Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Imaginator: a Pilot of a Brief Functional Imagery Training Intervention for Self-harm in Young People, Supported by a Smart-phone 'App'
Brief Summary: Self-harm has substantial personal impacts as well as costs on the National Health Service (NHS). Around 13-17% of young people report experiences of self-harm. In Cambridgeshire, this is a significant issue with the number of admissions to hospital for self-harm in young people being higher than the United Kingdom (UK) average. Treating underlying mental illness can lead to a reduction in self-harm, but these are long interventions for complex disorders and many people who self-harm are not under treatment for mental illness. Moreover, young people struggle to access traditional mental health services where these therapies are delivered. No short interventions specifically tailored for young people have been developed so far.

The Imaginator project aims to address the urgent need for an effective and innovative short-term therapy for self-harm in young people. The investigators will pilot a new imagery-based psychological intervention for young people aged 16-25 who experience repetitive self-harm. Mental imagery (the experience of "seeing through the mind's eye") can carry intense emotions (positive and negative), and imagining something can facilitate behaviour. Imagery-based therapies have proven useful (i) for problems that feature intense, hard to manage emotions such as those associated with self-harm, and (ii) for promoting healthy behaviour. Our new intervention called Functional Imagery Training will support young people to imagine more adaptive behaviours to cope with the emotional distress that triggers self-harm, and motivate them to reduce self-harm. Imaginator will comprise of just two sessions followed by phone support over three months.

Moreover, the investigators will address the challenge of young people accessing and staying in therapy by using a smartphone app to support the therapy, as apps are widely used and favoured by this age group. The app will enable participants to continue with the strategies they have learnt in therapy by themselves, thus ensuring a potential longer-term benefit and self-empowerment.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 16 - 25 years old
* Have adequate English language ability to permit the assessment and experimental measures to be completed and use of the smartphone app
* Presented with at least 2 episodes of self-harm (defined in 2.2) over the last three months
* Willing to receive support to reduce / improve management of self-harm urges and behaviour in person, over the phone and via Android smartphone app (own or made available by researchers\*)
* Willing to have letters sent/phone calls made to their General Practitioner (GP) and other relevant clinicians
* Can commit to attending 2 consecutive weekly sessions, and 5 fortnightly phone follow-up sessions, and assessments over follow up period as required by the study
* Resident within geographical areas covered by the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation trust (CPFT)
* Able to give consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Experiencing current severe psychopathology that is of impediment to completing the study requirements, e.g. active psychotic symptoms (clinicians assessment)
* Currently treated under the care of the CPFT Personality Disorders Pathway
* Currently under the care of the CPFT Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment Team or under inpatient care
* Learning difficulties, organic brain disease, severe neurological impairment
* Current severe substance or alcohol abuse (clinicians assessment)
* Presence of active suicidal risk on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) confirmed by convergent clinical opinion (see risk assessment protocol, Appendix 1)
* Unwilling to engage actively in the Functional Imagery Training (FIT) intervention or to use an imagery-focused approach for treatment
* Unwilling to use a smartphone app
* Taking part in concurrent treatment studies investigating pharmacological or psychological treatment for self-harm
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Suicide attempt within 48 hours prior to being evaluated at the hospital
* English speaking
* Able to provide 2 verifiable contacts

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute, unstable, or severe Axis III disorder or a severe Axis I disorder that may prevent safe participation in outpatient psychotherapy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosis of DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder
* 18-60 years of age
* have had two suicidal or non-suicidal self-injurious behaviours in the past five years with one occurring in the past ten weeks
* be literate in English
* provide informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* not meet DSM-IV criteria for a psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder or, dementia
* not have evidence of an organic brain syndrome or mental retardation based on clinical interview
* not participated in DBT treatment during the past year
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of BPD
* At least one suicide attempt in the year prior to study entry AND at least one intentional self-injury within the 8 weeks prior to study entry
* Willing and able to comply with all study requirements

Exclusion Criteria:

* IQ less than 70
* Life-threatening anorexia
* Street homelessness with no contact information
* Admittance to a hospital with no expectation of discharge within 3 weeks prior to study entry OR sentenced to a jail or prison term that will last for more than 3 weeks
* Ordered by the court to receive psychological treatment
* Meet DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or seizure disorder
* Medical conditions other than BPD that may interfere with the study

Answer: A