Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter Trial of Aerosolized Albuterol Versus Placebo in Acute Lung Injury
Brief Summary: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and a lesser condition that occurs prior to ARDS, Acute Lung Injury (ALI), are medical conditions that occur when there is severe inflammation and increased fluids (edema) in both lungs, making it hard for the lungs to function properly. Patients with these conditions require treatment that includes the use of a breathing machine (ventilator). The purpose of this study is to find out whether giving albuterol (a drug commonly used in asthmatics) or not giving albuterol to patients with ALI or ARDS makes a difference in how long it takes for a patient to be able to breath without the ventilator.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients intubated and on mechanical ventilation
* Patients with Acute Lung Injury defined as (a, b, c and d are all applicable): a: PaO2/FiO2 \< or equal to 300 mmHg (40.0 kPa) (regardless of PEEP level), b: Acute onset, c: Pulmonary artery wedge pressure \< or equal to 18 mmHg when measured or no clinical evidence of left atrial hypertension, d: Bilateral infiltrates seen on frontal chest radiograph
* Less than 60 hours from onset of the present period of mechanical ventilation to 1st instillation
* Expected to continue on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours
* 18 years of age or older
* Following receipt of verbal and written information about the trial, the patient or legally acceptable representative must provide signed and dated informed consent before any trial related activity is carried out

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current diagnosis of acute bronchial asthma attack
* History of or clinical suspicion of lung fibrosis
* Current diagnosis of suspected pulmonary thrombo-embolism
* Patients on daily medication for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at time of admission to ICU
* Patients who have received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours continuously within 1 month prior to the present period of mechanical ventilation
* Patients with pneumonectomy or lobectomy
* Patients with untreated pneumothorax at time of instillation
* Patients having tracheostomy at time of instillation
* Patients who have had surgical procedures under general anaesthesia performed within 6 hours prior to inclusion blood gas sample
* Patients having mean arterial blood pressure \< 50 mmHg in spite of adequate fluid administration and/or vasoactive drugs at time of instillation
* Patients having PaO2 \< 75 mmHg with a FiO2 = 1.0 not responding to adjustment of PEEP at time of instillation
* Glasgow Coma Score \< or equal to 10 before sedation or major findings on CT/MR scan of the head such as: brain oedema, acute space occupying lesion, other acute lesions with bleeding or mass effect (patients with minor lesion which do not require further diagnostics or monitoring can be included)
* Patients with life expectancy less than 3 months due to primary disease assessed by the attending physician (e.g., end-stage cancer, AIDS or generally poor health)
* Known or suspected hypersensitivity to constituents(s) of the investigational product
* Patients who have received treatment with any investigational drug within the previous 4 weeks
* Current participation in any other interventional clinical trial until day 29 of the trial
* Patients previously randomised in this trial
* Patients known or suspected of not being able to comply with a study protocol (e.g., due to alcoholism, drug dependency or psychotic state)
* Females of childbearing potential who have a positive pregnancy test or who are breast feeding
* Patients suffering from highly infectious diseases where trial related procedures could pose a safety risk for the staff (e.g., SARS)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age ≥ 18
* intubated and mechanically ventilated male and female patients of the Intensive Care Units of the Department of Anesthesia, General Intensive Care and Pain Control
* meets the criteria of ALI (as defined by the American-European Consensus Conference on ALI/ ARDS):
* Onset of ALI within 48 hours
* Bilateral infiltrates seen on frontal chest radiograph
* PCWP ≤ 18 mm Hg or no clinical evidence of left atrial hypertension
* paO2/ FiO2 ratio ≤ 300 mm Hg
* EVLW in PiCCO® at screening ≥ 8 ml/PBW
* Meeting criteria for extensive hemodynamic monitoring according to investigators discretion
* ICU Patients being mechanically ventilated and are stable in this condition for at least 8 hours
* Negative pregnancy test and adequate contraception in female patients of childbearing potential
* Informed consent:
* For patients that are temporarily unable to consent (e.g. comatose patients) a subsequent informed consent has to be provided.

