Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Training and Antioxidant Treatment on Circulating Markers of Oxidative Stress and Skeletal Muscle mRNA Expression
Brief Summary: The aim of the study is to compare the effects of an intensive 4 weeks exercise training program with or without additional treatment with antioxidants. 16 volunteers are included into the study and randomized into a treatment (n=8,Vitamine E 400 IU od + vitamine C 1g twice daily) and a non-treatment (n=8, training only) group. Before and after the training program, skeletal muscle biopsies will be taken to measure PGC-1alpha and PPARgamma mRNA expression. In addition before and after the training program individuals will have the following measurements: body weight, waist circumference, body fat content (DEXA scan), euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps, ergospirometer (VO2 max), routine laboratory measurements, serum malondialdehyde concentrations.


Options:
A: Change in physical performance from using Placebo to using Pomegranate juice (3min after Placebo and Pomegranate training sessions); Change in Acute Hematological responses from using Placebo to using Pomegranate juice (3min after Placebo and Pomegranate training sessions); Change in Acute Biochemical responses from using Placebo to using Pomegranate juice (3min after Placebo and Pomegranate training sessions); Change in Delayed Hematological responses from using Placebo to using Pomegranate juice (48h after Placebo and Pomegranate training sessions); Change in Delayed Biochemical responses from using Placebo to using Pomegranate juice (48h after Placebo and Pomegranate training sessions)
B: Improvement of muscle effort tolerance after antioxidant supplementation (duration study 3 years)
C: Change in reduced glutathione in blood (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in reduced glutathione in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise); Change in protein carbonyls in red blood cells and serum (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in protein carbonyls in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise); Change in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in red blood cells and serum (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise); Change in oxidized glutathione in red blood cells and blood (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in total antioxidant capacity in serum (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in oxidized glutathione in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise); Change in catalase activity in red blood cells and serum (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in glutathione peroxidase activity in red blood cells (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in creatine kinase activity in plasma (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in C-reactive protein in plasma (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in macrophage infiltration in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise); Change in white blood cell count in blood (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in neutrophil count in blood (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in fatty acid binding protein in plasma (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in cortisol concentration in blood (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in testosterone concentration in plasma (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in cytokine concentration in plasma (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in adhesion molecule concentration in blood (one hour before exercise, 5 minutes post-exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, daily for 8 days post-exercise); Change in intracellular signalling proteins in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise); Change in myogenic determination factor (MyoD) protein levels in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise); Change in tumor necrosis factor α in muscle (one hour before exercise, 2 hours post-exercise, 2 days post-exercise, 8 days post-exercise)
D: PGC-1alpha mRNA expression in skeletal muscle PPARgamma mRNA expression in skeletal muscle Serum malondialdehyde concentration (after 4 weeks)

Answer: D