Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Treatment of Corneal Abrasions With Topical Tetracaine: an Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy
Brief Summary: Corneal abrasion (CA) is one of the most common eye injuries, accounting for 10% of eye-related emergency visits.1 A 1985 survey showed that around 3% of all visits to US general practitioners were for corneal abrasions. In addition, in 2008, approximately 27,450 work-related eye injuries and illnesses occurred that caused missed time from work.1Due to the large number of nerve endings even small corneal injuries can produce significant pain. The discomfort is typically most pronounced in the first 24-48 hours, and in many cases showed a loss in time at work and disruption of daily activities. The current standard of care in the emergency department includes topical analgesia and antibiotics with a change to oral analgesics upon discharge. Despite the ineffectiveness of oral analgesics in treating CA pain, most physicians do not prescribe topical analgesics based on standard medical teaching. The study's aim is to further investigate the role of tetracaine in the outpatient management of CA utilizing models already established to ensure safety. To accomplish this investigators will employ a prospective, double blind, randomized control model to compare undiluted 1% tetracaine hydrochloride to normal saline in patients presenting to the ED with uncomplicated corneal abrasions. Tetracaine will be supplied in three plastic prefilled, commercially available vials, each containing 0.5 mL of preservative-free, undiluted 1% tetracaine hydrochloride (a total of 1.5 mL or approximately 50 drops will be provide to avoid overuse). Saline will also be supplied in three plastic prefilled, commercially available vials, plastic bullets. Follow up visits or calls will be provide at 48 hour to reevaluate symptoms an asses the patients perceived pain using VAS provided in participant introduction packet during the informed consent process.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients aged 18 years to 80 years old presenting to the ED with suspected acute corneal abrasion from mechanical trauma or removal of a foreign body by the physician were included

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients were excluded if they wore contact lenses, had previous corneal surgery or transplant in the affected eye, presented more than 36 hours after their injury, had a grossly contaminated foreign body or coexisting ocular infection. Additional exclusion criteria were pregnancy, retained foreign body, penetrating eye injury, immunosuppression, allergy to study medication, inability to attend follow up, inability to fluently read and speak English or Spanish, or any injury requiring urgent ophthalmologic evaluation (large or complicated abrasions with significant vision loss, corneal ulcers, corneal lacerations).
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients (\>18yo) coming in with acute (\<24 hours) simple uncomplicated corneal abrasions.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with frankly contaminated wound, corneal foreign body, or epithelial defect secondary to contact lens wear
2. History of comorbid eye conditions including eye surgery within the past month and glaucoma.
3. Involvement of both eyes
4. Allergy to tetracaine or any of the substances used in the study
5. Unable to provide consent.
6. Unable to come for follow-up.
7. Patients with a past history of corneal injury infection or surgery will undergo a screening test of the corneal sensation. If a diminished or absent sensation is found, the patient will be excluded from the study.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* adult patients with acute (within 24 hrs) traumatic corneal injuries

Exclusion Criteria:

* immunocompromised
* known allergy to local anesthetic
* unable to consent /follow instructions for dosing / go to follow-up appointments
* previous ocular pathology
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients \> 18 years of age with a primary diagnosis of uncomplicated corneal abrasion presenting to NYMH emergency department

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients\<18 years of age with complicated corneal abrasions or other eye injuries
* Present more than 36 hours after their initial injury
* Had previous eye surgery or cataracts
* Wear contact lenses or if their injury was caused from contact lens wear
* Had injured both eyes
* Unable to give informed consent
* Current infectious or chemical conjunctivitis
* Have a grossly contaminated foreign body in their eye
* Currently suffering from an ocular infection
* Currently or previously had herpes keratitis
* Allergies to tetracaine or similar medication classes
* Had an injury requiring urgent ophthalmologic evaluation; including penetrating eye injuries, large or complicated corneal abrasions, or injuries causing a significant disruption of visio)
* Unable to attend follow up in 48 hours

Answer: D