Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Magnetic Non-Invasive Acupuncture For Infant Comfort A Pilot Study in Preterm Infants Requiring Eye-exam for Retinopathy of Prematurity
Brief Summary: The purpose is to investigate whether non-invasive acupuncture - NIA (i.e. acupuncture without needles) will help reduce pain for babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) during their routine weekly eye-exam for Retinopathy of prematurity. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an eye disease most commonly affecting premature babies born weighing less than 1250 grams. Retinopathy of prematurity occurs because these premature babies require oxygen because of their immature lungs. The oxygen then stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the retina, causing the retina to be detached from the eye, which causes vision impairment.

To examine if the vessels grow at the back of the eye, an eye-doctor visits bi-weekly once the baby is 32 weeks corrected age to assess if the blood vessels change. If there is a lot of growth, the eye-doctor would use a laser to treat the eye to prevent further growth.

During the bi-weekly eye-exam, the premature infant receives sucrose (a type of sugar) for pain management. The investigator will assess pain a premature babies experience during this exam and found that there are extremely high scores of pain despite sucrose and the investigator believe this pain and stress caused by these procedures could be reduced by adding:

Magnetic Acupuncture

Also, untreated pain causes stress (lower oxygen levels, higher heart rates), discomfort and poorer long term outcomes.

Finding the best treatment and prevention for the pain caused by procedures in the NICU is therefore extremely important for any baby.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Healthy infants undergoing vaccination.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. preterm birth (\<37 weeks gestation)
2. prior hospitalization/surgery (other than postnatal care),
3. documented/ suspected sensitivity/allergy to amide anaesthetics/vaccines,
4. mother plans to breastfeed or to use topical anesthetics or sugar water during injection.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants weighing less than 1250g at birth admitted into the NICU at the Royal Alexandra Hospital will require routine,regularly scheduled ROP eye-exams beginning at 32 weeks corrected age. We will not enroll any infant who meets any exclusion criteria.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Chronic pain stimuli (e.g. infants who have had recent surgery)
2. Neurological problems that could impair pain perception (e.g. diagnosis of intraventricular hemorrhages Grade III or greater)
3. Cardiorespiratory problems that could impair oxygenation (e.g. any infant who is intubated and requiring mechanical ventilation)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants aged 6 to 36 months admitted to the Intensive Care-Sophia after craniofacial surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* Neurological impairment
* Eczema or other skin disorders
* Nut allergy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Full term healthy infants, needing a heel-prick for metabolic screening;
* Informed consent obtained from parents.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Presence of sedation or analgesia (other than non pharmacological analgesia given during the experimental procedure)

Answer: B