Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomised Trial for Early Lesions Caused by M. Ulcerans - Comparison Between 8 Weeks Streptomycin and Rifampicin (SR), or 4 Weeks SR Followed by 4 Weeks R Plus Clarithromycin
Brief Summary: The standard for treatment Buruli ulcer disease (BUD) used to be surgery but the WHO now advises streptomycin (S, 15 mg/kg daily, intramuscularly) and rifampicin (R,10 mg/kg daily) along with surgery. This preliminary advice was based on observations in 21 patients with pre-ulcerative lesions of BUD, who were given daily SR treatment for varying periods of time. In patients treated with SR for at least 4 weeks, M. ulcerans could no longer be cultured from excised lesions. SR has been introduced without a formal evaluation or comparison with other treatments have been conducted or published, but the impression is that this treatment is beneficial and may cure BUD without additional surgical management.

This study protocol evaluated the hypothesis that early, limited lesions of BUD(pre-ulcerative or ulcerated lesions, ≤ 10 cm maximum diameter), can be healed without recurrence using antimycobacterial drug therapy, without the need for debridement surgery.

In endemic regions in Ghana, patients will be actively recruited and followed if ≥ 5 years of age, and with early (i.e., onset \< 6 months) BUD.

* consent by patients and / or care givers / legal representatives
* clinical evaluation, and by
* analysis of three 0.3 cm punch biopsies under local anaesthesia.
* disease confirmation: dry reagent-based polymerase chain reaction (DRB-PCR IS2404)
* randomization: either SR for 8 weeks, or 4 weeks of SR followed by R and clarithromycin (C)
* stratification: ulcerative or pre-ulcerative lesions.

Biopsies processed for histopathology, DRB-PCR-, microscopy, culture, genomic, and sensitivity tests. Lesions assessed regularly for progression or healing during treatment. Drug toxicity monitoring included blood cell counts, liver enzymes and renal tests; and ECG and audiographic tests.

Primary endpoint: healing without recurrence at 12 months follow-up after start of treatment Secondary endpoint: reduction in lesion surface area and/or clinically assessed improvement on completion of treatment, averting the need for debridement surgery.

Recurrences biopsied for confirmation, using PCR, histopathology, and culture. Sample size calculation: 2x74 fully evaluable patients; 80% power to detect a difference of 20 % in recurrence-free cure 12 months after start of treatment between the two groups (60 versus 80%). A Data Safety and Monitoring Board made interim analysis assessments.


Options:
A: Arm Label: SR4/CR4; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: SR4 - switch to CR4 | Arm Label: SR8; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: SR4 - switch to CR4 | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: SR4 - switch to CR4; Assigned to Arm(s): SR4/CR4, SR8
B: Arm Label: Standard TB Management Strategy; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Rifampicin, Drug: Isoniazid, Drug: Pyrazinamide, Drug: Ethambutol | Arm Label: TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen B; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Isoniazid, Drug: Pyrazinamide, Drug: Ethambutol, Drug: Linezolid, Drug: Rifampicin | Arm Label: TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen C; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Isoniazid, Drug: Pyrazinamide, Drug: Ethambutol, Drug: Clofazimine, Drug: Rifampicin | Arm Label: TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen D; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Isoniazid, Drug: Pyrazinamide, Drug: Linezolid, Drug: Rifapentine, Drug: Levofloxacin | Arm Label: TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen E; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Isoniazid, Drug: Pyrazinamide, Drug: Ethambutol, Drug: Linezolid, Drug: Bedaquiline | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Rifampicin; Assigned to Arm(s): Standard TB Management Strategy | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Isoniazid; Assigned to Arm(s): Standard TB Management Strategy, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen B, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen C, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen D, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen E | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Pyrazinamide; Assigned to Arm(s): Standard TB Management Strategy, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen B, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen C, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen D, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen E | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Ethambutol; Assigned to Arm(s): Standard TB Management Strategy, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen B, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen C, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen E | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Linezolid; Assigned to Arm(s): TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen B, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen D, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen E | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Clofazimine; Assigned to Arm(s): TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen C | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Rifapentine; Assigned to Arm(s): TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen D | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Levofloxacin; Assigned to Arm(s): TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen D | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Bedaquiline; Assigned to Arm(s): TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen E | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Rifampicin; Assigned to Arm(s): TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen B, TRUNCATE-TB Management Strategy using Regimen C
C: Arm Label: SR8; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Streptomycin intramuscular injection | Arm Label: CR8; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Clarithromycin Extended Release | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Clarithromycin Extended Release; Assigned to Arm(s): CR8 | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Streptomycin intramuscular injection; Assigned to Arm(s): SR8
D: Arm Label: evaluation surgical intervention at week 8; Type: OTHER; Interventions: Procedure: surgical intervention on Buruli ulcer | Arm Label: evaluation surgical intervention at week 14; Type: OTHER; Interventions: Procedure: surgical intervention on Buruli ulcer | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: surgical intervention on Buruli ulcer; Assigned to Arm(s): evaluation surgical intervention at week 14, evaluation surgical intervention at week 8

Answer: A