Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: High-flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Versus Conventional Oxygen Therapy After Pulmonary Lobectomy
Brief Summary: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of early application of nasal high flow oxygen therapy after pulmonary lobectomy on the incidence of postoperative hypoxemia


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Low Risk Patients:
* Any extubated patients after tolerating a spontaneous breathing trial.
* High Risk Patients:
* Any extubated patients after \>48 hours under mechanical ventilation and any of the following:
* \>65 years

  * cardiac failure as the primary indication of mechanical ventilation
  * COPD
  * APACHE II \>12 points the extubation day
  * BMI \>30
  * inability to manage respiratory secretions

    * 1 failed spontaneous breathing trial
    * 1 comorbidity
    * 7 days under mechanical ventilation

Exclusion Criteria:

* \<18 years
* thacheotomized patients
* recent facial or cervical trauma/surgery
* active gastro-intestinal bleeding
* lack of cooperation and patients with any failed spontaneous breathing trial because of hypercapnia development.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute hypercapnic respiratory failure;
* 7.25 \< pH \< 7.35;
* Arterial Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) equal or greater than 55 mmHg;
* Age \> 18 years/old

Exclusion Criteria:

* Invasive mechanical ventilation in the last 60 days
* Use of any form of noninvasive ventilation or high flow oxygen through nasal cannula (HFNT) prior to study enrollment after the onset of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF);
* Noninvasive home care ventilation;
* Unstable clinical condition (need for vasopressors for \>24 h, acute coronary syndrome or life-threatening arrhythmias);
* Refusal of treatment;
* Agitation (RASS \>= +2) or non-cooperation (Kelly Matthay \>=5);
* Failure of more than two organs;
* Cardiac arrest;
* Respiratory arrest requiring tracheal intubation;
* Recent trauma or burns of the neck and face;
* Pregnancy;
* Refusal of consent;
* Inclusion in other research protocols.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients after cardiac/thoracic surgery with acute respiratory failure defined by the presence of the following criteria:

  * report PaO2/FiO2 \<300
  * Respiratory rate\> 25 for at least 2 hours
  * Getting involved accessory respiratory muscles
  * paradoxical breathing Or
* In immediate after extubation, the patient will be eligible if present in the withdrawal test:

  * SaO2 \<90% in 12 L of O2 during a trial of spontaneous ventilation tube on
  * PaO2 \<10 kPa at a FiO2 ≥ 50% during a VS trial + pressure support
  * The presence of a risk factor: Obesity (BMI\> 30), FEVG \<40%, Failed extubation prior, stridor

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous history of SAS
* Patient tracheotomy
* Comas non hypercapnic
* bradypnea
* Cardiac arrest
* Gastric Surgery recent
* Restlessness, lack of cooperation
* Nausea, vomiting
* Hemodynamic instability
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* planned pulmonary lobectomy for lung cancer

Exclusion Criteria:

* age \<18 years
* patient refusal
* body mass index ≥35 kg/m2
* sleep apnea syndrome
* tracheostomy
* home oxygen therapy
* pregnancy

Answer: D