Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Pilot Study on the Effect of Adalimumab on Vascular Inflammation in Patients With Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis
Brief Summary: This study is to determine the effect of adalimumab on inflammation of blood vessels that could lead to heart attack in patients with psoriasis. Changes to the carotid artery and ascending aorta will be evaluated in patients treated with adalimumab (systemic treatment) and compared against patients treated with a topical treatment that does not affect the entire body.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult participants (≥18 years of age) with a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis (defined by ≥10% body surface area \[BSA\] involvement, "moderate" or greater score on the Physician's Global Assessment \[PGA\] scale, and PASI score ≥12 at Baseline)
* Participants must have a diagnosis of predominantly plaque psoriasis for ≥6 months (as determined by interview and confirmation of diagnosis through physical examination by investigator) and be considered candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy. Participants with psoriatic arthritis may be included in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Nonplaque forms of psoriasis specifically erythrodermic psoriasis, predominantly pustular psoriasis, medication-induced or medication-exacerbated psoriasis, or new onset guttate psoriasis
* Participants who will require oral or injectable corticosteroids during the trial
* Presence of any infection requiring treatment with systemic antibiotics within 2 weeks prior to Screening, or serious infection (eg, pneumonia, cellulitis, bone or joint infections) requiring hospitalization or treatment with intravenous antibiotics within 8 weeks prior to Screening
* Participants with evidence of active or untreated latent tuberculosis (TB) according to Screening criteria specified in the protocol. (Prophylactic treatment for latent TB as per local guidelines must be initiated at least 4 weeks prior to treatment with study medication)
* Previous exposure to any agents targeting interleukin-12 (IL-12) and/or Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
* Participants with prior exposure to two or more tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists with discontinuation due to lack of efficacy.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mild to moderate chronic plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris), with the duration of at least 6 months;
* A target plaque of at least 9 sq. cm.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Demonstrates "rebound" or "flare" of chronic plaque psoriasis;
* Non plaque form of psoriasis;
* Currently have or history of psoriatic arthritis;
* Current drug induced psoriasis;
* Currently on systemic therapy or was on systemic therapy for psoriasis within the previous 6 months;
* Currently on phototherapy for psoriasis or was on phototherapy within the previous 3 months
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subjects must give a written and signed informed consent.
2. Men or women at least 18 years old at the time of signing the ICF
3. Moderate to severe plaque psoriasis diagnosed at least 6 months before signing the informed consent form.
4. Patients received at least one course of phototherapy or systemic therapy for psoriasis or are candidates for such treatment according to the investigator.
5. Body surface area (BSA) affected by psoriasis of 10% or greater, the PASI score of 10 or greater, and the sPGA score of 3 or greater at screening.
6. Negative pregnancy urine test in female subjects (no test is required in women who are post-menopausal for at least 2 years and in surgically sterile women).
7. The patient must be able to follow the Protocol procedures (in the investigator's opinion).
8. Patients of childbearing potential and their partners with preserved reproductive function must implement reliable contraceptive methods starting from signing informed consent to 20 weeks after the last dose of the study therapy. This requirement does not apply to the patients after surgical sterilization and to females who are post-menopausal for 2 years or longer. Reliable contraception methods suggest using one barrier method in combination with one of the following: spermicides, intrauterine device/oral contraceptives

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Baseline erythrodermic, pustular, and guttate psoriasis or any other skin diseases (e.g. eczema) that can affect/complicate assessment of psoriasis treatment
2. Use of the following medications:

   * Prior use of monoclonal antibodies targeting IL17 or its receptor
   * Prior use of more than one drug containing monoclonal antibodies or their fragments
   * Prior use of monoclonal antibodies within 12 weeks before signing the informed consent.
   * Any systemic medications for psoriasis (including glucocorticoids, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, cyclosporine, acitretin, mycophenolate mofetil, аpremilast, calcitriol derivatives, etc.) used within 4 weeks before signing the ICF If prior systemic therapy with non-biologics was stopped due to any reasons, the screening period can be extended up to 8 weeks during which no new non-biologics are allowed.
   * Use of phototherapy within 4 weeks before signing the ICF
   * Topical medications for psoriasis used within 2 weeks before signing the ICF
   * Vaccination with live or attenuated vaccines within 8 weeks before signing the ICF
3. Any active systemic infection or recurrent infection at screening/randomization
4. HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or syphilis
5. Blood biochemistry abnormalities appearing as:

