Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Electronic Algorithms Based on Host Biomarkers Point of Care Tests to Decide on Admission and Antibiotic Prescription in Tanzanian Febrile Children
Brief Summary: Health professionals in developing countries have limited ability to identify children at risk of dying and those in need of antibiotics. The main reasons are limited clinical skills and time, unavailability of diagnostic tests (laboratory or x-ray) and non-adherence to practice guidelines. Child mortality is therefore higher than it should be. Etiological diagnostic tests (detecting microorganisms) may not always help since the distinction between infection and disease and between mild or severe disease is not straightforward. Overprescription of antibiotics is therefore widespread and leads to the development of drug resistance. To address these challenges, decision charts for the management of febrile illness will be developed and include i) few clinical parameters simple to assess, and ii) POCTs results based on specific host markers that can discriminate between mild and severe disease, pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections, and unspecific fevers of bacterial and of viral origin. This algorithm combining clinical and bedside laboratory tests will be built on an electronic support (android tablet). The first objective of the study is to assess the safety of new electronic decision trees that integrate simple clinical assessment and POCTs results (oxygen saturation and a combination of specific biomarkers of inflammation) as a triage tool to decide on admitting febrile children; the second objective is to assess the usefulness and safety of new electronic decision trees that integrate simple clinical assessment and POCT results (a combination of specific biomarkers of inflammation) as decision-making tool to prescribe antibiotics to non-severe febrile children. The development of such a tool will decrease mortality due to delayed admission, At the same time, it will decrease irrational use of antibiotics, and hence drug pressure and emergence of drug resistance, which represents one of the most important public health threat our world is facing today. This project has the potential of huge applicability since it is specifically designed for end-users with limited medical skills and low resources, as it is the case in most areas of developing countries.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria for Midwives:

* Wuqu' Kawoq's catchment area
* Bilingual speakers of Spanish and Kaqchikel Maya
* Willing to give consent and be trained on the mHealth technology
* Must be under the age of 65
* Must be 18 years-old or older

Exclusion Criteria for Midwives:

* Outside Wuqu' Kawoq's catchment area
* Not a bilingual speaker of Spanish and Kaqchikel Maya
* Over the age of 65
* Under the age of 18
* Unable to give consent and be trained on the mHealth technology

Inclusion Criteria for Pregnant Women:

* Must be 18 years-old or older
* Must be pregnant
* Must have a midwife that has been recruited for the study
* Bilingual speakers of Spanish and Kaqchikel Maya
* Willing to give consent

Exclusion criteria for pregnant women

* Under 18 years of age
* Not pregnant
* Does not have a midwife in the study
* Is not bilingual in Spanish and Kaqchikel Maya
* Unable to consent
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults \>=18 years
* Admitted to the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for greater than 24 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Dialysis order within 24 hours of admission
* Dialysis order prior to AKI onset
* Initial creatinine \>=4.0mg/dl
* Prior admission in which patient was randomized.
* Nephrectomy during the admission
* Admission to hospice service
* Admission to observation status
C: Inclusion Criteria:

A practicing attending physician or advanced practice nurse ("provider") at Northwestern University's NMFF GIM Clinic in 2011-2013 who sees acute respiratory infection patients.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥2 months and \<60 months of age
* Written informed consent from the child's parent or caregiver
* Axillary temperature ≥37.5°C and/or tympanic temperature ≥38.0°C
* History of fever for ≤7 days
* First consultation for the current illness
* Live in the catchment area of the health facility

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age 60 months or greater
* Age less than 2 months
* Weight less than 2.5kg
* Chief health problem is an injury, trauma or acute poisoning

Answer: D