Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Evaluating the Efficacy of Including Contingency Management to Standard Ambulatory Treatment for Crack Addiction - A Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Crack addiction has become a severe health problem in Brazil. Today, crack addiction is the primary cause for inpatient treatment for all illicit substances. When compared to cocaine, crack users develop much faster diagnoses for crack dependence, shows a more compulsive pattern of use, has higher probability of living or have lived in the streets, and of engaging in illegal activities. Consequently to this, mortality of crack addicts is 7 times higher than for the rest of the population.

Despite all efforts being made for the development of effective pharmacological treatments for stimulant addiction (crack included), up to today, there is no robust evidence of efficacy of any pharmacological treatment. For that reason, the use of evidence based psychosocial interventions is so important for treating this population.

Although today open treatment facilities in Brazil are more and more starting to use evidence-based interventions such as motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, relapse prevention and coping skills, such treatments present very modest results when treating crack addiction. The biggest difficulties encountered when treating this population are maintaining patients in treatment, reducing crack use and achieving continued abstinence.

A psychosocial treatment based in behavioral principals' named Contingency Management (CM) is widely applied in the USA. Recent meta-analyses and review studies present robust evidence that, when applied alone or in adjunction with other psychosocial and pharmacological treatment, CM is the most effective treatment for what regards, treatment retention, reducing drug use and promoting continued abstinence.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate if Contingence Management (CM) can be affective in the treatment of crack addiction in Brazil. To accomplish this, 60 individuals (male and female from 18 to 65 years of age) seeking open treatment for crack addiction will be randomized to 2 treatment conditions (Standard treatment (ST) or ST+CM. Both treatments will last 12 weeks with 3 and 6-month follow-up. In both groups patients will be encourage to leave urine samples 3 times week.

Hypotheses: Patients receiving ST+CM will stay longer in treatment, have more negative tests for cocaine/crack, and achieve longer periods of cocaine/crack abstinence when compared to patients receiving ST alone.


Options:
A: Change from Baseline Craving for ATS assessed by Visual Analog Scales (VAS) at 1 month , 3 month and 6 months (Baseline, 1 month, 3 month and 6 months)
B: Longest Duaration of Achieved Abstinance (12 weeks of treatment); Percentage Samples Submitted Negative for Crack Cocaine Use (12 weeks); Number of Participants Completing 4, 8 and 12 Weeks of Treatment (Number of participant retained in treatment at weeks 4, 8 and 12.); Treatment Attendance (12 weeks)
C: N/A
D: The Percentage of Opiate- and Cocaine-negative Urine Samples (1 year); The Percentage of Participants Who Are Employed (1 year)

Answer: B