Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Vitamin D on Measures of Bone Health and Gene Expression
Brief Summary: Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as one of the most common vitamin deficiencies in adults in the United States. Vitamin D deficiency has been connected to many chronic health diseases. The goal of this innovative research is to identify how vitamin D is able to have such wide ranging health benefits. This study will determine which genes are turned on and turned off in adults who receive 2000 IU vitamin D3 per day compared to 400 IU vitamin D3 per day. Results should provide important new insights about the health benefits of vitamin D for adults.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female adults of all races ages 18 years and older

Exclusion Criteria:

* 1. Pregnant and lactating women.

  2. Current or recent history of hepatic or renal disease

  3. History of taking a daily supplement that contains more than 400 IU vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 within the past month or taking a pharmacologic amount of vitamin D2 or one of the active vitamin D analogs including Zemplar (Paricalcitol), Dovonex (calcipotriol), Hectorol (vitamin D pro hormone)

  4. Subjects who are taking antiseizure medications or glucocorticoids.

  5. Exposure to a tanning bed or tanning on a beach for more than eight hours within the past month.

  6. Known history of elevated calcium. (\> 10.5 mg% (mg/dl))

  7. History of intestinal malabsorption (i.e. Cystic Fibrosis, Fat Malabsorption Syndrome, Crohn's Disease)

  8. Unwilling to consent to this trial
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Preterm infant born at 32+6 to 36+6 weeks of gestational age
2. Born at Soroka University Medical Center
3. Signed informed consent
4. Participants in the trial will be insured by "Clalit" HMO

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Chromosomal abnormality
2. Neurological or muscular congenital anomalies
3. Congenital cardiac defect
4. Congenital respiratory anomalies
5. Congenital GIT/ liver/ renal anomalies that effect the absorption and/or metabolism of Vitamin D and/or other substances.
6. Admission after birth to NICU persists more than 5 days
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Preterm Infants (28-37 wk gestational age)
* Late-onset sepsis defined as clinical signs suggestive of infection after 72 h of birth. Clinical sepsis will be defined as the presence of three or more of the following categories of clinical signs:

  1. Temperature instability (hypothermia, hyperthermia);
  2. Respiratory (grunting, intercoastal retraction, apnea, tachypnea, cyanosis);
  3. Neurologic (hypotonia, lethargy, seizures);
  4. Gastrointestinal (feeding intolerance, abdominal distension).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Major congenital anomalies.
* Chromosomal anomalies.
* Known inborn error(s) of metabolism
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* children aged 1-5 years
* physician-diagnosed asthma as per GINA guidelines
* upper respiratory tract infections as the main asthma exacerbation trigger
* ≥4 respiratory infections in the past 12 months
* ≥1 exacerbation requiring rescue oral steroids in the past 6 months or ≥2 in the previous 12 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

* extreme prematurity (\<28 weeks gestation)
* infants \<12 months of age
* breastfed infants with no vitamin D supplementation
* recent (\<1 year) immigrants from countries where rickets and malnutrition prevalent
* other chronic respiratory disease (broncho-pulmonary dysplasia; cystic fibrosis)
* endocrine disorder of calcium/ vitamin D metabolism
* disorder/ disease with associated malabsorption (inflammatory bowel disease)
* kidney/ liver disease
* sickle cell anemia
* medications known to interfere with bone metabolism/ vitamin D levels
* vitamin D supplementation \>1000 IU/ day in past 3 months
* unable to attend medical visit in 3-4 months
* plan to leave the province during the next 6 months.

Answer: A