Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Local Anesthetic Injection Depth on Procedural Pain and Discomfort During Fluoroscopically Guided Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injections
Brief Summary: Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Injection is helpful for the treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain. But needle handling during the procedure may cause pain and discomfort to the patient. At the local skin anesthesia step, local anesthetics injection to the muscle layer along the needle pathway as well as the subcutaneous layer may reduce the procedural pain. In addition, it can reduce the injection site pain that may occur after the procedure.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Epidural steroids; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: epidural steroid injection, Drug: Placebo gabapentin | Arm Label: Gabapentin; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: Sham epidural steroid injection, Drug: Gabapentin | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: epidural steroid injection; Assigned to Arm(s): Epidural steroids | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Sham epidural steroid injection; Assigned to Arm(s): Gabapentin | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Gabapentin; Assigned to Arm(s): Gabapentin | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Placebo gabapentin; Assigned to Arm(s): Epidural steroids
B: Arm Label: subcutaneous anesthesia group (group A); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: 1ml of local anesthetics (1% Lidocaine) were injected into the subcutaneous layer., Drug: 1% Lidocaine | Arm Label: muscle anesthesia group (group B); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: 1ml of a local anesthetics (1% idocaine) are first injected into the subcutaneous layer, followed by 3~4ml of local anesthetics to the muscle layer along the expected needle pathway., Drug: 1% Lidocaine | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: 1ml of local anesthetics (1% Lidocaine) were injected into the subcutaneous layer.; Assigned to Arm(s): subcutaneous anesthesia group (group A) | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: 1ml of a local anesthetics (1% idocaine) are first injected into the subcutaneous layer, followed by 3~4ml of local anesthetics to the muscle layer along the expected needle pathway.; Assigned to Arm(s): muscle anesthesia group (group B) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: 1% Lidocaine; Assigned to Arm(s): muscle anesthesia group (group B), subcutaneous anesthesia group (group A)
C: Arm Label: DXM 4 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection | Arm Label: DXM 8 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection | Arm Label: DXM 12 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection; Assigned to Arm(s): DXM 12 mg, DXM 4 mg, DXM 8 mg
D: Arm Label: 1; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: etanercept | Arm Label: 2; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: methylprednisolone | Arm Label: 3; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: normal saline | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: etanercept; Assigned to Arm(s): 1 | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: methylprednisolone; Assigned to Arm(s): 2 | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: normal saline; Assigned to Arm(s): 3

Answer: B