Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Longitudinal Study of Patients With Opioid-Induced Constipation
Brief Summary: This prospective hybrid longitudinal study was conducted in the United States (US), Canada, the United Kingdom (UK), and Germany. To obtain the most complete and comprehensive understanding of the burden of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in these countries, this study used a combination of web-based, longitudinal patient survey, retrospective data abstraction from medical records, and a prospective physician survey.

The primary objective of this study was to estimate the rate of inadequate response to laxatives (LIR), which was defined as having sufficient laxative use (at least one laxative use ≥ four times per reference period), and inadequate response (defined as fewer than three bowel movements (BMs) OR at least one of the following symptoms on the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms (PAC-SYM) measure scored as moderate, severe or very severe: BMs too hard, straining to have a BM, feeling like you didn't "finish" a BM, and feeling like you had to pass a BM but could not), in a cohort of non-cancer pain and cancer pain (separately) participants with OIC, by country and overall.

The secondary study objectives are as follows:

1. To estimate the rate of LIR for two subgroups: 1xLIR and 2xLIR. 1xLIR was defined as use of at least one laxative agent ≥ 4 times in the reference period while 2xLIR was defined as the use of at least two laxative agents, each used ≥ 4 times in the reference period;
2. To describe the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, including prior health status, comorbidities, constipation-related GI symptoms, and concomitant medications of patients with OIC;
3. To describe drug utilization and self-management of OIC;
4. To describe the pre-index and post-index healthcare resource utilization and estimate costs associated with the diagnosis, treatment, and general management of OIC (including laxative use) and events attributed to OIC, including both direct and indirect costs;
5. To describe patient-reported impact of OIC on health-related quality of life, productivity, and pain management;
6. To describe patient-reported treatment satisfaction with laxative use; and
7. To describe physician-reported awareness of OIC and symptoms and understanding of patient-reported impact of OIC.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient is receiving a minimum total daily dose of 30 mg of oral morphine, or equianalgesic amount\[s\] of 1 or more other opioid therapies, for a minimum of 4 weeks for chronic pain or cancer relate pain Presence of OIC in the past 2 weeks

  * (for cancer patients only) Patient has a current diagnosis of cancer that is not currently in remission and has cancer-related pain Internet access and is able and willing to complete a longitudinal web-based survey
  * Patient is able to understand and comply with the requirements of the study, as judged by the investigator (includes ability to read and write and to use

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient is unable or refuses to provide informed consent;

  * Patient does not have access to a computer with internet connectivity, or is unable to use a computer to complete the web-based survey; Based on clinical judgment, patient has a history of chronic constipation (i.e. clinical diagnosis, note in the medical record, or patient history);
  * Patient has a history of (or current) colon cancer (primary or metastatic) (i.e., clinical diagnosis Patient has received an investigational medication to treat constipation or participated in any study involving investigational compound naloxegol within ≤90 days prior to the baseline visit
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18 years
* Receiving palliative care
* Life expectancy ≥ 2 weeks
* Able to give informed consent
* Receiving opioid treatment with either morphine sulphate, oxycodone or fentanyl
* Opioid treatment, both

  * On a regular schedule (not just as needed or rescue doses) for the control of pain or dyspnea for at least 2 weeks before the first dose of methylnaltrexone, and
  * On a stable opioid regimen for at least 3 days before the first dose of methylnaltrexone. This is defined as no dose reduction of ≥ 50%, dose increases are permitted. If rescue medication is prescribed of a different type of opioid than the regular dosed opioid, the rescue medication should be switched to the same type as the regular dosed opioid for at least 3 days before the first dose of methylnaltrexone.
* Has diagnosis of constipation, defined as either

  * \< 3 bowel movements during the previous week by history and no clinically notable laxation\* in the 24 hours before the first dose of methylnaltrexone, or
  * No clinically notable laxation\* in the 48 hours before the first dose of methylnaltrexone.
* Constipation is defined as opioid induced, determined by investigator
* On stable laxative regimen for ≥ 3 days before the first dose of methylnaltrexone. This is defined as at least one type of laxative in an adequate dosing regimen, (e.g. macrogol 2 packets daily, magnesium(hydr)oxide 500 mg three times daily, bisacodyl 10 mg daily or sennoside A+B 10 ml daily) or at least two types of laxatives in a suboptimal dose with patient characteristics hampering optimal treatment.
* If the subject is a woman with presumed child bearing potential; negative urine pregnancy test at screening
* Surgically sterile or agrees to use a medically acceptable method of birth control or practice sexual abstinence for the duration of the methylnaltrexone treatment and the following 15 days. \~

  * including laxation after rescue laxative or enema \~ not necessary for postmenopausal women

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous treatment with methylnaltrexone
* Known or suspected mechanical gastrointestinal obstruction
* Presence of an other cause of bowel dysfunction that is considered to be a major contribution to the constipation according to investigator
* Presence of a peritoneal catheter for intraperitoneal chemotherapy or dialysis
* Clinically relevant active diverticular disease
* History of bowel surgery within 10 days before first dose of methylnaltrexone
* Fecal ostomy
* Use of vinca alkaloids within previous 4 months
* Body weight \<38 kg
* Renal failure defined as EGFR \<30 ml/min per 1.73m2 or requires dialysis.
* Known or suspected allergy to methylnaltrexone or similar compounds (e.g. naltrexone or naloxone)
* Participation in a study with investigational products within 30 days before first dose of methylnaltrexone.
* Pregnant or nursing
* Clinically important abnormalities that may interfere with participation or compliance to the study, determined by investigator

Additional exclusion criteria for the immunologic and angiogenic analysis part of the study:

