Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Exercises During Gestation in the Prevention of Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Muscle Dysfunction.
Brief Summary: Urinary incontinence is any involuntary loss of urine. During gestation, hormonal and mechanical factors favor the incidence of urinary loss that may persist after delivery in up to 50% of women. Gestational urine loss can be prevented or treated during pregnancy with physical therapy. Pregnancy and delivery have been widely deemed important risk factors that should be assessed while developing preventive and curative treatments for both female urinary incontinence and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. Pelvic floor muscle exercises, led by skilled physical therapists, can prevent, reduce, or even cure involuntary urine loss as well as pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. Within this framework, developing a low-cost, easy-to-perform method for the treatment of urinary incontinence and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, with a preventive or curative approach, is considered necessary. The overall objective of this study is to assess the effects of pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy on pelvic floor muscles and urinary continence. Secondary aims include determining whether exercises change pelvic floor muscle function; if changing pelvic floor muscle function reduces the occurrence of urinary incontinence; developing and applying a manual guide; and determining whether the physical therapy guide is well accepted, easily understandable and reproducible.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnant women aged between 16 and 40 years old
2. gestational age \>20 weeks
3. nulliparous women
4. single fetus
5. Performing pre-natal care.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pathological heart condition
2. diabetes
3. hypertension
4. asthma bronchial
5. HIV+
6. gestational hypertension
7. gestational diabetes
8. pre-eclampsia
9. persistent bleeding
10. premature labor
11. cervical incompetence
12. acute infection with fever
13. restriction in fetal growth
14. indication of elective caesarian-section
15. in psychotherapy
16. performing other physical activity more than once a week.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primiparous women aged 18 years of older
* Vaginal delivery, vacuum-assisted-vaginal-delivery (VAVD), or forceps-assisted-vaginal-delivery (FAVD) of a neonate of gestational age:
* 27 completed weeks
* Singleton or vaginal delivery of multiple gestation
* Able to read and speak the English language

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to comply with physical therapy or office visits
* Unreliable transportation
* Preexisting neurologic, musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disorder rendering them unable to perform physical therapy requirements
* Cesarean delivery
* History of prior surgery for anorectal incontinence (i.e. sphincteroplasty
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primipara women giving birth at Akershus University Hospital, Norway
* Women giving birth to a healthy singleton baby at term
* Women who speak/ understand Scandinavian language

Exclusion Criteria:

* Multiparity
* C-section
* Premature birth (\< week 32)
* Prior abortion or stillbirth after 16 weeks of gestation
* Perineal tearing graded as 3b, 3c or 4.
* Illnesses that may interfere with the ability to follow-up
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 58 consenting pregnant for the first time aged between 20 and 35 years, with no experience of urinary loss episodes before gestation will be assessed.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women who had more than one previous pregnancy

Answer: D