Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effects of a Strength and Neuromuscular Exercise Programme for the Lower Extremity on Knee Load, Pain and Function in Obese Children and Adolescents: a Randomised, Single-blinded Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Childhood obesity is one of the most critical and accelerating health challenges throughout the world. It is a major risk factor for developing varus/valgus misalignments of the knee joint. The combination of misalignment at the knee and excess body mass may result in increased joint stress and damage to articular cartilage. A training programme, which aims at developing a more neutral alignment of the trunk and lower limbs during movement tasks may be able to reduce knee loading during locomotion. Despite the large number of guidelines for muscle strength training and neuromuscular exercises that exists, most are not specifically designed to target the obese children and adolescent demographic.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate a training programme which combines strength and neuromuscular exercises specifically designed to the needs and limitations of obese children and adolescents and analyse the effects of the training programme from a biomechanical and clinical point of view.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* 12-18 years of age
* Stable prescription medication plan (no changes in prescription medications that affect musculoskeletal pain in the previous month)
* Primary complaint of low back pain \> 3 on 0 to 10 scale

Either:

* Recurrent, sub-acute low back pain defined as current episode of 2-12 weeks duration AND at least an additional 10 days of back pain in the past year OR
* Chronic low back pain defined as current episode \>12 weeks duration

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chiropractic care or exercise therapy in the previous month
* Ongoing treatment for low back pain by other health care providers
* Other serious physical or mental health care conditions (for example diabetes, cancer, etc.)
* Contraindications to study therapies including acute disc herniation, spondylolysis, spondylolithesis, or inflammatory arthritides
* Benign joint hypermobility syndrome
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pain in neck or back equal to or greater than 3 on an 11-box numerical rating scale for more than three days.

Exclusion Criteria:

* If a serious pathology or injury is suspected, the child will be referred to a secondary care sports injury center for diagnostic work-up and/or imaging.
* Handicaps which prevents normal physical activity.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* aged between 12-18 years
* diagnosed with any type of SCD
* able to speak and read English
* score at least 4 (indicating some days with pain interference over the past month) on the Sickle Cell Pain Burden Interview
* willing and able to complete online measures

Exclusion Criteria:

* significant cognitive limitations that would impair their ability to use and understand the iCanCope with SCD program, as per their healthcare provider or parent
* have previously received more than 4 sessions of outpatient psychological therapy for pain management in the 6 months prior to the time of screening.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female
* Age: 10 -18 years
* BMI greater than the 97th percentile
* Availability: can participate in two exercises session per week for a period of 12 weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* Present syndromes
* Chronic joint diseases, osteoarthritic surgery or
* Neuro-motor diseases

Answer: D