Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Enhanced Resilience Training to Improve Mental Health, Stress and Performance in Resident Physicians
Brief Summary: Burnout and overwhelming stress are growing issues in medicine and are associated with mental illness, performance deficits and diminished patient care. Among surgical trainees, high dispositional mindfulness decreases these risks by 75% or more, and formal mindfulness training has been shown feasible and acceptable. In other high-stress populations formal mindfulness training has improved well-being, stress, cognition and performance, yet the ability of such training to mitigate stress and burnout across medical specialties, or to affect improvements in the cognition and performance of physicians, remains unknown. To address these gaps and thereby promote the wider adoption of contemplative practices within medical training, investigators have developed Enhanced Stress Resilience Training, a modified form of MBSR - streamlined, tailored and contextualized for physicians and trainees. Investigators propose to test Enhanced Stress Resilience Training (ESRT), versus active control and residency-as-usual, in surgical and non-surgical residents evaluated for well-being, cognition and performance changes at baseline, post-intervention and six-month follow-up.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. aged 18 and older;
2. smokes at least 10 cigarettes daily and has done so for at least the past 12 months;
3. wants to quit smoking in the next 30 days;
4. willing to be randomly assigned to either group;
5. willing and able to speak and read in English;
6. willing and medically eligible to use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT),
7. currently resides in the U.S., and expects to continue for at least 12 months;
8. not participating in other smoking cessation interventions;
9. has regular access to a telephone.
10. has regular access to an email address.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The Exclusion criteria are the opposite of the Inclusion criteria listed above. In addition, the following exclusion criteria also apply:

  1. another member of household enrolled in the study;
  2. currently using medication or nicotine replacement products to help with quitting smoking;
  3. currently using any non-cigarette tobacco products;
  4. pregnant or breastfeeding;
  5. had a heart attack in last 30 days;
  6. within the last 6 months, diagnosed with angina, heart pain, or irregular heartbeat;
  7. serious adverse reactions to nicotine patches including anaphylaxis and related symptoms such as hives, respiratory difficulty, and/or angioedema.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 18 or older
* smokes at least five cigarettes daily for at least past 12 months
* wants to quit cigarette smoking in the next 30 days
* if concurrently using any other nicotine or tobacco products, wants to quit using them within the next 30 days
* interested in learning skills to quit smoking
* willing to be randomly assigned to either condition
* resides in US
* has at least daily access to their own personal Apple iPhone, Android, or Windows Phone
* knows how to login and download a smartphone application
* willing and able to read in English
* not using other smoking cessation interventions (including apps or our other intervention studies).
* willing to complete all three follow-up surveys
* provide email, phone, and mailing address.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The exclusion criteria are opposite of the inclusion criteria listed above.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Any consented medical intern from Emergency Medecine, Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Family Practice, OBGYN and Surgery Depratments in-coming to University of California San Francisco in the study year.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current personal mindfulness practice, once a week or more frequent;
* Use of medications with Central Nervous System effects;
* Lifetime history of an organic mental illness;
* Acute or chronic immune or inflammatory disorders;
* Pregnancy;
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Bachelor student at a Danish University or University College
* A score of 16 or above on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Smoking
* Psychiatric diagnosis (depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, PTSD, personality disorder, psychosis).
* Untreated ADHD, autism, abuse and risk of suicide

Answer: C