Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Virtual Reality Based Training - a Motivating and Effective Way of Regaining Arm Motor Function After Stroke? The VIRTUES Trial: A Multi-center RCT
Brief Summary: Background: High intensity training of challenging tasks with many repetitions is a key factor for regaining motor function after stroke. Novel virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation systems provide the potential to increase intensity and offer challenging and motivating tasks. The efficacy of VR systems has not been demonstrated yet in sufficiently powered studies.

Methods: In 5 participating rehabilitation centers patients in the subacute phase after stroke will be randomized to either a group receiving 4 weeks of VR training in addition to conventional arm training or a group receiving dose-matched and therapist attention-matched conventional arm-training.

Hypothesis: VR training is more effective in improving arm motor function than conventional arm training in the subacute phase after stroke.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in the left or right cortical or subcortical regions
* medically stable
* cannot stand independently for \>1 minute or cannot stand at all
* can sit for at least 20 minutes with or without trunk support and can sit for at least 1 minute without trunk support
* able to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* unstable cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, orthopedic or neurological condition that precludes exercise of low to moderate intensity
* vestibular deficits or vertigo
* seizure activity in the previous 6 months
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Outpatients with full lower extremity weight bearing
* Requiring physiotherapy treatment twice weekly for Total Knee Arthroplasty rehabilitation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individuals with visual impairments
* Active painful osteoarthritis in the contralateral lower extremity
* Patients with uncorrected visual impairments
* English language barriers or impairments to their ability to follow instruction.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* First ever ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or former stroke without any residual motor impairment
* 1 - 12 weeks post stroke
* Impaired arm motor function but some residual arm motor activity as defined by a score of less than 52 on Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and the ability to execute at least 20 degrees of active shoulder extension and abduction against gravity.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe cognitive impairment defined as \< 20 on Mini Mental Status Examination
* Orthopedic impairment, limiting mobility substantially or causing pain
* Visual disorders limiting the ability to comply with treatment regimen - \< 18 years
* Unable to give informed consent
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Hemiplegic stroke patients
* Medical research council scale \>= 2 of finger or wrist flexor/extensor
* Medical research council scale \>= 2 of elbow pronation/supination

Exclusion Criteria:

* Bilateral weakness of upper extremities
* Uncontrolled medical or surgical illness
* Predisposing psychological or neurological disorders
* Severe aphasia unable to communicate
* Severe cognitive impairment not to cooperate
* Severe pain impeding upper extremity rehabilitation

Answer: C