Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: RISE- Prevention of Child Mental Health Problems in Southeastern Europe - Adapt, Optimize, Test and Extend Parenting for Lifelong Health - A Factorial Study (Phase 2 of MOST)
Brief Summary: The aim of this study is to optimize an adapted version of a parenting program, Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children (PLH), to meet the specific needs of families in three low- and middle-income countries in Southeastern Europe (Romania, FYR of Macedonia and Republic of Moldova) using a cluster factorial experimental design to select the most efficacious, cost-effective, and scalable intervention components. This study is the second phase of a three-phase research project (www.rise-plh.eu).

The cluster factorial experiment will examine the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of three selected components of the PLH for Children program to inform the selection of the most effective, cost-effective, and implementable components to include in a prevention package prior to testing it in a subsequent RCT. The cluster factorial experiment will be conducted across three Southeastern European country sites. Each site will recruit families with children aged two to nine years who have elevated levels of child behavior problems, including specifically high-risk groups, such as minorities (e.g. Roma families). Program facilitators will be recruited from local agencies and schools. The factorial experimental trial will randomize 16 clusters in each country to one of 8 experimental conditions which consist of any combination of the three components (program length: 5 sessions/10 sessions; engagement booster: high/low; fidelity booster: high supervision/low supervision). The purpose of this factorial experiment is to estimate the main effects of the three intervention components and interactions between the components.

At the end of the cluster factorial experiment, we will develop an optimized version of the program by selecting components or component levels that have the highest level of effectiveness as based on effect size (rather than p-values). We will also take into consideration factors regarding cost-effectiveness and implementation outcomes when designing this optimized intervention package.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria (for caregivers/parents):

1. Age 18 or older;
2. Primary caregiver responsible for the care of a child between the ages of two and nine;
3. Report elevated levels of child behavior problems for the child that he/she chooses to be part of the study (based on the Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavior Inventory, oppositional defiant disorder subscale (8 items); scores above the mean based on normative data
4. Have lived in the same household as this child at least four nights a week in the previous month and will continue to do so;
5. Agreement of being randomized to the different conditions in the study (PLH for Children program);
6. Provision of Informed consent to participate in the full study.

Exclusion Criteria (for caregivers/parents):

Exclusion criteria for adult parents or caregivers comprise:

* any adult 1) exhibiting severe mental health problems or acute mental disabilities;
* 2) that has been referred to child protection services due to child abuse.

Inclusion Criteria (for program facilitators):

1. Age 18 or older;
2. Participate in PLH facilitator training workshop;
3. Available to deliver the entire PLH 2-9 intervention
4. Provision of Informed Consent to participate in the full study

Inclusion Criteria (for program coaches)

1. Age 18 or older;
2. Previous participation in PLH facilitator training workshop;
3. Participate in PLH coach training workshop;
4. Available to deliver coaching sessions during delivery of the PLH 2-9 intervention
5. Provision of Informed Consent to participate in the full study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* All the students enrolled in class IX in academic year March 2015- April 2016 and enrolled in class IX in academic year March 2016- April 2017 in all the randomly assigned 74 schools will be invited to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* None
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Chinese women 18 years of age or older
* Self-report of psychological, physical or sexual abuse by their current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months
* Live or work in a community within the catchment area of a community centre designated for the proposed study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Perpetrator is not an intimate partner
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years or older
* Self-identified as LGBT+
* Lived in the study locale (city/region) for at least 6 months
* Plan to remain in the study locale (city/region) for at least 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Located outside of Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (Canada), Mumbai/Thane (India) or Bangkok metropolitan area (Thailand)

Answer: A