   1. baseline creatinine \> 2 × ULN
   2. baseline ALT, AST or alkaline phosphatase \> 2.5 × ULN
   3. baseline bilirubin \> 1.5 × ULN
6. WBC count \< 3.0 × 109/L; ANC \< \<2.0× 109/L; platelet count \< 100 × 109/L, or hemoglobin \< 90 g/L at baseline
7. Any psychiatric conditions including severe depressive disorders and/or any history of suicidal thoughts or suicidal attempts ;
8. Signs of clinically significant depression (Beck's score of 16 or more at screening)
9. Alcohol or substance abuse
10. Tuberculosis now or in the past
11. Latent TB infection (positive results of the Diaskintest or QuantiFERON test, or T-spot).
12. Concurrent diseases ongoing at screening that may increase the risk of adverse events during the study or affect the evaluation of psoriasis symptoms (mask, enhance or alter the symptoms of psoriasis, or cause clinical or laboratory signs/symptoms similar to those of psoriasis):

    * active inflammatory diseases or aggravation of chronic inflammatory diseases other than psoriasis
    * Stable angina class III-IV, unstable angina or a history of myocardial infarction within 1 year before signing the informed consent
    * Cardiac failure moderate to severe (NYHA class III-IV)
    * Treatment-resistant hypertension
    * A history of severe asthma or angioedema
    * Moderate to severe respiratory failure, COPD grade ¾
    * Diabetes mellitus with unsatisfactory glycemic control, when the level of glycated hemoglobin HbA1С ≥8% (results are valid if the test was performed at the screening or within 3 months before signing the ICF)
    * The patient has thyrotoxicosis, which persists in the presence of thyreostatic medications, or hypothyroidism despite of the thyroid hormone treatment
    * Systemic autoimmune diseases (including but not limited to SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic scleroderma, inflammatory myopathy, mixed connective tissue disease , intersection syndrome, etc.)
    * Any other underlying conditions (including but not limited to metabolic, hematologic, hepatic, renal, pulmonary, neurological, endocrine, cardiac, gastrointestinal conditions and infections) that, in the opinion of the investigator, may affect the course of psoriasis, affect the assessment of signs/symptoms of psoriasis, or put patients using the study treatment at additional risk
13. Malignancies with less than 5 years of remission
14. Known severe allergies (anaphylaxis or drug allergy to two or more drug products)
15. Known allergy or intolerance to monoclonal antibody drugs (murine, chimeric, humanized, or human) or any other components of the test drug or comparator
16. Major surgery within 30 days before the screening, or a major surgery being scheduled at any time during the study
17. Severe infections (including those that required hospitalization or parenteral antibacterial/antimycotic/antiprotozoal treatment) within 6 months before signing the ICF
18. Systemic antibacterial/antimycotic/antiprotozoal treatment within 2 months before the signing the ICF
19. More than 4 episodes of respiratory infection within 6 months before signing the ICF
20. Episodes of severe mycoses (histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, etc.) within 6 months before signing the ICF
21. A history of epileptic attacks or seizures
22. Any concurrent diseases during which, in the investigator's opinion, the study treatment can harm the patient
23. Pregnancy, breastfeeding, or planning for pregnancy while participating in the study
24. Participation in any other clinical study within 3 months before signing the ICF or simultaneous participation in other clinical studies
25. Patients will not be re-enrolled in this study if they were randomized to this study and then discontinue the participation
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18-80 years old and capable of giving informed consent.
* at least a 6-month history of chronic moderate to severe psoriasis and a candidate for systemic therapy.
* BSA covered with psoriasis of at least 5 % or more at Baseline.
* An history of coronary atherosclerosis or at least three risk factors among the following: hypertension, active smoking, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, microalbuminuria, age above 55 years, and first degree relative with coronary atherosclerosis before 65 years.
* Patient must be on a stable dose for at least 8 weeks before baseline if taking medications used to control angina, hypertension, serum lipids and any medication that can have an effect on inflammation.
* Patient has a carotid or ascending aorta atherosclerotic plaque inflammation target-to background ratio of 1.6 or more as determined by 18-FDG uptake measured by PET scanning.
* Female patient is either not of childbearing potential, defined as postmenopausal for at least 1 year or surgically sterile, or is of childbearing potential and practicing one of the following methods of birth control throughout the study and for 150 days after study completion:

