Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Physiology and Therapeutic Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Brief Summary: The overall purpose of this project is to to quantify the physiology of neonatal drug withdrawal and develop non-pharmacological techniques to help improve the therapeutic management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants greater than or equal to 36 weeks EGA
* Intrauterine opioid exposure
* Primary diagnosis of NAS
* Parental permission to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants less than 36 weeks EGA
* Major congenital anomalies
* Latrogenic drug withdrawal
* Diagnosis of infection or respiratory distress
* Prior initiation of opioid replacement therapy
* Non-English speaking
* Infants with respiratory conditions
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Full term healthy infants, needing a heel-prick for metabolic screening;
* Informed consent obtained from parents.

Exclusion Criteria:

- Presence of sedation or analgesia (other than non pharmacological analgesia given during the experimental procedure)
C: Inclusion Criteria: Eligible subjects are infants currently in the NICU or Newborn Nursery at University of Massachusetts Memorial Hospital or at Magee Women's Hospital of UPMC and:

* Full-term infants (≥37 wks gestational age)
* Newborns at risk for NAS due to opioid-exposure in utero
* At-risk infants will be infants who present with confirmed meconium and/or urine toxicology report and/or documented medical record for opioids (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine/subutex, oxycodone, heroin); may also have prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, amphetamines, cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine and/or caffeine.

Exclusion Criteria: Eligible infants meeting the inclusion criteria above will be excluded from participation in the study if he/she:

* Born less than \<37weeks.
* Has a clinically significant congenital abnormality
* Has a clinically significant fetal anomaly
* Has hydrocephalus or intraventricular hemorrhage \>grade 2
* Has a seizure disorder not related to drug withdrawal
* Has a clinically significant cardiac shunt
* Has anemia (hemoglobin\<8g/dL)
* Requires mechanical respiratory support
* Has MRSA or infection at time of the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Eligible subjects are infants currently inpatient in the NICU or Newborn Nursery at University of Massachusetts Memorial Hospital and:

* Full-term infants (\>37 wks gestational age) and late preterm infants (34-37 wks gestational age)
* Newborns at risk for NAS due to fetal-drug exposure
* At-risk infants will be infants who present with confirmed meconium and/or urine toxicology report (documented in medical chart review) for opioids (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine/subutex, oxycodone, heroin); may also have prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines, barbiturates, amphetamines, cannabinoids, alcohol, nicotine and/or caffeine.

Exclusion Criteria:

Eligible infants meeting the inclusion criteria above will be excluded from participation in the study if he/she:

* Born less than \<34 weeks.
* Has a congenital abnormality
* Has a fetal anomaly
* Has hydrocephalus or intraventricular hemorrhage \>grade 2
* Has a seizure disorder not related to drug withdrawal
* Has a clinically significant shunt
* Requires mechanical respiratory support

Answer: D