Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Mindfulness Training for Stress Management: A Two-centre Randomised Controlled Study of Medical and Psychology Students With Long-term Follow up
Brief Summary: This study will assess the short and long term effects of a group-based mindfulness programme (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, MBSR) on first year medical and psychology students at the Universities of Oslo and Tromso.

The primary outcome variables are mental distress, student stress and subsequent work stress, subjective wellbeing, empathy, mindfulness and spirituality. The investigators will also study explanatory moderator and mediator variables.

The study will be a two-centre randomized controlled study involving 288 medical and psychology students from the University of Oslo and from the University of Tromso. The sample size calculation is based on a reduction in mental distress and perceived medical/psychology school stress of 20% in the intervention group. The control group will not receive an intervention. After the initial seven week course (taking place in 2009 and 2010) the intervention group will receive a follow-up session of 1.5 hours twice a year throughout their study course of 5-6 years. The follow-up period will last until 1 year after graduation in the Oslo cohort and until 3 years after graduation in the Tromso cohort.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* aged 18 years and older
* currently smoking at least one cigarette per day in the past 30 days
* Hong Kong residents
* able to communicate in Cantonese
* currently residing in Hong Kong and expecting to continue to do so for the next 6 months
* have access to a telephone

Exclusion Criteria:

* currently undergoing another smoking cessation or similar program
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* All students in term 3 of their medical and psychology study at the University of Oslo in the autumn of 2009, and spring of 2010.
* All students in term 3 of their medical and psychology study at the University of Tromso in the autumn of 2010, and autumn of 2011.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

- All undergraduate students of Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki who have started their studies in year 2009 or after that.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The participants that can not participate fully to the intervention (self-evaluated).
* Participants who have severe mental problems (like anxiety or depression) when the study starts,
* Participants who have hade a great loss or trauma in near past, or some other mental or physical health problem that could make participation difficult.

This is evaluated based on how the participants answers to the base line questionnaire the following measures:

1. answers to the CORE-OM questionnaire and
2. answers to the questions where participants evaluate themselves their anxiety, depression, mental health.
3. If participant tell they have some other mental disorder, they are not accepted to the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Staff member (nurse or doctor) of the ED department of St. James' hospital, Dublin
* Preference to participate in the study

Strict inclusion criteria will be applied for admitted ED patients (determined by the Clinical Research Facility data controller and ward staff):

* Conscious patient
* Cognitively functioning to an adequate level
* Not actively abusing any substance
* Preference to participate
* Over the age of 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Alcohol or substance abuse within the past 6 months
* Are currently using (at the time of enrolment) anti-psychotic medication or recently started on anti-depressant medication (less than 3 months at the time of enrolment). Participants on a stable dose of anti-depressant medication (for more than 3 months) will be permitted but advised to consult with their GP or psychiatrist prior to enrolment.
* A diagnosis of schizophrenia
* More than 4 consecutive classes of meditation training or mind-body practices (including yoga and tai-chi) in the past 2 years
* Current pregnancy or lactation
* Not available to attend all programme dates

Answer: B