Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: NIDA CTN Protocol 0049. Project HOPE -- Hospital Visit as Opportunity for Prevention and Engagement for HIV-Infected Drug Users
Brief Summary: Primary Objective: This study will evaluate the most effective strategy in achieving HIV virologic suppression among HIV-infected substance users recruited from the hospital setting who are randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: 1) Patient Navigator (PN); 2) Patient Navigator + Contingency Management (PN+CM); and 3) Treatment as Usual (TAU).

Primary Hypothesis: The rate of viral suppression (plasma HIV viral load of \<= 200 copies/mL) relative to non-suppression or all-cause mortality in the 3 study groups will differ from each other at the 12 month follow-up.

Sub-hypothesis 1. The rate of virologic suppression (plasma HIV viral load of \<= 200 copies/mL) in the PN+CM group will be greater than that in the TAU group.

Sub-hypothesis 2. The rate of virologic suppression in the PN+CM group will be greater than that in the PN group.

Sub-hypothesis 3. The rate of virologic suppression in the PN group will be greater than that in the TAU group.

Secondary Objectives:

1. To evaluate the effect of the experimental interventions on: HIV virological suppression and CD4 T-cell count changes at 6 months post-randomization; engagement in HIV primary care and visit attendance; and rate of hospitalizations.
2. To evaluate the effect of the experimental interventions on: drug use frequency and severity; and drug use treatment engagement and session attendance.
3. To assess selected mechanisms of action of the intervention (.i.e. mediators of intervention effect).
4. To assess potential characteristics associated with differential treatment effectiveness (i.e. moderators of intervention effect).
5. To evaluate the incremental cost and cost-effectiveness of the interventions.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV-infected
* 18-49 years old
* Currently receiving HAART
* Belong to a patient support group or demonstrate willingness to join a support group.
* Have access to farming land and available surface water
* Have evidence of food insecurity, hunger and/or malnutrition (BMI\<18.5 kg) based on FACES medical records during the year preceding recruitment.
* Participants must also agree to save the down payment (\~$7) required for the loan, participate in the Adok Timo training.

Exclusion Criteria:

* None
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* ≥18 years
* Living with HIV infection
* Initiated antiretroviral therapy ≤1 month prior to enrollment in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

- Participants who do no provide informed consent
C: Inclusion Criteria

Participating individuals must:

1. be admitted to a hospital and be HIV-infected at the time of recruitment
2. be at least 18 years old
3. meet one of the following: A) have an AIDS-defining illness during the current hospital admission; or B) have the most recent CD4 count and viral load performed within the past 6 months be \<350 cells/uL and \>200 copies/mL; or C) have the most recent CD4 count and viral load performed within the past 12 months be \<=500 cells/uL and \>200 copies/mL or unknown accompanied by the Site PI's discretion that the patient a) is likely to currently have a viral load \>200 copies/mL, b) is not currently successfully/correctly taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) and c) needs to be on ART
4. report (or have evidence in the medical record of) any opioid and/or stimulant and/or heavy alcohol use within the past 12 months (Note: Medical record evidence may consist of a) positive toxicology screen(s) for stimulants or heavy alcohol or b) clinician notes indicating heavy use of alcohol, use of stimulants or non-prescribed opioids or abuse of prescribed opioids.)
5. have a Karnofsky performance scale index score of \>=60
6. provide informed consent
7. provide locator information
8. sign a HIPAA form / medical record release form to facilitate medical record abstraction
9. report living in the vicinity and being able to return for follow-up visits
10. complete the baseline assessment, including blood draw
11. be able to communicate in English

Exclusion Criteria

Individuals will be excluded from the study if they:

1. do not meet any one or more of the above-described inclusion criteria
2. have significant cognitive or developmental impairment to the extent that they are unable to provide informed consent
3. are terminated via Site PI decision with agreement from study Lead Investigator
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Study participants had to be full-time primary care physicians employed by the Veterans Health Administration (VA) at one of the 12 VA hospitals that participated in the study.

We defined a full-time primary care physician as spending at least 0.60 full-time equivalent (FTE) delivering patient care services in the primary care setting or having a panel size of at least 500 patients at the time of study arm randomization. The primary care settings included internal medicine, primary care medical clinics, and women's health care clinics. The trial did not actively recruit patients into the study. This study retrospectively reviewed a random sample of health records of eligible patients that had clinical encounters with the physician participants.

Exclusion Criteria:

The study did not include VA physicians that were trainees.

Answer: C