Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized, Controlled, Single Blind Study Comparing a Pulmonary Recruitment Maneuver Versus Intraperitoneal Infusion of Normal Saline to Reduce Shoulder Tip Pain After Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery
Brief Summary: Laparoscopic surgery is becoming a major procedure, owing to smaller incisions, shorter hospitalizations, and less post-operative pain as compared with traditional laparotomies. However, there is marked interindividual variability of post-operative shoulder-tip pain following laparoscopic surgery. The incidence of shoulder pain varies from 35% to 80% and ranges from mild to severe. In some cases, it has been reported to last more than 72 hours after surgery.

The hypothesis of post-operative shoulder-tip pain is that carbon dioxide induced phrenic nerve irritation causes referred pain to C4. Therefore, the investigators should try to reduce carbon dioxide retention in the pelvic cavity.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients receive benign gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.
* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of patient:

classification I-II

Exclusion Criteria:

* The procedure will be required to conversion to laparotomy.
* Any cardio-vascular diseases.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients receive benign gynecological laparoscopic surgery
* American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) physical status of patient classification I-II.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The procedure will be required to conversion to laparotomy
* Any cardio-vascular diseases
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients were recruited from a single Consultant's surgical clinic at the same District General Hospital between August 2010 and February 2012. This study was approved by the local ethics committee (National Research Ethics Service REC ref: 09/H0405/65) and informed consent was obtained from all patients after they had the opportunity to study information leaflets that were also given to them. The trial was designed as a prospectively randomized and double blind trial with a 1:1 (control:intervention) allocation.

The inclusion criteria was all adults with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grade 1 or 2, who were undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease or laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair performed as a transabdominal preperitoneal procedure (TAP). All procedures and data collection occurred at a District General Hospital.

Exclusion Criteria:

The pre-operative exclusion criteria included patients younger than 18 years, those who refused to give consent, those that had an inability to understand the research questionnaire and pregnancy. Patients who were found to require additional procedures, for example a conversion to open surgery, were excluded from the study prior to randomization.

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D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elective laparoscopic hysterectomy (total/subtotal)
* Can read and understand Danish
* Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* BMI \> 30 kg/cm2
* Known allergy to medications that are included in the project
* Severe renal disease, defined by S-creatinine \> 0,200 mmol/L, GFR \< 30ml/min or hemodialysis)
* Neuromuscular disease that may interfere with neuromuscular data
* Lactating
* Impaired liver function
* Indication for rapid sequence induction (esophageal reflux/ hiatus hernia/other cause)

Answer: A