Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Lapatinib Versus Lapatinib With Capecitabine as Second-line Treatment in Her2-Overexpressing Metastatic Gastro-Esophageal Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Trial
Brief Summary: Combining Erb inhibitors, such lapatinib, and TS inhibitors, such as capecitabine, may be a beneficial contribution to current treatment paradigms since preclinical data suggest that lapatinib alone can decrease TS mRNA and is synergistic with capecitabine in some cell lines, which may contribute to clinical benefit. The study described in this protocol has been designed to establish the anti-tumor activity of Lapatinib with or without capecitabine in the treatment of Her2 overexpressing metastatic gastric- and gastro-esophageal cancer, and to search for molecular correlates that may be associated with response to this compound.

The majority of patients with metastatic gastric and gastro-esophageal cancer undergo first-line combined chemotherapy (e.g. platin derivates and fluoropyrimidines, sometimes combined to a taxane), but the role of second-line chemotherapy has not yet been defined. Therefore, progression during or shortly after first-line chemotherapy is a medical condition no standard medical approach exists. The overexpression of EGFR and Her2 in gastric and gastroesophageal cancer make these indications prime candidate for treatment with the dual ErbB1/2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Lapatinib.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. unresectable or recurrent histologically proved gastric cancer
2. adequate oral intake
3. age 20 or older and 75 or younger
4. Performance Status (ECOG):0, 1, 2
5. measurable or unmeasurable lesions
6. preserved organ functions
7. no severe medical condition
8. no prior chemotherapy for gastric cancer
9. written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. patient with marked infection or inflammation
2. patient with severe peritoneal metastasis
3. patient with massive pleural effusion
4. patient with metastasis to CNS
5. patient with diarrhea 4 or more times per day
6. patient severe medical condition
7. patient with other concurrent malignancy affecting on survival or adverse events
8. pregnant or nursing patient or with intent to bear baby
9. patient evaluated to be inadequate by a attending doctor
10. patient requiring nutritional support
B: 1. Metastatic disease of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction

   1. Histologic, cytologic or radiologic documentation of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastroesophageal junction. Radiologic, endoscopic, histologic or cytologic evidence of locally recurrent or locally residual (post-resection) disease is also permitted.
   2. For the purposes of this study, undifferentiated adenocarcinomas and adenosquamous tumors will be considered as adenocarcinomas. In addition, tumors involving the gastroesophageal junction will be defined by the Siewert classification.
   3. Patients with gastroesophageal junction tumors who are eligible:

      * AEG Type I: Adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus which usually arises from an area with specialized intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus (eg, Barrett's esophagus, and may infiltrate the esophagogastric junction from above).
      * AEG Type II: True carcinoma of the cardia arising from the cardiac epithelium or short segments with intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction.
   4. Patients with gastroesophageal junction tumors who are NOT eligible:

      * AEG Type III: Subcardial gastric carcinoma which infiltrates the esophagogastric junction and distal esophagus from below.
2. Patients must have at least one paraffin block available (or at least 15 unstained slides for analysis of tumor EGFR status.

   1. Patients with a history of esophageal and GE junction carcinoma treated by surgical resection who develop radiological or clinical evidence of metastatic cancer do not require separate histological or cytological confirmation of metastatic disease unless an interval of greater than five years has elapsed between the primary surgery and the development of metastatic disease OR the primary cancer was stage I.
   2. Clinicians should consider biopsy of lesions to establish the diagnosis of metastatic esophageal or GE junction carcinoma if there is substantial clinical ambiguity regarding the nature or source of apparent metastases.
3. Patients with Measurable Disease - Lesions that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as ≥ 20 mm with conventional techniques or as ≥ 10 mm with spiral CT scan.
4. Prior Treatment:

   1. No prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy. No prior therapy which specifically and directly targets the EGF(R) pathway.
   2. No prior allergic reaction to chimerized or murine monoclonal antibody therapy or documented presence of human anti-mouse antibodies (HAMA).
   3. Patients must have completed any major surgery ≥ 4 weeks or any minor surgery ≥ 2 weeks before registration. Patients must have fully recovered from the procedure. Insertion of a vascular access device is not considered major or minor surgery.
   4. No concurrent use of investigational agents is allowed while participating in this study.
5. Patient Characteristics:

   1. ECOG Performance Status of 0-2
   2. ≥ 18 years of age
   3. Patients must be documented to have a stable weight (or less than one pound weight loss) for at least one week prior to registration.
   4. Non-pregnant and not breast-feeding. The effects of cetuximab, cisplatin, epirubicin, fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin on a developing human fetus are not well-known. Because the risk of toxicity in nursing infants secondary to cetuximab, cisplatin, epirubicin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin treatment of the mother is unknown but may be harmful, breastfeeding must be discontinued.
6. No myocardial infarction \< 6 months prior to registration or New York Heart Association classification III or IV.
7. No ≥ grade 2 diarrhea within 7 days prior to registration.
8. Patients may not concurrently have any of the following conditions:

