Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Oral Morphine Versus Ibuprofen for Post-operative Pain Management in Children: a Randomized Controlled Study
Brief Summary: Children 5-17 years of age who have undergo orthopedic day surgical procedures for definitive management of fractures, tendon release, etc. will be randomized to receive either ibuprofen or oral morphine as needed for pain relief for 48 hours post-operatively at home. Pain will be assessed using the self-report Faces pain scale revised (FPS-R). We hypothesize that oral morphine will result in significantly lower pain scores on the Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) compared to ibuprofen. It is hoped that the results of this trial will create a new option for post-operative pain management in children.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient 18 years old and above
* Patient has given consent
* Patient is able to fill in questionnaire on his\\her own, unaided (exceptions are patients who are unable to fill in the questionnaire for technical reasons, e.g. can not write due to the surgery (e.g. their arm in a cast) or unable to see the text (e.g. spectacles not available); patient is in department, available for interview.
* Patient is capable of participating in the CPSP incidence study (i.e. capable to fill the questionnaires on the website at 6 and 12 months after surgery).
* Time of data collection immediately after surgery is POD1 and 24±12 hrs after surgery.
* Patient has not undergone repeat surgery (same organ) during current hospitalization.
* Patient has undergone a surgery included in the appendix 1 list below:

List of surgeries to be included:

Surgery without preoperative pain

1. Thoracotomy for lung cancer
2. Breast surgery for cancer
3. Inguinal hernia repair (laparoscopic)
4. Hysterectomy (laparoscopic)
5. Hysterectomy (open)
6. Hysterectomy (vaginal)
7. Colectomy (laparoscopic)
8. Colectomy (open)
9. Thyroidectomy
10. C section
11. High gastric bypass
12. Laparoscopy
13. Prostatectomy

Surgery with potential preoperative pain

1. Cholecystectomy (laparoscopic)
2. Cholecystectomy (open)
3. Total knee arthroplasty
4. Knee arthroscopy
5. Total hip arthroplasty
6. Extracorporeal circulation auxiliary to open heart surgery
7. Spinal surgery
8. Hip arthrotomy

Exclusion Criteria:

* patient not fulfilling at least one of the inclusion criteria mentioned above
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent for the described procedure
* Surgical placement of a single endosteal implant
* Age of at least 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* The need for bone grafting or sinus lift for implant placement
* Pregnant and lactating women
* Metabolic disorders
* Immunocompromised status
* Hemophilia or bleeding disorders
* Drug or alcohol abuse
* Treatment with steroids in the previous 6 months
* History of radiation therapy in the head and neck
* Psychiatric disorders
* Inability to understand the procedure described in the questionnaire
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* all children aged 5-17 years who undergo an elective orthopedic or fracture-related surgical procedure at the Children's Hospital in London, Ontario and have a same-day discharge.

Exclusion Criteria:

* known hypersensitivity to either ibuprofen or morphine
* chronic users of NSAIDS or opioids
* cognitive impairment
* poor English fluency
* pregnancy
* acute or chronic renal insufficiency
* bleeding disorder
* obstructive sleep apnea
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosed with OSAS,
* scheduled for tonsillectomy plus/minus adenoid removal at MUMC,
* between the ages of 1-10years

Exclusion Criteria:

* contraindications to analgesia,
* asthma,
* has had previous adenotonsillectomy, or
* any craniofacial,
* neuromuscular or cardiac conditions

Answer: C