Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Evaluation of Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) Effectiveness in Accelerating Orthodontic Tooth Movement For Dental Crowding Cases: A Randomized Controlled Clinial Trial
Brief Summary: 26 participants from the Orthodontic Department at University of Damascus Dental School will be randomly assigned into two groups. In the experimental group, a low level laser with a wave length of 830 nm, output of 150 mw, energy of 2 j per point and application time of 15 seconds per point will be applied on each tooth of the six upper incisors according to this protocol: the root will be divided into 2 halves; gingival and cervical. Laser will be applied in the center of each half from both the buccal and palatal sides which means 4 application points and a total energy of 8 j per each tooth. Control group will undergo typical orthodontic treatment with the laser device applied the same manner but without being turned on (to get the placebo effect for pain reduction effect). This procedure will be repeated after 3, 7, 14 days and each 15 days from the beginning of the second month till the end of the leveling and alignment stage.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy, non-smoker with no systemic medical conditions and no routine medications
* 15 to 35 years of age at the time of bonding
* Non-extraction treatment plan or no extractions required in the first 6 months of treatment
* At least 5mm of crowding in the mandibular arch
* Full-complement dentition 1st molar to 1st molar
* Good oral hygiene

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients that require extractions as part of the orthodontic plan
* Smoking or excessive alcohol consumption
* Patients with edentulous areas
* Evidence of periodontal disease (any pocket depths more than 4mm)
* Use of anti-inflammatory drugs within 2 days of bonding
* Active oral lesions (ulcerations, sores, mucositis, etc.)
* Uncontrolled diabetes
* Dentofacial deformities (cleft palate, hemifacial microsomia, etc.)
* Subjects routinely taking any of the following medications:
* Corticosteroids (including for asthma)
* Bisphosphonates
* Anti-inflammatories
* Nicotine Patch
* Estrogen
* Opioids
* Growth Hormone
* Relaxin
* Anti-coagulants
* Disease that could affect bone metabolism:
* Parathyroid or thyroid dysfunction
* Osteoporosis, osteomalacia
* Vitamin D deficiency
* Fibrous dysplasia
* Paget's Disease
* Multiple Myeloma
* Osteogenesis Imperfecta
* History of Bone Metastasis
* Patients taking medications such as bisphosphonates, corticosteroids or any anti-inflammatory drug
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients scheduled to undergo dual arch fixed appliance orthodontic treatment in any of the three trial centers will be invited to participate in this trial by the operator planning to conduct their orthodontic treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who have undergone previous orthodontic treatment including fixed, removable and functional appliances.
* Patients less than 12 years old at the start of orthodontic treatment.
* Patients with orofacial clefting, severe hypodontia, and special needs patients.
* Patients undergoing orthognathic (jaw) surgery as part of their orthodontic treatment plan.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients aged between (16 - 24) years.
2. Moderate crowding (3 - 5) mm in the anterior region of the maxillary dental arch with an irregularity index of (7 mm or more) mm according to Little Index with an indication to extract upper two premolars.
3. All upper teeth are existed (except for third molars).
4. Patients have not undergone previous orthodontic treatment.
5. Patients have not undergone any medical treatment that interfere with orthodontic tooth movement (Cortisone, NSAIDs, ...).
6. Patient with good oral hygiene (Plaque Index less than 1).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any medical condition affecting orthodontic tooth movement.
2. Bad oral hygiene (Plaque Index greater than 1).
3. Any peri-apical lesions developed during treatment.
4. Patient lack of commitment toward follow-up appointments.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Permanent dentition between the ages of 12 and 40
* Minimum of 3 mm of extraction space to be closed by distal movement of all 6 anterior teeth from canine to canine or by distal movement of the canines
* Good oral hygiene and compliance

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any compromised medical or dental condition
* Patient currently involved in any other study
* Lives significantly outside San Antonio, TX
* use of bisphosphonates
* pregnant females

Answer: C