Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Glucose 25% and Facilitated Tucking for Reducing Procedural Stress During Neonatologist-performed Cardiac Echocardiography in Infants in the NICU
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of a 25% glucose solution given via a soother with or without facilitated tucking with a similarly administered water placebo (control condition) on infant stress responses during and immediately after a neonatologist performed ECHO (np-ECHO).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants born between 26-42 weeks of gestational age admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit who require a np-ECHO for clinical purposes as indicated by the medical team.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants who have congenital anomalies, or a lethal condition in whom intensive care is not indicated;
* Infants below the gestational age of 26 completed weeks;
* Infants who have received analgesics or sedatives within 72 hours of the assessment;
* History of maternal abuse of controlled drugs and substances.
* Infants who are too unstable to receive oral medications or be exposed to a np-ECHO or who already have had an ECHO performed by a Pediatric Cardiologist within 4 hours.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 1.Babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy 2.Infant was singlet 3.Infants who were required to receive heel lance procedure every 8 hours after physicians' diagnoses 4.Infants' primary caregivers who could read Chinese that agreed to participate in this study and sign written consent forms

Exclusion Criteria:

* 1.Infants with congenital anomaly, congenital or postnatal sepsis, or brain injury 2.Infants' mother smoked, drunk or illegally used drugs while she was pregnant
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Parents of infants,
* Recruited before the infants receive their 2, 4, or 6-month vaccinations,
* Respond to the online invitation,
* Consent to participate in this study
* Parents living in Canada
* Read, speak and understand English sufficiently to understand the videos and complete the surveys.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Parents who cannot understand, read or communicate in English
* Do not plan to have their infant vaccinated
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy, full term, normally breastfeeding infants, whose mother is willing to breastfeed during the painful procedure and consents to study participation. Normally breastfeeding infants will be defined as those infants who had fed directly at the breast a minimum of two times in the 24-hours prior to blood collection and whose mother and/or staff nurse reported active sucking and swallowing during those feeds. Infants who have undergone repeated heel lancing for blood glucose and/or bilirubin monitoring (e.g., small or large for gestational age infants, infants born to diabetic mothers, or with hyperbilirubinemia) will be considered eligible, however, diagnosis and the number of prior painful procedures will be recorded and retained for statistical analysis.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants will not be eligible for study participation if they are a twin birth (including all classifications of monozygotic and dizygotic twins) due to the potential for non-independence of outcomes between twin pairs, show signs of infection, significant lower limb tissue damage, have had previous surgery or intra-ventricular hemorrhage, are born to opioid using mothers or with significant genetic disorders, are unable to breastfeed or have contraindications to sucrose administration, or whose parents are unable to provide written informed consent.

Answer: A