Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized Trial of Antimicrobials Versus Placebo in Addition to Fecal Microbiota Therapy in for the Induction of Remission in Active Ulcerative Colitis
Brief Summary: The investigators will test the hypothesis that giving antibiotics prior to fecal transplant therapy for active UC increases the proportion of patients in remission at the end of treatment. The investigators will randomize patients aged 18 or over with active UC to antibiotics (metronidazole 500mg, doxycycline 100mg, Terbinafine 250 mg, all twice daily for two weeks); or identical placebo. At the end of two weeks the investigators will give all patients fecal transplant therapy twice per week for eight weeks from an anonymous donor stool.). Patients will complete a validated UC questionnaire, have a flexible sigmoidoscopy to assess the degree of inflammation in the colon and complete general and disease specific quality of life questionnaire as well as a questionnaire on anxiety and depression. Patients will complete the same questionnaires again at the end of treatment at week 9 when they will also have a repeat flexible sigmoidoscopy. The main outcome that will be assessed is the proportion of patients in remission from their UC at the end of treatment.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. subjects voluntarily participate in the trial and sign informed consent;
2. sex is not limited,ranging from 18 to 75 years old;
3. meet the diagnostic criteria for ulcerative colitis in patients;
4. be able to communicate well with the researchers and follow the verification requirements.

Exclusion criteria:

1. Pregnancy or people who are not to give informed consent;
2. use of major immunosuppressive agents, including the use of large doses of glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, depleted lymphocyte biological agents, anti-tumor necrosis factor and other conditions; chemotherapy of antineoplastic drugs;
3. decompensated cirrhosis, progressive AIDS and HIV infectionor other serious immunodeficiency disease;
4. use of antibiotics and probiotics within six weeks;
5. with severe complications such as local stenosis, intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, toxic colon expansion, colon cancer, rectal cancer patients;
6. combined with cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, liver, kidney and hematopoietic system and other serious primary disease, mental illness.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients aged 18 or over
2. Active UC defined as a Mayo score \> 3
3. A Mayo endoscopic score \> 0

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Participating in another clinical trial
2. Unable to give informed consent
3. Severe co-morbid medical illness
4. Concomitant Clostridium difficile infection
5. Severe UC requiring hospitalization.
6. Increase in medical therapy for UC in the last 12 weeks. Continued treatment with 5-ASA, azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine or anti-TNF alpha therapy (e.g. infliximab) will be permitted if taken at stable dose for ≥12 weeks prior to randomization. Relapse on a stable dose (same dose for at least 2 weeks) or a tapering dose of steroids will also be permitted provided the dose of steroid is not increased again. Stable intake of probiotic therapy also permitted.
7. Antibiotic therapy in the last 30 days.
8. Pregnant women.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult outpatients (age ≥18 and \<75) referred to one of the study centers after suffering a third (or further) documented episode CDI and
2. who have failed to maintain CDI cure after standard therapy with oral vancomycin.

   * Previous treatment with at least one course of tapered/pulse dose vancomycin as per SHEA-IDSA C difficile treatment guidelines or -Inability to taper or stop vancomycin without developing diarrhea requiring anti-infective therapy. -

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are aged 75 years or greater.
* Patients who are pregnant
* Patients who are nursing
* Patients who are incarcerated
* Patients with cognitive impairment or severe neuropsychiatric co morbidities who are incapable of giving their own informed consent
* Patients who are immunocompromised specifically:
* HIV infection (any CD4 count)
* AIDS-defining diagnosis or CD4\<200/mm3
* Inherited/primary immune disorders
* Immunodeficient or Immunosuppressed due to medical condition/medication:
* Current or recent (\<3 most) treatment with anti-neoplastic agent
* Current or recent (\<3 mos) treatment with any immunosuppressant medications (including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies to B and T cells, anti-TNF agents, glucocorticoids, antimetabolites (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine), calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, cyclosporine), mycophenolate mofetil). Subjects who are otherwise immunocompetent and have discontinued any immunosuppressant medications 3 or more months prior to enrollment may be eligible to enroll.
* Patients with a history of severe (anaphylactic) food allergy
* Patients who have previously undergone FMT
* Patients who are unwilling or unable to undergo colonoscopy
* Patients with untreated, in-situ colorectal cancer
* Patients with a history of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn"s disease or microscopic colitis) or irritable bowel syndrome
* Unable to comply with protocol requirements
* Patients who are American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status classification IV and V
* Patients with acute illness or fever on the day of planned FMT will be excluded (not undergo randomization or treatment with FMT) with the option of including that subject at a future date.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (Montreal classification)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosed as ulcerative colitis first time.
* No history of using Biologic, immunomodulatory therapy or corticosteroid therapy.
* With contraindication of endoscopy.

Answer: B