Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Regular Exercise in Prevention of Excessive Weight Gain in Pregnancy. A Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Background:

Use of variable definitions of exercise and disparate results, emphasize the need of proper randomized controlled trials examining the relationship between physical activity and weight development during pregnancy. So far, only few intervention studies aiming at weight management during pregnancy have been performed (Gray-Donald et al., 2000,Olson et al., 2004,Polley et al., 2002,Kinnunen et al., 2007). Moreover, most of these interventions have focused on how gestational weight gain may be altered through individual counselling combining diet and exercise habits, rather than supervised training. Search on PubMed revealed no randomized controlled trial where the main outcome was to investigate how the effect of supervised structured exercise may reduce the proportion of women gaining more weight than optimal. The aim of the present study is to assess whether a 12-week aerobic exercise program during pregnancy can prevent excessive gestational weight gain.

Method:

This is a single blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a structured, supervised aerobic exercise program on weight gain stabilization in primiparous pregnant women. The aim is to include 100 women. Interested women eligible for the present study will be invited to a pre-test including interview and assessments at the university. The women are examined three times during the study period. The first visit is between 12 and 24 weeks of gestation, the second at week 36-38 and the last 8-12 week after delivery. The exercise program consists of supervised exercise for 60 minutes, performed at least 2 times per week, for 12-16 weeks. Compliance with the training protocol is controlled by the instructors and registrations in the womens personal training diary


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant 18 weeks
* attend the routine ultrasound control at the three hospitals
* healthy
* age 18 years or more
* singleton live foetus at the routine ultrasound scan
* normal pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy complications
* high risk for preterm labour
* pain during pelvic floor muscle contractions
* ongoing urinary tract infection
* diseases that could interfere with participation (following recommendations from SEF 2000, ACOG 2003)
* living too far from the hospitals to be able to attend weekly exercise groups
B: Inclusion and exclusion criteria

1. Female 55 through 80 years old
2. Post-menopausal-no menstrual cycle for the past 12 months except for women who are on hormone replacement therapy.
3. Continent of urine (using the MESA definition of continence) defined as:

   1. No previous incontinence episode except during pregnancy and/or postpartum period.
   2. Urine loss less than 6 days during the last 365 days
   3. No previous or present incontinence treatment with pharmacological agents, behavioral programs or surgical therapy.
4. No history of bladder cancer, stroke, multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism, epilepsy, spinal cord tumor or trauma.
5. No reported difficulty with activities of daily living, i.e. walking about the house, dressing, getting in/out of bed, getting to/using the toilet, bathing/showering, or eating.

Additional criteria are applied at a physical examination:

1. Mini Mental Status of at least 24
2. Negative for objective urine loss during coughing.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women Veterans
* Urinary incontinence occurring at least monthly for 3 months
* Able to access daily internet via computer or mobile device
* Access to personal email for MyHealtheBladder and VA Video Connect visit initiation and reminder

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unstable medical conditions that could contribute to incontinence (e.g., recent major hospitalization, planned major surgery, conditions that affect urine volume - hemoglobin A1c of 9.0, chronic kidney disease with planned dialysis within 3 months, as assessed by PI or Site PI)
* Unstable psychiatric conditions (e.g., psychosis, suicidal, active alcohol/substance abuse based on history and medical records)
* Unstable housing situation
* Genitourinary cancer undergoing active treatment with chemotherapy or radiation
* Neurologic conditions known to contribute to incontinence (Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, TBI, Dementia, and Stroke Survivors with limited mobility)
* New treatments for incontinence started in the prior 3 months or planned during the 6-month study duration, includes medications and/or surgery
* Three months post-partum
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primiparous women who have not participated in a structured exercise program, including significant amounts of walking for the past six months are eligible for the trial.
* Other inclusion criteria are ability to read, write and speak Norwegian, and to be within their first 24 weeks of pregnancy.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe heart disease
* Pregnancy induced hypertension
* History of more than two miscarriages
* Persistent bleeding after week 12 of gestation
* Poorly controlled thyroid disease
* Poorly controlled pre-eclampsia and/or other diseases that could interfere with participation (Artal and O'Toole, 2003)
* In addition, all women who live to far from the university to be able to attend weekly training groups will be ineligible

Answer: D