Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Videolaryngoscope vs Classic Laryngoscope in Teaching Neonatal Endotracheal Intubation: a Randomized Controlled Trial.
Brief Summary: Every year thousands of neonates born in North America need extensive resuscitation which often includes endotracheal intubation (ETI). In these situations, Pediatricians assume the role of Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) providers and are responsible of the ETI procedure. They acquire this skill during residency training in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and the delivery room. Difficulties in performing neonatal ETI lie in the small size of the mouth and airway of the neonate, and their particular anatomy of the larynx. This limited visibility represents a challenge even for the experienced clinician. Recently, a new videolaryngoscope (VL) technique has been introduced to the adult and pediatric medical fields as described respectively by Kaplan et al. and Weiss et al. In 2009, Vanderhal et al. reported a preliminary experience in the newborn population. Video assisted intubation could be a method of choice in teaching neonatal ETI.

To the best of our knowledge, there is no human study comparing the VL to the classic laryngoscope (CL) for acquiring the skill of neonatal ETI in the NICU.

This study aims:

1. To assess if the videolaryngoscope is superior to the classic laryngoscope in acquiring the neonatal endotracheal intubation skill in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; and
2. To assess if once the skill is acquired with the videolaryngoscope this experience is transferable to the use of the classic laryngoscope by showing a persistent difference in success rate in favor of the videolaryngoscope group.

The hypothesis are

1. Primary hypothesis:

   In the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, use of the videolaryngoscope will increase success rate of endotracheal intubation by 20% compared to the classic laryngoscope. Later, acquired experience from the videolaryngoscope will be transferable to the use of the classic laryngoscope by showing a persistent difference in success rate of 20% in favor of the videolaryngoscope group.
2. Secondary hypothesis We expect that the videolaryngoscope will decrease time to intubation, and decrease rate of esophageal and right bronchial main stem intubations. It will also improve teaching of endotracheal intubations to pediatric residents by helping supervisors recognize problems related to intubation and by improving residents' level of confidence in performing the skill.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients at Lurie Children's Hospital undergoing surgery/procedure where intubation is indicated
* American Society of Anesthesiology Class I-III patients

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children with an expected difficult airway
* A bleeding or blood clotting disorder
B: Inclusion Criteria

1. Males or females age 0 to \<12 months.
2. Scheduled for non-cardiac surgery or procedure lasting longer than 30 minutes under general anesthesia where oral endotracheal intubation will be performed by an anesthesiology clinician.
3. Subject/Parental/guardian permission (informed consent).

Inclusion for clinician participants:

1) Pediatric anesthesia attending, pediatric anesthesia fellows, and anesthesia resident

Exclusion Criteria

1. History of difficult intubation
2. History with abnormal airway
3. Predictive of difficult intubation upon physical examination
4. Parents/guardians who, in the opinion of the investigator, may be unable to understand or give informed consent
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elective surgical patients ASA-class 1-2 below the age of 2 years, with indication for intubation.
* Informed consent from parent.
* The parents must have legal custody of the child.
* The parents must be able to read and understand Danish.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Expected difficult airway.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Trainees: All residents registered in the three first years of the general pediatrics program of University of Montreal will be approached to participate in the study.
* Patients: All ETI attempted by pediatric residents in the NICU will be included in the study regardless of the patient weight or gestational age.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Trainees: Residents who perform less than five neonatal ETI per method.
* Patients: patients with major oral, cervical or upper airway malformations, urgent ETI with the inability to prepare in time the VL, and an unexpected difficult ETI.

Answer: D