Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Multicentre, Prospective, Observational, 4-week Inception Cohort Study Being Carried Out by the Acute Respiratory Failure Section of ESICM
Brief Summary: We wish to prospectively assess the burden of, management and therapeutic approaches to, and outcomes from acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support, during the winter months in both the northern and southern hemispheres. We wish to specifically examine the contribution of ARDS as defined by the Berlin Definition to the burden of hypoxaemic respiratory failure.

Why?

The purpose of this study is to provide new and current data on the disease burden of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and ARDS. It will answer the following questions:

* What is the frequency and disease burden of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure in winter?
* What are the aetiologies of acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support?
* What is the incidence of ARDS based on the Berlin definition within this patient cohort?
* What is the mortality from ARDS within this cohort, and how does this vary based on ARDS severity?
* What is the natural history of ARDS?
* What are the key patterns of therapeutic resource utilization, particularly approaches to sustain gas exchange, in these patients?

When?

The study is performed over a 4 week period between February 1st and March 31st 2014 in the Northern Hemisphere and June 1st to August 31st in the Southern Hemisphere.

What data is required?

A basic dataset is collected on all patients admitted with acute acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support, with a more detailed dataset collected on patients diagnosed with ARDS.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients admitted to the participating ICUs receiving invasive or non-invasive ventilation will be screened and included in the database.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 16
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults (presumed or known to be aged 18-75 years, inclusive),
* An initial documented OHCA rhythm of VF/VT,
* No ROSC following 3 defibrillation shocks,
* Body morphology able to accommodate a Lund University Cardiac Arrest System (LUCAS™) automated CPR device, and
* Estimated transfer time from the scene to the ED or CCL of \< 30 minutes.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 18 years old or \> 75 years old;
* Non-shockable initial OHCA rhythm (pulseless electrical activity \[PEA\] or asystole);
* Valid do-not-attempt-resuscitation orders (DNAR);
* Blunt, penetrating, or burn-related injury, drowning, electrocution or known overdose;
* Known prisoners;
* Known pregnancy;
* Nursing home residents;
* Unavailability of the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
* Severe concomitant illness that drastically shortens life expectancy or increases risk of the procedure;
* Absolute contraindications to emergent coronary angiography including known anaphylactic reaction to angiographic contrast media and/or active gastrointestinal or internal bleeding
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* The trial subjects are patients aged 18 years or older who have developed severe ARDS. Following the American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS, severe ARDS is defined as an oxygenation index (PaO2/FIO2) \< 200 mmHg. These parameters must be present for a duration of at least 2 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

* age \< 18 years
* decompensated heart insufficiency
* acute coronary syndrome
* severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* advanced tumour conditions with life expectancy \< 6 months
* chronic dialysis treatment
* lung transplant patients
* proven Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
* morbid obesity (BMI \>) 40
* Child Class B and C cirrhosis of the liver, acute fulminant hepatic failure
* severe peripheral arterial occlusive disease (pAVK III - IV), absence of limb doppler pulse
* brain injury (GCS \< 9 + CT pathology)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mechanical ventilation with expected duration of \>24h
* Moderate ARDS according to the Berlin definition(16) PaO2/FiO2: 200-100 mmHg, with PEEP ≥ 5 cmH2O

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \<18 years
* Pregnancy
* Decompensated heart insufficiency or acute coronary syndrome
* Severe COPD
* Major respiratory acidosis PaCO2\>60 mmHg
* Acute brain injury
* Severe liver insufficiency (Child-Pugh scores \>7) or fulminant hepatic failure
* Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
* Contraindication for systemic anticoagulation
* Patient moribund, decision to limit therapeutic interventions
* Catheter access to femoral vein or jugular vein impossible
* Pneumothorax
* Platelet \<50 G/l

Answer: A