Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reducing Falls With RENEW in Older Adults Who Have Fallen
Brief Summary: This clinical trial will compare the effects of a high intensity Resistance Exercise via Negative Work (RENEW) vs. Traditional resistance exercise (TRAD) as part of a mult-component exercise and fall-reduction program on muscle conditioning; falling risks; as well as the fall incidence in older adults who have fallen. We anticipate that muscle conditioning will mediate the effect of RENEW on falling risks and fall incidence.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* women aged 75 years and older,
* living at home but with impaired physical functional capacity (as assessed by simple functional tests: 6-meter walking test and tandem walk test).

Exclusion Criteria:

* serious health problems preventing practice of a physical activity (medical contra-indications),
* already engaged in fall prevention or general group exercise classes.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* osteoporosis (DXA T-score \< -2.5 in hip and/or vertebrae)
* able to walk at least 15 minutes without an helping device
* 65 years or older
* community dwelling
* at least one fall in the prior year

Exclusion Criteria:

* severe cardiac, pulmonary or musculoskeletal disorders
* pathologies associated with increased fall risks (i.e. stroke or Parkinson's disease)
* use of psychotropic drugs
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* male or a female at least 65 years of age or older with 2 or more self-reported co-morbid conditions.
* experienced at least 1 fall (defined for this study as unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor, or other lower level) in the previous 12 months
* ambulatory, community dwelling with gait speed ranging from of 25m/min to 80m/min
* medically cleared by their physician to participate in a 60 minute (with rests) MCERFP
* capable of performing RENEW on the ergometer (see below)
* recall of all 3 items (or 1-2 items with a normal clock drawing test) on the Mini-Cog instrument for dementia

Exclusion Criteria:

* progressive diagnosed neurologic disease (e.g., Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre, Alzheimers)
* any dystrophies or rheumatologic conditions that primarily affects muscle (muscular dystrophy, PMR)
* having already participated in a MCEFRP
* regular (3x/week) aerobic or resistance exercise performed over the past 12 months; "aerobic" defined as hiking, fast-walking, jogging, running swimming or cycling; "resistance" defined as weight training with bands, cable, free-weights or weight-machines
* Any of the following list of absolute contraindications for MRI:
* Cardiac Pacemakers (except in rare, controlled environments)
* Cochlear (inner ear) implants
* Swan-Ganz catheters with thermodilution tips
* Ferromagnetic or unidentifiable aneurysm clips of the brain
* Implanted neuro stimulators
* Metal or unidentifiable foreign bodies in the eyes
* Shrapnel near a vital organ
* Extreme claustrophobia
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 2 or more falls within 6 months prior to the beginning of the study
* Aged 60-85 years
* Able to walk for 5 minutes unassisted
* Adequate hearing and vision capabilities.
* Stable medication for the past 1 month and anticipated over a period of 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychiatric co-morbidity
* Clinical diagnosis of dementia or other severe cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* History of stroke, traumatic brain injury or other neurological disorders (other than PD and MCI, for those groups)
* Acute lower back or lower extremity pain, peripheral neuropathy, rheumatic and orthopaedic diseases
* Unstable medical condition in the past 6 months
* Unable to comply with the training
* Interfering therapy

Answer: C