Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Physiologic Comparison Between Noninvasive Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA) and Pressure Support (PS) in Preterm Infants
Brief Summary: Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) has been shown to improve patient- ventilator interaction and reduce asynchronies. This is a short-term physiologic comparison between PSV (pressure support ventilation) and NAVA in delivering noninvasive ventilation through a nasal cannula, in premature infants postextubation. Patients will undergo a 30-min crossover trial of noninvasive PSV and NAVA, 15 minutes each. Diaphragm electrical activity (EAdi)and airway pressure (Paw) are recorded to derive neural and mechanical respiratory rate and timing, inspiratory trigger delays time of synchrony between diaphragm contraction and ventilator assistance, and the asynchrony index (AI).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Newborn infants with birth weight \>500 gm.
2. Gestational age \>24 completed weeks.
3. Intention to manage the infant with non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. no endotracheal tube), where either: 1) the infant is within the first 7 days of life and has never been intubated or has received less than 24 hours of total cumulative intubated respiratory support; 2)the infant is within the first 28 days of life, has been managed with intubated respiratory support for 24 hours or more and is a candidate for extubation followed by non-invasive respiratory support.
4. No known lethal congenital anomaly or genetic syndromes.
5. Signed parental informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Considered non-viable by clinician (decision not to administer effective therapies)
2. Life-threatening congenital abnormalities including congenital heart disease (excluding patent ductus arteriosis)
3. Infants known to require surgical treatment
4. Abnormalities of the upper and lower airways
5. Neuromuscular disorders
6. Infants who are \>28 days old and continue to require mechanical ventilation with an endotracheal tube
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Preterm with a weight less than 1501 g
* Gestational age less or equal to 34 weeks
* Preterm that meets extubation criteria after at least 2 hours and less than 14 days connected to mechanical ventilation
* Patient receiving methylxanthynes

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient more than 14 days in mechanical ventilation
* Newborn with congenital cardiopathy
* Newborn with congenital malformation
* Newborn wirh chromosomopathy or genopathic disease
* Newborn with suspected gastrointestinal disease
* Newborn with neuromuscular disease or receiving muscle relaxants
* Lack or informed consent signed by parents or legal representative
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* preterm infants less than 32 weeks of gestational age
* intubated more than 48 hours after birth
* subjected to extubation with minimal ventilator setting (mean airway pressure \< 7cmH2O + peak inspiratory pressure \< 13 cmH2O + FiO2 \< 0.4 + respiratory rate \< 35/min)
* with informed consent from parents

Exclusion Criteria:

* with major congenital anomalies
* use of sedative or anesthetic drugs
* hemodynamic instability
* grade 3 or higher intraventricular hemorrhage
* phrenic nerve palsy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* birthweight 500 to 1250 grams
* postnatal age day 1 to day 10
* infant considered a candidate for methylxanthine therapy by clinical staff

Exclusion Criteria:

* dysmorphic features or congenital malformations that adversely affect life expectancy or neurodevelopment
* unlikely to comply with long-term follow-up
* prior treatment with a methylxanthine

Answer: C