Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nutritional Intervention Preconception and During Pregnancy to Maintain Healthy Glucose Metabolism and Offspring Health "(NiPPeR)"
Brief Summary: The study aims to assess whether a nutritional drink taken before conception and continuing through pregnancy, assists in the maintenance of healthy glucose metabolism in the mother and promotes offspring health.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant
* Gestational age at enrollment 24 - 31 weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diabetes diagnosed prior to pregnancy
* Abnormal gestational diabetes (\>= 135 mg/dl) testing prior to 24 weeks' gestation
* Gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy
* History of stillbirth or fetal death
* Pregnancy with more than one fetus
* Known major fetal anomaly
* Current or planned corticosteroid therapy
* Asthma requiring medication
* Current or planned beta adrenergic therapy
* Chronic hypertension requiring medication within 6 months of or during pregnancy
* Chronic medical conditions such as HIV/AIDS, kidney disease, or congenital heart disease
* Hematologic or autoimmune disease such as sickle cell disease, other hemoglobinopathies, lupus, or antiphospholipid syndrome
* Maternal or fetal conditions likely to require preterm delivery, such as pre-eclampsia, preterm labor, or intrauterine growth retardation
* Previous or planned tocolytic therapy to induce labor or increase contraction strength
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women aged 18-38 years
* Planning to conceive within 6 months
* Able to provide written, informed consent
* In Singapore: Chinese, Malay and Indian ethnicity or mixed Chinese/Malay/Indian ethnicity

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or lactating at recruitment
* Assisted fertility, apart from those taking clomiphene or letrozole alone
* Pre-existing diabetes (type 1 or type 2)
* Oral or implanted contraception currently or in the last month, or with an Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD) in situ
* On metformin or systemic steroids currently or in the last month
* Known serious food allergy
* Not able to give informed consent
* Women on anticonvulsants (who are treated with high dose B vitamins in pregnancy) currently or in the last month
* On treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B or C currently or in the last month

The partners of the women (over 16 years of age) will also be invited to participate in the study. After having gained written informed consent, fathers will have blood, urine, hair sampling, cheek swabs and body measurements taken and will complete a health and a lifestyle questionnaire at one of the visits during pregnancy.

The mother will consent for their babies to have body measurements, buccal, hair, stool samples and allergy testing from birth to 3.5 years.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* pregnant, less than 17 gestational weeks
* overweight
* healthy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diabetes (type 1 or 2)
* Coeliac disease
* Increased bleeding tendency
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women who were diagnosed with GDM from 13 to 32.6 gestational weeks
* 18 years old and older
* Singleton pregnancy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women with pre-gestational diabetes mellitus
* GDM diagnosed ≥ 33 gestational weeks
* Women using prophylactic antimicrobial treatment
* Immunocompromised women
* Multiple pregnancy
* Women taking oral probiotic products who refuse to stop the consumption (food-containing probiotics is not considered an exclusion criterion).

Answer: B