Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: This evaluation is part of a five country project to evaluate the benefits and costs of the use of two alternatives to food transfers: vouchers and cash (hereafter referred to as "alternative modalities"). The project will generate information on how outcomes such as household food expenditure and dietary diversity, relevant to both beneficiaries and WFP, change following the introduction of these alternative modalities; how benefits and costs of these are, relative to food transfers, distributed across and within households; and what are the critical operational issues that need to be addressed for these alternatives to be successfully implemented. More specifically, the project will answer seven questions:

1. Do households benefit from receipt of the alternative modalities?
2. Are these benefits greater, or less, when transfers are made using alternative modalities compared to food transfers. How does this vary across outcomes (such as nutrition, livelihoods, gender dynamics and intra-household resource allocation) that are of especial interest to WFP?
3. How does the distribution of benefits differ across households when transfers are made using alternative modalities compared to food transfers?
4. How does the distribution of benefits differ within households when transfers are made using alternative modalities compared to food transfers? Do certain household members (women, young children) benefit more from one type of modality? How do these modalities affect decision-making processes within the household?
5. Why are these differences observed? How do the reasons for these differences affect the study's ability to generalize from these evaluations?
6. Does the delivery of alternative modalities cost less than food transfers? What accounts for these cost differences? Are some costs (such as transport) really lower or are they transferred to beneficiaries? Within the household, who bears these additional costs?
7. What is the benefit: cost ratios associated with these different modalities from the perspective of WFP? Is there a conflict between the modality "preferred" by WFP and the modality "preferred" by beneficiaries?

These objectives will be accomplished through household survey data collection among a panel of households before and after transfer of alternative modalities. In addition, select countries will involve the collection of anthropometric, biomarker and cognitive testing.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Households in pre-selected neighborhoods in Carchi and Sucumbios with high poverty status according to the proxy means test.
* For hemoglobin measurements, children residing in these households that are 6 months-5 years old, and adolescent girls 10-16 years old

Exclusion Criteria:

* Households that receive the Bono de Desarrollo Humano
* Children ages 6 months - 5 years who are severely sick
B: Inclusion Criteria:

A household will be defined as vulnerable and thereby eligible for inclusion in the programme if there are children \<18 years resident in the household at baseline AND

* household is in the poorest quintile of households (20%) at baseline OR
* household contains one or more orphans at baseline OR
* the household head is under 18 years of age at baseline OR
* household contains a chronically ill member OR
* household contains a disabled member

A household will be defined as individuals that live within the same homestead and eat from the same pot.

Exclusion Criteria:

Households already receiving cash transfers for orphans or vulnerable children (OVC) will not be eligible to enroll in the pilot programme.

During the trial, households that do not qualify at baseline but whose conditions later change such that they become eligible to participate in the pilot will not be able to enroll.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* resident in selected villages
* height between 60 and 80 cm.

Exclusion Criteria:

* refusal to participate
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Living in the catchment area of one of the 20 outpatient therapeutic program site participating in this cluster randomized trial;
* 6-59 months of age;
* Weight for Height Zscore \<-3 SD (WHO Growth Standards 2006) and/or Mid-Upper Arm Circumference \<115mm and/or with bilateral edema;
* No major clinical complications;
* Positive appetite test;
* Accept to participate at the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not living in the catchment area of the outpatient therapeutic program site of the cluster randomized trial;
* Weight-for-Height Z-score ≥-3 (WHO Growth Standards 2006) and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference ≥115mm without bilateral edema;
* Major clinical complications;
* Failure to appetite test;
* Refuse to participate at the study.

Answer: A