Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Intervention Study to Examine the Effectiveness of Lifestyle Counseling Using the "Stage of Change" Model Versus Conventional Physical Therapy on Chronic Low Back Pain
Brief Summary: Background:

Low back pain is the leading cause of disability, affecting the quality of life and work productivity.

It is the most common reason for seek medical help and advice. Low back pain creates huge economical burden worldwide. To date, most ( 90%) of low back pain cases are not clinically defined with no preferred medical treatment

1. Study objectives:

   To prove that consulting using the "Stage of change" model for daily physical activity will lead to long term improvement of pain, disability and well-being parameters of those suffering from chronic low back pain, people age 25-55, when compared to conventional Physical Therapy.
2. Study hypotheses:

   The intervention groups vs. Physical Therapy group will demonstrate that the following parameters will improve after: 3 months, one, two and five years.
   1. Pain reduction.
   2. Less disability - improvement in daily activities.
   3. Better feeling of health and well-being.
   4. Increased and better compliance to daily sport activities.
   5. BMI reduction.
   6. Reduction of cigarette smoking.
   7. Reduction of usage of anti-analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications.
   8. Reduction in number of visits to Physical Therapy clinics due to low back pain.
3. Methods:

The present Randomized intervention study that will include 220 healthy individuals, males and females aged 25-55 years old suffering from chronic or recurrent low back pain, with or without radiation to the legs that were referred to Maccabi Healthcare Services Physical Therapy clinics in the Sharon district in Israel.

These individuals will be randomized to one of the following two groups:

1. Conventional Physical Therapy.
2. Physical Therapy focused on healthy lifestyle using the "Stage of Change" model.

Non-dependent observer will follow-up on the outcome parameters via phone calls and filling the questionnaire's with the relevant study participants following 3 months, 1 year, 2 and 5 years.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* low back pain over 3 month
* the pain must originate locally from the lowe back and be nociceptive

Exclusion Criteria:

-
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Unspecific subacute, subacute remitting and chronic LBP
* Both sexes, 20-60 yrs of age
* LBP between 2-8 on a 11-pt numeric rating scale

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous back surgery
* Sick listed more than one year
* Radiating pain below knee or motor deficits
* Systemic diseases and "red flags"
* Diagnosed psychiatric disease
* Ingoing insurance claim
* Pregnancy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women
* Age 25-55 years old
* Chronic / recurrent low back pain (over 3 months)
* With or without radiation

Exclusion Criteria:

* Rheumatoid disease
* Tumors
* Fibromyalgia
* Back surgery
* Road / work accidents
* Non Hebrew speaking
* Pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Active patient in two study primary care clinics or HIV clinic in same system
* Prescribed OAs \>2 mos in the past year
* Back/lower extremity pain
* English or Spanish speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unstable comorbidity
* Cardiovascular/pulmonary disease that prevents exercise
* Cancer-related pain
* Significant mental health disorder
* Alcohol or drug abuse
* Inability to walk unassisted for at least one block
* Inability to provide consent (e.g., dementia)
* Residing more than 10 miles from clinic (poor transportation)
* Patients who are unable or unwilling to attend clinic- or community-based sessions

Answer: C