Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects on Oxidative Stress and Platelet Activation of Traditional Cigarettes, E-cigarettes and IQOS Cigarettes: A Randomized in Vivo Study.
Brief Summary: Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) and new heat-not-burn tobacco products such as IQOS®, an electronic device that heats a cigarette-like stick without combustion, are a modern and technological surrogate of traditional tobacco cigarettes (T-cigarettes), that are entering in the commercial market. While the negative effects of the traditional cigarette are well known, little data are reported in scientific literature on the risks on the health by these new smoking devices. Endothelial dysfunction evaluated by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), oxidative stress and platelet activation have been recognized as a hallmark of preclinical systemic atherosclerosis and as a useful marker to stratify the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients at risk or with established clinically significant atherosclerosis. Since no data are reported about the effects of these new smoking device on oxidative stress, platelet activation and FMD, the investigators designed a human study assessing if these new smoking devices have effects on healthy smokers.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* smokers (at least 10 cigarettes/ day for the past year)
* willing to attempt quit smoking by using the National Health Service smoking cessation services or via e-cigarette use.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-ambulant people and people with a recent (e.g. within 6 months) cardiovascular disease event (e.g. stroke, myocardial infarction) or cardiac surgery,
* people with insulin-controlled diabetes mellitus or with coexisting skin conditions, leg ulcers, vasculitis or deep venous occlusion (as these may affect their cardiovascular function),
* pregnant women,
* people who require major surgery (which will prevent them of taking part in the study)
* people who following referral to the smoking cessation services, are advised that Nicotine Replacement Therapy is not appropriate for them,
* people who are currently using e-cigarettes on a daily basis, or currently undertaking an attempt within a smoking cessation service,
* people who are judged to be unable or are unwilling to give informed consent.

The study team will assess prospective participants and will not include in the study those who appear too frail or have health problems (e.g. dementia, Alzheimer's etc.) that might prevent them of giving a conscious, informed consent.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* smokers (≥ 5 cigarettes/day for \> 1 yr and breath CO \> 5 ppm)
* ages 18-65 years
* ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophreniform, schizophrenia, schizoaffective or bipolar disorder

Exclusion Criteria:

* used e-cigs on \> 2 occasions in the past 30 days;
* intend to quit smoking within the next 30 days;
* currently use medications that may reduce smoking (bupropion, varenicline, NRT, naltrexone, buprenorphine, acamprosate, baclofen, clonidine, nortriptyline, anti-seizure medications, disulfiram);
* have unstable psychiatric conditions (hospitalization or change in dose of chronic medication in the past 30 days);
* People with a serious medical condition including uncontrolled high blood pressure, something wrong with their heart or blood vessels that occurred or got worse in the past 3 months (including fast or irregular heart rhythm, angina, chest pain, had a heart attack or stroke).
* People who have ever had a serious stomach ulcer, and/or phaeochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal gland).
* People who in the last 3 months have had severe heartburn; or a stroke, or unstable kidney disease, unstable liver disease, uncontrolled over-active thyroid gland
* met DSM-IV criteria for drug dependence
* have medical contraindications to nicotine, since nicotine intake may increase in this study;
* have past-month suicidal ideation or past-year suicide attempt.
* are pregnant, as determined through a pregnancy test
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Smokers volunteers, minimum age 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* no history of acute or chronic organic, metabolic and inflammatory diseases;
* no fever and infections in the last 3 months;
* no history of cardiovascular pathological symptoms;
* no allergies;
* none of the participants took vitamin E, other antioxidant supplements or other drugs potentially affecting oxidative stress or FMD
* women were not menstruating when the experiment was performed.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects involved in the early lung cancer detection program (Cosmos II) of the European Institute of Oncology.
2. Subjects should have smoked at least 10 cigarettes a day for the past 10 years
3. Subjects that would like to reduce tobacco smoking but are not willing to be followed by a smoking center
4. To have an high motivational scoring (more than 10 points to the motivation questionnaire);
5. Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. symptomatic severe cardiovascular disease
2. symptomatic severe respiratory disease
3. regular psychotropic medication use
4. current or past history of alcohol abuse
5. use of smokeless tobacco or nicotine replacement therapy
6. pregnancy or breastfeeding.
7. Subjects involved in other antismoking program in the current year.

Answer: C