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of clinically relevant allergies or idiosyncrasies to AP301 or any other inactive ingredient(s) of the investigational product
* Brainstem death at screening
* Current evidence of septic shock as defined by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (Presence of acute organ dysfunction secondary to infection plus hypotension with systolic blood pressure \< 90 mm Hg or mean arterial pressure (MAP) \< 70 mm Hg for not less than one hour which cannot be reversed with fluid resuscitation)
* Neutrophil count \<0.3 x 109 L
* Patients under immunosuppression: high dose steroids (\> 80 mg Prednisolone /d; \> 300 mg hydrocortisone / d), cancer treatment (chemotherapy or biological) or therapy with other immunosuppressive agents for organ transplantation within 2 weeks
* BMI \< 18.5 or \> 35
* Cardiogenic pulmonary edema diagnosed by echocardiography or pulmonary artery catheter
* Pregnancy / lactation or intention to fall pregnant during the time course of the study
* Women of childbearing potential as well as men of procreative capacity who are not using adequate contraception
* Participation in other interventional drug trials
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosed with ARDS or has risk factors for ARDS; individuals will be considered at risk if they are critically ill and have trauma, sepsis, shock, pneumonia, inhalation injury, drug overdose, pancreatitis, or hypertransfusion
* Onset of ARDS must be between 7 and 28 days prior to study entry
* Since ARDS onset, bilateral infiltrates must have persisted and participants must have required continuous mechanical ventilation
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Must meet the following three criteria within a 24-hour period:

  1. Acute onset of PaO2/FiO2 less than or equal to 300 (adjustments made for altitude where appropriate)
  2. Bilateral infiltrates consistent with pulmonary edema on frontal chest radiograph
  3. Requirement for positive pressure ventilation via endotracheal tube
* No clinical evidence of left-sided cardiac failure to account for bilateral pulmonary infiltrates

Exclusion Criteria:

* Greater than 48 hours since all inclusion criteria are met
* Neuromuscular disease that impairs ability to ventilate without assistance, (e.g., cervical spinal cord injury at level C5 or higher spinal cord injury amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome or myasthenia gravis)
* Pregnant or breast-feeding
* Severe chronic respiratory disease (i.e., chronic hypercapnia \[PaCO2 greater than 45 mmHg\], chronic hypoxemia \[PaO2 less than 55 mmHg on FiO2 = 0.21\], hospitalization within the last 6 months for respiratory failure \[PaCO2 greater than 50 mm Hg and/or PaO2 less than 55 mmHg on 0.21 FiO2\], secondary polycythemia, severe pulmonary hypertension \[mean PAP (pulmonary artery pressure) greater than 40 mmHg\], or ventilator dependency)
* Burns over greater than 40% of total body surface area
* Cancer or other irreversible disease or condition for which 6-month mortality is estimated to be greater than 50%
* Allogeneic bone marrow transplant within the 5 years prior to study entry
* Participant, surrogate, or physician is not committed to full support (Exception: a participant will not be excluded if he/she would receive all supportive care except for attempts at resuscitation from cardiac arrest)
* Severe chronic liver disease (Child-Pugh score of 11-15)
* Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage from vasculitis
* Morbid obesity (greater than 1kg/cm body weight.)
* Unwillingness or inability to utilize the ARDS network 6 ml / kg Predicted Body Weight (PBW) ventilation protocol
* Moribund participant and is not expected to survive 24 hours
* No intent to obtain central venous access for monitoring intravascular pressures
* Contraindication to aerosolized albuterol (see Appendix A.8 of the protocol for more information)
* Daily use (prior to study hospitalization) of inhaled beta agonist, corticosteroid, or oral leukotriene modifier
* Unwillingness of primary physician to discontinue inpatient beta agonist use
* Acute myocardial infarction or acute coronary syndrome within 30 days of study entry
* Severe congestive heart failure (see Appendix A5 of the protocol for more information)
* Participation in other experimental medication trial within 30 days of study entry with the exception of the ARDSNet pharmaconutrient nutrition trial (OMEGA)
* Heart rate greater than 85% of maximal predicted heart rate (MHR85) as calculated by MHR85 = 85% x (220-age)
* Currently receiving high frequency ventilation

Answer: D