Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: High-flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy With or Without Non-invasive Ventilation (NIV) During the Weaning Period: a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Prospective multicenter randomized controlled open-label trial comparing 2 strategies of oxygenation during the post-extubation period in ICU patients at high risk of extubation failure. Patients will be randomized and assigned to one of the two groups, with a 1:1 ratio.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Acute respiratory insufficiency, defined as the PaO2/FIO2 ratio of 300 mm Hg or less after breathing oxygen
* The presence of lung infiltrates on a posteroanterior chest radiograph

Exclusion Criteria:

* Face or cranial trauma or surgery
* Patients younger than 18 years
* History of COPD
* Acute respiratory acidosis (defined as a pH \<7.30 and a PaCO2 \>50 mm Hg)
* Hemodynamic instability with arterial pressure \< 90mmHg
* Respiratory instability with PaO2/FiO2\<100mmHg
* ventricular arrhythmias
* Excess respiratory secretions.
* Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
* Recent gastric or oesophageal surgery
* Tracheostomy or other airways disorders
* Pneumothorax
* Contraindication of gastric probe insertion
* Impossibility to insert the oesophageal probe
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18
* Admission to ICU for acute respiratory failure defined by all of the following criteria:

  * Dyspnea at rest with RR ≥ 25 breaths/min
  * PaCO2 ≤ 50 mm Hg
  * PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg under oxygen ≥ 10 l/min through a mask or HFNC or NIV (for patients under oxygen FiO2 will be calculated using the following formula: oxygen flow in liters per minute x 3 + 21)
* Immunosuppresion defined by 1 of the following criteria:

  * Hematological malignancy (active or remitting \< 5 years)
  * Allogenic stem cell transplantation \< 5 years
  * Solid cancer (active)
  * Leucopenia \< 1 G/l or neutropenia ≤ 0.5 G/l after chemotherapy
  * Solid organ transplantation
  * AIDS (not only HIV)
  * Treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs
  * Systemic steroids ≥ 0.5 mg/kg/d of prednisone-equivalent for ≥ 3 weeks
* Non opposition to participate obtained from the patient or their legally acceptable representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication of NIV (patient refusal, cardiac arrest, coma, not drained pneumothorax, unresolving vomiting, upper airways obstruction, hematemesis, severe facial trauma)
* Chronic respiratory failure with altered pulmonary function tests
* Overt cardiogenic pulmonary edema
* Urgent need for intubation
* Severe shock (vasopressors \> 0.3 µg/kg/min to maintain SAP \> 90 mm Hg)
* Impaired consciousness (Glasgow coma scale score ≤ 12) or agitation
* Surgery under general anesthesia \< 7 days
* Previously included in the trial
* Do-not-intubate order
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Persons benefiting from enhanced protection, namely minors, persons deprived of their liberty by a judicial or administrative decision, persons staying in a health or social institution, adults under legal protection
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients after cardiac/thoracic surgery with acute respiratory failure defined by the presence of the following criteria:

  * report PaO2/FiO2 \<300
  * Respiratory rate\> 25 for at least 2 hours
  * Getting involved accessory respiratory muscles
  * paradoxical breathing Or
* In immediate after extubation, the patient will be eligible if present in the withdrawal test:

  * SaO2 \<90% in 12 L of O2 during a trial of spontaneous ventilation tube on
  * PaO2 \<10 kPa at a FiO2 ≥ 50% during a VS trial + pressure support
  * The presence of a risk factor: Obesity (BMI\> 30), FEVG \<40%, Failed extubation prior, stridor

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous history of SAS
* Patient tracheotomy
* Comas non hypercapnic
* bradypnea
* Cardiac arrest
* Gastric Surgery recent
* Restlessness, lack of cooperation
* Nausea, vomiting
* Hemodynamic instability
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Duration of mechanical ventilation prior to extubation at least 24h
* Planned extubation decided by the physician in charge of the patient after success of a weaning trial
* Patients at high risk of reintubation according to the following criteria: patients older than 65 years, or those having any underlying chronic cardiac or lung disease.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient admitted for traumatic brain injury
* Periphal neuromuscular disease as reason for intubation
* Usual lon-term treatment with NIV for chronic desease
* Usual lon-term treatment with CPAP for obstructive apneas syndrome
* Contraindication to NIV
* Unplanned extubation
* Do-not-reintubated order at time of extubation
* Terminal extubation for end of life
* People under legal protection
* Opposition to participate

Answer: D