Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone in Adolescents With Schizophrenia: a Comparison of Two Dose Ranges of Risperidone
Brief Summary: A clinical study to compare the safety and effectiveness of two different dose ranges of risperidone solution in the treatment of adolescents with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, or schizoaffective disorder with psychotic symptoms
* Free of depot antipsychotic medication for at least 6 months. Oral antipsychotic medication at entry into the study is allowed, provided the participant has not had an adequate trial during the present episode of psychosis.
* If taking antidepressant or mood stabilizing medication, stable dosing for at least 30 days prior to entry.
* Good physical health

Exclusion Criteria:

* Risperidone (RIS), olanzapine (OLA)\*, or molindone (MOL) for 8 weeks or more during THIS episode, with 2 weeks at the maximal dose (6 mg/day of RIS, 20 mg/day of OLA, or 140 mg/day of MOL)
* If using antidepressant and/or mood stabilizing medications, treatment for fewer than 30 days immediately before entry
* Intolerance or nonresponse to RIS, OLA\*, or MOL during any previous treatment
* Bipolar affective disorder,post traumatic stress disorder, personality disorder, or psychosis not otherwise specified
* Currently meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM IV) criteria for major depression episode
* DSM IV criteria for substance abuse or dependence with intention to continue illicit substance abuse
* Endocrinological or neurological conditions which confound the diagnosis or are a contraindication to treatment with antipsychotics
* Mental retardation
* Risk of suicide or homicide that is not adequately controlled in the current setting
* Pregnancy or refusal to practice contraception during the study

"\*" OLA exclusion not applicable after 11/2005
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. General criteria

   * Age between 17 and 36 years
   * male or female, in- or outpatients
   * written informed consent, for patients below 18 years also signed by their parents
2. Special criteria (presented within the last three months prior to the study)

   1. Self-experienced neuropsychological deficits (basic symptoms)

      * Thought interferences
      * Compulsory like perseverance of thoughts
      * Thought pressure
      * Thought blockages
      * Disturbances of receptive language, either heard or read
      * Decreased ability to discriminate between ideas and perception, fantasy and true memories
      * Unstable ideas of reference (subject-centrism)
      * Derealisation
      * Visual perceptual disturbances (blurred vision, transitory blindness, partial seeing, hypersensitivity of light, etc..)
      * Acoustic perceptual disturbances (hypersensitivity to sounds or noise (hypersensitivity to sounds or noise, acoasms, etc.) AND/OR
   2. Reduction in the Global Assessment of Functioning Score (DSM IV) of at least 30 points (within the past year) and at least one of the following risk factors:

      * First-degree relative with a lifetime-diagnosis of schizophrenia or
      * a schizophrenia spectrum disorder
      * Pre-or perinatal complications

Exclusion Criteria:

* Attenuated or transient positive symptomes
* Present or past diagnosis of a schizophrenic, schizophreniform, schizoaffective, delusional or bipolar according to DSM IV
* Present or past diagnosis a brief psychotic disorder according to DSM IV with a duration of more than one week or within the last 4 weeks regardless of its duration
* Diagnosis of delirium, dementia, amnestic or other cognitive disorder, mental retardation psychiatric disorder due to a somatic factor or related to the consumption of psychotropic substances according DSM IV
* Alcohol- or drug abuse within the last three months prior to inclusion according to DSM IV
* Deases of the central nervous system (inflammatory, traumatic, epilepsy etc.)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 21 or older
* serious mental illness defined by an axis I diagnosis of major depression, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophrenia
* persistent impairment in multiple areas of functioning (e.g., work, school, self-care)
* body mass index (BMI) greater than 25
* able and willing to provide informed consent
* on stable pharmacological treatment (same psychiatric medications over prior 2 months)

Exclusion Criteria:

* residing in nursing home or other institution
* diagnosis of dementia or significant cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* unable to walk one city block
* pregnant or planning to become pregnant within the next 18 months
* unable to speak English
* terminal illness with life expectancy\<1 year
* current diagnosis of an active substance dependence disorder
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects will be eligible for study enrollment if they: are adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years
* have a confirmed diagnosis of schizophrenia and are suffering from an acute episode
* provide their assent and parental informed consent to participate
* are otherwise relatively healthy on the basis of a medical and physical examination
* and are able to be in-patients for approximately 2 weeks.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects will be excluded from the study if they: meet the criteria for psychiatric disorders other than schizophrenia
* have moderate or severe mental retardation
* fail to respond to treatment with at least two typical or atypical antipsychotics
* have a history of substance dependence within the 3 months before screening
* are considered at risk for suicidal or violent behavior
* have a seizure disorder
* have a history of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, similar encephalopathic syndrome, or tardive dyskinesia
* or receive prohibited medication within a specified period before screening.

Answer: D