Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Esmolol Reduces Anesthetic Requirements Thereby Facilitating Early Extubation; a Prospective Controlled Study in Patients Undergoing Intracranial Surgery
Brief Summary: Anesthesia techniques that minimize anesthetic requirements and their effects may be beneficial. Esmolol, a short acting hyperselective β-adrenergic blocker is effective in blunting adrenergic response to several perioperative stimuli and so it might interfere in the effect of the anesthetic drugs on the brain. This study was designed to investigate the effect of esmolol on the consumption of propofol and sevoflurane in patients undergoing craniotomy.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with ASA physical status 1-3
* Glasgow Coma Scale:15

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with ASA physical status \>3,
* Body Mass Index (BMI) over 30,
* indication for rapid sequence induction,
* any contraindication for receiving b-blocker,
* chronic use of b-blocker,
* Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) \<15,
* history of drug abuse,
* severe mental impairment,
* preoperative aphasia,
* neurologic deficit or preoperatively foreseen delayed extubation.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients scheduled for bronchoscopy
* ASA I to III
* age between 18 and 79 years
* capacity of discernment

Exclusion Criteria:

* visual and psychological problems that might interfere with psychometric testing
* chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with FEV1 \< 50% predicted
* need for an airway intubation or laryngeal mask insertion
* fever or other signs of systemic infection
* hemodynamic instability defined as a resting heart rate (HR) \< 60 or ≥ 120 and/or a systolic blood pressure (BP) \< 100 or \> 180 mmHg
* significant liver disease and documented soy allergy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

MUST HAVE:

General Anesthesia with volatile anesthetic

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS

Major Criteria (Must have any 1 of the following:)

1. Planned open heart surgery
2. Medications - anticonvulsants, abuse of opiates, benzodiazepines, cocaine
3. EF\<40%
4. Prior history of awareness (recall)
5. History of difficult intubation or anticipated difficult intubation
6. ASA IV or V status
7. Aortic stenosis
8. End stage lung disease
9. Marginal exercise tolerance not secondary to musculoskeletal dysfunction
10. Pulmonary hypertension
11. Daily alcohol consumption

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Surgical procedure that prevents the use of the BIS (e.g. surgery of forehead)
2. Patient positioning prevents use of the BIS
3. Surgery with wake-up test.
4. Less than 18 years of age
5. Vulnerable populations, such as those with dementia and those unable to provide informed consent.
6. Stroke with residual neurological deficits

   -
D: Inclusion Criteria:

MUST HAVE:

General Anesthesia with volatile anesthetic

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS

Major Criteria (any 1 of the following:)

1. Medications - anticonvulsants, abuse of opiates, benzodiazepines, cocaine
2. EF\<40%
3. Prior history of awareness (recall)
4. History of difficult intubation or anticipated difficult intubation
5. ASA IV or V status
6. Aortic stenosis
7. End stage lung disease
8. Marginal exercise tolerance not secondary to musculoskeletal dysfunction
9. Pulmonary hypertension
10. Daily alcohol consumption

Minor Criteria (any 2 of the following)

1. Beta blockers
2. COPD
3. Moderate exercise tolerance not secondary to musculoskeletal dysfunction
4. Smokes ≥2 packs per day
5. Morbid obesity BMI\>30 -

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Surgical procedure that prevents the use of the BIS (e.g surgery of forehead)
2. Patient positioning prevents use of the BIS
3. Surgery with wake-up test.
4. Less than 18 years of age
5. Vulnerable populations, such as those with dementia and those unable to provide informed consent.
6. Stroke with residual neurological deficits

Answer: A