Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate Versus Chlorproguanil-dapsone in the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria in Children, Adolescents and Adults in Africa.
Brief Summary: CDA is a combination of chlorproguanil, dapsone and artesunate, being developed in a public-private partnership with the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), World Health Organisation (WHO-TDR) and academic partners from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine as a treatment for acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria.

The combination of chlorproguanil HCl (CPG) and dapsone (DDS) as chlorproguanil-dapsone has already been shown to be efficacious against P.falciparum in adults and children in Sub-Sahara Africa. The addition of artesunate to LAPDAP has been demonstrated to increase the parasite kill rate as demonstrated in the phase II study, and reduce the chance of any parasites escaping treatment over the 3-day course. The addition of artesunate is also anticipated to have the population benefit of protection against the development of resistant strains of P.falciparum, although it will not be possible to demonstrate this in a clinical trial. One further population benefit of the artemisinin drugs are their ability to suppress the sexual forms of the parasite (gametocytes), which should reduce infectivity after antimalarial treatment and potentially lower transmission rates with widespread use, including the spread of any parasites resistant to the partner drug.

The aims of this phase III study are to compare the efficacy of a fixed ratio combination tablet of CDA to chlorproguanil-dapsone, and collect supporting safety data. This will be a multi-centre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised trial, in children, adolescents and adults, with chlorproguanil-dapsone as a comparator.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* presentation at basic health unit with suspected clinical malaria
* mono-infection infection with P. falciparum confirmed by microscopy
* over 2 years of age (no upper age restriction)
* weight over 5 kg (no upper weight restriction)
* if of child bearing age then non-pregnant and willing to remain so for the duration of the study
* greater than 1 asexual parasite per 10 fields
* understands and is willing to sign the consent form
* a resident in the study site willing to collaborate for a full period of follow-up
* no signs of severe malaria

Exclusion Criteria:

* other serious disease (e.g., cardiac, renal or hepatic)
* in women of child bearing age, pregnancy
* allergy to any of the study drugs or related compounds
* reports to have used any malaria drugs in the last 21 days
* other species of malaria seen
* signs of severe malaria
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age ≥ 4 years old
* parasite count ≥ 1,000 asexual parasites/µL
* normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme level based on qualitative test (Trinity Biotech® no 203, USA)
* hemoglobin level ≥ 8 gr/dL as measured by Hemoque® apparatus;
* have the ability to return for 42-day-follow up and
* willingness to sign the informed-consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

* are infected with other r plasmodium species
* have only gametocytes of P. falciparum;
* are pregnant - measured by positive result on HCG urine test and/or breastfeeding women
* present signs of pitting edema on both legs as a sign of malnutrition
* have complicated or severe malaria, other chronic diseases or history of drug allergies.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* infection with P.falciparum detected by PCR

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy
* severe anaemia
* fever or other signs of illness
* history of allergy to sulfa drugs
* presence of other species of Plasmodium detected by microscopy
D: Inclusion criteria:

* Acute, uncomplicated P.falciparum malaria, microscopically confirmed infection.
* Temperature at screening of 37.5oC or over or confirmed history of fever within previous 24-hours.
* Weight 7.5kg or over , no upper weight limit.
* Screening haemoglobin (Hb) of 7g/dl, or more or haematocrit of 25% or over(if Hb not available at screening).
* Willingness to comply with the study visits and procedures, as outlined in the informed consent form.
* Written or oral witnessed consent obtained from subject, parent or guardian.
* Assent is given by a child aged 12 to \<18years, in addition to the consent of their parent or guardian.

Exclusion criteria:

* Features of severe/complicated falciparum malaria.
* Hypersensitivity to active substances (chlorproguanil, dapsone, artesunate), or excipients of the investigational products.
* Known allergy to biguanides, sulphones, sulphonamides or artemisinin derived products.
* Known history of G6PD deficiency.
* Infants with a history of hyperbilirubinaemia during the neonatal period.
* Evidence of any concomitant infection at the time of presentation (including P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae).
* Use of concomitant medications that may induce haemolysis or haemolytic anaemia from the WHO (World Health Organization) list of essential drugs.
* Any other underlying disease that may compromise the diagnosis and the evaluation of the response to the study medication (including clinical symptoms of immunosuppression, tuberculosis, bacterial infection; cardiac or pulmonary disease).
* Malnutrition, defined as a child whose weight-for-height is below -3 standard deviations or less than 70% of the median of the NCHS/WHO normalised reference values
* Treatment within the past three months with mefloquine or mefloquine-sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine; twenty-eight days with sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine, sulfalene/pyrimethamine, lumefantrine or artemether/lumefantrine, amodiaquine, atovaquone or atovaquone/proguanil, halofantrine; 14-days with chlorproguanil/dapsone, or 7-days with quinine (full course), proguanil, artemisinin, tetracycline doxycycline or clindamycin.
* Positive sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine urine screen for 'unknown' antimalarial drug use in prior 28-days.
* Use of an investigational drug within 30 days or 5 half-lives whichever is the longer.
* Previous participation in this study.
* Female subjects of child-bearing potential who have had a positive pregnancy test at enrolment, or do not give their consent to take a pregnancy test.
* Female subjects who will be breast-feeding an infant for the duration of the study.

Answer: D