Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reducing the Transmission of Influenza by Face Masks
Brief Summary: Pharmaceutical interventions, particularly vaccination, have been the principal public health method of preventing and controlling seasonal influenza. Other less invasive non-pharmaceutical interventions include the use of face masks and hand hygiene. In Asia, masks are used extensively, especially in Japan, but with only circumstantial evidence of efficacy. Although there are numerous studies that support hand hygiene as an effective measure for decreasing transmission of enteric infections, there are fewer data assessing the effect of hand hygiene on respiratory illnesses. Therefore it is proposed that a study be conducted on the use of face masks with and without the use of hand hygiene in comparison to no intervention in residence housing units of the University of Michigan. The interventions will be carried out during a period of influenza transmission that is defined by surveillance conducted at the University Health Service. Data will be collected on use of the interventions and the occurrence of influenza and other illnesses. When illness occurs meeting a case definition, specimens for viral isolation will be collected in all intervention settings. Face masks could theoretically lead to a large reduction in transmission frequency of influenza, especially if most transmission occurs by the airborne (large or small droplet) route. Even a modest reduction could have a major effect during an influenza pandemic.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria: Children between 0 and 3 years old enrolled in the aforementioned DCCs, attended the DCCs for at least 15 hours per week and whose parents/guardians had signed an informed consent document were included.

Exclusion Criteria: Children whit chronic illnesses or medication that could affect their likelihood of contracting an infection. Families who used hydroalcoholic gel prior to the start of the study and/or antiseptic soaps in the control group.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Community experiment: Live in selected village
* Individual experiment: Work in selected market

Exclusion Criteria:

* None
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Patient seeking medical advice for:

* For symptoms less than 48 hours, combining fever\> = 37.8 ° C and a cough,
* during the period of a seasonal influenza epidemic (as defined by the Sentinel network)
* Older than 5 years
* And living in a household size between 3 to 8..
* The patient is the first case in the household (index patient). The patient has a positive rapid influenza A test.
* Informed consent.
* Affiliation to the social security.

Exclusion Criteria:

* When concomitant influenza cases are known in other householders
* When the patient is suffering from asthma or COPD (ongoing treatment):
* Hospitalization.
* Treatment by a neuraminidase inhibitor.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Residence in selected University of Michigan Residence Halls

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-residence in selected Residence Halls
* Unwillingness to utilize face mask and hand sanitizer and complete online surveys
* Already study employee

Answer: D