Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effectiveness and Subsequent Healthcare Use Associated With Early Physical Therapy Access Compared With a Stepped Usual Care Approach for Treatment of Low Back Pain.
Brief Summary: The primary purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two management strategies for patients with a recent onset of low back pain (LBP). One is based on usual care and the other is based on early access to physical therapy following a pragmatic treatment-based classification approach. The secondary purposes are to compare the subsequent healthcare utilization associated with two management strategies as well as to evaluate the importance of psychosocial factors on outcomes within both groups of treatment. The overall hypothesis guiding the study is that the additional initial treatment expense incurred by early implementation will result in superior short-term clinical effectiveness, and will be more cost-effective in the long-term due to reduced healthcare utilization. We will also explore the importance of psychosocial factors on outcomes within both treatment groups, which may provide insights for further improving treatment strategies.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* industrial worker

Exclusion Criteria:

* trauma, life threatening diseases, pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* acute or subacute perceived low back pain with or without pain radiating to one or both legs
* symptom duration of three months or less preceded by at least two months of relative freedom from symptoms
* consent to treatment and follow up for ten weeks
* agreement not to consult therapists other than those participating in the study during the treatment period

Exclusion Criteria:

* other conditions or circumstances that might jeopardize completion of treatment and follow up, such as pregnancy, malignant tumors, etcetera
* need for acute surgical or rheumatologic care
* previous treatment of current complaints with specific mobilisation or manipulation
* previous participation in the present study
C: Inclusion Criteria -

* Military personnel on active duty and eligible for healthcare at a military treatment facility
* A primary complaint of low back pain defined as symptoms of pain and/or numbness between the 12th rib and buttocks with or without symptoms into the leg(s), which, in the opinion of the provider, are originating from tissues of the lumbar region.
* Duration of current episode of low back pain \< 90 days
* Age 18 - 60 years (or emancipated minors on active duty)
* Available for the following 4 weeks to complete a regimen of treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Oswestry Disability Index \< 20%
* History of receiving any medical care for this episode of low back pain within the last 3 months
* Prior surgery to the thoraco-lumbar spine or pelvis
* This episode of back pain is due to a traumatic fracture
* Pending a medical or physical evaluation board or discharge process, pending any litigation related to the condition, or planning on getting out of the military within the next 9 months.
* Any "red flags" that would indicate a potentially serious condition or other significant disease process. These could include but not limited to cauda equina syndrome, large or rapidly progressing neurological deficit, fracture, cancer, ankylosing spondylitis, or other systemic disease.
* Current episode occurred because of a motor vehicle accident
* Currently pregnant (or history of pregnancy in the previous 6 months)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* to be suffering from low back pain (LBP) for a period of less than 6 weeks (with or without leg pain) that had limited one's activities or changed the daily routine for more than a day,
* to have been pain free for at least 3 months before the onset of the current LBP episode.

Exclusion Criteria:

* "red flag" signs that may suggest serious spinal pathology,
* history of spinal surgery,
* obvious lower limb radiculopathy
* fibromyalgia
* rheumatoid arthritis
* important skin lesion in the lumbar area
* alteration of cutaneous sensations or temperature perception
* being pregnant of trying to become

Answer: C