Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Prospective Randomized, Controlled, Double Blinded Trial of the Antioxidant Probucol Combined With Valsartan in Patients With IgA Nephropathy
Brief Summary: a statement of the study hypothesis:the effect of valsartan in patients with IgA nephropathy have been proved,and the efficacy of probucol in combination with valsartan is to be proved in patients with IgA nephropathy.

This is a prospective randomized controlled, double blinded pilot study to identify the efficacy of probucol in combination with valsartan in patients with IgA nephropathy. The renal function deterioration will be the primary outcome studied. The expected study duration will be 36 months.


Options:
A: Key Inclusion Criteria for the Double-Blind Period:

* Age 18 years or older at screening
* Biopsy-proven primary IgAN
* Proteinuria of ≥1 g/day at screening
* eGFR ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2 at screening
* Currently on stable dose of ACEI and/or ARB therapy, for at least 12 weeks prior to screening (maximum tolerated dose and at least one-half of the maximum labeled dose)
* Systolic BP ≤150 mmHg and diastolic BP ≤100 mmHg at screening
* Willing to undergo change in ACEI and/or ARB and anti-hypertensive medications
* Agree to contraception

Key Exclusion Criteria for the Double-Blind Period:

* IgAN secondary to another condition
* Presence of cellular glomerular crescents in \>25% of glomeruli on renal biopsy (if biopsy available within 6 months of screening)
* Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in addition to IgAN
* History of organ transplantation, with exception of corneal transplants
* Require any prohibited medications
* Treatment of systemic immunosuppressive medications (including corticosteroids) for \>2 weeks within 3 months of screening
* History of heart failure or previous hospitalization for heart failure or unexplained dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, ascites, and/or peripheral edema
* Clinically significant cerebrovascular disease or coronary artery disease within 6 months of screening
* Jaundice, hepatitis, or known hepatobiliary disease or elevations of transaminases (ALT/AST) \>2 times upper limit of normal at screening
* History of malignancy other than adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer or cervical carcinoma within the past 2 years
* Hematocrit value \<27% (0.27 V/V) or hemoglobin value \<9 g/dL (90 g/L) at Screening
* Potassium \>5.5 mEq/L (5.5 mmol/L) at Screening
* History of alcohol of illicit drug use disorder
* History of serious side effect or allergic response to any angiotensin II antagonist or endothelin receptor antagonist, including sparsentan or irbesartan, or has a hypersensitivity to any of the excipients in the study medications
* For female: Pregnancy, or planning to become pregnant during the course of the study, or breastfeeding
* Participation in a study of another investigational product within 28 days of screening

Key Inclusion Criteria for the Open-Label Extension Period based on assessments at the Week 110 visit:

* Completed participation in the double-blind period, including the Week 114 visit
* Did not permanently discontinue study medication during the double-blind period
* Agree to contraception

Key Exclusion Criteria for the Open-Label Extension Period based on assessments at the Week 110 and Week 114 visits:

* Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT)
* Development of any criteria for discontinuation of study medication or discontinuation from the study, between Week 110 and Week 114
* Patient was unable to initiate, or developed contraindications to, treatment with RAAS inhibitors between Week 110 and Week 114
* eGFR ≤20 mL/min/1.73 m2 at Week 110
* Female patient is pregnant or breastfeeding

Key Inclusion Criteria for the OLE Sparsentan + SGLT2 Inhibitor Sub study:

* Participating in the open-label extension and is willing and able to provide signed informed consent for participation in the open-label extension period Sub study
* A urine protein excretion value of ≥0.3 g/day.
* An eGFR of ≥25 mL/min/1.73m2
* On a stable dose of sparsentan for ≥8 weeks in the open-label extension period that is the maximum tolerated dose.

Key Exclusion Criteria for the OLE Sparsentan + SGLT2 Inhibitor Sub study:

* Progressed to ESRD requiring RRT
* Initiated or changed dose of a systemic immunosuppressive medication (including systemic steroids) within 12 weeks
* Taking an SGLT2 inhibitor within 12 weeks
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* primary IgA nephropathy
* age 18-75 years
* proteinuria range from 0.75 to 3.5g/d even after three-month treatment by sufficient ACEi/ARB
* eGFR\>30ml/min/1.73m2

Exclusion Criteria:

* immune suppressive agent in recent one years
* crescent glomerulonephritis, might use immune suppressive agent
* chronic hepatic disease
* myocardial infarction
* malignant hypertension
* stroke
* malignant tumor
* retinopathy
* other contraindication of Hydroxychloroquine
* pregnancy and breastfeeding women
* life expectancy for less than 6 months
* in other clinical trials
* not suitable for the study judged by investigator
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. underwent renal biopsy within 1 year before start fo trial;
2. 24 hour urinary protein excretion ranged between 1 to 7 g/d;
3. eGFR, evaluated by MDRD formula, should be higher than 30 ml/min

Exclusion Criteria:

1. crescentic glomerulonephritis;
2. steroid therapy subjected within 1 year before trial;
3. malignant hypertension(DBP\> 130 mmHg and/or SBP\> 220mmHg), resistant to anti-hypertensive agents;
4. urinary protein excretion decrease below 1 g/l after run-in period;
5. Myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident in 6 months preceding the trial;
6. renovascular disease;
7. diabetes mellitus;
8. Malignancy, severe liver disease, refractory infection;
9. peptic ulcer in active disease phase;
10. pregnancy;
11. other contraindication to the use of ACEi/ ARB or corticosteroid;
12. alcohol abuse or drug addiction
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients who fulfill the clinical and pathological criteria for IgA nephropathy
* Age: 18-60 years
* Renal biopsy diagnostic for IgA nephropathy based on immunohistologic staining for IgA that is greater than or equal to staining for IgG and IgM
* Urinary protein excretion rate is within the range of 1-2.5g/day
* Serum creatinine \<265.2umol/L at the time of randomization

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who refuse to be randomized for treatment
* Patients who prefer treatment with conventional agents
* Patients who are pregnant or plan for pregnancy
* Patients who are pathologically proven severely or diffusely proliferative IgA nephropathy or crescent glomerulonephritis with \>= 50% segmental involvement of the glomeruli and should be treated with other agents,such as immunosuppressive agents or steroid
* Clinical and histologic evidence of:

  * systemic lupus erythematosus
  * Henoch-Schonlein purpura
  * cirrhosis
  * chronic active liver disease
  * hepatitis B
  * hepatitis C
  * severe chronic diarrhea
  * active peptic ulcer disease
  * HIV
  * acute renal failure
  * malignant hypertension
  * severe heart diseases
  * malignant tumor
  * any systemic infection
  * pregnancy
  * Known contraindication to the administration of probucol and valsartan

Answer: D