* Chemotherapy or treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor during 4 weeks before inclusion or treatment scheduled during participation in this study.
* Treatment with high dose corticosteroids during 2 weeks before inclusion in this study. This is defined as the equivalent of 30 mg of prednisone per day for ≥ 2 consecutive days.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female cancer patients 20 years of age or older
2. Cancer related pain that requires treatment with continuous around-the-clock strong opioid analgesic
3. Moderate to severe pain intensity(NRS pain score 4)
4. Opioid naïve patients or patients not treated with strong opioids(except PRN) within 4 weeks or patients who has been on weak opioids
5. Subject who provide signed and dated written voluntary informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Women of child-bearing potential, defined as all women physiologically capable of becoming pregnant. UNLESS they are:

   * women whose career, lifestyle, or sexual orientation precludes intercourse with a male partner
   * women shoes partners have been sterilized by vasectomy or other means
   * two birth control methods. The two methods can be a double barrier method or a barrier method plus a hormonal method. Adequate barrier methods of contraception include: diaphragm, condom (by the partner), intrauterine device (copper or hormonal), sponge or spermicide. Hormonal contraceptives include any marketed contraceptive agent that includes an estrogen and/or a progestational agent.
2. Pregnant or nursing (lactating) women, where pregnancy is defined as the state of a female after conception and until the termination of gestation, confirmed by a positive urine pregnancy test.
3. Have previously received treatment with Targin or Oxycontin within 4weeks(28days) of screening periods(including PRN)
4. If subjects started first cycle of chemotherapy during the 2 weeks before the screening visit or during the study, they should be excluded from the study.

   And If the chemotherapy regimen or dosage to be planned to change during the study, the subjects should be excluded from the study.
5. Patient who is administered laxatives with stable dose for more than 1 week
6. Patient with evidence of significant structural/functional abnormalities of GI tract which is not appropriate for oral medicine administration. Any history of hypersensitivity to Oxycodone and Naloxone
7. Patients with significant respiratory depression
8. Patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma or hypercarbia
9. Any patient who has or is suspected of having paralytic ileus
10. Severe Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary heart disease
11. Targin product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take
12. Patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment
13. Abnormal aspartate aminotransferase (AST; SGOT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; SGPT), or alkaline phosphatase levels (\>2.5 times the upper limit of normal, it is allowed \>5 times the upper limit of normal in case of transition in liver) or an abnormal total bilirubin and/or creatinine level(s) (greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal)
14. Any situation where opioids are contraindicated
15. Major surgery within 1 month prior to screening or planned surgery
16. Mainly pain originated other than cancer or cancer related conditions (eg. Musculoskeletal pain, inflammatory pain, diabetic polyneuropathy)
17. Patients with known or suspected unstable brain metastases or spinal cord compression that may require changes in steroid treatment throughout the duration of the study
18. Patients with uncontrolled seizures
19. Requiring interventional treatment for pain such as neurodestructive procedure or regional infusion
20. With a history of alcohol abuse within 6 months of screening
21. With a history of illicit drug abuse within 6 months of screening
22. Patients with increased intracranial pressure
23. In the investigator's opinion, subjects who are receiving hypnotics or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants that may pose a risk of additional CNS depression with opioid study medication
24. Patients with myxoedema, not adequately treated hypothyroidism or Addison's disease
25. Patients receiving opioid substitution therapy for opioid addiction (e.g. methadone or buprenorphine)
26. Patients with evidence of clinically significant gastrointestinal disease (e.g. paralytic ileus, peritoneal carcinosis), significant structural abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. scarring, obstruction etc) either related or not related to the underlying cancer or disease progression
27. Patients suffering from diarrhea and/or opioid withdrawal
28. With a disability that may prevent the patient from completing all study requirements and in particular, interfere with 24hrs pain intensity score
29. Clinically significant impairment of cardiovascular, respiratory and renal function
30. Patient who needs acute dose titration or whose pain intensity fluctuate significantly in a short period according to investigator's judgment
31. Having used other investigational drugs at the time of enrollment, or within 30 days or 5 half-lives of enrollment, whichever is longer
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Histologically or cytologically confirmed neoplasm
* 18 years of age or older
* Have received opioids for analgesia for at least 2 weeks and been on a stable regimen of opioids and laxatives for 3 or more days before study entry
* Fewer than three laxation during the preceding week and no laxation within 24 hours before study entry, or no laxation within 48 hours before study entry
* Life expectancy of at least 6 months
* World Health Organization Performance Status 0-3
* Women of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test
* Breastfeeding should be discontinued prior to study entry
* Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document.
* Laboratory values within a week of study entry:

Absolute neutrophil count \> 1,500/microliter Hemoglobin \> 7 g/dL Platelet count \> 100,000/microliter Calculated calcium \< 10.5 mg/dL Calculated creatinine clearance \> 30 mg.min Alanine aminotransferase \< 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN) Aspartate aminotransferase \< 3 x ULN Alkaline phosphatase \< 2.5 x ULN Bilirubin \< 1.5 x ULN

Exclusion Criteria:

* Constipation not primarily caused by opioids, such as mechanical gastrointestinal obstruction or ongoing vinca alkaloid administration
* Indwelling peritoneal catheter
* Clinically active diverticular disease
* Fecal impaction
* Acute surgical abdomen
* Fecal ostomy
* Peritoneal carcinomatosis
* Known hypersensitivity to methylnaltrexone, naltrexone, or naloxone
* Administration of any investigational drug or experimental product within the previous 30 days
* Initiation of a new bowel regimen or prokinetic agents within a week of study entry

Answer: A