Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prevention of End Stage Kidney Disease by Darbepoetin Alfa In CKD Patients With Non-diabetic Kidney Disease
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to ask whether treating non-diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with GFR 8-20mL/min/1.73m2 by darbepoetin Alfa targeting Hb between 11.0 and 13.0g/dL preserves renal function better than targeting Hb between 9.0 and11.0g/dL. The investigators also ask whether the higher Hb targeting 11 to 13g/dL will not cause higher adverse events regarding cardiovascular diseases compared with lower Hb targeting 9 to 11g/dL.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Chronic Kidney Disease:Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) \> 15 mL/min and \> 50 mL/min as calculated by the central lab. HB\<11 g/dL upon study enrollment. The GFR for assessment of patient eligibility will be determined using the formula derived from the Modification of Diet for Renal Disease (MDRD) Study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or lactating women
* Presence of uncontrolled hypertension
* Known hypersensitivity to mammalian cell-derived products or human albumin
* Active gastrointestinal bleeding
* Iron overload defined as a transferrin saturation \>70% or ferritin \>1000 ng/mL
* History of frequent blood transfusions in the past 6 months
* Unstable angina or angina pectoris at rest
* Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring routine use of supplemental oxygen
* Severe liver dysfunction that is defined by an international normalized ratio \>2.0, not caused by an anticoagulant
* Severe malnutrition
* Active hematological disease (eg, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia)
* Active malignancy (usually defined as malignancy requiring current chemotherapy or radiotherapy)
* Patients with current seizure disorder or activity
* Patients currently receiving RRT (patient can not be on dialysis or have had a kidney transplant)
* Patients who have received Epoetin Alpha within 6 weeks prior to study entry
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* End stage renal disease
* Regular dialysis treatment
* Renal anemia (hemoglobin\<9.0 g/dl)
* Age \> 18 years
* Adequate iron stores (TIBC saturation \> 20%, ferritin \>200)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Signs of bleeding
* Major surgery in previous 60 days
* Hemolysis
* Other causes of anemia
* Cancer
* Inflammatory diseases
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. CKD patients who have not received chronic dialysis
2. eGFR 8 and more and less than 20 mL/min/1.73m2 determined twice in last 12 weeks.
3. CKD patients with renal anemia at Hb less than 10g/dL within last 8 weeks
4. CKD patients with TSAT 20% and higher or serum ferritin 100ng/mL and higher.
5. CKD patients treated with standard care
6. CKD patients provided written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diabetes (treated, or HbA1c 6.4% IFCC)
2. CKD patients treated with ESA other than epoetins and darbepoetin.
3. CKD patients treated with epoetin 24000 IU/4w or more.
4. CKD patients treated with darbepoetin 90μg/4w or more.
5. Uncontrolled hypertension (180/10mmHg and higher)
6. Heart failure (NYHA III and IV)
7. malignancy, hematological disorder
8. malnutrition
9. Active and continuous gastrointestinal tract bleeding
10. ANCA associated glomerulonephritis, acute infection, active SLE
11. CKD patients who will undergo dialysis or receive transplantation within 6 months
12. Myocardial infarction within last 6 months
13. Stroke or pulmonary embolism within last 12 months
14. Severe allergy
15. Pregnant women, women on lactation, or CKD patients who plant to get pregnant
16. Allergy against erythropoetin
17. Ineligible patients according to the investigator's judgment
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* On hemodialysis for 3 to 18 months and expected to remain on hemodialysis for at least two more years and with a life expectancy of a year or more
* Kidney transplant patients, whose transplant has failed, and now have been on hemodialysis for 3-18 months, may be eligible for the study, if they are not receiving excessive immunosuppression (e.g., \<=10 mg of steroids/day allowed)
* Pre-dialysis hemoglobin 8-12 g/dL, inclusive, within the previous month (single reading is sufficient)
* Stable hemodialysis vascular access, within the previous 3 months
* No heart disease or asymptomatic heart disease without enlarged heart

Exclusion Criteria:

* Heart diseases for which surgical intervention occurred during the previous two years or which may require intervention within the next year
* Patients with medical conditions likely to affect the response to epoetin
* Predialysis sitting diastolic blood pressure \>= 100 mmHg on average for the previous month
* Folate, Vitamin B12, or transferrin deficiency
* History of seizure within 1 year
* Transfusion within 30 days prior to study entry.

Answer: C