Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Physical Therapy Interventions Directed at the Low Back Versus Low Back and Hips for Individuals With a Primary Complaint of Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide and has substantial impacts on pain and function for an individual. Some individuals with LBP seek physical therapy for their condition. The purpose of the study is to determine whether individuals with LBP have improved pain and disability following physical therapy targeting either the low back only or low back plus hip(s).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* acute or subacute perceived low back pain with or without pain radiating to one or both legs
* symptom duration of three months or less preceded by at least two months of relative freedom from symptoms
* consent to treatment and follow up for ten weeks
* agreement not to consult therapists other than those participating in the study during the treatment period

Exclusion Criteria:

* other conditions or circumstances that might jeopardize completion of treatment and follow up, such as pregnancy, malignant tumors, etcetera
* need for acute surgical or rheumatologic care
* previous treatment of current complaints with specific mobilisation or manipulation
* previous participation in the present study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Modified Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) ≥ 20%
* Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) of ≥ 2 points
* Primary complaint of low back pain with at least one hip impairment in one or both hips

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindications to manual therapy
* Severe trauma to the lumbar spine or hip(s) in the last 6 weeks
* 'Red flag' symptoms including:

  * Tumor
  * Metabolic disease
  * Rheumatoid arthritis or other systemic rheumatologic disorders
  * Acute fracture
  * Bowel/Bladder dysfunction
  * Prolonged history of corticosteroid use
  * Evidence of central nervous system involvement
* Two or more positive neurologic signs consistent with nerve root compression:

  * Diminished muscle stretch reflexes of lower extremity
  * Muscle weakness in any lower extremity myotome
  * Diminished or absent sensation in any lower extremity dermatome
* Spinal surgery in the last 6 months
* Total Hip Arthroplasty
* Currently pregnant or post-partum ≤ 6 months
* Osteoporosis
* History of cancer within the last 12 months
* Inability to understand the English language
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Symptoms of pain and/or numbness between the 12th rib and buttocks with or without symptoms into one or both legs, which, in the opinion of the primary care provider, are originating from tissues of the lumbar region.
* Age 18 - 60 years
* Oswestry disability score \> 20%
* Both of the following clinical decision rule criteria: a)Duration of current symptoms \< 16 days; and b)Patient report of no symptoms (pain, numbness, etc.) distal to the knee in past 72 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior surgery to the lumbosacral spine
* Any treatment for low back pain in past 6 months
* Current pregnancy
* Currently receiving treatment for LBP from another healthcare provider (e.g., chiropractic, massage therapy, injections, etc.)
* Presence of neurogenic LBP defined as the presence of either of the following:

  a) Positive ipsilateral or contralateral straight leg raise (reproduction of symptoms at \<45 degrees); or b)Reflex, sensory, or strength deficits in a pattern consistent with lumbar nerve root compression
* Judgment of the primary care provider of "red flags" of a potentially serious condition including cauda equina syndrome, major or rapidly progressing neurological deficit, fracture, cancer, infection or systemic disease
D: Inclusion Criteria -

* Military personnel on active duty and eligible for healthcare at a military treatment facility
* A primary complaint of low back pain defined as symptoms of pain and/or numbness between the 12th rib and buttocks with or without symptoms into the leg(s), which, in the opinion of the provider, are originating from tissues of the lumbar region.
* Duration of current episode of low back pain \< 90 days
* Age 18 - 60 years (or emancipated minors on active duty)
* Available for the following 4 weeks to complete a regimen of treatment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Oswestry Disability Index \< 20%
* History of receiving any medical care for this episode of low back pain within the last 3 months
* Prior surgery to the thoraco-lumbar spine or pelvis
* This episode of back pain is due to a traumatic fracture
* Pending a medical or physical evaluation board or discharge process, pending any litigation related to the condition, or planning on getting out of the military within the next 9 months.
* Any "red flags" that would indicate a potentially serious condition or other significant disease process. These could include but not limited to cauda equina syndrome, large or rapidly progressing neurological deficit, fracture, cancer, ankylosing spondylitis, or other systemic disease.
* Current episode occurred because of a motor vehicle accident
* Currently pregnant (or history of pregnancy in the previous 6 months)

Answer: B