Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children
Brief Summary: The primary objective is of the PreventADALL study is to test if primary prevention of allergic diseases is possible by simple and low cost strategies, and secondary to asses the impact of xenobiotic exposure and microbiota in and on the body and the environment on allergic disease development.

The secondary objective is an exploratory focus to investigate early life risk factors for development of non-communicable diseases, including asthma and allergic diseases as well as for diseases that may share common risk factors, including cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes.

Design: A multi-national population-based prospective birth cohort with a factorial designed randomized controlled intervention trial of two clinical interventions; skin care 0-9 months and early food introduction by 3-4 months, thereafter observation only.

Recruitment in three cities (Oslo, Ostfold and Stockholm) of approximately 2500 mother-child pairs is done in two steps; first pregnant women are recruited and enrolled at the 18-weeks ultrasound investigation (n=approximately 2700) and thereafter their new-born babies are included.

Randomization into four groups is done by the postal code or "township" to ensure all four intervention-groups within each "township".

Visits for biological and environmental sampling, observations and investigations will be at the relevant pediatric departments (at 3-6-12-24-36 months of age) and through childhood into adulthood thereafter, provided sufficient funding.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participant (i.e. the neonate) must have a parent or sibling with a history of doctor-diagnosed atopy (i.e. at least one of: eczema, asthma, hayfever)
* Mother aged ≥18 years of age at enrolment
* Baby \<36 weeks gestation at screening
* Informed consent from the mother on behalf of the participant
* Mother has the ability to understand English
* Live in a hard water area (\>250 mg/L Calcium Carbonate)
* Consent of landlord for installation on water softener (if appropriate)
* Occupy a property appropriate for installation of a water softener

Exclusion Criteria:

* Preterm birth (defined as birth prior to 37 weeks gestation)
* Significant inflammatory skin disease at birth not including seborrheic dermatitis ("cradle cap")
* Sibling (including twin) previously randomised to this trial. If multiple birth, the first child will be randomised into the trial.
* The child is to be fostered/adopted
* Any immunodeficiency disorder or severe genetic skin disorder
* Child has any other serious health issue which, at parent or investigator discretion, would make it difficult for the family to take part in the trial.
* Planned stays away from home for a continuous period of more than 2 weeks or a total of 1 month out of the 6 month follow up period
* Water softening or filtration device already installed
* Concurrent enrolment in any other skin-related intervention study
* Other medical condition that in the opinion of the CI could interfere with the conduct of the trial
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Infants will be eligible for this study if their mother, father, or an older sibling has a self-reported history of at least one of the following conditions:

* asthma,
* eczema/atopic dermatitis,
* hay fever/ allergic rhinitis or
* food allergy

Exclusion Criteria: infants with any of the following will be excluded:

* A parent who has a known hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients of EpiCeram™ will be excluded, as it would be difficult for these parents to apply EpiCeram™ to their infant, and there is likely to be an increased risk of the infant reacting to the cream.
* Multiple births (twins, triplets etc.) will be excluded, due to the difficulty in randomising individual twins and because of the clustering effect of multiple children from the same family which would reduce the effective sample size of the study.
* Who are born premature (\<36 weeks) as the effect of the intervention may be different in premature infants.
* Who have major birth or early life medical complications that require admission into a special care nursery, as it will be difficult for parents to comply with the study requirements.
* Whose parents do not have sufficient English language skills to be able to answer questions.
* Whose parents are not able to comply with all protocol required visits and procedures
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Parent can provide electronic signed and dated informed consent form.
* Parent is willing and able to comply with all study procedures for the duration of the study.
* Parent is a primary caretaker of an infant 0 to 2 months of age.
* Parent is 18 years of age or older at time of consent.
* Parent can speak, read, and write in English or Spanish.
* Parent has a valid e-mail address or phone that can receive text messages
* Parent has reliable access to the internet.
* Infant is a patient of a participating Meta-LARC clinic site at the time of consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infant was born at less than 25 weeks gestational age.
* Infant has established eczema as diagnosed by the primary healthcare provider at clinic site of enrollment per parent report.
* Infant has known adverse reaction to petrolatum-based emollients.
* Infant has an immunodeficiency genetic syndrome such as Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome or Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
* Infant has extremely low birth weight (less than 1000g or 2.2 lbs at birth).
* Infant has a sibling enrolled in the study.
* Parent is unwilling or unable to comply with study procedures.
D: The study enrolls Mother-child pairs in two steps; first mother, thereafter her new-born baby.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Ante-natal inclusion, step 1: All mothers to-be at 18 weeks ultrasound investigation with sufficient language skills (Norwegian or Swedish), gestational age: at least 16-22 weeks.

1. Exclusion: Plans to move further than reasonable travel distance from any of the participating hospitals within the first year of the offspring's life.

1. Inclusion of the child, step 2: Live-born babies of gestational age 35.0 weeks or more (including multiple pregnancies), maternal/parental willingness to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria child: 1) severe neonatal cardiac, pulmonary, neurologic, dermatologic disease or other disease that may influence the outcomes 2), plans to move further than reasonable travel distance away from any of the participating hospitals within the first nine months of life.

3) Non-willingness to participate, 4) More than two foetuses

Answer: D