Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Physical Activity and Academic Achievement Across the Curriculum (A+PAAC)
Brief Summary: There is currently considerable interest in both improving academic achievement (No Child Left Behind) and reducing the rates of obesity and its associated negative health consequences in elementary school students. Increased physical activity (PA) offers a potential intervention to address both issues. Evidence is available which suggests an association of PA with both academic achievement and obesity, and an association between obesity and academic achievement.

To provide increased PA while maintaining academic instruction time, we developed a program we call "Physical Activity Across the Curriculum" (PAAC) in which regular classroom teachers were trained to deliver academic lessons using moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for 20 minutes/d, 5 days/wk. This study is looking to compare academic achievement between students in elementary schools that participate in academic lessons taught through MVPA (PAAC) to students that do not (CON).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All children in 3-5 grades who provide parental consent and child assent will be eligible to participate in the project.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participants who meet the following exclusion criteria will not be considered for participation.
* Do not provide consent
* unable or unwilling to adhere to project procedures
B: Inclusion Criteria:

The participants must meet the following inclusion criteria:

* Female
* Age range 15-20 y
* Overweight to obese (85th -99th percentile for BMI for age; BMI: 25-39.9 kg/m2
* No metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions
* Not currently/previously on a weight loss/other special diet
* Frequently eats lunch ( ≥ 5 eating occasions/wk)
* Consistently skips breakfast every week day (i.e., 5 week days/week)
* Right-handed (necessary for the fMRI analyses)

Exclusion Criteria:

The participants will be excluded from participation in the study if they meet the following exclusion criteria:

* Male
* Age \>20 y and \<15 y
* Under Weight (\<5th percentile for BMI for age; BMI: \<18 kg/m2)
* Normal Weight (6th-84th percentile for BMI for age; BMI: 18-24.0 kg/m2)
* Morbidly Obese (BMI: \>40 kg/m2)
* Clinically diagnosed with diabetes (Type I or Type II), having an eating disorder, or having any other metabolic, psychological, or neurological diseases/conditions that would influence the study outcomes.
* Not currently/previously on a weight loss or other special diet (in the past 6 months)
* Skip lunch ( ≥ 2 eating occasions/wk)
* Consume breakfast (≥ 2 eating occasions/wk)
* Left-handed
* Claustrophobic (≥ 2 past bouts of claustrophobia when exposure to small spaces)
* Do not meet the fMRI criteria established by the MU-BIC (regarding metal implants, etc.)
* Pregnant
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Grade 2 or 3 Student at one of the randomly selected elementary schools
* Students that agree to complete assessments
* Signed parental consent form
* Signed child assent form

Exclusion Criteria:

* Students that do not agree to complete assessments
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Teens and parents of any gender, ethnicity/race, or socioeconomic status.
* Teens 14 to 16 years of age who are freshmen and sophomores taking a health class at one of the participating high schools.
* Teens who assent to participation.
* Teens with a custodial parent who consents for themselves and their teen's participation in the study.
* Teens who can speak and read in English (educational instruction in Arizona High Schools is conducted in English)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Teens who are under age 14 will be excluded because:

  * They are not likely to be enrolled in high school, and
  * They are unlikely to have sufficient cognitive development to benefit from the proposed intervention
* Teens who are over age 16 will be excluded for two key reasons:

  * We believe that the cognitive development of and social expectations for older teens requires a more complex and flexible intervention than that proposed, and
  * Teens need to be available for 12 month follow-up sessions (our pilot studies indicated that this becomes less likely once teens are old enough to leave/graduate from high school, emancipate from parents, and/or leave home).

Answer: C