Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as an Adjunct to Exercise Training in Stable COPD
Brief Summary: Skeletal muscle dysfunction impairs exercise capacity, quality of life and prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this prospective randomized controlled study was to evaluate effects of Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) plus quadriceps muscle training (NMES group) and sham NMES plus quadriceps muscle training (control group) on muscle function, exercise capacity, health related quality of life, activities of daily living, and self-efficacy in patients with COPD who are eligible and able to participate in endurance training.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subject is diagnosed with COPD.
* 40 years-old and older
* Currently or previously smoking with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years
* Subject understands and is able to read and write French or English

Exclusion Criteria:

* absence of neuromuscular pathology
* absence of vascular pathology
* absence of dermatosis on legs
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* COPD (Stade II, III or IV)
* Inform consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pulmonary rehabilitation contraindication
* Patient with Pacemaker
* Patient in acute exacerbation
* Patient with neurologic comorbidity
* Anemiae
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* (1) Male or female ≥ 21 and ≤ 80 years of age.
* (2) Current HF symptoms consistent with NYHA class III-IV.
* (3) On stable HF pharmacological therapy for at least one month prior to data collection.
* (4) Left ventricular ejection fraction \< 45% documented within 3 months of enrollment (obtained from subjects medical records).
* (5) No planned elective surgery or pacemaker implantation at the time of study initiation.
* (6) Hgb \> 8.0 within 1 month of enrollment (obtained from subjects medical records).
* (7) Willingness to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* (1) Inability to provide written informed consent.
* (2) Inability to walk on a treadmill.
* (3) Hemodynamically significant valvular heart disease.
* (4) Unstable angina.
* (5) Acute myocardial infarction within the previous 3 months.
* (6) Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
* (7) HF known to be secondary to pericardial disease or uncorrected valvular disease.
* (8) Chronic oxygen therapy.
* (9) Participation in another clinical trial within the past 30 days.
* (10) Participation in a regular exercise within the previous 6 months.
* (11) Previous implantation of a cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator.
* (12) Pregnancy.
* (13) Resting systolic blood pressure \> 200 mmHg.
* (14) Failure to demonstrate the ability to operate the EMS unit.
* (15) Failure to be compliant with at least 75% of the EMS training sessions.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* being 35-75 years of age
* being eligible to participate in endurance trainin
* no acute exacerbation in last month, no change in drugs and no usage of antibiotics in last three weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* medical conditions which could place patient at risk during neuromuscular electrical stimulation and exercise training (orthophedic and neuromuscular disorders, metal implants in the lower limbs, advanced heart failure, aortic stenosis, deep venous thrombosis a cardiac pacemaker, \>50 mmHg pulmonary artery pressure and/or an acute exacerbation of symtomps in the preceeding four weeks)
* being unable to understand the questionnaires and unable to cooparate.

Answer: D