Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cognitive Stimulation in the Elderly: Individual Intervention on Cognitive Frailty
Brief Summary: Cognitive Stimulation (CS) in the elderly, as a group intervention, shows benefits on the cognition and quality of life of people with neurocognitive disorder (NCD)(ie, dementia). The evidence of cognitive stimulation as an individualized intervention, conducted at home, by the caregiver is limited. The main objective of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy program - "Making a Difference 3 - individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (MD3), its acceptability and applicability by the dyad (people with NCD and their caregiver) in the Portuguese population. To achieve this purpose a pilot study will be conducted (randomized control trial), with two moments of evaluation - before the intervention of individual cognitive stimulation and after the intervention in both groups (Group 1 - group subject to intervention: individual cognitive stimulation program called "MD3"; Group 2 - group subject to usual care).The investigators intend to know the effect of the program on cognitive domains, quality of life and relationship between caregiver and care recipient. And, as well as understand the acceptability and applicability of the program by participants (dyad).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Person with dementia:

* Meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) criteria for dementia (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
* Score 10 or above on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein, Folstein, \& McHugh, 1975) or score of 16 or above on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (Trzepacz et al., 2015) where available.
* Some ability to communicate and understand (e.g. ability to give informed consent)
* Ability to speak and understand English
* See/hear well enough to participate
* No major physical illness or disability affecting their participation
* Age range: 50 years - no maximum age limit
* Availability of a tablet to the person with dementia and carer
* Availability of a carer (or friend/befriender) to participate in the focus groups, interviews and iCST web-app sessions

Carer:

* Minimum age: 21
* Ability to speak and understand English
* See/hear well enough to participate
* No major physical illness or disability affecting their participation

Exclusion criteria

Person with dementia and carer:

- Concurrent participation in any other interventional study for people with dementia/carers
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Anyone with dementia living within the study site

Exclusion Criteria:

* The participant and the family should have consented to take part in the study.
* Unable to travel to the centre where the CST sessions will be held due to physical impairment (e.g. bedbound or immobile)
* After assessment by the study doctor, deemed unable to engage in CST sessions (e.g. follow instructions and participate in activities) due to severe physical or cognitive impairment.
* Profound deafness
* Total blindness
* Aphasia - they should be able to understand verbal communication and communicate verbally (mild impairments are acceptable).
* The participant should be able to sit in a group setting for 1 hour.
* There should not be agitation, depression or psychosis to an extent that the person would not be able to tolerate spending time with other people in a group setting.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Participants will be classified as either MCI patients, AD patients, or normal controls. General Inclusion Criteria will apply to all groups, with specific criteria for each group as described below:

General (applies to each category):

* Between 55 and 90 years of age (Currently, ADNI sites are only recruiting volunteers age 70-90 among people with no memory problems)
* Study partner or caregiver to accompany patient to all scheduled visits
* Fluent in English or Spanish
* Permitted medications stable for at least 4 weeks prior to screening
* Adequate visual and auditory acuity to allow neuropsychological testing
* Good general health with no additional diseases expected to interfere with the study
* Women must be two years post-menopausal or surgically sterile
* Willing and able to complete all baseline assessments, and to participate in the 2-3 year protocol
* Willing to undergo neuroimaging and provide DNA and plasma samples as specified
* Completed 6 grades of education or sufficient work history to exclude mental retardation
* Modified Hachinski score \<=4
* Geriatric Depression Scale \<6

Specific Criteria for MCI and AD patients:

* Memory complaint by patient or study partner
* Abnormal memory function score on Wechsler Memory Scale (adjusted for education)
* Mini-Mental State Exam score between 24 and 30 (MCI) or 20 and 26 (AD)
* Clinical Dementia Rating = 0.5; Memory Box score at least 0.5 (MCI) or 1.0 (AD)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any significant neurologic disease other than Alzheimer's disease
* Abnormal baseline MRI
* Presence of pacemakers, aneurysm clips, artificial heart valves, ear implants, metal fragments or foreign objects in the eyes, skin, or body
* Major depression, bipolar disorder, history of schizophrenia
* History of alcohol or substance abuse or dependency within the past 2 years
* Any significant systemic illness or unstable medical condition which could lead to difficulty complying with the protocol
* Clinically significant laboratory abnormalities
* Residence in skilled nursing facility
* Participation in clinical studies involving neuropsychological measures being collected more than one time per year

Specific Exclusion Criteria for MCI and AD:

* Psychotic features, agitation or behavioral problems within the last 3 months which could lead to difficulty complying with the protocol.

Prohibited medications:

* Specific psychoactive medications (for example, certain antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, sleeping pills, etc.)
* Warfarin (Coumadin)
* Investigational agents
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elderly person with 60 years of age or older;
* Diagnosis of mild or major neurocognitive disorder, performed by a physician specialized in neurology or psychiatry, or who is validated by the family physician in accordance with DSMIII/IV/5 or ICD-9/10 criteria;
* Presence of mild to moderate cognitive impairment according to the 6-Item Cognitive Decline Test (6CIT);
* Capable of communicating and understanding communication;
* Without a physical illness or significant disability (eg elderly people who are on dialysis or bedridden);
* Living in the community (in their home);
* Have an informal caregiver available and able to develop the individual cognitive stimulation program.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Elderly / informal caregiver with a history of severe psychiatric illness diagnosed before 60 years of age;
* Informal caregiver with cognitive impairment, even if mild (mild PNC according to DSM-5 criteria);
* Elderly people who do not live in their home.

Answer: D