Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Multicentric 5-year Follow-up Study to Assess the Efficacy of E-cigarettes as a Tool for Smoking Cessation and to Compare the Risk of Smoking-related Diseases Among Electronic and Traditional Cigarette Smokers, and Smokers of Both.
Brief Summary: The main aim of this multicentric 5-year follow-up study is to evaluate for the first time the long-term efficacy and safety (in terms of smoking-related serious diseases requiring hospitalization) of e-cigarette smoking, comparing its health effects with those of traditional cigarette smoking and mixed electronic and traditional cigarette smoking.

The study will also permit to evaluate, over a 5-year follow-up, the self-reported quality of life, and the reported adverse events according to current and past smoking habit.

Finally, the study will also explore the long-term adherence to e-cigarette smoking and its efficacy of e-cigarettes in reducing and/or quitting traditional cigarette smoking.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 or older
* English speaking
* Smoked at least 100 cigarettes/lifetime
* Smokes 5 or more cigarettes per day
* Interested in quitting smoking (preparation or contemplation state of change)
* Enrolled in Einstein/Montefiore methadone program for 3 or more months
* Stable methadone dose for 2 weeks
* Agree to use contraception throughout the trial (among women with reproductive potential)
* Willing to participate in all study components
* Able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Serious or unstable HIV/AIDS, liver, cardiovascular, or pulmonary disease
* Psychiatric instability
* Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or contemplating pregnancy
* Creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* resident into the Abruzzo and Lazio Region
* aged between 30 and 75 years;
* smoker of e-cigarettes (inhaling at least 50 puffs per week) containing nicotine since six or more months (E-cigarettes only Group);
* smoker of at least one traditional cigarette per day since six or more months (Traditional cigarettes only Group);
* smoker of both electronic and traditional cigarettes (at least one per day) since six or more months (Mixed Group).

Exclusion Criteria:

* illicit drug use,
* breastfeeding or pregnancy,
* major depression or other psychiatric conditions,
* severe allergies,
* active antihypertensive medication,
* angina pectoris,
* past episodes of major cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction, stroke/TIA, congestive heart failure, COPD, cancer of the lung, esophagus, larynx, oral cavity, bladder, pancreas, kidney, stomach, cervix, and myeloid leukemia.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* At least 18 years old
* Able to get to research lab in Burlington, Vermont or Omaha, Nebraska
* Daily smoker
* Smoke at least 8 cigarettes per day
* No reduction in smoking in last 30 days
* No intention to quit in the next 30 days
* Never used Varenicline before
* Not currently using smoking cessation medications or nicotine replacement therapy
* Willing to use Varenicline for at least 2 weeks
* Fluent in English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cannot be currently pregnant or breastfeeding
* Kidney disease
* Frequent nausea
* On certain medications for asthma and/or depression
* Another household member in study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia

Exclusion Criteria:

* Refractory schizophrenia
* Mental Retardation
* Serious Medical illness

Answer: B