Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Improving Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in HIV Infected Children in Asia (Cambodia, Vietnam) and Africa (Burkina Faso, Cameroon) ANRS 12229 PAANTHER 01 (Pediatric Asian African Network for Tuberculosis and HIV Research)
Brief Summary: Childhood tuberculosis (TB) accounts for 11% of the total 9 million annual TB cases and the difficulty of its diagnosis is increased in case of HIV infection in children.

The aim of this study is to improve TB diagnosis in HIV-infected children by developing a new diagnostic algorithm incorporating new tools available such as:

* interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), as alternative to the tuberculin skin test
* alternative specimen collection methods such as string test (or Enterotest (R)), nasopharyngeal aspirates and stools samples, as alternatives to gastric aspirate
* the Xpert MTB/RIF assay


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria:

1. Children aged 2 to 59 months
2. Newly hospitalized for severe pneumonia defined using WHO criteria as cough or difficulty in breathing with:

   1. Peripheral oxygen saturation \< 90% or central cyanosis, or
   2. Severe respiratory distress (e.g. grunting, nasal flaring, very severe chest indrawing), or
   3. Signs of pneumonia, defined as cough or difficulty in breathing with fast breathing (tachypnea) and/or chest indrawing, with any of the following danger signs:

      * Inability to breastfeed or drink,
      * Persistent vomiting
      * Lethargy or reduced level of consciousness
      * Convulsions,
      * Stridor in calm child
      * Severe malnutrition
3. Informed consent signed by parent/guardian

Exclusion criteria:

- Ongoing TB treatment or history of intake of anti-TB drugs in the last 6 months
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* children aged from 0 to 13 years
* confirmed HIV infection
* suspicion of tuberculosis
* informed consent signed by at least one parent or guardian
* on ARVs or not

Exclusion Criteria:

* history of anti TB treatment started in the past 2 years
* on going tuberculosis treatment
* Suspicion of exclusive extra-thoracic tuberculosis
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV-infected (1x rapid HIV test positive)
* Considered TB suspect by attending doctor (must comprise at least 1 of the following: current fever or cough, drenching night sweats, self-reported LOW)
* Illness severity sufficient to warrant hospitalization
* ≥18 years old
* Provision of informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* HIV-uninfected
* Patients receiving any anti-TB medication in the 60 days prior to testing
* Unable to provide 30mls urine
* Inability to provide informed consent
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged ≤ 12 years old (reported)
* HIV-1 positive (for example, two rapid HIV-1 antibody tests for children \>18 months and not breastfeeding, or one HIV-1 DNA/RNA test for children ≤18 months or who are breastfeeding)
* Not currently receiving antiretroviral therapy (history of pMTCT does not affect eligibility)
* Eligible to receive ART, according to current WHO guidelines
* Caregiver plans to reside in study catchment area for at least 6 months (reported)
* Caregiver provides sufficient locator information

Exclusion Criteria:

* Suspected meningitis, any other central nervous system infection, or encephalitis

Answer: B