Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Peanut and Peanut Butter Consumption on Blood Lipids and Glycemic Control in Adults Ith Type 2 Diabetes
Brief Summary: Peanuts and peanut butter contain high levels of monounsaturated fat (MUFA), arginine, fiber, phytosterols, resveratrol and vitamin E that have the potential to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk through improved blood glucose control and favorable modification of blood lipids. When substituted for saturated fat in the diet, MUFA may have important metabolic benefits for persons with diabetes. Therefore, the investigators propose to study the effects of a peanut and peanut butter-enriched diet on markers of CVD risk factors in free-living adults with diabetes residing in Southern California. This study's primary clinical outcome will be high-density lipoprotein (HDL) - cholesterol. Secondary outcomes will include additional serum lipids (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - cholesterol and triacylglycerol), glucose, HbA1c, and anthropometry (body weight, body composition and waist circumference). This study will provide vital information about the role of peanuts and peanut butter in modulating blood glucose homeostasis and CVD risk factors among adults with diabetes.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Presence of a medical diagnosis of diabetes for at least 6 months
* HbA1c \< 9%
* Age greater than 18 years
* Resident of Loma Linda, California area

Exclusion Criteria:

* Allergy to peanuts
* Smokers
* History of irritable bowel disease or diverticulitis
* Statin therapy (unless stable statin dose for 3 months)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female age 25-75 years;
* Non-smoker;
* High risk for diabetes, defined as meeting at least one of the criteria listed below:

  a. Overweight with increased waist circumference; b.Pre-diabetes: fasting blood glucose \>100mg/dL and \<126mg/dL or HbA1C 5.7-6.4 % c. Metabolic syndrome, i.e. meet three out of five of the following criteria: i.Blood pressure \>130/85 mmHg or currently taking antihypertensive medication; ii. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) \>100 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L); iii.Serum triglycerides level (TG)\>150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L); iv. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol \< 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) in men, and \< 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in women; v. Overweight (BMI ≥25kg/m²) with waist circumference of more than 40 inches (102 cm) for men and more than 35 inches (88 cm) for women.

Exclusion Criteria

* Allergy to walnuts or any other nuts;
* Anticipated inability to complete study protocol for any reason;
* Current eating disorder;
* Restricted diets by choice (i.e., vegetarian, vegan);
* Receiving pharmacotherapy for obesity, including appetite suppressant
* Unstable use of lipid-lowering, antihypertensive medications or aspirin (i.e. dose has changed in the three months prior to enrollment) or unwilling to refrain from taking medication for 12 hours prior to endothelial function scanning;
* Regular use of high doses of vitamin E (\>400IU/day) or vitamin C (\>500mg/day); fish oil, flaxseed oil, omega-3 fatty acid and fiber supplement unless welling to discontinue supplementation for the study duration.
* Use of insulin, glucose-sensitizing medication, vasoactive medication (including glucocorticoids, antineoplastic agents, psychoactive agents, or bronchodilators);
* Diagnosed diabetes;
* Diagnosed sleep apnea;
* Established cardiovascular disease (including symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, carotid stenosis);
* Coagulopathy, known bleeding diathesis, or history of clinically significant hemorrhage; current use of warfarin;
* Regular exercise defined as participation in moderate-intensity exercise \> 150 minutes/week.
* Substance abuse (chronic alcoholism, other chemical dependency)
* Any unstable medical condition that would limit the ability of a subject to participate fully in the trial (e.g., cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis, psychotic disorder)
* Women who get Depo-Provera shots
* Women who are pregnant or lactating
* Women who are currently on hormone replacement therapy
* Substance abuse (chronic alcoholism, other chemical dependency)
* Any unstable medical condition that would limit the ability of a subject to participate fully in the trial (e.g., cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis, psychotic disorder)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

pubertal girls obese (BMI \> 30 kg/m) -

Exclusion Criteria:

Consumption of nuts Loss weight before the research chronic disease (hypertension)

-
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Body mass index (BMI) \> 27 but \<40
* 18-75 years of age
* Men and non-pregnant or lactating women
* Subjects must be willing to comply with all study-related procedures

Exclusion Criteria:

* Uncontrolled hypertension
* Diabetes or use of anti-hyperglycemic medication
* Dyslipidemia requiring prescription drug therapy as defined by NCEP ATPIII guidelines at screening
* Known allergy or sensitivity to nuts
* Known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
* History of congestive heart failure
* History of a non-skin malignancy within the previous 5 years
* Any major active rheumatologic, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, dermatologic disease or inflammatory condition
* History of being HIV positive
* History of alcohol or drug abuse
* Weight-loss inducing medications or dietary supplements within 3 months prior to enrollment.
* Weight loss \> 5 kg during the last 6 months
* Participation in an investigational drug study within 6 weeks prior to screening
* Serious or unstable medical or psychological conditions that, in the opinion of the investigator, would compromise the subject's safety or successful participation in the study

Answer: A