Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT): A Multicenter Randomized Trial for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis (DS) With Spinal Stenosis (SpS) at L4/L5 Level.
Brief Summary: This study tests the effectiveness of different treatments for the three most commonly diagnosed conditions of the lower backbone (lumbar spine). The purpose is to learn which of two commonly prescribed treatments (surgery and nonsurgical therapy) works better for specific types of low back pain.

In this part of the study, we will treat patients with spinal stenosis (a narrowing of spaces in the backbone that results in pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots) caused by degenerative spondylolisthesis (a condition in which one vertebra, or spinal bone, slips forward on another) with either surgery or nonsurgical methods. This study does not cover the cost of treatment.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Duration of Symptoms: 12 or more weeks.
* Treatments Tried: Nonsteroidal. anti-inflammatory medical therapy and physical therapy.
* Surgical Screening: Pain in low back, buttocks, or lower extremity that becomes worse with lumbar extension. Must be confirmed by evidence of central or central-lateral compression of the cauda equina by a degenerative lesion of the facet joint, disc, or ligamentum flavum on MRI, computed tomography scans, or myelograms.
* Tests: MRI to confirm diagnosis and level(s).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous lumbar spine surgery.
* Not a surgical candidate for any of these reasons: Overall health that makes spinal surgery too life-threatening to be an appropriate alternative, patient has improved dramatically with conservative care, or the patient is unable (for any reason) to undergo surgery within 6 months.
* Possible pregnancy.
* Active malignancy: Patients with a history of any invasive malignancy (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) are ineligible unless they have been treated with curative intent AND have not had any clinical signs or symptoms of the malignancy for at least 5 years.
* Current fracture, infection, and/or deformity (greater than 15 degrees of lumbar scoliosis, using Cobb measure technique) of the spine.
* Age less than 18 years.
* Cauda equina syndrome or progressive neurologic deficit (usually requiring urgent surgery).
* Unavailability for followup (planning to move, no telephone, etc.) or inability to complete data surveys.
* Symptoms less than 12 weeks.
* Patient currently enrolled in any experimental "spine related" study.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Duration of Symptoms: 12 or more weeks.
* Treatments tried: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medical therapy and physical therapy.
* Surgical Screening: Pain in low back, buttocks, or lower extremity that becomes worse with lumbar extension. Must be confirmed by evidence of central or central-lateral compression of the cauda equina by a degenerative lesion of the facet joint, disc, or ligamentum flavum on MRI, computed tomography scans, or myelograms.
* Tests: MRI to confirm diagnosis and level(s).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous lumbar spine surgery.
* Not a surgical candidate for any of these reasons: Overall health that makes spinal surgery too life-threatening to be an appropriate alternative, patient has improved dramatically with conservative care, or the patient is unable (for any reason) to undergo surgery within 6 months.
* Possible pregnancy.
* Active malignancy: Patients with a history of any invasive malignancy (except nonmelanoma skin cancer) are ineligible unless they have been treated with curative intent AND have not had any clinical signs or symptoms of the malignancy for at least 5 years.
* Current fracture, infection, and/or deformity (greater than 15 degrees of lumbar scoliosis, using Cobb measure technique) of the spine.
* Age less than 18 years.
* Cauda equina syndrome or progressive neurologic deficit (usually requiring urgent surgery).
* Unavailability for followup (planning to move, no telephone, etc.) or inability to complete data surveys.
* Symptoms less than 12 weeks.
* Patient currently enrolled in any experimental "spine related" study.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Imaging evidence of stenosis
* Unable to walk more than 1/4 of a mile
* No prior surgery for stenosis
* Consents to surgery
* Speaks English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence of dementia or organic brain syndrome
* Coronary artery disease, recent myocardial infarction, pulmonary or vascular disease
* Spondylolisthesis (\> 5 mm slippage)
* Severe osteoporosis
* Metastatic cancer
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Symptomatic Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS) primarily caused by dorsal element hypertrophy.
* Prior failure of conservative therapy and ODI Score \>20%.
* Radiologic evidence of LSS (L3-L5), Ligamentum flavum \>2.5mm, confirmed by pre-op MRI and/or CT.
* Central canal cross sectional area ≤ 100 square mm.
* Anterior listhesis ≤ 5.0mm.
* Able to walk at least 10 feet unaided before being limited by pain.
* Available to complete 26 weeks of follow-up.
* A signed Informed Consent Form is obtained from the patient.
* Adults at least 18 years of age.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior surgery at intended treatment level.
* History of recent spinal fractures with concurrent pain symptoms.
* Disabling back or leg pain from causes other than LSS (e.g. acute compression fracture, metabolic neuropathy, or vascular claudication symptoms, etc.)
* Significant / symptomatic disc protrusion or osteophyte formation.
* Excessive / symptomatic facet hypertrophy.
* Bleeding disorders and/or current use of anti-coagulants.
* Use of ASA and/or NSAID within 5 days of treatment.
* Pregnant and/or breastfeeding.
* Epidural steroids previously administered (not ESI naive)
* Wound healing pathologies deemed to compromise outcomes, including: diabetes, excessive smoking history, cancer, connective tissue diseases, recent spine radiation and severe COPD.
* Dementia and/or inability to give informed consent.
* Inability of the patient to lie prone for any reason with anesthesia support (e.g. COPD, obesity, etc.).
* On Workman's Compensation or considering litigation associated with back pain.

Answer: A