Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized Controlled Trial on the Diaphragm Training With Threshold for Patient With Post-Cardiac Surgery Diaphragmatic Paralysis
Brief Summary: Diaphragm paralysis is a possible complication of cardiac surgery. The spontaneous recovery of the diaphragm mobility is slow and partial or absent in most cases. We hypothesize that a program of diaphragm muscle training by means of the Threshold variable resistance device could improve the rate of complete diaphragm mobility recovery in a shorter time period. Patient with post-cardiosurgical diaphragm paralysis will be random assigned to the specific training protocol or to a generic non-training physical activity.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* post-cardiosurgical diaphragmatic paralysis recent cardiosurgical intervention for by-pass and/or valve replacement

Exclusion Criteria:

* heart failure
* COPD
* neuromuscular disease
B: Inclusion Criteria:

patients up to 6 months after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Exclusion Criteria:

inability to perform exercise on bicycles valve dysfunction
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Severe aortic stenosis, defined as follows:

   1. For symptomatic patients:

      Aortic valve area ≤1.0 cm2 (or aortic valve area index of ≤0.6 cm2/m2), OR mean gradient ≥40 mmHg, OR Maximal aortic valve velocity ≥4.0 m/sec by transthoracic echocardiography at rest
   2. For asymptomatic patients:

      * Very severe aortic stenosis with an aortic valve area of ≤1.0 cm2 (or aortic valve area index of ≤0.6 cm2/m2), AND maximal aortic velocity ≥5.0 m/sec , or mean gradient ≥60 mmHg by transthoracic echocardiography at rest, OR
      * Aortic valve area of ≤1.0 cm2 (or aortic valve area index of ≤0.6 cm2/m2), AND a mean gradient ≥40 mmHg or maximal aortic valve velocity ≥4.0 m/sec by transthoracic echocardiography at rest, AND an exercise tolerance test that demonstrates a limited exercise capacity, abnormal BP response, or arrhythmia OR
      * Aortic valve area of ≤1.0 cm2 (or aortic valve area index of ≤0.6 cm2/m2), AND mean gradient ≥40 mmHg, or maximal aortic valve velocity ≥4.0 m/sec by transthoracic echocardiography at rest, AND a left ventricular ejection fraction \<50%.
2. Documented heart team agreement of low risk for SAVR, where low risk is defined as predicted risk of mortality for SAVR \<3% at 30 days per multidisciplinary local heart team assessment.
3. The subject and the treating physician agree that the subject will return for all required post-procedure follow-up visits.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any condition considered a contraindication for placement of a bioprosthetic valve (eg, subject is indicated for mechanical prosthetic valve).
2. A known hypersensitivity or contraindication to any of the following that cannot be adequately pre-medicated:

   1. aspirin or heparin (HIT/HITTS) and bivalirudin
   2. ticlopidine and clopidogrel
   3. Nitinol (titanium or nickel)
   4. contrast media
3. Blood dyscrasias as defined: leukopenia (WBC \<1000 mm3), thrombocytopenia (platelet count \<50,000 cells/mm3), history of bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy, or hypercoagulable states.
4. Ongoing sepsis, including active endocarditis.
5. Any percutaneous coronary or peripheral interventional procedure with a bare metal stent within 30 days prior to randomization, or drug eluting stent performed within 180 days prior to randomization.
6. Multivessel coronary artery disease with a Syntax score \>22 and/or unprotected left main coronary artery.
7. Symptomatic carotid or vertebral artery disease or successful treatment of carotid stenosis within 10 weeks of Heart Team assessment.
8. Cardiogenic shock manifested by low cardiac output, vasopressor dependence, or mechanical hemodynamic support.
9. Recent (within 2 months of Heart Team assessment) cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
10. Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding that would preclude anticoagulation.
11. Subject refuses a blood transfusion.
12. Severe dementia (resulting in either inability to provide informed consent for the trial/procedure, prevents independent lifestyle outside of a chronic care facility, or will fundamentally complicate rehabilitation from the procedure or compliance with follow-up visits).
13. Estimated life expectancy of less than 24 months due to associated non-cardiac co-morbid conditions.
14. Other medical, social, or psychological conditions that in the opinion of the investigator precludes the subject from appropriate consent or adherence to the protocol required follow-up exams.
15. Currently participating in an investigational drug or another device trial (excluding registries).
16. Evidence of an acute myocardial infarction ≤30 days before the trial procedure due to unstable coronary artery disease (WHO criteria).
17. Need for emergency surgery for any reason.
18. Subject is pregnant or breast feeding.
19. Subject is less than legal age of consent, legally incompetent, or otherwise vulnerable
20. Pre-existing prosthetic heart valve in any position.
21. Severe mitral regurgitation amenable to surgical replacement or repair.
22. Severe tricuspid regurgitation amenable to surgical replacement or repair.
23. Moderate or severe mitral stenosis amenable to surgical replacement or repair.
24. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow gradient.
25. Bicuspid aortic valve verified by echocardiography, MDCT, or MRI.
26. Prohibitive left ventricular outflow tract calcification.
27. Sinus of Valsalva diameter unsuitable for placement of the self-expanding bioprosthesis.
28. Aortic annulus diameter of \<18 or \>30 mm.
29. Significant aortopathy requiring ascending aortic replacement.

    For transfemoral or transaxillary (subclavian) access:
30. Access vessel mean diameter \<5.0 mm for Evolut 23R, 26R, or 29R mm TAV, or access vessel mean diameter \<5.5 mm for Evolut 34R mm or Evolut PRO TAV. However, for transaxillary (subclavian) access in patients with a patent LIMA, access vessel mean diameter \<5.5mm for Evolut 23R, 26R, or 29R mm TAV, or access vessel mean diameter \<6.0 mm for the Evolut 34R or Evolut PRO TAV.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* An eligible patient with coronary artery disease, aortic valve stenosis or mitral valve insufficiency scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement or mitral valve repair operation.
* He / she does not have any severe disease or functional limitation limiting PA (other than CVD).
* He / she is willing to wear a hip- and wrist-worn accelerometer.
* He / she is willing and capable to use a smart phone application.

Exclusion Criteria:

* He / she ends up in prolonged intensive care after cardiac operation.
* He / she has a memory disorder (i.e. Alzheimer's disease).

Answer: A