Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Change of Neural Network Indicators Through Narrative Treatment of PTSD in Torture Victims
Brief Summary: Effective Treatment of PTSD involves talking about the traumatic event in detail.It is unclear how this process influences the sensory-specific trauma network (fear structure)in the traumatized person. The goal of the project is to test the hypothesis that treatment-facilitated recovery does not change the original fear structure but establishes an inhibitory mechanism that depends on verbal activity. An affective visual steady-state paradigm in magnetencephalography (MEG) using positive, aversive and neutral picture stimuli will be used to examine the spatial and temporal pattern of the processing of emotional stimuli. To examine the effects of treatment this paradigm will be used as outcome measure within a randomized controlled trial of Narrative Exposure Therapy and a waiting-list control condition for severely traumatized torture victims.


Options:
A: Once youth are referred to the study, a screening tool will be administered to determine whether or not they meet eligibility requirements as described below.

The screening tool contains four sections;

1. Consent and Age: assures that participants meet the age requirements
2. Oxford Refugees Psychosocial Adjustment Scale: assesses depression, anxiety and hostility
3. Functioning: assesses the participant's ability to carry out activities of daily living
4. Psychological Analysis: clinician's assessment of the psychological state of the participant.

Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants must be between 15-24 years of age;
* Participants must prefer to have the opportunity to join an educational program but not currently be enrolled in school;
* A participant's total score on the Oxford scale must equal or exceed 30 AND
* Participants must display at least one non-zero score on the functioning questions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participant does not plan to reside in the Freetown urban area for the duration of the study (9 months from start date);
* Participant fails to meet age requirements;
* Participant is currently enrolled in school;
* Participant is not in favor of joining an educational program;
* Participant fails to meet Oxford psychosocial or functioning thresholds;
* Participant is judged by clinical staff as:

  * Needing mental health treatment beyond the scope of the YRI
  * Otherwise not suitable for a group treatment setting
* Participant displays the following:

  * Cognitive delays
  * Active suicidality
  * Psychosis
  * Risk of harm to themselves or others

Participants at risk of harm to themselves or others, as well as those requiring treatment beyond the scope of the YRI, will be referred to local mental health or social work treatment facilities as appropriate.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Youth found to exhibit significant trauma symptomatology as evidenced by a score of 38 or above on the previously validated PTSD-RI symptom scale (Murray, et al. 2011) (trauma severity is the main study outcome) will be invited to join the trial. Youth must live in Lusaka, Zambia.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Youth currently receiving psychiatric care
* Youth who are actively suicidal
* Persons who are not mentally competent to give assent or whose legal guardians are not mentally competent to give consent to participate in the intervention
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age greater than 18 years;
* diagnosis with Depressive Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD);
* Ability to attend weekly therapy sessions for 12 weeks and return for post-treatment screening;
* Ability to give verbal informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cognitive dysfunction which requires a higher level of care and/or interferes with ability to participate in IPT;
* Severe thought or mood disorder symptoms which requires a higher level of care and/or interferes with ability to participate in IPT;
* drug and alcohol dependence
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* experiences of organized violence/torture
* PTSD diagnosis

Exclusion Criteria:

* psychotic disorder
* neurological disease or seizures
* current drug/alcohol abuse

Answer: D