  * condoms, sponge, foams, jellies, diaphragm or IUD.
  * contraceptives for three months prior to study drug administration
  * a vasectomized partner.
* Female patient of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test at the Screening visit.
* Patient is judged to be in good general health as determined by the principal investigator.
* Patient will be evaluated for latent TB infection with a PPD or a Quantiferon Gold test and CXR. Patient who demonstrates evidence of latent TB infection will only be allowed to participate in the study if they are willing to use TB prophylaxis according to Canadian guidelines
* Patient must be able and willing to provide written informed consent and comply with the requirements of this study protocol.
* Patient must be able and willing to self-administer SC injections or have a qualified person available to administer SC injections.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient has other active skin diseases or skin infections (that may interfere with evaluation of psoriasis or with patient's safety.
* Patient has a history of an allergic reaction or significant sensitivity to constituents of study drug, including latex.
* Patient used any non-biological systemic therapy for the treatment of psoriasis less than 30 days before Day 0. Investigational chemical agents must be discontinued at least 30 days or five half-lives prior to the Baseline visit (whichever is longer).
* Patient who has used any biological therapy for the treatment of psoriasis less than 3 months (90 days) before Day 0.
* Patient is taking or requires oral or injectable corticosteroids during the study. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable medical conditions are allowed.
* Patient has used any topical treatment for psoriasis or has used phototherapy within the last 2 weeks prior to baseline (at the exception of low strength (hydrocortisone and desonide) topical corticosteroid for the face, groin (including genitals) and inframammary areas).
* Patient has received Anakinra/Kineret within the last 2 weeks prior to the Baseline visit or is likely to receive Anakinra/Kineret during the course of the study.
* Patient has a poorly controlled medical condition, such as uncontrolled diabetes, documented history of recurrent infections, unstable ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%, recent stroke, chronic leg ulcer or any other condition which, in the opinion of the investigator, would put the patient at risk if participating in the study.
* Patient had a myocardial infarction or hospitalization for a cardiac condition within the past 12 weeks.
* Patient has a history of acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, or carotid revascularization within 12 weeks of baseline.
* Patient for whom a change in medical treatment for angina, serum lipids, hypertension or any other medication that can have a significant effect on inflammation is planned for the duration of the study.
* Patient has a history of neurologic symptoms suggestive of central nervous system demyelinating disease.
* Patient has history of cancer or lymphoproliferative disease other than a successfully treated non-metastatic cutaneous squamous cell or basal cell carcinoma and/or localized carcinoma in situ of the cervix.
* Patient has a history of listeriosis, treated or untreated TB, persistent chronic infections, or recent active infections requiring hospitalization or treatment with intravenous anti-infectives within 30 days or oral anti-infectives within 14 days prior to the Baseline visit.
* Patient has received any live attenuated vaccine 28 days or less before baseline.
* Patient with hepatitis B or hepatitis C viral infection.
* Patient with any of the following: hemoglobin = 10 g/L, white blood cell count = 3.0 X 109/L, platelet count =130 X 109/L, ALT = 2 times the upper limit of normal, AST = 2 times the upper normal limit, total bilirubin = 2 times the upper normal limit or creatinine = 150 umol/L.
* Patient is currently using or plans to use anti-retroviral therapy at any time during the study.
* Patient is known to have immune deficiency or is immunocompromised.
* Female patient who is pregnant or breast-feeding or considering becoming pregnant during the study or for 150 days after the last dose of study medication.
* Patient has a history of clinically significant drug or alcohol abuse in the last year.
* Patient is considered by the investigator, for any reason, to be an unsuitable candidate for the study.

Answer: D