Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Monitoring Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Buildings in Armenia: Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: This study was designed to test the hypothesis whether a novel intervention that uses motivational interviewing along with immediate feedback and follow-up counseling calls is effective in educating the household members about the health hazards of smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and reducing children exposure to secondhand smoke at households in Armenia.

The study was a randomized control trial with two arms: intervention and control groups.

The sample population for the study included households with a non-smoking mother and at least one child 2 to 6 years of age residing with at least one daily smoker. The study team recruited the households through pediatrician's offices in polyclinics (primary healthcare facilities) utilizing multistage random sampling. Trained interviewers made two baseline (one week apart) and two 4-month follow-up household visits to conduct measurements, interviews and intervention. Measurements included surveys, air nicotine monitoring in homes and hair samples from children to assess changes in nicotine concentration over time.

SHS concentration was estimated by sampling vapor-phase nicotine using a filter badge treated with sodium bisulfate. Airborne nicotine monitors were used in all homes to measure SHS concentration at baseline and 4 month follow-up. At least one monitor was used in each home, preferably in the main room in which the family congregates.

Personal exposure to SHS in 2-6 years old children was assessed using biological samples of hair. A small sample of hair (approximately 30 - 50 strands, 2-3 cm) was cut near the hair root from the back of the scalp where there is the most uniform growth pattern between individuals which minimizes the variability of the results.

The intervention included an in-person counseling session with distribution of a tailored educational brochure and demonstration/feedback measurement of indoor PM2.5 (at second baseline visit); it also included one and two months follow-up counseling calls. The control group received only a brief educational leaflet on the hazards of second-hand smoke exposure.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* At least one child 2 to 6 years of age
* Non-smoking mother
* At least one daily smoker
* Child's exposed to second smoke of at least 1 cigarette per day

Exclusion Criteria:

* Mother's pregnancy
* Child's hair less than 2 cm in length after stretching out
* Residing out of Yerevan
B: Inclusion Criteria: In order to be included in the study, participants had to:

* be caregivers for a child (defined as having the child in the home for at least 4 hours per week) between the ages of 3 and 17,
* be current, regular smokers (at least 3 cigarettes per day for the past year)
* be over age 18
* speak and understand English
* have a telephone
* agree to participate in all phases of the study
* have a child with a diagnosis of asthma (asthma groups only)

Exclusion Criteria:

* if the index child had asthma, child DID NOT have a urgent care/emergency room/hospital visit within 90 days of the first intervention visit
* if the index child was healthy, child DID have a urgent care/emergency room/hospital visit within 90 days of the first intervention visit and had no diagnosis of asthma (or other children in the home with asthma)
* had children with other significant pulmonary disease
* the index child spent less than 4 hours in the home per week
* caregiver exclusively used another form of tobacco (not cigarettes)
* using any form of Nicotine replacement therapy
* using medications to quit smoking
* in a quit smoking program
* another member of family is participating in program
* currently pregnant or planning to become pregnant

While we did offer the intervention to all smokers in the home, only the caregiver that spent the most time with the child was included in the formal study.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

At least one parent was a current smoker. The child was of the appropriate age (\<8 years of age). The child had sufficient hair growth for hair samples. A parent gave consent for participation in the research. The parent can communicate in Hebrew.

Exclusion Criteria:

* One of above conditions not met
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mothers who smoke at least 5 cigarettes per day
* have at least one child under 4 years of old (youngest child is target child for data collection (urine cotinine)
* report exposing youngest (target) child to at least 2 of her cigarettes/day (defined as child in the same room \[4-walls and a door that closes\] or car when someone is actively smoking a cigarette.

Exclusion Criteria:

* current diagnosis or treatment of a psychiatric disorder
* currently pregnant
* not proficient in English

Answer: A