Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Biobehavioral Bases & Management of Metabolic Syndrome
Brief Summary: The metabolic syndrome is increasingly being recognized as a major threat to good health - especially cardiovascular health - and its frequency appears to be increasing in relation to the current epidemic of obesity. The objective of this study is to determine whether a program of enhanced lifestyle intervention can, compared to standard care, reduce the frequency and severity of the metabolic syndrome as assessed by clinical, metabolic, inflammatory and vascular outcome measures. EC will consist of a 17-session structured, lifestyle intervention plan, directed at achieving weight reduction and increasing physical activity change through education, behavior modification and stress management, and conducted in groups. It will comprise a 3-month Core Curriculum of 8 sessions, followed by a Maintenance phase with 9 monthly sessions delivered by lifestyle counselors, experienced in breaking through barriers in working with socioeconomically disadvantaged members of minority groups. All participants will have baseline, 6-monthly and 1-year assessments. This project, Project 2, entitled Community Health Approaches to Reducing Risk in the Metabolic Syndrome (CHARMS), seeks to study psychosocial and behavioral (lifestyle) variables that may contribute to the progression or amelioration of atherosclerotic processes underlying the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent obtained
* Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30.0 kg/m\^2 or above
* Body Mass Index (BMI) of 27 kg/m\^2 or above in the presence of co-morbidities of treated or untreated dyslipidemia and/or hypertension
* Stable body weight
* Preceding failed dietary effort

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known type 1 or type 2 diabetes
* Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) of 6.5 % or above (Screening visit 1) or FPG of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or above (Screening visit 2) or 2 hour post-challenge (OGTT) plasma glucose of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or above (Screening visit 2)
* Screening calcitonin of 50 ng/L or above
* Family or personal history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) or familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC)
* Personal history of non-familial medullary thyroid carcinoma
* History of acute or chronic pancreatitis
* Obesity induced by drug treatment
* Use of approved weight lowering pharmacotherapy
* Previous surgical treatment of obesity
* History of major depressive disorder or suicide attempt
* Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or above and/or diastolic blood pressure of 100 mmHg or above)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women and men aged 35 to 65 years
* Overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ≤ 40 kg/m2 )
* German speaking
* Non- smoker
* Provision of written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not able to understand and sign the informed consent form in person
* Already diagnosed diabetes
* HbA1c ≥ 6.5 % and/or fasting plasma glucose \> 125 mg/dl
* History of cancer within the past 10 years
* Risk of bleeding disorders (e.g. Marcumar intake)
* Current or history of eating disorders (bulimia, anorexia, binge-eating)
* Pregnant or lactating during the past 12 months
* Increased or decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone in baseline blood check
* Already diagnosed hepatic dysfunction and/or increased or decreased γ-GT, GPT and/or GOT in baseline blood check
* Already diagnosed kidney dysfunction and/or increased or decreased creatinine, urea and/or uric acid in baseline blood check
* Medications that might affect the endpoints of the study e.g. immunosuppressive medication (cortisol, antibody treatment), hormone replacement therapy, medication for fat metabolism (e.g. statine, fibrate)
* Participation in another intervention study shorter than three months ago
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 42 kg/m2
* weight stable (\<5% fluctuation in body weight for the 6 months prior to study entry)

Exclusion Criteria:

* history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, major psychiatric disorders, and eating disorders
* use of prescribed or non-prescribed medications with may affect energy metabolism, gastrointestinal function, body weight, or appetite
* recent weight changes in 3 months prior to study entry
* uncontrolled asthma, current fever, upper respiratory infections
* individuals who regularly perform high intensity exercise (\>2 sessions per week)
* pregnancy, lactation (breast feeding), women who are planning to become pregnant
* current intake of \>140g of alcohol per week
* current smoker of cigarettes/cigars/marijuana
* current intake of any illicit substance
* experience claustrophobia in confined spaces
* has donated blood within the past 3 months
* unable to comprehend the study protocol
* experiences migraines
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women
* Age 30-70 years
* Language: English or Spanish
* At least 3 features of the NCEP ATP-III metabolic syndrome

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diabetes
* Established CVD
* Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic BP \>160 and diastolic BP \>100 mm Hg)
* Established liver disease
* Renal insufficiency
* Psychiatric illness
* Chronic substance abuse within the past 5 years
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or severe asthma.

Answer: D