Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effectiveness of Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine With or Without Primaquine on Gametocytes Plasmodium Falciparum in Mesoendemic Area of Indonesia
Brief Summary: Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) has been known to be controversial for stopping malaria transmission.The addition of primaquine (PQ) - the only drug commercially available that kills mature transmission stage - to such treatments might be necessary to eliminate this stage. A study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) regimens with or without PQ on the sexual and asexual stages of P. falciparum in Sumatra, Indonesia.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \>/= 1 year and \</= 10 years
* Weight over 10kg
* Fever \>38 degrees C (tympanic) or history of fever in the last 24 hours
* P. falciparum parasitaemia \<500 000/µl
* Normal G6PD enzyme function

Exclusion Criteria:

* Enrolled in another study
* Evidence of severe illness/ danger signs
* Known allergy to study medications
* Haemoglobin \< 8g/dL)
* Started menstruation
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Primaquine taken within the last 4 weeks
* Blood transfusion within the last 90 days
* Non-falciparum malaria co-infection
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age ≥ 4 years old
* parasite count ≥ 1,000 asexual parasites/µL
* normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme level based on qualitative test (Trinity Biotech® no 203, USA)
* hemoglobin level ≥ 8 gr/dL as measured by Hemoque® apparatus;
* have the ability to return for 42-day-follow up and
* willingness to sign the informed-consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

* are infected with other r plasmodium species
* have only gametocytes of P. falciparum;
* are pregnant - measured by positive result on HCG urine test and/or breastfeeding women
* present signs of pitting edema on both legs as a sign of malnutrition
* have complicated or severe malaria, other chronic diseases or history of drug allergies.
C: Inclusion criteria

* Age over 6 months and
* Weight ≥ 5 kg, and
* Slide-confirmed infection with Plasmodium falciparum (including mixed infections), and
* Asexual parasite density between 500 and 200,000/µl of blood, and
* Informed consent from a parent or guardian aged at least 18 years.

Exclusion criteria

* General danger signs according to the WHO definition or
* Signs of severe/complicated malaria according to the WHO definition or
* Severe anaemia (haemoglobin \< 5 g/dL), or
* Known history of hypersensitivity to any of the study drugs, or
* Severe malnutrition (as defined by a weight-for-height below 70% of median and/or symmetrical oedemas involving at least the feet), or
* Concomitant febrile illness due to causes other than malaria with the potential to confound study outcome (measles, acute lower tract respiratory infection, otitis media, tonsillitis, abscesses, severe diarrhoea with dehydration, etc.; mild flu should not lead to exclusion) or
* History of psychiatric diseases, or
* Having received a full course treatment including MQ in the preceding 9 weeks or
* Having received any other antimalarials in the previous 48 hours.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* infection with P.falciparum detected by PCR

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy
* severe anaemia
* fever or other signs of illness
* history of allergy to sulfa drugs
* presence of other species of Plasmodium detected by microscopy

Answer: B