Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: St. John's Wort for Tobacco Cessation
Brief Summary: After a steady decline for the last 50 years, the prevalence of tobacco use in the United States has reached a plateau of approximately 23%. Currently available treatments among adults are expensive and not efficacious for all tobacco users. New pharmacologic agents need to be developed and tested to achieve the Healthy People 2010 goal of less than a 12% adult tobacco use prevalence.

Bupropion, an FDA approved agent for tobacco cessation, acts by inhibiting central synaptosomal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. A widely used herbal antidepressant, St. John's Wort (SJW), shares a similar mechanism of action and is effective for treating mild to moderate depression. SJW is well tolerated, available over the counter, and is significantly less expensive than the established treatments for tobacco dependence.

To date, no prospective clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of SJW for the treatment of tobacco use has been published. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of SJW for increasing tobacco abstinence and decreasing nicotine withdrawal symptoms in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-arm, parallel group, dose-ranging clinical trial. Participants (N=120) will be randomly assigned to one of the three groups and will receive a twelve-week course of SJW 900 mg per day, 1800 mg per day, or a matching placebo.

This study is anticipated to provide the data needed to develop a larger randomized controlled clinical trial submitted through the R01 funding mechanism.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Smoke at least 10 cigarettes per day
* Report concern about cessation-related weight gain
* Motivated to quit smoking

Exclusion Criteria:

* Currently pregnant, lactating, or no medically approved method of contraception
* Major medical problem
* History of seizure disorder or head injury
* Current or historical psychosis or bipolar disorder
* History of alcohol or substance abuse within previous year
* Current or historical eating disorder
* Use of antidepressant medication, monoamine oxidase inhibitor or lithium with previous month
* Multiple Drug Allergies
* Current major depressive disorder
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Daily tobacco smoker of ≥10 cigarettes per day
2. Aged 18 to 75 years old
3. Interested in using tNRT as the only smoking cessation aid
4. Intending to quit smoking within the next 30 days

Exclusion Criteria:

1. At least weekly use of tobacco products other than cigarettes and not willing to stop for the duration of the study
2. Breast feeding, pregnancy or not using a reliable form of birth control
3. Any generalized skin disorders precluding the use of the patch
4. Any life threatening arrhythmias or severe/worsening angina pectoris or within two weeks of experiencing a myocardial infarction or cerebral vascular accident
5. Currently using or has used NRT or other smoking cessation pharmacotherapy within the past two weeks
6. Any known hypersensitivity or allergies to any of the components comprising the nicotine patch
7. Current active substance dependence (excluding caffeine) which would compromise study compliance
8. Current unstable psychiatric condition which would compromise study compliance
9. Diagnosis of terminal illness
10. Current regular use of e-cigarettes or other vaping devices containing nicotine and not willing to stop for the duration of the study
C: A total of 120 subjects will be recruited in the study. Subjects will be eligible to participate if they:

1. Are at least 18 years of age;
2. Smoked more than10 cigarettes/day for the past one year;
3. Willing to make a quit attempt;
4. Able to participate fully in all aspects of the study; and
5. Have been provided with, understand, and have signed the informed consent.

Individuals will be excluded from study participation if they:

1. Meet diagnostic criteria for current major depressive disorder or lifetime history of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Patients with mild or moderate depressive symptoms \[Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition \&#8804; 28\], but who do not meet current diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder, will be included;
2. Are currently (within past 30 days) using antipsychotics or antidepressants;
3. Are currently (in previous 30 days) using any treatments for tobacco dependence (i.e., behavioral therapy, nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion SR, clonidine, or nortriptyline);
4. Have used an investigational drug within the 30 days prior to enrolling in this study;
5. Have ever used an herbal product for tobacco cessation;
6. Have recent history (in the past 3 months) of alcohol abuse or dependence as assessed by the CAGE questionnaire and study investigators;
7. Have a recent history of drug abuse as assessed by the Drug Abuse Screening Test 20 (DAST-20) and physician interview;
8. Are pregnant, lactating, or of child bearing potential, likely to become pregnant during the medication phase and not willing to use a reliable form of contraception. Reliable forms of contraception include barrier (diaphragm or condom with spermicidal jelly), injections, intrauterine device \[IUD\], surgical sterilization and abstinence;
9. Have a history of any major cardiovascular events in the past 6 months including unstable angina, acute MI or coronary angioplasty;
10. Have clinically significant acute or chronic progressive or unstable neurologic, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, respiratory or metabolic disease;
11. Are currently on medications interacting with St. John?s Wort including warfarin, antiretrovirals (particularly indinavir and nevirapine), cyclosporine and tacrolimus, digoxin, nifedipine and verapamil, theophylline, all serotonergic drugs (serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, tramadol, venlafaxine, tryptophan and buspirone), MAO inhibitors, oral contraceptives, anti-cancer agents including imatinib and irinotecan, migraine medications (sumatriptan and zolmitriptan), methadone, lithium, sibutramine, atorvastatin and simvastatin, midazolam, alprazolam, fexofenadine, omeprazole, and general anesthetics (fentanyl, propofol, and sevoflurane);
12. Have another household member or relative participating in the study;
13. Have a known allergy to St. John?s Wort;
14. Have a history of photosensitivity;
15. Are professional drivers or operators of heavy machinery; and
16. Are scheduled for a planned surgical procedure within five days of taking SJW.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Cigarette smokers who are motivated to stop smoking and have smoked an average of at least 10 cigarettes per day

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects who have used a nicotine replacement product within 30 days of the study screening visit or intend to use it during the study.

Answer: C