Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Co-Bedding as a Comfort Measure for Twins Undergoing Painful Procedures
Brief Summary: A rising number of preterm twins, at high risk of undergoing repeated medical procedures often without adequate pain relief, are being admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Skin-to-skin contact between mothers and their infants during painful procedures has been shown to decrease pain and help them stabilize more quickly afterwards. The main question of this study is whether the contact of a twin could provide a similar form of comfort. Sixty-four twin pairs will have an equal chance of undergoing a medically necessary heel stick while being cared for together (co-bedding) or separately. Primary outcome will be physiologic and behavioral pain response. If found to be beneficial, changes to neonatal care practices to include co-bedding may help twins tolerate and recover from painful procedures. Findings will help care providers make recommendations for at risk twins experiencing procedural pain and add to existing theoretical models with respect to the exact mechanism of comfort through touch.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Hospitals met the following inclusion criteria in at least four patient care units:

* distinct geographic location and administrative structure;
* minimum of 15 beds per unit;
* care for children exposed to painful procedures for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes; and
* implementation of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to manage pain.

The 16 participating hospital units had implemented the EPIQ intervention in the CIHR Team in Children's Pain study. Patients in the participating hospital units were eligible to be included in the determination of the pain practice and clinical outcomes if they:

* were between 32 weeks gestational age at birth and 18 years;
* received skin breaking procedures; and
* were admitted to the unit for \>24 hours.

Surveys used to determine factors influencing sustainability were administered to health care professionals in all participating units, who had at least 1 year of professional experience, had worked on the unit for at least 6 months, and spoke English or French.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children with CP for whom BTX treatment was indicated

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children with minimal communication skills (n =1)
* Autistic spectrum disorders (n =1)
* Severe anxiety requiring general anesthesia (n =1)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* All medically stable twin infants admitted to the NICU who are:

  1. Free from infection; and
  2. Breathing room air or receiving oxygen via nasal prongs.
* Twins may be receiving feeds via gavage tubes, IV therapy via peripheral or central line, and may be experiencing periods of apnea.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Weigh less than 1000 grams;
* Receiving ventilator support;
* Have chest tubes or umbilical catheter in situ;
* Have major congenital anomalies or chromosomal aberrations; OR
* If only one of the twins require overhead phototherapy.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Parents of infants,
* Recruited before the infants receive their 2, 4, or 6-month vaccinations,
* Respond to the online invitation,
* Consent to participate in this study
* Parents living in Canada
* Read, speak and understand English sufficiently to understand the videos and complete the surveys.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Parents who cannot understand, read or communicate in English
* Do not plan to have their infant vaccinated

Answer: C