Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Role of Nutrition and Maternal Genetics on the Programming of Development of Fetal Adipose Tissue. Search for Markers of the Obesity Risk in Early Stages of Life
Brief Summary: In the PREOBE projects it is aimed to obtain genetic and biochemical biomarkers for the programming of obesity in early stages of life. This can be achieved by studying pregnant women with normal weight, overweight, obesity and gestational diabetes, and by analyzing how these conditions could impact on fetal growth and development; the risk of obesity in the offspring during the first 3 years of life will be also assessed (genetic polymorphisms of the most recognized genes related to obesity; gene expression of placental biomarkers indicators of early programming, polyunsaturated fatty acids, immunological and pro-inflammatory markers, analysis of endogenous and exogenous lipid peroxidation, allergies \& neurodevelopmental assessment...). Moreover, the interaction of pathological maternal conditions with confounder factors that could have a role in the proposed outcomes will be also studied (maternal and child dietary intake, medical history and socioeconomic \& environmental factors).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women who are at least in their 20th week of gestation, living in the city of Pelotas (Brazil), whose deliveries are due to 2015 and belonging to the 2015 Birth Cohort.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Hypertension
* Diabetes
* Preterm birth history
* Miscarriage history
* Heart disease
* In vitro fertilization
* Twin pregnancy
* Persistent bleeding
* Body mass index above 35kg/m2
* Heavy smokers (above 20 cigarettes/day)
* Active women (\>150 min/week of physical activity).
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant 18 weeks
* attend the routine ultrasound control at the three hospitals
* healthy
* age 18 years or more
* singleton live foetus at the routine ultrasound scan
* normal pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy complications
* high risk for preterm labour
* pain during pelvic floor muscle contractions
* ongoing urinary tract infection
* diseases that could interfere with participation (following recommendations from SEF 2000, ACOG 2003)
* living too far from the hospitals to be able to attend weekly exercise groups
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* healthy pregnant women aged between 18 and 42
* singleton pregnancies
* pregnancy stage at recruitment: 12 weeks of pregnancy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women who wish to participate in the study should not simultaneously participate in other research studies.
* Must be completely enclosed in one of the study of the groups without any possibility to be simultaneously incorporated on more groups of the study
* Mothers which are receiving any drug treatment, folate more than the 3rd first months, or DHA +/- vitamin supplements during pregnancy.
* Mothers affected by any disease other than those referred to the inclusion criteria, such hypertension or pre-eclampsia, foetal IUGR, mother infection during pregnancy, hypothyroidism / hyperthyroidism, hepatic diseases, renal disease,...
* Mothers following an extravagant diet or vegan diet.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* obese (BMI \> 30)
* previous GDM

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 18 years
* diabetes before pregnancy
* medication influencing glucose homeostasis
* hypertension
* multiple pregnancy
* physical disability
* substance abuse
* severe psychiatric disorders
* significant co-operation difficulties

Answer: C