Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Lactobacillus Reuteri in Treatment of Functional Abdominal Pain and Chronic Constipation in Children - Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study
Brief Summary: Beneficial therapeutic effect of probiotics has been reported in children with irritable bowel syndrome, but not consistently in other functional gastrointestinal disorders. Although there is evidence that probiotics increase stool frequency and decrease stool consistency in healthy individuals the evidence for efficacy in constipation is limited.

Children with functional abdominal pain (FAP) and constipation will be included in the study. Children with FAP will be randomized in one of two groups and will receive either L. reuteri in a daily dose of 108 CFU, or placebo during three months. Children with chronic constipation will receive either L. reuteri in a daily dose of 108 CFU and lactulose, or placebo and lactulose. Frequency and intensity of episodes of abdominal pain during and after intervention will be recorded in children with FAP. Frequency of defecation, stool consistency and need for lactulose will be recorded in children with chronic constipation.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy children

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any chronic or organic illness
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children with functional abdominal pain (age 4-18 years)
* Children with chronic constipation (age 2-18 years)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Immunodeficiency
* Receiving probiotic and/or prebiotic products 7 days prior to enrolment
* Neoplasms
* Chronic disorders
* Presence of "red flags":

  * Weight loss of more than 10%
  * Growth retardation or growth failure
  * Extraintestinal symptoms (fever, rash, joint pain, aphthae, affection of the urinary system)
  * Frequent vomiting
  * Abnormalities in laboratory findings (anemia, elevated ESR)
  * Abnormalities in clinical findings (organomegaly, perianal disease)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 4-18years;
* Diagnosis of FD and IBS pain according to the Rome III criteria
* All parents or legal tutors must sign an informed consent document indicating their awareness of the investigational nature of this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Taking any other type of probiotic in the 2 months prior to enrollment
* Presence of intestinal motility disorders
* Presence of any other significant medical condition
* Presence of previous abdominal surgery
* Inability or unwillingness to give informed consent
D: Inclusion criteria:

* IBS subject meeting the Rome III criteria , with a discomfort or pain present more than 1 day per week in whom organic causes of their symptoms have been excluded
* IBS-C with less than 3 complete spontaneous bowel movements/week
* IBS-D with at least 2 or more days/week one stool which has consistency of type 6 or 7 Bristol stool score
* Subject able of and willing to comply with the protocol and to give their written informed consents

Exclusion criteria:

* History of chronic gastrointestinal disorders
* History of lactose intolerance
* History of gluten intolerance
* Treatment able to influence IBS, modifying intestinal sensitivity and motility (antidepressants,opioid, narcotic analgesics)
* Eating disorders
* Pregnancy in progress

Answer: B