Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cost Effectiveness of Early Interventions for Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Study Investigating Medical Yoga, Exercise Therapy and Evidence Based Advice
Brief Summary: This randomized controlled study will evaluate the cost effectiveness of a yoga intervention compared to two evidence based programs; giving advice to stay active and guided exercise sessions. The first active program includes a six week standardized strength training program where the participants are personally instructed by a trained physiotherapist. The second active program is a six week standardized kundalini yoga program with group sessions twice a week lead by an experienced yoga instructor. Both programs consist of two exercise sessions per week and lasts for six weeks. After six weeks the participants are instructed to continue practicing their program twice a week on their own. The hypothesis are that a kundalini yoga program as an early intervention for Low Back Pain (LBP) is more cost effective than the two other interventions studied.

Participants were recruited through the occupational health services and by advertisement in the local press. Study subjects eligible for inclusion were informed of the study either by health care personnel at the occupational health care centers or by a research assistant at the Karolinska Institutet. Subjects were informed that if they were eligible to participate in the study they would be given the opportunity to participate in one of three approaches for treatment of neck and back pain.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria:

* Group Health Cooperative enrollee
* Uncomplicated low back pain
* At least moderate pain levels

Exclusion criteria:

* Sciatica persisting 3 or more months after physician visit
* History of cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer)
* Severe disk problems
* Unstable medical conditions
* Back surgery within past 3 years
* Physically unable to do the yoga or exercise classes and homework
* Unable to attend classes
* Currently doing yoga
* Taken exercise class for back pain within past year
* Currently in litigation for back pain
* Seeking other treatment for back pain
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Veteran of any branch of military service
* Current low-back pain present for at least half the days over the past 6 months mean pain intensity for the previous week ≥4 on 0-10 rating scale

Exclusion Criteria:

* Significant yoga practice in the previous 6 months
* Have read The Back Pain Helpbook in the previous 6 months
* New LBP treatments started within the previous month or anticipated to begin in the next 3 months
* Known pregnancy
* Known inflammatory or systemic causes of LBP
* Severe and/or progressive medical, neurological, or psychiatric comorbidities
* Inability to understand/speak English
* Plans to move out of the area in the next 6 months
* Lack of informed consent
* Unwillingness to be randomized
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Group Health Cooperative enrollee
* Uncomplicated low back pain
* At least moderate pain levels

Exclusion Criteria:

* Sciatica persisting 3 or more months after physician visit
* History of cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer)
* Severe disk problems
* Unstable medical conditions
* Back surgery within past 3 years
* Physically unable to do the yoga or exercise classes and homework
* Unable to attend classes
* Currently doing yoga
* Taken yoga or exercise class for back pain within past year
* Currently in litigation for back pain
* Seeking other treatment for back pain
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* non- specific low back pain,
* 18-60 years old,
* \> 90 points on the OMPSQ screening questionnaire for yellow flags and sufficient understanding of the Swedish language

Exclusion Criteria:

* presence of so called Red flags,
* pregnancy,
* comorbidities affecting the ability to perform the interventions,
* presently on sick leave for \> 8 weeks,
* ongoing regular weekly yoga practice or strength training.

Answer: D