Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Therapeutic and Biological Effects of High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Schizophrenia
Brief Summary: The study is a prospective, randomized, double-blind sham-controlled study.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* voluntary and capable to consent based on the subject's ability to provide a spontaneous narrative description of the key elements of the study
* have a diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder as confirmed by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID-IV)
* between the ages of 18 and 65
* meet criteria for AH of at least moderate severity based on the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS)
* willing to keep the dose of antipsychotic stable for the duration of the study
* meet criteria for medication resistance, defined as daily AH despite 2 adequate 6-week trials of at least 2 antipsychotic medications and including 1 atypical antipsychotic medication. An adequate trial is defined as a daily dose of 1000 chlorpromazine equivalents for typical antipsychotics medications and the following dosages for atypical antipsychotic medications: risperidone 6 mg, olanzapine 15 mg, quetiapine 500 mg, clozapine 300 mg.

Exclusion Criteria:

* DSM-IV history of alcohol and/or substance abuse in past month, or alcohol and/or substance dependence in the last 6 months
* presence of concomitant major, unstable medical or neurologic illness, or a history of seizures
* are pregnant
* have received rTMS for any reason in the past
* have had a dose change of usual psychotropic medications in the 4 weeks preceding study entry.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female in-patients and out-patients, 18 - 60 years of age
* Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia according to ICD-10/DSM IV
* PANSS negative sum score \> 20 points, 1 of items N1 - N7 (range 1 to 7) ≥ 4 (at least moderate)
* Improvement in PANSS negative sum score less than 10 % in the last 2 weeks prior to study entry, stable antipsychotic medication
* Informed Consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Clinically relevant psychiatric comorbidity, verbal IQ \< 85
* History of epileptic seizures, organic brain disease
* Instable medical comorbidity or condition
* Previous treatment by rTMS
* Factors not compatible with the use of TMS, e.g. cardiac pace makers or other metallic implants, pregnancy
C: Inclusion Criteria for Schizophrenia Subjects:

* Voluntary and competent to consent
* SCID-IV Diagnosis of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
* Between the ages of 18 and 85

Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Subjects:

* voluntary and competent to consent
* between the ages of 18-85
* considered a healthy individual free of psychopathology based on the Personality Assessment Inventory
* right-handed determined by the TMS screening and demographic form
* self-reported non-smoker
* do not have a self-reported concomitant major medical or neurologic illness
* if a woman of childbearing potential, must be on an effective means of birth control determined through completion of the TMS screening and demographic form.

Exclusion Criteria for both Healthy Controls and Schizophrenia Subjects:

* Have a DSM-IV history of substance abuse or dependence in the last 6 months
* Have a concomitant major and unstable medical or neurologic illness
* Have a history of seizures
* Have a first degree relative with a history of a seizure disorder
* Are pregnant
* Have any clinically significant EEG activity indicating an increased risk of seizure, as confirmed by a neurologist.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia
* age between 18 and 60
* informed consent
* right handed patient
* no change of antipsychotic treatment \> 2 weeks before recruitment

Exclusion Criteria:

* seizures, epilepsy
* history of severe head injury
* status post implantation of a cardiac pacemaker or other electronic devi-ses

Answer: D