Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of an Extended Period of Varenicline Use Prior to Quitting Smoking on Post-quitting Urges to Smoke
Brief Summary: Varenicline (Champix) is a relatively new medicine that is effective in helping people to quit smoking. It is normally started 1-week before stopping smoking and used for up to 12-24 weeks. We are trying to find out if using varenicline for an extended time (4-weeks) before stopping smoking is better than the standard 1-week of use prior to stopping.

The study will recruit 100 smokers who want to stop. They will be randomly allocated to receive varenicline(4-weeks) or placebo (3-weeks followed by 1-week of active treatment as indicated by standard prescribing practice), followed by a 12-week open label treatment period where all participants will receive varenicline.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* An age of at least 18 years,
* A cigarette consumption of at least 15 cigarettes per day in the last 3 months, and
* The willingness to contribute EUR 70 to the treatment costs, regardless of the treatment modality.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any psychiatric diagnosis except nicotine or caffeine dependence,
* Any current psychopharmacological treatment,
* Known hypersensitivity to bupropion,
* Epilepsy,
* Liver cirrhosis,
* Brain tumor,
* Pregnancy (verified by an immunological test at the intake interview and 3 weeks after the first day of the first menses occurring within treatment),
* Lactation,
* Any serious or unstable cardiac,
* Renal,
* Hypertensive,
* Pulmonary,
* Endocrine, or neurologic disorder,
* Ulcers,
* Dermatologic disorders,
* Current use of other smoking cessation treatments, and
* Regular use of any noncigarette tobacco product
B: DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* African American who has smoked ≤ 10 cigarettes per day for ≥ 2 years AND has smoked for ≥ 25 days within the past month

  * Not a heavy smoker
  * No other forms of tobacco within the past 30 days
* Must be interested in stopping smoking
* No other smoker in the household enrolled in this study

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

* Has a home address and a functioning telephone number
* Not planning to move from the Kansas City metro area within the next 12 months
* Not pregnant or nursing
* Negative pregnancy test
* No alcohol or substance abuse within the past year
* Not currently drinking ≥ 14 alcoholic drinks per week
* No binge drinking (5 or more drinks on one occasion) on at least two occasions within the past month
* No history of seizures or head trauma
* No history of bulimia or anorexia nervosa
* No myocardial infarction within the past 30 days
* No reported use of opiates, cocaine, or stimulants
* No diabetes requiring oral hypoglycemics or insulin

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

* More than 30 days since prior nicotine replacement therapy, fluoxetine, clonidine, buspirone, or doxepin
* No other concurrent medication that contains bupropion hydrochloride
* No concurrent psychoactive medications
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Smokers seeking treatment
* Aged 18 and over
* Consenting to take part in the trial

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or breastfeeding
* End-stage renal disease
* Used varenicline in the past 6 months
* Unable to fill in questionnaires in English
* Current psychiatric illness
* Current serious illness including uncontrolled hypertension and recent cardiac event
* Sensitivity to varenicline currently enrolled in other research projects.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* The investigators will recruit patients who are assessed in preadmission clinic and scheduled for elective surgical procedures within the next 8 to 30 days.
* Patients should be 18 yrs of age, have smoked an average 10 cigarettes/day or more during the previous year and had no period of smoking abstinence longer than 3 months in the past year.

Exclusion Criteria:

* current pregnancy, breastfeeding;
* major depression, panic disorder, psychosis, or bipolar disorder within the prior year;
* use of nicotine replacement or bupropion within the previous 3 months;
* cardiovascular disease within the past 6 months;
* a serious or unstable disease within the past 6 months;
* drug or alcohol abuse or dependence within the past year;
* and use of tobacco products other than cigarettes or marijuana use within the previous month;
* participating in any other studies
* Patients who cannot understand English or have any form of cognitive impairment will be excluded.

Answer: C