Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Prospective, Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind Comparison of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine With Midazolam for Continuous Sedation of Ventilated Patients in Intensive Care Unit
Brief Summary: Patients in ICU who need help with their breathing are put onto a machine called a ventilator and are also given a medicine, called a sedative, which helps them to sleep and makes them more comfortable. Midazolam is a sedative that is routinely used for these purposes.

For most patients the aim of sedation is to make them sleepy but still able to respond to nursing staff (light sedation)

Dexmedetomidine is a new sedative for use in intensive care and in this clinical study, dexmedetomidine is compared to midazolam. It is thought that dexmedetomidine might be slightly better at allowing patients to be sleepy but still respond to people around them. It also does not appear to affect patient's breathing. the purpose of this study is to test whether dexmedetomidine really does have these advantages compared to midazolam.

in this study we hope to show that: dexmedetomidine is at least as good as midazolam in helping patients to sleep better and making them more comfortable, and that they are able to co-operate better with the staff treating them, and that patients treated with dexmedetomidine require a shorter time on the ventilator than those treated with midazolam.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 years and over
* Clinical need for sedation of an initially intubated (or tracheotomised) and ventilated (with inspiratory assistance) patient
* Prescribed light to moderate sedation (target RASS = 0 to -3) using midazolam infusion
* Patients should be randomised within 72 hours from ICU admission and within 48 hours of commencing continuous sedation in the ICU
* Patients should have an expected requirement for sedation of at least 24 hours from time of randomisation
* Written informed consent must be obtained according to local regulations before starting any study procedures other than pre-screening.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute severe intracranial or spinal neurological disorder due to vascular causes, infection, intracranial expansion or injury
* Uncompensated acute circulatory failure at time of randomisation (severe hypotension with MAP \< 55 mmHg despite volume and pressors)
* Severe bradycardia (HR \< 50 beats/min)
* AV-conduction block II-III (unless pacemaker installed)
* Severe hepatic impairment (bilirubin \> 101 µmol/L)
* Need for muscle relaxation at the time of randomisation (may only be used for intubation and initial stabilization)
* Loss of hearing or vision, or any other condition which would significantly interfere with the collection of study data
* Burn injuries requiring regular anaesthesia or surgery
* Use of centrally acting α2 agonists or antagonists at the time of randomisation, notably clonidine (see section 5.7 for prior and concomitant treatments)
* Known allergy to any of the study drugs or any excipients of the study drugs
* Patients who have or are expected to have treatment withdrawn or withheld due to poor prognosis
* Patients receiving sedation for therapeutic indications rather than to tolerate the ventilator (e.g. epilepsy)
* Patients unlikely to require continuous sedation during mechanical ventilation (e.g. Guillain-Barré syndrome)
* Patients who are unlikely to be weaned from mechanical ventilation; e.g. diseases/injuries primarily affecting the neuromuscular function of the respiratory apparatus such as clearly irreversible disease requiring prolonged ventilatory support (e.g. high spinal cord injury or advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
* Distal paraplegia
* Positive pregnancy test or currently lactating
* Received any investigational drug within the preceding 30 days
* Concurrent participation in any other interventional study (any study in which patients are allocated to different treatment groups and/or non-routine diagnostic or monitoring procedures are performed)
* Previous participation in this study
* Any other condition which, in the investigator's opinion, would make it detrimental for the subject to participate in the study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients scheduled for bariatric surgery at Flagler Hospital will be included after written and informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients will be excluded from the study if they don't consent to participate in the study. Patients allergic to any of the study medication will be excluded. Patients with second or third degree heart block will be excluded.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age more than 18 years
* Clinical need for sedation of an initially intubated (or tracheotomised) and ventilated (with inspiratory assistance) patient
* Prescribed light to moderate sedation (target RASS = 0 to -3) using propofol
* Patients should be randomised within 72 hours from ICU admission and within 48 hours of commencing continuous sedation in the ICU
* Patients should have an expected requirement for sedation more than 24 hours from time of randomisation
* Written informed consent must be obtained according to local regulations before starting any study procedures other than pre-screening

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute severe intracranial or spinal neurological disorder due to vascular causes, infection, intracranial expansion or injury
* Uncompensated acute circulatory failure at time of randomisation (severe hypotension with mean arterial pressure \[MAP\] \< 55 mmHg despite volume and pressors)
* Severe bradycardia (heart rate \[HR\] \< 50 beats/min)
* AV-conduction block II-III (unless pacemaker installed)
* Severe hepatic impairment (bilirubin \> 101 µmol/l)
* Need for muscle relaxation at the time of randomisation (may only be used for intubation and initial stabilization)
* Loss of hearing or vision, or any other condition which would significantly interfere with the collection of study data
* Burn injuries requiring regular anaesthesia or surgery
* Use of centrally acting α2 agonists or antagonists at the time of randomisation, notably clonidine
* Patients who have or are expected to have treatment withdrawn or withheld due to poor prognosis
* Patients receiving sedation for therapeutic indications rather than to tolerate the ventilator (e.g. epilepsy)
* Patients who are unlikely to require continuous sedation during mechanical ventilation (e.g. Guillain-Barré syndrome)
* Patients who are unlikely to be weaned from mechanical ventilation e.g. diseases/injuries primarily affecting the neuromuscular function of the respiratory apparatus such as clearly irreversible disease requiring prolonged ventilatory support (e.g. high spinal cord injury or advanced amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
* Distal paraplegia
* Positive pregnancy test or currently lactating
* Received any investigational drug within the preceding 30 days
* Concurrent participation in any other interventional study (any study in which patients are allocated to different treatment groups and/or non-routine diagnostic or monitoring procedures are performed)
* Previous participation in this study
* Any other condition which, in the investigator's opinion, would make it detrimental for the subject to participate in the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* male patients scheduled for a general anesthesia

Exclusion Criteria:

* age lower than 18 years
* allergy to propofol, or to soja or to peanuts, or to sufentanil, to remifentanil, or to morphine,or to a myorelaxant or to an excipient,
* hypersensibility to sufentanil, or to remifentanil, or to other derivate of fentanyl,
* history of central nervous system disease,
* patients receiving a psychotropic treatment or an agonist-antagonist opiate,
* hypovolemic patients,
* patients receiving a cardio-vascular treatment,
* expected bleeding surgical procedure,
* simultaneous general and loco-regional anesthesia,
* severe hepatic insufficiency.

Answer: A