of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess within the past 6 months.
* Serious, non-healing wound or ulcer.
* Evidence of active bleeding or bleeding susceptibility; or medically significant hemorrhage within prior 30 days.
* Any requirement for anti-coagulation, except for low molecular weight heparin.
* Prior malignancy active within the previous 3 years except for locally curable cancers that have been apparently cured, such as basal or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or carcinoma in situ of the prostate, cervix, or breast.
* Known history of testing positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or known acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
* Any positive test for hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus indicating acute or chronic infection.
* Known medical condition (e.g., a condition associated with diarrhea or acute diverticulitis) that, in the Investigator's opinion, would increase the risk associated with study participation or study drug administration, or interfere with the interpretation of safety results.
* Known history of hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia, paresthesia, dysesthesia, peripheral motor neuropathy, peripheral sensory, neuropathy, and polyneuropathy.
* Major surgery (e.g., nephrectomy) less than 35 days prior to the first dose of study drug.
* Focal radiation therapy less than 14 days prior to the first dose of study drug.
* Receiving concomitant CYP3A4 inducers or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors
* Impairment of gastrointestinal function or gastrointestinal disease that may significantly alter the absorption of cabozantinib (e.g., malabsorptive disorder, ulcerative disease, uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or small bowel resection).
* Any of the following laboratory test findings:

  1. WBC \<2,000/mm3
  2. Hemoglobin ≤9.0 g/dL
  3. Neutrophils \<1,500/mm3
  4. Platelets \<100,000/mm3
  5. AST or ALT \>3 x ULN (\>5 x ULN if liver metastases are present)
  6. Lipase and amylase \> 1.5 ULN
  7. Total Bilirubin \>1.5 x ULN (except subjects with Gilbert Syndrome, who can have total bilirubin \<3.0 mg/dL)
  8. Serum creatinine \>1.5 x ULN or creatinine clearance \<40 mL/min (measured or calculated by Cockroft-Gault formula)
  9. Proteinuria: patients with ≥2+ protein on urine dipstick at baseline must undergo a 24-hour urine collection for protein then if \> 1.0 g of protein patient will not be included.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Signed written informed consent
2. Patient must be willing and able to comply with the protocol.
3. Age ≥ 18 years.
4. Histologic og cytologic biopsy proven locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma, considered non-candidates for curative surgery. Nephrectomy is not mandatory.
5. Patient with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with a clear-cell histologic component confirmed by local pathology review.
6. Females with a negative serum pregnancy test unless childbearing potential can be otherwise excluded
7. Fertile women of childbearing potential (\<2 years after last menstruation) and men must use effective means of contraception
8. Memorial-Sloan-Kettering-Cancer-Centre favourable- and intermediate prognostic group.
9. Measurable or non-measurable disease (as per RECIST1.1 criteria)
10. Karnofsky Performance status of 70% or higher.
11. Life expectancy greater than 4 months.
12. The required laboratory values at baseline are as follows:

Haematology:

WCC ≥ 3.0 x 109/L, Platelet count ≥ 100 x 109/L, Haemoglobin ≥ 6.2 mmol/l, (INR) ≤ 1.5, APTT ≤ 1.5 x ULN

Biochemistry:

Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN), AST, ALT ≤ 2.5 x ULN in patients without liver metastases, ≤ 5 x ULN in patients with liver metastases, Serum Creatinine ≤ 150 micromol/L

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Exclusion Criteria:

1. Prior systemic treatment for metastatic RCC disease
2. Major surgical procedure, open surgical biopsy, or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to randomization.
3. Serious non-healing wound, ulcer or bone fracture.
4. Evidence of current central nervous system (CNS) metastases or spinal cord compression. Patient must undergo an MRI or CT scan of the brain (with contrast, if possible) within 28 days prior to randomization.
5. Seizure(s) not controlled with standard medical therapy.
6. Dipstick urine test of protein ≥ 2+.
7. Other malignancies within 5 years prior to randomization (other than curatively treated basal cell carcinoma of the skin and/or in situ carcinoma of the cervix).
8. Evidence of bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy.
9. Ongoing or recent (within 10 days prior to study treatment start) need for full therapeutic dose of oral anticoagulants or chronic daily treatment with aspirin. Low molecular weight heparin are allowed
10. Uncontrolled hypertension (≥ 160 mm Hg systolic and/or ≥ 100 mm Hg diastolic) while receiving chronic medication.
11. Clinically significant (i.e. active) cardiovascular disease, for example cerebrovascular accidents (≤ 6 months before randomisation), myocardial infarction (≤ 6 months before randomisation), unstable angina, New York Heart Association (NYHA) grade II or greater congestive heart failure, or serious cardiac arrhythmia requiring medication.
12. Recent (within the 30 days prior to randomization) treatment with another investigational drug or participation in another investigational study.
13. Chronic treatment with corticosteroids (dose of ≥ 10 mg/day methylprednisolone equivalent), excluding inhaled steroids.
14. History or presence of other disease, metabolic dysfunction, physical examination finding, or clinical laboratory finding giving reasonable suspicion of a disease or condition that contraindicates use of an investigational drug or patient at high risk from treatment complications.
15. Known hypersensitivity to interleukin-2, Interferon, alfa or bevacizumab.

Serial blood test, serial tumor biopsies and serial dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging will be obtained as part of a translational research program integrated in the clinical trial.

Part(s) of the translational research program may be omitted in the individual patient due to practical, technical or safety reasons, without having consequences for participating in the additional translational research investigations or the clinical part of the study.

