Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Intravenous Magnesium for Sickle Cell Vasoocclusive Crisis
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine the safety and efficacy of intravenous magnesium in shortening the duration of a pain crisis and to determine the health-related quality of life and short term outcomes of children treated with intravenous magnesium during an acute pain crisis.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 4-21 years, inclusive
* Sickle cell anemia (Hb SS) or Sickle beta zero thalassemia disease (Hb Sβ°)
* failed intravenous opioid pain management in the emergency department prior to the decision to admit the patient
* admitted to the inpatient unit for sickle cell pain crisis

Exclusion Criteria:

* patient received more than 12 hours of intravenous pain medication prior to enrollment
* previous enrollment in this study (only one admission per child is eligible)
* history of allergy/intolerance to both intravenous morphine and hydromorphone
* known other cause for pain (avascular necrosis, gall bladder disease, priapism, etc.)
* patient with greater than 10 admissions for pain crisis in the past year
* patient maintained on daily opioids or chronic transfusions for chronic sickle cell pain
* transfusion within the previous two months
* known kidney or liver failure (elevation of liver function tests does not warrant exclusion)
* known pulmonary hypertension
* pregnancy
* diagnosis of bacterial infection, fever ≥39.5°C, acute chest syndrome, hemodynamic instability or sepsis
* current oral magnesium supplementation or current enrollment in another therapeutic study protocol
* previously diagnosed clinical stroke
* current or planned use of neuromuscular blocker, nifedipine, ritodrine, or terbutaline
* allergy to magnesium sulfate
* discharge from an inpatient unit within 72 hours of arrival in the emergency department for the current pain crisis
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Known sickle cell disease
* Previous painful crisis resulting in an Emergency Department(ED) visit
* Current visit with a chief complaint of pain
* Age 4 years - 18 years
* Staff ED decides to admit to the hospital
* Staff ED decides to start an intravenous line

Exclusion Criteria:

* Fever (\>38.5C) during the 24 hours prior to visit at triage
* Patients transfused within 90 days of study entry
* Patients with known renal disease
* Patients with known heart block or myocardial damage
* Patients who take a magnesium-containing medication or calcium channel blocker on a regular basis
* Patients who received anesthetics, cardiac glycosides and neuromuscular blockers during the acute illness in the last 24 hours
* Patients or parents unable to communicate in English
* Known pregnancy
* Known allergy to Magnesium
* Admission to the ICU
* Enrolment to the study in the last 30 days
C: Postmenopausal women ages 50 to 79.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of HbSC disease
* Hemoglobin level between 8 and 12.5 g/dL
* At least one vaso-occlusive event (e.g., pain, acute chest syndrome) in the 12 months prior to study entry. An episode of pain is defined as the occurrence of pain in the extremities, back, abdomen, chest, or head that lasts at least 2 hours; requires a visit to a hospital, emergency room, clinic, or provider's office; and is not explained except by SCD. Acute chest syndrome is defined as a new pulmonary infiltrate on a chest x-ray associated with a fever (greater than 38.5° C), tachypnea, wheezing, cough, or chest pain.
* Regular compliance with comprehensive care
* In a steady disease state and not experiencing an acute complication of SCD (i.e., no hospitalization, pain event, or episode of acute chest syndrome within the 1 month prior to study entry)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous transfusion with remaining hemoglobin A greater than 10%
* Previous treatment with hydroxyurea within the last 3 months
* Previous treatment with magnesium within the 3 months prior to study entry (including vitamins containing magnesium)
* Poor compliance with previous treatment regimens
* Liver dysfunction (SGPT greater than twice the upper limit of normal) within the 1 month prior to study entry
* Kidney dysfunction (creatinine greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/dL for participants less than 18 years of age; greater than or equal to 1.2 mg/dL for participants 18 years of age or older) within the 1 month prior to study entry
* Pregnant
* Ten or more hospital admissions for pain in the 12 months prior to study entry
* Daily use of narcotics
* Treatment with any investigational drug in the 3 months prior to study entry
* Less than 3% red blood cells with density greater than 41 g/dL (as measured by the ADVIA 120 system)
* Positive HIV test
* Other long-term illness or disorder other than SCD that could adversely affect performance in the study (e.g., tuberculosis)

Answer: A