Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cholecalciferol as a Modifier of Serum Hepcidin in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease
Brief Summary: This research is being done to study the effectiveness of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) to modify hepcidin levels in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Anemia is a common problem in children with CKD. Anemia is when the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Hepcidin is a protein in the blood which interferes with the body's production of red blood cells. This study will see if vitamin D lowers hepcidin levels in children and young adults with CKD. If so, it could be used as an additional treatment for anemia in these children, in addition to the current therapies already in use including iron supplements and erythropoietin. People between the ages of 1 and 21 with CKD may be considered for this study.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy singleton term born infants of appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) according to the Centers for Disease Control growth charts based on weight at birth between the 5th and 95th percentiles for sex; and born to healthy breastfeeding women. This allows us to assess growth and bone mineral accretion without bias of intrauterine growth restriction.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants of mothers with history of gestational diabetes or hypertension in pregnancy; chronic alcohol use; malabsorption syndromes due to malabsorption of vitamin D (celiac disease, Crohn's etc.); and multiple births.
* Should any exclusion criteria be identified after recruitment, the infant will be excluded from the main analyzes, but followed in a separate arm as intent-to-treat.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinical diagnosis of stage 2-5 Chronic Kidney Disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate \[GFR\] between 15 and \< 90 ml/min/1.73m2) based on the new bedside Schwartz formula estimation using serum creatinine and height \[height in cm x 0.413/serum creatinine\]
* 1-21 years of age
* Willingness and ability to provide informed consent and assent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children less than 1 year of age (in whom risk of vitamin D toxicity may be increased) or greater than 21 years at time of study screening
* Children with a documented history of hypercalcemia or nephrolithiasis
* Children with GI tract discontinuity (ostomy)
* Current pregnancy or pregnancy within the last 12 months
* Children with known anemia-related disorders including sickle cell anemia, thalassemia
* Children with severe 25D deficiency (\< 5 ng/mL) likely to be associated with severe morbidity and requiring prompt high dose vitamin D supplementation, or with 25D levels \> 60 ng/mL which could be associated with increased risk of vitamin D toxicity
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Preterm infants with gestational age 24 to 32 weeks who achieved at least 75% of total nutrition by enteral feedings in postnatal 2 weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* perinatal asphyxia,
* major congenital or chromosomal anomalies,
* those with no expectation of survival in first 2 weeks
* those that total parenteral nutrition was not ceased by the first 2 weeks
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women from 20-22 weeks of gestation and their infants, who will agree to take part in this study, will be enrolled.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women with pre existing type 1 or type II diabetes
* Women with multiple fetuses, babies (twins, triplets)
* Pregnant women with high level of Vitamin D
* Babies with multiple congenital anomalies
* Babies with serious birth injury, birth asphyxia and serious infections
* Low birth weight less than 1.5
* Refuse to participate in the study

Answer: B