Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: COMBINE: Effect of Combined Pharmacotherapies and Behavioral Interventions
Brief Summary: Combine is a multicenter, randomized clinical trial that will evaluate combinations of three interventions for treating alcohol dependence. The goal is to determine whether improvement in treatment outcomes can be achieved by various combinations of drug and behavioral interventions. Two of the interventions will consist of pharmacological treatment with naltrexone (Revia) or acamprosate (Campral). The third intervention is a multicomponent behavioral therapy including such components as motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and referral to self-help groups, including AA. All three interventions will include a component supporting compliance to medications and reduction in drinking.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria

The following inclusion criteria are to be met:

1. Male and female outpatients \> 18 years of age.
2. Participants will have a current DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence.
3. Participants will have signed a witnessed informed consent.
4. Participants must have been drinking a minimum of \> 14 drinks (females) or \> 21 drinks (males) on average per week over a consecutive 30-day period in the 90-day period prior to initiation of abstinence, and have two or more days of heavy drinking (defined as 4 drinks for females and 5 drinks for males) in the 90-day period prior to initiation of abstinence.
5. Participants must have had a minimum of 4 consecutive days (96 hours) of abstinence and have a CIWA \< 8 prior to randomization.
6. Participants can be abstinent for a maximum of 21 days prior to randomization.
7. Participants will have no more than 21 consecutive days of planned absence during the 16 week active treatment period.
8. Participants who are able to identify at least one "locator" person to assist in tracking the participant for follow-up assessment.
9. Participants who are able to speak and understand English.

Exclusion criteria

The following exclusion criteria rule out participants:

1. Participants who meet current DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, bulimia/anorexia, dementia, or a psychological disorder requiring medication.
2. Participants requiring concomitant therapy with any medications that pose safety issues (see Appendix B).
3. Participants with a current diagnosis of dependence on any drug except for nicotine, cannabis, and alcohol, or habitual caffeine use. If there is a positive urine screen the participant can be retested after the (metabolic) interval appropriate to that drug. If the second urine drug screen is positive the person is excluded.
4. Participants who meet DSM-IV criteria for opiate dependence or abuse within the past 6 months, chronic treatment with any opiate-containing medications during the previous month, or urine positive for opioids.
5. Participants who have significant medical disorders that will increase the potential risk of study treatment or interfere with study participation, and participants with sensitivity to study medications or related drugs as evidenced by adverse drug experience, especially with opiate-containing analgesics, opioid antagonists, or acamprosate.
6. Participants with abnormal AST or ALT (more than 3 times the upper limit of the normal range(ULN)) or elevated bilirubin (more than 10% above the ULN). Tests may be repeated if initial results are out of range.
7. Participants who are pregnant or nursing infant(s), and women of childbearing potential not using a contraceptive method judged by the investigator to be effective.
8. Participants who intend to engage in additional formal treatment for alcohol-related problems, or who intend to continue in current treatment for alcohol-related problems during the active treatment period. Self-help treatments are not considered formal treatment.
9. Participants who have had more than seven days of inpatient treatment for substance use disorders in the 30 days previous to randomization.
10. Participants who have prior use of study medication(s) in the last 30 days.

Any question concerning the interpretation of or application of the inclusion/exclusion criteria will be referred to the medical expert at the Coordinating Center. If he is unavailable, the question will be referred to the Chairperson of the Treatment Subcommittee.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Investigator determined diagnosis of ADHD as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria with symptomatology from childhood to adulthood, symptoms present before age seven years and continue to meet full DSM-IV criteria at time of assessment
* Diagnosis confirmed by the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale (ACDS) at Baseline and Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) score of 24 or greater as determined by the Investigator at Baseline
* Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale score of 41 to 60, inclusive, at Baseline
* Minimum weight of 100 lbs (45.4 kg) at Screening
* Negative urine drug test at the Screening and Baseline Visits when tested for drugs of abuse

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known to be non-responders to methylphenidate or other stimulants for the treatment of ADHD
* History of allergy, sensitivity or contraindication to methylphenidate or components of methylphenidate HCl extended-release tablets
* Coexisting medical condition or taking concomitant medication that would interfere with safe administration of methylphenidate in the Investigator's opinion
* Known structural cardiac abnormality
* Diagnosis of or family history of Tourette's syndrome, or motor or verbal tics
* History of seizures or a seizure disorder other than febrile seizures in childhood
* Glaucoma
* Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Case group:

Case group I: The cases with childhood ADHD diagnosis diagnosed as ADHD after interview Case group II: The cases with sufficient ADHD symptoms for diagnosis as DSM-IV ADHD at childhood but never assessed or treated for ADHD in childhood

* Control group：The subjects without the DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD or any major psychiatric disorders.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Comorbid with DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, other psychotic disorder, organic psychosis, schizotypal personality disorder, bipolar affective disorder, severe anxiety disorder(such as OCD, ASD or PTSD) and mental retardation.
* In the major depressive episode, comorbid with severe anxiety disorders or during substance intoxication or withdrawal at the time of evaluation.
* With neurodegenerative disorder, epilepsy, involuntary movement disorder, congenital metabolic disorder, brain tumor, history of severe head trauma, and history of craniotomy.
* With visual or hearing impairments, or motor disability which may influence the process of neuropsychological assessment.
D: Fathers Inclusion Criteria:

* Sign informed consent
* Be between 21-55 years old (inclusive) at the screening visit
* English-speaking
* At screening (after washout, if required) meet full DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, any subtype
* Current CGI-S-ADHD rating ≥ 4 and \< 7.
* Findings on physical exam (PE), laboratory studies, vital signs, and electrocardiogram (ECG) judged to be normal for age with no contraindications for MPH treatment.
* Pulse and blood pressure (BP) within 95% of age and gender mean
* Commit to the entire visit schedule for the study.
* Able to complete all study assessments.
* Fathers with comorbid mood/anxiety disorders which are effectively treated with antidepressants or anti-anxiety agents will be eligible for participation, provided this medication has not changed within 30 days, is well tolerated, and that current mood symptoms are not severe or associated with active suicidal ideation.

Father Exclusion Criteria:

* History of allergic reactions or severe negative response to study medications
* Active alcohol/substance abuse in the past 3 months or a positive urinary toxic screen on initial evaluation that is not explained by a time-limited medical circumstance.
* Current bipolar illness, schizophrenia, psychoses, or significant suicidal risk
* History of chronic or acute medical disorder for which stimulant therapy would be contraindicated (e.g., glaucoma, hypertension).
* Currently, (or within the past 30 days) receiving stimulant medication for ADHD.
* Father should not seek parent-based interventions during the course of the study, Weeks 1 - 8.

Child Inclusion Criteria:

* Sign assent if older than six.
* Be between the ages of 3-8.
* Symptoms of ADHD (Conners Hyperactivity Index or Attention \> 60).
* English speaking.
* No prior treatment with effective doses of stimulants.

Answer: A