Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Controlled Trial of BiPhasic Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (BP-NCPAP) vs. Non-invasive High Frequency Ventilation (NIHFV) Following NCPAP Failure: A Pilot Study
Brief Summary: In preterm infants, endotracheal mechanical ventilation is well known to cause various forms of lung injury including volutrauma, barotrauma and oxytrauma - collectively known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). As such, there is a move towards non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in recent decades. However, many infants placed on NIV modes fail and require intubation. A relatively recent mode of NIV is non-invasive high frequency ventilation (NIHFV). Studies on this modality are scarce, but do suggest that neonates can be ventilated effectively. However, its efficacy in comparison with other existing modes of NIV remains unknown due to lack of appropriate studies. The investigators hypothesize that NIHFV is a superior NIV mode than Biphasic Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (BP-NCPAP) in preterm infants in preventing intubation following NCPAP failure.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Gestational age \<32+0 weeks
* Birth weight \<1500 g
* Received mechanical ventilation via an endotracheal tube for ≥120 h
* Caffeine treatment according to unit guidelines
* paCO2 \<65 mmHg with pH \>7.2
* FiO2 25-40% to maintain SpO2 at 90-94%.
* Time-cycled, pressure-controlled ventilation: PIP ≤22 cm H2O, PEEP ≤6 cm H2O; Volume guarantee ventilation: Working Ppeak ≤22 cm H2O, PEEP ≤6 cm H2O; High frequency oscillation ventilation: Pmean ≤12 cm H2O, Amplitude ≤30 cm H2O
* Decision of the attending clinician to extubate

Exclusion Criteria:

* Major congenital malformation requiring surgery
* Duct-dependent congenital heart disease
* Neuromuscular disease
* Participation in another randomized controlled trial
* Death before reaching the eligibility criteria
* Hydrocortisone treatment at the time of enrolment
* Chronological age \>28 days
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Greater than 72 hours post-natal age AND currently on NCPAP
* Less than 1,250 g when on NCPAP at time of enrollment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Congenital or acquired abnormality of upper airways
* Severe congenital anomalies including cyanotic congenital heart disease
* Severe nasal excoriation/injury preventing use of NIV interface
* Greater than 2,000 grams at time of randomization
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Caesarean newborn
* Gestational age ≥ 35 weeks
* Weight ≥ 2 kg
* SaO2 \< 90% after 10 min of life
* Silverman score ≥ 5
* Treated less than 20 min after birth
* Social security affiliation (parents)
* Informed consent signed (parents)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Thoracic retraction
* Congenital intrathoracic malformations
* Meconium aspiration
* Early neonatal infections with hemodynamic troubles
* Severe neonatal asphyxia
* Polymalformative syndrome
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* The gestational age was less than 37 weeks;
* These neonates were diagnosed with RDS and supported by invasive ventilation with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV. The diagnosis of RDS was based on clinical manifestations and chest X-ray findings. The clinical signs and symptoms of RDS were respiratory distress, tachypnea, nasal flaring, groan, and cyanosis after birth. The typical X-ray picture of RDS showed a grain shadow, air bronchogram or white lung;
* The neonates were ready to be extubated for the first time and subsequent noninvasive ventilation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* parents' decision not to participate;
* major congenital anomalies;
* died or left the NICU within 24 hour.

Eligibility criteria for extubation:

Besides the improved symptoms, X-rays and sufficient spontaneous breathing efforts, the eligibility criteria for extubation were peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 15-20 cm H2O, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 4-6 cm H2O, respiratory rate of 15 to 30, FiO2 from 0.21 to 0.30, hematocrit more than 35%. and arterialized capillary blood gas analysis need to meet the following criteria: pH\>7.20, PaCO2\<=55 mmHg.

Answer: B