Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Integrated Prevention and Treatment on Child Malnutrition and Health in Burkina Faso: a Cluster Randomized Intervention Study
Brief Summary: Globally, child undernutrition is the underlying cause for 3.1 million deaths of children younger than 5 years. 18.7 million children under five years of age suffer from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and an additional 33 million children suffer from moderate acute malnutrition, and are at risk of developing SAM

In Sub-Saharan Africa, there is often poor integration between programs to treat child acute malnutrition and programs that focus on the prevention of acute and chronic undernutrition - resulting in many missed opportunities for using prevention platforms to screen and refer SAM children, or for using screening and referral platforms to provide prevention services.

This project will address two critical gaps related to the integration of preventive and treatment programs: 1) screening and treatment of MAM/SAM have not yet been systematically integrated into routine health-center visits or mainstreamed into community outreach programs; and 2) screening programs often do not offer any preventive services for those children found not to be suffering from MAM/SAM at the time of screening; mothers of children identified as non-MAM/SAM case are usually sent home without receiving any health or nutrition inputs and as a result, may fail to come back for screening because they do not see any tangible benefit associated with their participation in the screening. This project will specifically address these gaps by assessing the effect of an integrated approach consisting of higher screening coverage and preventive Behavior Change Communication (BCC) + Small-Quantity Lipid-based Nutrient supplementation (SQ-LNS) on both prevention and treatment of child undernutrition.


Options:
A: Cross-sectional study (baseline and endline) (n=2,310)

Inclusion Criteria:

* At least one index child 0-17 months of age in the household
* Mother should be living in the study area since the index child's delivery
* Singleton infants

Exclusion Criteria:

- Index child should not present congenital deformations that hamper anthropometric measurements

Longitudinal study (n=2,180)

Inclusion Criteria:

* child 0-1.4 months of age;
* Mother should be living in the study area since the index child's delivery
* Singleton infants

Exclusion Criteria:

* Congenital malformations that make anthropometric measurements impossible
* Mother planning to leave the study area in the coming year
* Children of 1.5 month of age or older at study inclusion
* WHZ\<-2 both at enrollment and at the first follow-up.
B: Study participants will be women who are rural residents of Chirumanzu or Shurugwi districts in Zimbabwe and who become pregnant during the enrollment period of the trial and are identified and consent to participation during pregnancy, and their live born infants. A total of 5280 women will be enrolled.

Inclusion Criteria:

Pregnant women residing in the study districts, whose pregnancy is confirmed by a urine pregnancy test.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women residing in the study districts who become pregnant during the enrollment period but do not consent to join the trial
* Women who reside in urban areas of these two districts
* Infants with major non-fatal abnormalities will not be excluded from study procedures, but will be excluded from the final analytic sample if the abnormality is likely to directly affect gut health/function or stature (e.g. neural tube defects, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome)
C: Study Population Description:

The subject population will be young children and their mothers/guardians living in several contiguous districts of Western Province, in the rural areas outside the towns of Bungoma and Kakamega. Communities must meet the following criteria:

* Located in a rural area (defined as villages with \<25% residents living in rental houses, \<2 gas/petrol stations and \<10 shops)
* Not enrolled in ongoing WASH or nutrition programs
* No chlorine dispensers at water sources installed by programs separate from the present study
* Majority (\>80%) of households do not have access to piped water into the home
* At least six eligible pregnant women in the cluster at baseline.

From enrolled communities, household compounds will be enrolled if they meet the following criteria.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. One or more women who self-identify as pregnant at the time of the baseline survey
2. The woman plans to stay in the community for the next 12 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

(1) The study excludes households who do not own their home to help mitigate attrition during follow-up.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children aged 9-23 months and their caregivers
* Have been eating solids for at least three months
* Singletons
* Normally nourished or only moderately malnourished (MUAC \>115mm, WHZ score \>-3)
* Healthy (no ill-health in past three days)
* No known food intolerances
* Have not been using Sprinkles, CSB++ or similar supplementary foods or supplements
* Informed signed consent of mother
* Mothers are healthy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children \<9 months or \>23mths
* Not yet eating solid food for at least three months
* Twins/multiples
* Severely malnourished (MUAC\< 115mm, WHZ score\<3, bipedal pitting oedema).
* Oedema and/or any medical complications at recruitment or illness requiring referral, or any ill health in past three days.
* Known intolerances
* Children enrolled in Sprinkles, CSB++ or similar program
* No informed signed consent of caregiver
* Medical complications or illness requiring referral at time of recruitment or previous two weeks

Answer: A