Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Multinational Trial of the Efficacy of Albendazole Against Soil-transmitted Nematode Infections in Children
Brief Summary: The three major Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH), Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus/Ancylostoma duodenal and Trichuris trichiura are among the most prevalent parasites worldwide. The objective of this multicentre international study is to define the efficacy of a single 400 milligram dose of albendazole (ALB) against these three STHs using a standardised protocol. The trial will be undertaken among school age children in seven countries - Brazil, Cameroon, Cambodia, Ethiopia, India, Tanzania (Zanzibar) and Vietnam - each with a different epidemiologic pattern of infection. A trial of this nature is urgently required because in spite of the wide usage of albendazole over the last 3 decades, there is still no key publication reporting the efficacy of the anthelmintic accurately, and to modern conventional standards, that can act as a central reference for the baseline efficacy. The latter is critically important because albendazole is now being used even more widely, as large scale mass treatment campaigns are being implemented in Africa and elsewhere, with the intention of reducing morbidity in children. Such large scale usage of a drug risks resistance developing, but resistance cannot be detected unless benchmark values for baseline efficacy are widely known.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children should be infected with a minimum of 150 eggs/gram of any of the three species of STH (i.e. Ascaris or hookworms or Trichuris).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not willing to participate
* Unable to give samples for follow up
* Severe intercurrent medical condition
* Diarrhoea at first sampling
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Consenting parents and guardians

Exclusion Criteria:

* children with known allergy to papaya fruit products
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Written informed consent signed by parents and/or caregiver; and oral assent by participant.
* Able and willing to be examined by a study physician at the beginning of the study.
* Able and willing to provide two stool samples at the beginning (baseline) and approximately three weeks after treatment (follow-up).
* Positive for hookworm eggs in the stool (≥ 100 EPG and at least two Kato-Katz thick smears slides with more than one hookworm egg).
* Absence of major systemic illnesses, e.g. diabetes, severe anemia (HB\<8.0 g/l) as assessed by a medical doctor at school, upon initial clinical assessment.
* No known or reported history of chronical illness as cancer, diabetes, chronic heart, liver or renal disease.
* No recent anthelminthic treatment (within past 4 weeks). No known allergy to study medications (mebendazole and albendazole).

Exclusion Criteria:

No written informed consent by parents and/or caregiver; no oral assent by participant.

* Menarche, based on self-report
* Presence of major systemic illnesses, e.g. diabetes, severe anemia (HB\<8.0 g/l) as assessed by a medical doctor, upon initial clinical assessment.
* History of acute or severe chronic disease.
* Recent use of anthelminthic drug (within past 4 weeks).
* Attending other clinical trials during the study.
* Negative diagnostic result for hookworm eggs in the stool (\< 100 EPG (total of the four slides) and/or only one Kato-Katz thick smear slide with more than one hookworm egg).
D: Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects who are unable to provide a stool sample at follow-up
* Subjects who are experiencing a severe concurrent medical condition
* Subjects with diarrhea at first sampling

Answer: A