Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Clinical and Pharmacogenetic Study of Attention Deficit With Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Brief Summary: Attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a very common behavioral problem during childhood. It is estimated that up to 80% of this disorder could be related to genetic factors. The most common treatment for ADHD is psychostimulants. In this study, the researchers investigate the effect of genetic variants in increasing the risk for behaviours pertinent to ADHD or in modulating the response of these behaviours to methylphenidate. Response to methylphenidate is evaluated through a double blind placebo controlled one week study.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children aged 7 through 12 in school.
* All subjects must meet DSM IV criteria for the diagnosis of ADHD of any subtype \[21\].
* Each subject must also satisfy the following criteria regarding the severity of ADHD symptoms: 1. ADHD must be viewed as clinically significant and worthy of treatment by medications as judged by the parent and the site investigator. Operationally, medication treatment will be considered indicated for any subject who has ADHD symptoms that significantly interfere with academic or social functioning and that have not improved (or are not expected to improve) sufficiently with non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., modifying the classroom environment, tutoring). 2. The site investigator's rating of global functioning on the C-GAS must yield a score of 70 or below. Scores below 70 on the C-GAS are designated as indicating abnormal function \[22\]. The score of 70 corresponds to the anchor point description: "Some difficulty in a single area, but generally functioning pretty well."
* Screen of Intelligence using the vocabulary and block design subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition indicates an estimated I.Q \> 70.
* Informed consent/assent signed. We will not enroll any child who does not want to participate.
* The designated school for each subject agrees to participate in the study by completing all required questionnaires and following all specified procedures.
* The child must be able to swallow the tablets and capsules used in this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with tic disorder of any type or tic symptoms, a primary diagnosis of major depression, pervasive developmental disorder, autism, any psychotic disorder, and mental retardation (based on current DSM criteria) will be excluded. We will not exclude subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder or conduct disorder.
* The presence of a known medical condition that would preclude the use of MPH or clonidine.
* Known pregnancy. A urinary pregnancy test will be performed for all menstruating female subjects. Female subjects of child bearing potential will be advised not to become pregnant. In this circumstance, study medication will be tapered and discontinued and the subject will be terminated from the study. A urinary pregnancy test will be repeated at the end of the study. Subjects who request information regarding possible birth control mechanisms will be referred to their primary care physicians.
* Known presence of impaired renal function. A routine urinalysis will be performed for each subject to exclude signs of renal failure.
* Known active cardiovascular disease/anomaly, which would be a contraindication for the use of MPH or clonidine.
* Subjects may not receive any other medication for the treatment of ADHD. Treatment with MPH or other stimulants must be discontinued for at least 2 weeks prior to enrollment and treatment with other medications to treat ADHD (e.g., antidepressants, clonidine) must be discontinued for at least 6 weeks prior to enrollment.
* Subjects may not receive any other psychotropic medication (e.g., serotonin reuptake inhibitors), anxiolytics (e.g., clonazepam) or hypnotics. Any such medication must be discontinued at least 6 weeks prior to enrollment.
* Previous use of MPH or clonidine will be permitted.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female subjects aged 6-12 years, inclusive.
* Subjects meeting the DSM-IV criteria for primary diagnosis of ADHD-Combined type, or predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype, as established by the K-SADS-PL (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version). If a DSM-IV-defined ADHD diagnosis is difficult to establish due to possible co-morbidity, the subject will not be enrolled into the study.
* Subjects should be on a stabilized total daily dose or nearest equivalent of 40-60 mg methylphenidate or 20-30 mg of d-methylphenidate for at least two weeks prior to Screening visit.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subject or subject's guardian unable to understand or follow instructions necessary to participate in the study.
* Diagnosed with or history of a tic disorder or Tourette's syndrome.
* History of seizure disorder.
* The presence of a known medical condition that would preclude the use of methylphenidate.
* A history (within the past year) or presence of clinically significant cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, immunological, hematological, endocrine, or neurological disease.
* ALT (Alanine Amino Transferase), AST (Aspartate Amino Transferase), GGT (Gamma glutamyl transferase) or serum creatinine greater then 2X the ULN (Upper Limit of Normal) at Screening.
* A history of psychiatric illness or substance use disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, abuse or dependence, depression, severe Conduct Disorder or severe Oppositional defiant disorder)
* Subjects who have participated in an investigational trial within the past 4 weeks (28 days)
* Subjects who are currently taking antidepressants or other psychotropic medication.
* Subjects who have initiated psychotherapy during the three months prior to randomization.
* Subjects with a positive urine drug screen.
* Subjects who have a history of poor response or intolerance to methylphenidate or d-methylphenidate.

Other protocol-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria may apply
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients scheduled for elective surgeries suitable for postoperative pain treatment with intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia.
* American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) risk I or II

Exclusion Criteria:

* ASA III or higher
* Cannabis use within the last 6 months
* Pregnancy
* Emergency surgeries
* Regional anesthesia
* Ischemic heart disease
* Renal failure
* History of psychosis
* Cognitive impairment or inability to answer questions
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* ADHD

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychosis
* Tourette syndrome
* Intelligence quotient (IQ) \< 70
* Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)

Answer: D