Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Phase II Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of the Effect of Atorvastatin on Postoperative Renal Function in Patients Undergoing Elective Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Brief Summary: Acute kidney dysfunction is common after cardiac surgery. While many patients suffer no long-term ill effects from post-operative kidney dysfunction, some require initiation of dialysis therapy that can contribute to long-term morbidity. Further, there is evidence to suggest that those patients requiring dialysis after cardiac surgery have a higher risk of death in hospital.

The exact reasons why some patients develop acute kidney dysfunction after cardiac surgery is not well understood. However, research evidence to date has suggested that the presence of co-morbid illnesses (i.e., diabetes mellitus) and exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung machine used during operation when heart is stopped). Cardiopulmonary bypass, in particular, has been shown to over-activate several aspect of the body's immune system. Such over-activity can induce oxidative stress and contribute to acute kidney dysfunction.

The investigators believe that the statin drug, atorvastatin, might reduce the oxidative stress that occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass, and thus, prevent or reduce the magnitude of acute kidney dysfunction in those patients at highest risk. The investigators hope to give atorvastatin (40 mg orally) to patients immediately prior to and for 3 days after cardiac surgery, and to compare the effects on kidney function with patients who have not had atorvastatin.

Atorvastatin is the most commonly prescribed medication in Australia and is used to reduce blood cholesterol levels and decrease the risk of heart attacks and stroke. Recently, however, it has been discovered that atorvastatin may be useful for prevention of inflammation and oxidative stress in other conditions, such as following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Thus, the investigators plan to examine whether atorvastatin can prevent acute kidney dysfunction. This trial as planned is a pilot study. If atorvastatin shows promising evidence of reduction in acute kidney dysfunction, further studies on a larger scale would be required to justify its general use.

The investigators plan to determine whether atorvastatin, a statin drug, possesses kidney protective effects in patients at risk for perioperative acute kidney dysfunction after cardiac surgery and exposure to cardiopulmonary bypass.

This is a pilot, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial.

The investigators plan to administer atorvastatin (40 mg orally) or placebo to patients immediately prior to and for 3 days after cardiac surgery. The atorvastatin/placebo will be given orally either by orogastric tube after induction of anaesthesia or swallowed by the patients.

Whether a particular patient receives the atorvastatin or placebo will be decided at random, and neither the patient nor the investigators will be aware of the allocated treatment.

The investigators plan to measure kidney function before and after cardiac surgery using the standard blood tests. The investigators also plan to measure markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the blood. This may give insight into the mechanisms whereby atorvastatin exerts its effects. The investigators will also take four 20 ml samples of blood, spaced before, and after the operation, from the arterial catheter routinely inserted in every patient undergoing cardiac surgery.

The investigators believe that there will be no significant additional risk to a patient who participates in the study, and no discomfort other than that normally associated with cardiac surgery. Informed consent will be obtained from the patient prior to the operation by one of the investigators or the ICU research nurse. The clinical care of a patient who does not consent for any reason will not be affected.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Cardiac surgical patients in whom the use of cardiopulmonary bypass was planned
* Written informed consent of patient
* Age \> 18 years
* And having at least one ore more of the following risk factors for postoperative AKI:

  * Age =/\> 70 years
  * Preoperative plasma creatinine \>120 µmol/L, New York Heart Association class III/IV or LVEF \<35%
  * Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  * Valve surgery (with or without coronary artery bypass graft)
  * Redo cardiac surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* An emergency operation is indicated (within 24 hours after hospital admission or on intra-aortic balloon pump)
* Pregnancy is confirmed or breastfeeding is present
* A renal allograft is present
* Preoperative acute renal failure within 6 weeks (acute rise in serum creatinine \> 50% from baseline) is present
* Pre-operative end stage renal disease (serum creatinine \> 300 µmol/L) is present
* Chronic moderate to high dose corticosteroid therapy (\>10 mg/d prednisone or equivalent) is present
* Known Allergy to Atorvastatin
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Are eligible for the study all patients admitted to CCU for Acute Coronary Syndrome without ST elevation (NSTEMI) candidates for early invasive strategy (coronary angiography within 48 hours from the admission) and without previous therapy with statins.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. inability to provide consent
2. pregnancy or lactation
3. intolerance to statins
4. therapy with other lipid lowering drugs
5. acute or chronic liver disease
6. chronic muscle disease
7. acute renal failure or chronic renal failure stage IV
8. neoplastic
9. exposure to iodinated contrast medium in the previous 10 days
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients who have been diagnosed with coronary artery disease (single, double or triple disease) will be eligible if they:

1. require isolated CABG with median sternotomy
2. are able to give their informed written consent
3. are\> 21 years of age and
4. have one or more of the following risk factors:

   * ≥ 70 years
   * peripheral vascular disease (previous peripheral bypass or amputation or ABI \<0.80)
   * Cerebrovascular disease (history of stroke, TIA)
   * Renal insufficiency (creatinine above upper limit of normal)
   * \>60 years of age and one of the following:

     * diabetes (oral hypoglycemic agent and/or insulin)
     * urgent revascularization (waiting in hospital)
     * LV ejection fraction \<35%
     * current or recent smoker.
   * 55-59 years of age and two of the following:

     * diabetes (oral hypoglycemic agent and/or insulin)
     * urgent revascularization (waiting in hospital)
     * LV ejection fraction \<35%
     * current or recent smoker.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients will be excluded if they have one of the following:

1. concomitant cardiac procedure associated with CABG,
2. contra-indications to off-pump CABG or on-pump CABG (calcified aorta, intramuscular LAD, calcified coronaries, small target vessels)
3. concomitant life-threatening disease likely to limit life expectancy to less than 2 years,
4. prior enrollment in this trial
5. emergency CABG surgery (immediate revascularization for hemodynamic instability) OR
6. redo CABG.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* cyanotic congenital heart disease
* noncyanotic congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension
* Heart valve disease,
* other heart and great artery diseases need heart or great artery surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* Coronary artery disease
* under 10-year-old.
* noncyanotic congenital heart disease without pulmonary hypertension
* poor liver function such AST elevated,Hepatitis
* Gestation women and Breast-feeding women

Answer: A