Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: To Compare Measures of Central Nervous System Maturity of Visual Acuity, Language, Mental and Motor Skill Development in Term Infants Following Maternal Supplementation Wit the n-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) During Gestation.
Brief Summary: Polyunsaturated fatty acids known as n-3 fatty acids are essential dietary nutrients for humans, and are known to be important to reducing the risk of certain diseases, particularly those related to neural system, cardiovascular system and immune system. Among the different n-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is present in particularly high amounts in the brain and retina, and is accumulated in large amounts in these organs during the last trimester of fetal development and first few months after birth. The n-3 fatty acids are present in the diet as linolenic acid which is found in vegetable and seed oils, and as DHA which is only found in animal tissue fats, with fatty fish being the richest dietary source. Humans are able to convert linolenic acid to DHA, but the conversion is believed to be slow in human and possibly inadequate to support the needs for DHA for the developing brain. Information from our work and those of others has suggested that DHA is important during pregnancy, however specific evidence is lacking to show that the DHA status of pregnant women in low, or that improvement in the DHA status of Canadian women during pregnancy will have benefit to early infant an child development. There is no evidence that infants of vegans and vegetarians, or women who do not eat DHA are at risk for developmental delays. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a dietary supplement of DHA during pregnancy has any effect on infant birth weight, or indices of infant growth, visual, mental and motor skill development.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* African American race
* age between 20 and 34 years
* 16-21 weeks gestation
* household receipt of public assistance (e.g., Medicaid insurance) due to -low-income
* low levels of DHA consumption as defined as less than two fish servings per week.

Exclusion Criteria:

* known medical complications (e.g., gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia), -regular use of steroid medications
* alcohol use
* cigarettes or use of illegal substances (by maternal report)
* use of blood thinners or anti-coagulants
* use of psychotropic medications
* Body Mass Index \>40
* allergy to iodine and/or soy.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. pregnant women aged 20 years or older
2. between 12-24 weeks gestation
3. a Japanese conversational ability in Japan site or a Mandarin conversational ability in Taiwan site to understand the scope of the present trial and to provide written consent for study participation
4. planned to take assessments after childbirth
5. an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score is 9 or more
6. to have good physical health judged by obstetricians.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. history and current suspicion of psychosis or bipolar I disorder or substance-related disorder or eating disorder or personality disorder
2. Serious psychiatric symptoms such as self-harm behavior or in need of rapid psychiatric treatment
3. difficult to expect a normal birth (ex: fetal malformation etc.)
4. having a history of bleeding disorder such as von Willebrand's Disease
5. regular treatment with aspirin or warfarin within the last 3 months
6. a smoking habit of ≥40 cigarettes per day
7. regular treatment with ethyl icosapentate or regular consumption of omega-3 PUFA supplements within the last 3 months
8. a habit of eating fish as a main dish ≥4 times per week.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 12-16 weeks gestation
* Low risk pregnancy
* Expected to deliver single full term
* No maternal metabolic or infectious disease
* No known fetal complications.
D: Inclusion Criteria (mother):

* Pregnant women
* Living in Sealand, Denmark
* Fluent in Danish Language
* Willing to let the newborn child participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria (mother):

* Participating in other clinical trial

Answer: C