Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Postpartum Pelvic Floor Muscle Training in Women With Injured and Non-injured Pelvic Floor Muscles. A Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Although pregnancy and childbirth are associated with happiness and a positive life change for most women, it can also be considered as risk periods for injuries to the pelvic floor and development of pelvic floor dysfunction. This may leed to devastating loss of function and quality of life (Ashton-Miller \& DeLancey 2007).

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of postpartum pelvic floor muscle training for primiparous women with and without pelvic floor muscle injury.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Being healthy and able to exercise following American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines
* Being able to communicate in spanish
* Giving birth at Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Hospital Universitario de Puerta de Hierro or Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa (Madrid)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Multiparity
* Obstetrician complications
* Being interested in the study after 18 weeks
* Not having availability to attend to the physical exercise program
* Younger than 18 years old
* Older than 45 years old
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female
2. Aged 55 years or older
3. Ability to understand, read and write English
4. Stress, urgency, or mixed urgency and stress urinary incontinence (UI) (by self report)
5. On the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire - Short Form (ICIQ UI-SF), frequency of leakage at least a 1 ("about once a week or less often") on item #1 and volume of urine loss at least a 2 ("a small amount") on item #2.
6. Symptoms of three months duration or longer (on history)
7. Passing score (i.e., categorized as "probably not demented") on the MiniCog Test
8. Timed "Up and Go" Test (TUG) score of 20 seconds or less
9. Willing to undergo vaginal/pelvic examination
10. Signed informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of renal, bladder, uterine, ovarian, urethral, anal or rectal cancer, radiation therapy to the pelvis for any cancer/malignancy, or any active cancer/malignancy (except skin cancer)
2. Non-ambulatory (participant confined to bed or wheelchair)
3. Persistent pelvic pain (defined as daily pelvic pain \> 3 months)
4. History of neurologic or end-stage diseases (e.g. cerebral vascular accident (CVA), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, spinal cord tumor or trauma, spina bifida, symptomatic herniated disc)
5. Previous treatment or current participation in a research study for UI, including surgery or formal behavioral treatment (pelvic floor muscle training, biofeedback, pelvic floor electrical stimulation, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, sacral neuromodulation, botox or other periurethral injection)
6. Currently taking urinary incontinence or overactive bladder medications
7. History of other urinary conditions or procedures that may affect continence status (e.g. urethral diverticula, previous augmentation cystoplasty or artificial urinary sphincter; implanted nerve stimulators for urinary symptoms)
8. Participation in any drug/device research study.
9. Pelvic organ prolapse protruding past the introitus (at rest or persisting after strain)
10. Evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) by urine dipstick (leukocytes +1 or greater, nitrites +1 or greater, leukocytes alone (w/o nitrites) +2 or greater, or presence of hematuria \> +1). Participants may be re-screened after treatment with antibiotics or if hematuria work-up is negative.
11. History of 2 or more recurrent UTI's within the past year; more than one UTI within past 6 months
12. Post void residual urine volume 150 cc or more.
13. Unstable medical condition (as determined by site PI)

    -
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Postnatal women (6 and 8 weeks after vaginal delivery)
* Primiparous
* Whose vaginal delivery has occurred in the "Príncipe de Asturias" Hospital
* Women have not been already treated for pelvic floor dysfunction
* Women reading, understanding and freely signing an informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

* Postnatal women with medical diagnosis of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) prior to pregnancy and delivery
* Women with a history of conservative treatment or PFD surgery
* Women with concomitant or systemic disease that may affect the treatment (neurological, gynecological, urological or connective tissue), or with active or recurrent urinary infection without treatment at the time of the intervention proposed in this study, or hematuria
* Postnatal women with cognitive limitations to understand information, respond to questionnaires, consent and / or participate in the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primipara women giving birth at Akershus University Hospital, Norway
* Women giving birth to a healthy singleton baby at term
* Women who speak/ understand Scandinavian language

Exclusion Criteria:

* Multiparity
* C-section
* Premature birth (\< week 32)
* Prior abortion or stillbirth after 16 weeks of gestation
* Perineal tearing graded as 3b, 3c or 4.
* Illnesses that may interfere with the ability to follow-up

Answer: D