Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Treating Depression in African American Elders: A Community-Academic Partnership
Brief Summary: The specific primary aims of the study are to:

1. Test the immediate effect of the intervention at 4-months on depression in urban African American older adults (primary trial outcome; between group comparison). Hypothesis: Participants in the intervention group will report fewer depressive symptoms in comparison to control group participants receiving usual care.
2. Test the maintenance effect of the intervention at 8-months on depression (within group comparison). Hypothesis: Participants in the intervention group will maintain reduced symptom presentation from 4 to 8 months.
3. Evaluate acceptability (social validity) of the intervention and extent of engagement in activities by study participants (both intervention and wait-list control subjects).

A secondary aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial embedded in a community service setting and its dissemination using a community-academic partnership. We also propose three exploratory aims. First, we seek to evaluate the mechanisms of action, or pathways, by which treatment gains are obtained (Gitlin et al., 2000). Given that behavioral activation represents conceptually the key active ingredient of the proposed intervention, we plan to evaluate its mediational effect. Second, we seek to evaluate whether the intervention has a differential treatment effect based on a study participant's gender, age, and living arrangement (alone or with others). Given that previous research suggests that participant characteristics may moderate depressive symptoms and treatment outcomes, these exploratory analyses will provide insight as to whether this particular treatment benefits some groups more than others. Third, we seek to evaluate whether the intervention has short and long-term effects on quality of life, functional difficulty, and self-efficacy to manage day-to-day tasks. Previous research has shown that depressive symptoms exacerbate functional decline such that minimizing distress may have the added value of enhancing function and perceived efficacy for this group over time.


Options:
A: Change in PTSD symptom severity with the PSS-I the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Scale- Interview (PSS-I) post-treatment at 6- and 12-month follow-up (8, 18 and 25- month follow-up); Change in Attraction to violence with the Appetitive Aggression Scale (AAS) post-treatment at 6- and 12-month follow-up (8, 18 and 25- month follow-up); Change in Methylation Pattern of the Glucocorticoid Receptor promoter region via saliva samples (8, 18 and 25- month follow-up); Change in Self-committed violence with the AAS offense list (8, 18 and 25- month follow-up); Influence of Social Acknowledgement with Social Acknowledgement Questionnaire (SAQ) (8, 18 and 25- month follow-up); Influence of drug abuse related to violence on number of offenses with the offense checklist (from the AAS) (8, 18 and 25- month follow-up); Change in Epigenetic Markers (methylation patterns) of violence in the androgen receptor promoter region via saliva samples (8, 18 and 25- month follow-up)
B: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (chronic) by CAPS scores. (Four months, seven months, 14 moths, two years)
C: Depression (Baseline, t2, t3)
D: Psychopathology: improvement on PANSS positive scale (PANSS 'Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale') (12 weeks)

Answer: C