Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Supplementation With Resistant Starch in the Profile of the Intestinal Tract and Cardiovascular Markers in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Brief Summary: The objective of this study is to assess whether supplementation with resistant starch from the rice-flour coffee developed by EMBRAPA, as well as from an already industrialized product (Hi-Maize of Ingredion®) could modulate the intestinal microbiota of patients with CKD ( both patients under conservative treatment, such as dialysis treatment), as well as exerting a beneficial effect with respect to reducing levels of inflammatory markers of oxidative stress, uremic toxins and in addition, markers of cardiovascular disease.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Both sexes aged between 20-75 years.
2. Received stable hemodialysis at least 3 months.
3. Written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. patients with severe infections, severe heart disease and liver disease, malignancy, autoimmune disorders, severe malnutrition, or clinical conditions requiring oral nutrition supplements;
2. Inability to follow protocol.
3. patients with known gastro-intestinal disease (i.e.,inflammatory bowel disease,crohn's disease,ulcerative colitis)
4. Use of antibiotics, prebiotics or probiotics and immunosuppression medications in the past 4 weeks
5. Pregnancy or wishing/trying to get pregnant
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult end-stage renal disease patients maintained on regular hemodialysis

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chronic liver disease
* Malignant condition
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* History of bowel resection
* Long term antibiotic therapy
* Pregnancy or lactation
* Current use of immunosuppressive medication
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula as vascular access in the upper limb and on maintenance dialysis for at least 6 months;
* Patients under conservative treatment in stages 3a and 3b (30 to 60 mL / min) of chronic kidney disease and receiving nutritional treatment for at least 6 months (adequate supply of energy 30-35kcal/kg/day and hypoproteic 0.6 g/kg/day.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with autoimmune and infectious diseases, diabetes, cancer and AIDS;
* Patients with catheter for hemodialysis access;
* Patients using catabolizing drugs, supplements as antioxidant vitamin, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics.
* Patients who exercise are also deleted.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the trial.
* Participant has the ability to speak and read English.
* Male or Female, aged 18 years or above. Females of child-bearing potential must agree to use a medically approved method of birth control for the duration of the study. All hormonal birth control must have been in use for a minimum of three months. Acceptable methods of birth control include: Hormonal contraceptives including oral contraceptives, hormone birth control patch, vaginal contraceptive ring, injectable contraceptives, or hormone implant, double-barrier method, intrauterine devices, non-heterosexual lifestyle or agrees to use contraception if planning on changing to heterosexual partner(s), vasectomy of partner at least 6 months prior to screening.
* Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<15 mL/min/1.73m\^2 for the past 3 months
* In the Investigator's opinion, participant is able and willing to comply with all trial requirements.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The participant is cognitively impaired and cannot give consent or participate in the group program
* The participant has an existing relationship with the research team, such as supervisory relationship (student, employee) or familial relationship (child, spouse, etc)
* Participants who indicate that they cannot consume study treatments.
* Participants who indicates they are allergic to potatoes or corn
* Female participant who is pregnant, lactating or planning pregnancy during the course of the trial.
* History of renal transplant, ongoing dialysis, use of antibiotics (last 3-months), bowel diseases, cancer, surgically removed bowel, or any gastrointestinal surgery (e.g. intestinal resection, gastric bypass, colorectal surgery)
* Inability to consume treatment due to swallowing or GI issues and inability to obtain written informed consent.
* Participating in another interventional trial that could influence the intervention or outcome of this trial.
* Participants with uncontrolled diabetes with a hemoglobin A1C \> 10%.
* Participants who consume probiotic supplements.
* Participants with abnormal constrictions of the gastrointestinal tract, diseases of the oesophagus and/or the superior opening of the stomach (cardia), potential or existing intestinal blockage, paralysis of the intestine, megacolon, faecal impaction, appendicitis, a sudden change in bowel habits that has persisted for more than 2 weeks, undiagnosed rectal bleeding, or failure to defaecate following the use of another laxative prod.
* Participants with severe anemia (hemoglobin less than 70).
* Participants taking medications which inhibit peristaltic movement (e.g. opioids,loperamide).
* Participants taking other fiber supplements or able to maintain high fiber/adequate fiber intake through diet.

Answer: C