Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Trial to Assess the Effects of Dairy Intake on Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function in Men and Women at Risk for Diabetes Who Are Habitual Consumers of High Sugar Beverages
Brief Summary: The aim of this trial is to evaluate the effects of dairy product consumption on insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function in men and women at risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who habitually consume beverages high in sugar (non-diet sodas and fruit juice cocktails).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* 63 to 79 years old
* healthy men and women
* able to attend clinic at a study sites

Exclusion Criteria:

* illiteracy or inability to understand the protocol
* unable to undergo neurophysiological tests
* morbid obesity (BMI greater than or equal to ≥ 40 kg/m2)
* uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c\>85)
* uncontrolled hypertension
* prior cerebrovascular accident
* any relevant psychiatric illness, including major depression
* advanced cognitive deterioration, dementia
* other neurodegenerative diseases (i.e. Parkinson's disease)
* any chronic illness expected to shorten survival (heart, liver, cancer, etc)
* bereavement in the first year of loss
* bad dentures unless fixable dental prostheses are used
* allergy to walnuts
* customary us of fish oil or flaxseed oil supplements
* eye related exclusion criteria
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Female
* BMI 30-35 kg/m²
* at least one period of dietary restriction of 4 weeks or more in the last 24 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* dislike of popular sweet carbonated drinks
* dieting during the last month
* history of diabetes
* having an eating disorder
* depression,
* being a smoker
* pregnant
* lactating,
* wearing a pacemaker
* currently taking medication for mood or thyroid disorders
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Body Mass Index (BMI) 21.0 -33.0

Exclusion Criteria:

* More than a 3% change in weight within the 3 months prior to enrollment in the study.
* Currently smoking cigarettes
* Currently taking any prescription medication for less than 3 months.
* Currently taking a prescription medication for weight loss (4 week wash out period required).
* Currently taking any over-the-counter weight loss supplement/s (2 week wash out period required).
* History of thyroid disease, but not taking medication or medication dosage changed one or more times over last 6 months.
* Diagnosed with Type I or Type II diabetes or prediabetes.
* Major surgery within three months of enrollment.
* History of heart problems (e.g. angina, bypass surgery, MI, etc.) within three months prior to enrollment.
* Presence of implanted cardiac defibrillator or pacemaker.
* Uncontrolled hypertension/high blood pressure.
* History of a surgical procedure for weight loss at any time.
* Gastrointestinal disorders including chronic malabsorptive conditions, peptic ulcer disease, Crohn's disease, chronic diarrhea or active gallbladder disease.
* History of inflammatory bowel disease
* History of fatty liver
* History or presence of cancer (except for successfully resected basal cell carcinoma of the skin more than 6 months prior to enrollment).
* History of clinically diagnosed eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder.
* Women who are pregnant, lactating or trying to become pregnant.
* History of alcohol dependency
* Currently consuming \>14 alcoholic drinks (1 drink = 12 fl oz beer, 4 fl oz wine or 1.5 fl oz liquor) per week and/or unwilling to limit intake to less than 3 drinks per week during study participation.
* Lactose intolerance
* Known allergy to HFCS, sucrose, fructose or glucose.
* Any clinically significant food allergy
* Participation in another clinical trial within 30 days prior to enrollment.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* subject is male or female, 18-74 yrs of age, inclusive
* subject reports habitual consumption of ≥2 servings/d of high-sugar beverages (e.g., non-diet soda, fruit juice cocktails)
* subject has waist circumference ≥33.0 inches for women and ≥36.0 inches for men
* subject is at risk for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), based on 1 or more of the following: fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL; glycosylated hemoglobin 5.7-6.4%, or ≥20% risk of developing diabetes in the next 7.5 yrs based on the San Antonio Heart Study prediction equation
* subject has a score of 7-10 on the Vein Access Scale at screening
* subject is normally active and judged to be in good health on the basis of medical history, physical examination and routine lab tests
* if female, subject is willing to schedule treatment visits during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, defined as days 1-14, where day 1 is 1st day of menses
* subject has a menstrual cycle duration ranging in length form 24-36 d (if premenopausal)
* subject is willing to maintain a stable body weight and follow his/her habitual diet and exercise pattern, except for inclusion of study product, throughout the trial
* subject is willing to maintain his or her habitual intake of coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages throughout the trial
* subject agrees to limit intake of non-study related dairy products to ≤1 serving per day during each treatment period
* subject is ambulatory and willing to refrain from vigorous physical activity and consumption of alcoholic beverages 24 h prior to each test day
* subject has no plans to change smoking habits during the study period
* subject is willing to abstain from tobacco use 1 h prior to and during visits on LMTT test days
* subject has no health conditions that would prevent him/her from fulfilling the study requirements as judged by the Investigator on the basis of medical history and routine lab test results

Exclusion Criteria:

* subject has abnormal lab test results of clinical importance, including, but not limited to, TG ≥400 mg/dL, fasting creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL, alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase ≥1.5 times the upper limit of normal at screening
* subject has a body mass index ≥45.0 kg/m2
* subject has fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL at screening or known diabetes mellitus (type 1 or T2DM)
* subject has a habitual intake of ≥4 servings/d of dairy food and beverages
* subject has known allergy or sensitivity to study product or any ingredients of study product. Subjects with lactose intolerance will be allowed to use products such as Lactaid dietary supplements
* subject has a history of coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, or serious ventricular dysrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation)
* subject has a change in body weight of \>4.5 kg within 4 weeks of screening
* subject uses medications known to influence carbohydrate metabolism
* subject has recent use of antibiotics
* subject has an active infection
* subject has unstable use of anti-hypertensive medications, thyroid hormone replacement, or lipid-altering drugs within 4 weeks of screening
* subject has unstable use of lipid-altering foods or dietary supplements within 4 weeks of screening
* subject uses niacin at doses \>200 mg/d within 4 weeks of screening
* subject has history of extreme dietary habits, e.g., Atkins, high protein
* subject has a history or presence of clinically important endocrine, cardiac, renal, hepatic, pulmonary, biliary, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, or neurologic disorders that could interfere with interpretation of study results
* subject has history of dysphagia, swallowing disorders, or intestinal motility disorders
* subject has history of cancer
* subject has uncontrolled hypertension at screening (systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥100 mm Hg)

Answer: D