Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Maternal Obesity on Tissue Concentrations of Prophylactic Antibiotics During Cesarean Delivery
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the dose of prophylactic antibiotics at the time of cesarean delivery requires adjustment in obese and overweight patients in order to achieve optimal antimicrobial activity.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

- 1. A medical history of stress urinary incontinence, i.e. leakage during coughing, sneezing or leakage during physical exertion. OR 2. A medical history of mixed urinary stress incontinence defined as complaint of involuntary leakage associated with urgency and stress incontinence. Stress incontinence has to the dominating symptom defined as more episodes of leakage due to coughing or physical exertion than with urgency.

3. A provocative stress test up to ten coughs at a standardized bladder volume (300 ml) confirming urinary leakage from the urethra while the patient is asked to cough or perform a Valsalva manoeuvre standing or lying (7). Furthermore, the patient has to present hypermobility of the urethra/bladder neck defined as significant downward rotation when coughing or during Valsalva.?

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previous anti-incontinence surgery.
2. Residual urine volume \>100 ml
3. Bladder capacity \<200ml according to diary.
4. Planned or current pregnancy
5. Repeated urinary tract infections (\>4 cystitis last year )
6. Current anticoagulation therapy that can´t be interrupted in due time prior to surgery
7. Known abnormal coagulation
8. Allergy to local anaesthetics
9. Co-existing pelvic pathology, such as ovarian mass etc
10. Vaginal POPQ anterior prolapse grade \>=2
11. A medical history of predominantly urge urinary incontinence.
12. Patients unable to understand the protocol and a follow up
13. Patients younger than 18 and above or equal to 60 years.
14. Known or suspected neurological condition
15. Patients who have not paused acethylsalicylic acid (ASA) medication 7 days prior to surgery
B: * Predominant stress urinary incontinence by self-report,examination and test;
* Urethral hypermobility;
* Eligible for both surgical procedures;
* Ambulatory;
* Not pregnant;
* \>12 months post-partum;
* No systemic disease known to affect bladder function;
* No current chemotherapy or radiation therapy;
* No urethral diverticulum, augmentation cytoplasty, or artificial sphincter;
* No recent pelvic surgery;
* Available for follow-up and able to complete study assessments;
* Signed informed consent.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Undergoing urogynecologic surgery
* Receive postoperative catheterization

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age less than 21 years old
* Pregnancy
* Allergy, contraindication or intolerance to Nitrofurantoin
* Do not speak English
* Dependent on trans-urethral catheter to accomplish voiding preoperatively
* Undergoing interstim device placement, urethral diverticulum surgery or fistula surgery
* Sustain intraoperative urinary tract injury requiring postoperative catheterization
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients at term (\> 37 weeks) undergoing a cesarean delivery.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women younger than 18 years,
* Pre-gestational diabetes,
* Chronic hypertension,
* Collagen vascular disease,
* Multiple gestation,
* Contraindications to cefazolin administration (known anaphylactic reaction to penicillins or known cephalosporin allergy),
* Any exposure to cephalosporins in one week prior to cesarean section, OR
* Need for emergent cesarean delivery or diagnosis of chorioamnionitis.

Answer: D