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C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Unresectable advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma with component of clear cell histology and/or component of sarcomatoid histology that has not been previously treated with any systemic agents, including treatment in the adjuvant setting
* Measurable disease, as defined by RECIST v1.1
* Karnofsky performance score greater than or equal to (\>/=) 70
* Adequate hematologic and end-organ function as defined by protocol
* Women of childbearing potential and male participants with partners of childbearing potential must agree to use highly effective methods of contraception as defined by protocol

Exclusion Criteria:

Disease-Specific Exclusions:

* Radiotherapy for renal cell carcinoma within 14 days prior to Cycle 1, Day 1 with the exception of single-fraction radiotherapy given for the indication of pain control
* Known active malignancies or metastasis of the brain or spinal cord or leptomeningeal disease, as determined by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation during screening and prior radiographic assessments
* Uncontrolled pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, or ascites requiring recurrent drainage procedures (once monthly or more frequently)
* Uncontrolled hypercalcemia or symptomatic hypercalcemia
* Malignancies other than renal cell carcinoma within 5 years prior to Cycle 1, Day 1, with the exception of those with a negligible risk of metastasis or death, treated with expected curative outcome

General Medical Exclusions:

* Life expectancy of less than (\<) 12 weeks
* Pregnant and lactating women
* History of severe allergic, anaphylactic, or other hypersensitivity reactions to chimeric or humanized antibodies or fusion proteins
* History of autoimmune disease
* History of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, organizing pneumonia, drug-induced pneumonitis, idiopathic pneumonitis, or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening chest CT scan
* Participants with active or chronic hepatitis B, active hepatitis C, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive test, significant cardiovascular disease
* Prior allogeneic stem cell or solid organ transplant

Exclusion Criteria Related to Medications:

* Prior treatment with Cluster of Differentiation 137 (CD137) agonists, anti-Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 (anti-CTLA-4), anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1), or anti-PD-L1 therapeutic antibody or pathway-targeting agents
* Treatment with systemic immunostimulatory agents for any reason within 6 weeks or five half-lives of the drug, whichever is shorter, prior to Cycle 1, Day 1
* Treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medications within 2 weeks prior to Cycle 1, Day 1

Bevacizumab- and Sunitinib-Specific Exclusions:

* Inadequately controlled hypertension
* Prior history of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy
* New York Heart Association Class II or greater congestive heart failure
* History of myocardial infarction or unstable angina, stroke or transient ischemic attack within 3 months prior to Cycle 1, Day 1
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Written informed consent
* Diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with clear-cell component histology.
* Received no prior systemic therapy (interleukin-2, interferon-alpha, chemotherapy, bevacizumab, mTOR inhibitor, sunitinib, sorafenib or other VEGF TKI) for advanced or metastatic RCC
* Locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma
* Measurable disease by CT or MRI
* Karnofsky performance scale status of \>=70
* Age \>=18 years
* A female is eligible to enter and participate in this study if she is of: non-childbearing or agrees to use adequate contraception.
* Adequate organ system function
* Total serum calcium concentration \<12.0mg/dL
* Left ventricular ejection fraction \>= lower limit of institutional normal.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or lactating female (unless agrees to refrain from nursing throughout the treatment period and for 14 days following the last dose of study)
* History of another malignancy (unless have been disease-free for 3 years)
* History or clinical evidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases (unless have previously-treated CNS metastases and meet all 3 of the following criteria are: are asymptomatic, have had no evidence of active CNS metastases for \>=6 months prior to enrolment, and have no requirement for steroids or enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants)
* Clinically significant gastrointestinal abnormalities including, but not limited to: malabsorption syndrome, major resection of the stomach or small bowel that could affect the absorption of study drug, active peptic ulcer disease, known intraluminal metastatic lesion/s with suspected bleeding, Inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, or other gastrointestinal conditions with increased risk of perforation, history of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra abdominal abscess within 28 days prior to beginning study treatment.
* Presence of uncontrolled infection.
* Prolongation of corrected QT interval (QTc) \> 480 milliseconds
* History of any one or more of the following cardiovascular conditions within the past 12 months: cardiac angioplasty or stenting, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery by-pass graft surgery, symptomatic peripheral vascular disease, Class III or IV congestive heart failure, as defined by the New York Heart Association
* History of cerebrovascular accident including transient ischemic attack within the past 12 months
* History of pulmonary embolism or untreated deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within the past 6 months (unless had recent DVT and have been treated with therapeutic anti-coagulating agents for at least 6 weeks)
* Poorly controlled hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure of \>=150mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of \>=90mmHg). Initiation or adjustment of antihypertensive medication(s) is permitted prior to study entry
* Prior major surgery or trauma within 28 days prior to first dose of study drug and/or presence of any non-healing wound, fracture, or ulcer.
* Evidence of active bleeding or bleeding susceptibility
* Spitting/coughing up blood within 6 weeks of first dose of study drug
* Known endobronchial lesions and/or lesions infiltrating major pulmonary vessels
* Any serious and/or unstable pre-existing medical, psychiatric, or other conditions that could interfere with patient's safety, obtaining informed consent or compliance to the study.
* Use any prohibited medications within 14 days of the first dose of study medication.
* Use of an investigational agent, including an investigational anti-cancer agent, within 28 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to the first dose of study drug.
* Prior use of an investigational or licensed drug that targets VEGF or VEGF receptors (eg. bevacizumab, sunitinib, sorafenib, etc), or are mTOR inhibitors (eg. temsirolimus, everolimus, etc).
* Is now undergoing and/or has undergone in the 14 days immediately prior to first dose of study drug, any cancer therapy (surgery, tumor embolization, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, biological therapy, or hormonal therapy)
* Any ongoing toxicity from prior anti-cancer therapy that is \>Grade 1 and/or that is progressing in severity.
* Known immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reaction or idiosyncrasy to drugs chemically related to pazopanib or sunitinib.

Answer: D