Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Trial Evaluating the Safety and Effectiveness of the remedē® System in Patients With Central Sleep Apnea
Brief Summary: The primary purpose of this prospective, multicenter, randomized trial is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of therapy delivered by the remedē® system in subjects with moderate to severe central sleep apnea and optimal medical management, compared to outcomes in randomized control subjects receiving optimal medical management and implanted but inactive remedē® systems.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria:

* percapillary pulmonary hypertension diagnosed by right heart catheterisation -- stable therapy and clinical condition for at least 4 weeks
* sleep disordered breathing with apnea/hypopnea index \> 10 events/h and/or median nocturnal oxygen saturation \<90%

Exclusion criteria:

* Pregnancy
* severe daytime hypoxemia (PaO2 \< 7.2 kPA)
* patients with predominantly obstructive sleep apnea.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients must be at least 22 years old
* Chronic heart failure (at least 12 weeks since diagnosis) according to the current applicable guidelines (ESC, ACC/AHA)
* Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVEF ≤45% by imaging method such as echocardiography, radionuclide angiography, left ventriculography, or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging) documented less than 12 weeks before randomisation
* NYHA class III or IV at the time of inclusion or NYHA class II with at least one hospitalisation for HF in the last 24 months
* No hospitalisation for heart failure for at least 4 weeks prior to inclusion
* Optimised medical treatment according to applicable guidelines with no new class of disease modifying drug for more than 4 weeks prior to randomisation. In case of no beta blockers or ACE (angiotensin converting Enzyme) inhibitors/ ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker) antagonists the reasons must be documented
* SDB (AHI \> 15/h with ≥ 50% central events and a central AHI ≥ 10/h, derived from polygraphy or polysomnography (based on total recording time (TRT)), documented less than 4 weeks before randomisation. Flow measurement has to be performed with nasal cannula
* Patients for whom the use of AutoSet CS2 (TM)/VPAP Adapt may be contra-indicated because of symptomatic hypotension or significant intravascular volume depletion or pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum
* Patient is able to fully understand study information and signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Significant COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) with Forced Expiratory Volume within one second (FEV1) \<50% (European Respiratory Society criteria) in the last four weeks before randomisation
* Oxygen saturation at rest during the day ≤ 90% at inclusion
* Current use of Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) - therapy
* Life expectancy \< 1 year for diseases unrelated to chronic HF
* Cardiac surgery, Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), Myocardial Infarction (MI) or unstable angina within 6 months prior to randomisation
* CRT (cardiac resynchronisation therapy)-implantation or ICD-implantation scheduled or within 6 months prior to randomisation
* Transient ischemic attack (TIA) or Stroke within 3 months prior to randomisation
* Primary hemodynamically significant uncorrected valvular heart disease, obstructive or regurgitant, or any valvular disease expected to lead to surgery during the trial
* Acute myocarditis/pericarditis within 6 months prior to randomisation
* Untreated or therapy refractory Restless legs-Syndrome (RLS) according to criteria listed in Appendix IX at the time of study entry
* Pregnancy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Opium or opioid use for at least two months in a daily manner
* Presence of five or more central sleep apnea per hour in a full-night recorded PSG

Exclusion Criteria:

* Congestive heart failure
* living in high altitude
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
* Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) elevation due to other respiratory diseases
* Body Mass Index (BMI) \> 32
* Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome
* Severe renal or liver disorders
* Using Benzodiazepine
* Using Theophylline
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. At least 18 years of age
2. Central Sleep apnea confirmed by core lab analysis of PSG with EEG within 40 days of scheduled implant:

   * Apnea/Hypopnea Index (AHI) greater than or equal to 20;
   * Central Apnea Index (CAI) at least 50% of all apneas, with at least 30 central apnea events;
   * Oxygen Desaturation Index (OAI) less than or equal to 20% of the total AHI
3. Medically stable for 30 days prior to all baseline testing (including PSG), i.e., no hospitalizations for illness, no breathing mask-based therapy, and on stable medications and therapies:

   * Stable medications are defined as no changes during this period except for those within a pre-specified sliding scale medication regimen;
   * If the subject has heart failure, the baseline testing (including PSG) should occur at least 6 months after initial diagnosis;
   * If the subject has systolic heart failure, the baseline testing (including PSG) should occur after maximally titrating beta blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and other medications indicated in the current guidelines (unless contraindicated or not considered medically necessary) and after receiving any indicated device therapy including devices for cardiac resynchronization therapy and/or primary prevention of sudden cardiac death;
   * If subject has a hospitalization or physician visit requiring IV medication between the screening PSG and implant, the subject must be re-screened when stable
4. Expected to tolerate study procedures in the opinion of the investigator, in particular:

   * Ability to lie down long enough to insert the remede system without shortness of breath and able to tolerate instrumentation for the Polysomnogram/Polygram testing;
   * Expected to tolerate therapy titration and the sensation of therapy, and communicate therapy experience.
5. In the investigator's opinion, willing and able to comply with all study requirements
6. Signed the Institutional Review Board/Medical Ethics Committee approved informed consent (HIPAA authorization in the U.S.)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pacemaker dependent subjects without any physiologic escape rhythm
2. Suspected inability to place catheter for delivery of stimulation lead (e.g. previously know coagulopathy, distorted anatomy, prior failed pectoral implant, etc.)
3. Evidence of phrenic nerve palsy
4. More than 2 previous open chest surgical procedures (e.g., CABG)
5. Etiology of central sleep apnea known to be caused primarily by pain medication
6. Documented history of psychosis or severe bipolar disorder
7. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) within 12 months of baseline testing
8. History of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, World Health Organization Class 1
9. Limited pulmonary function with either forced expiratory volume (FEV) 1/forced vital capacity (FVC) less than 65% of predicted value or FVC less than 60% of predicted value
10. Baseline oxygen saturation less than 92% while awake and on room air after 5 minutes of quiet rest
11. Anticipated need for chronic oxygen therapy or breathing mask-based therapy for 6 months post therapy initiation visit
12. Active infection or sepsis within 30 days of enrollment
13. Currently on renal dialysis or creatinine level greater than 2.5 mg/dL or calculated creatinine clearance equal to or less than 30 ml/min using the Cockcroft-Gault equation
14. Poor liver function with baseline aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and/or total bilirubin greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (per lab normals at each site)
15. Hemoglobin less than 8 gm/dL
16. In subjects with heart failure, American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association Heart (AHA) Stage D
17. Within the 3 months prior to baseline testing, any of the following: uncorrected severe valvular stenosis, valve replacement or repair (percutaneous or surgical), myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cardiac ablation, new cardiac resynchronization device or new pacemaker implant
18. New implantable cardioverter defibrillator or any implantable device generator change-out within 30 days prior to baseline testing or anticipated within the first 6 months of enrollment
19. Other anticipated surgery or invasive procedure expected to affect ability to perform testing at 6-month post-therapy initiation visit
20. Unstable angina
21. Allergy to or intolerant of contrast dye
22. Pregnancy or of child bearing potential without a negative pregnancy test within 10 days prior to remede system implant
23. Life expectancy or expected time to transplant or left ventricular assist device of less than 12 months
24. Currently enrolled or planning to enroll in another study that may conflict with protocol requirements or confound subject results in this trial

Answer: D