Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Promote Physician-Patient Discussion of Prostate Cancer Screening
Brief Summary: Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men. It is also the second leading cause of cancer-related death among men. Two screening tests are available to try to detect prostate cancer early - the digital rectal examination (DRE) and the prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test. Unfortunately, physicians aren't sure whether or not these two screening tests help save lives, and there's a lot of controversy about how to use them. Recently, a major government committee (the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) recommended that physicians discuss the risks and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening with their patients, and allow patients to make their own decision.

Because of the controversies, many physicians currently don't discuss prostate cancer with their patients. The problem is that it takes time and effort to have these discussions, and the information is complicated. A lot of patients have trouble understanding it, especially if they have a limited educational background or trouble reading. When patients have difficulty obtaining, understanding, and acting on basic health information, we say that they have "low health literacy." Other researchers have shown that patients with low health literacy don't know as much about cancer screening and are less likely to get screened for various cancers. They also tend to be timid about discussing things with their doctor, and often go along with what the doctor says, rather than taking an active role in the decision making.

In 2003, under IRB approval, we conducted a study with 2 goals: 1) to encourage patients to talk to their doctor about prostate cancer screening, and 2) to learn more about the impact of low health literacy on these conversations. To promote conversation, we used two handouts, given to patients in the waiting room before they saw the doctor. The first was a patient education handout about prostate cancer screening, written in very simple terms with useful illustrations. The second was a handout that simply encouraged patients to talk to their doctor about prostate cancer. Patients got one of the two handouts, or a nutritional handout that served as a control. After they saw their doctor, a research assistant briefly interviewed the patient to find out whether or not prostate cancer screening was discussed. We also measured the patients' health literacy skills, and asked a few other questions about their decision to get screened for prostate cancer.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Peri and Postmenopausal Caucasian, Black, Hispanic and Asian women, aged 50-90
* Bone mineral density (BMD) T-Score \< 1.0
* Have appointment with clinician to discuss test results and treatment options
* Patients with FRAX \<20% risk who have taken a bisphosphonate for \< 5 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to speak or read English
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Currently a patient at the General Internal Medicine Clinic at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
* Moderate (6% to 20%) or high (greater than 20%) risk of CHD, as defined by current evidence and practice-based guidelines for aspirin use and cholesterol levels

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known cardiovascular disease (e.g., previous heart attack, previous coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention, angina, previous transient ischemic attack \[TIA\] or stroke, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure)
* Diabetes
* Low global risk of CHD (less than 6%)
* Dementia or other severe cognitive dysfunction
* Blindness
* Serious medical illness that would make the individual a poor candidate for the study (e.g., kidney failure, liver cirrhosis, HIV, non-skin cancer, any other illness for which their life expectancy is projected at less than 5 years)
* Inability to speak and understand English
* Participation in the preliminary study or in cognitive testing of intervention components
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male
* Age 45-70

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to communicate in English
* Too ill
* In police custody
* Visual acuity worse than 20/60
* History of prostate cancer
* Lack of cooperation
* Overt psychiatric illnesses
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* No more than 20 weeks pregnant.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to speak English or Spanish.
* Those carrying triplets or higher order gestation

Answer: C