   1. Known central nervous system metastases or carcinomatous meningitis
   2. Interstitial pneumonia or symptomatic interstitial fibrosis of the lung
   3. Seizure disorder or active neurological disease requiring anti-epileptic medication
   4. ≥ grade 2 peripheral neuropathy
9. No evidence of Gilbert's Syndrome - Patients with Gilbert's Syndrome may have a greater risk of irinotecan toxicity due to the abnormal glucuronidation of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan. Evidence of Gilbert's Syndrome would include documentation of elevation of indirect bilirubin at any time in the patient's medical history.
10. Required Initial Laboratory Data:

    1. Granulocytes ≥ 1500/µl
    2. Platelet count ≥ 100,000/µl
    3. Creatinine ≤ 1.5 mg/dL
    4. AST (SGOT) ≤ 5.0 x Upper limits of normal
    5. Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 mg/dL
    6. Albumin ≥ 2.5 grams/dL
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the stomach, including adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction and esophagus
* Metastatic disease
* Measurable disease (according to RECIST criteria)
* At least one prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease with progression during or no later than 6 months after last administration of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy must have contained a platinum compound (cisplatin or oxaliplatin)
* Her2 overexpression measured by FISH (amplification or increased gene copy number). Immunohistochemistry (ICH) 3+ can be included in case of an uncertain FISH test.
* Patient willing to allow for biomarker analyses on his tumor tissue.
* Written informed consent given prior to any protocol specific procedures according to the local regulatory requirements
* Age \>= 18 years
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) \<= 2
* Life expectancy \> 3 months
* Adequate hematological, hepatic and renal function defined by: Hematology: Neutrophils \>1.5x109/L; Platelets \>100x109/L; Hemoglobin \>8g/dL Hepatic function: Total bilirubin \<=1.5xULN; ASAT (SGOT) and ALAT (SGPT) \<= 2.5xULN; Alkaline phosphatase \<5xULN. Renal function: The calculated creatinine clearance should be .60 mL/min
* Eligibility of patients receiving medications or substances known to affect, or with the potential to affect the activity or pharmacokinetics of lapatinib will be determined following review of their use by the local Principal Investigator. A list of medications and substances known or with the potential to interact with CYP450 isoenzymes is provided in: Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes and Drug metabolism. In: Lacy CF, Armstrong LL, Goldman MP, Lance LL eds. Drug Information Handbook 8TH ed. Hudson, OH; LexiComp Inc. 2000: 1364-1371
* Able to swallow and retain oral medication
* Negative pregnancy test (urine or serum) within 28 days prior to randomization for all women of childbearing potential (has to be verified within 7 days prior to randomization and during the study according the judgement of the investigator)
* Willingness to perform double-barrier contraception during study and 6 months after end of treatment
* Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document
* Willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests, and other study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous non curatively treated malignant disease other than the current gastroesophageal cancer with a disease-free survival of less than 5 years
* History of significant neurological or psychiatric disorders including psychotic disorders, dementia or seizures that would prohibit the understanding and giving of informed consent
* History of active Hepatitis B or C or history of an HIV infection
* Active uncontrolled infection
* Treatment within any other clinical trial parallel to the treatment phase of the current study within 30 days prior to randomisation.
* Concurrent treatment with any other anti-cancer drug. Presence of other medication that may interfere with study treatment or the action of the investigational product or confuse the assessment of study results
* History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to lapatinib or to any excipients
* History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical composition to capecitabine, fluorouracil or to any excipients
* Known DPD deficiency
* Concomitant requirement for medication classified as CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors
* Current active hepatic or biliary disease (with exception of patients with Gilbert's syndrome, asymptomatic gallstones, liver metastases or stable chronic liver disease per investigator assessment)
* Active cardiac disease, defined as:

  * History of uncontrolled or symptomatic angina
  * History of arrhythmias requiring medications, or clinically significant, with the exception of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation requiring anticoagulation

    * Myocardial infarction \< 6 months from randomization
    * Uncontrolled or symptomatic congestive heart failure (\> New York Heart Association score 2)
    * Ejection fraction below the institutional normal limit
    * Any other cardiac condition, which in the opinion of the treating physician, would make this protocol unreasonably hazardous for the patient
* Pregnancy and lactation
* History of hypersensitivity to the investigational medicinal product or to any drug with similar chemical structure or to any excipient present in the pharmaceutical form of the investigational medicinal product
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Histologically confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or GEJ
* Measurable or evaluable non-measurable disease as assessed by the investigator according to RECIST v1.1 criteria
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 or 1
* Life expectancy greater than equal to (\>/=) 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous cytotoxic chemotherapy for advanced (metastatic) disease
* Evidence of disease progression documented within 6 months after completion of prior neoadjuvant or adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy, or both, or radiotherapy for GEJ adenocarcinoma
* Previous treatment with any HER2-directed therapy, at any time, for any duration
* Previous exposure to any investigational treatment within 30 days before the first dose of study treatment
* Radiotherapy within 30 days before the first dose of study treatment (within 2 weeks if given as palliation to bone metastases, if recovered from all toxicities)
* History or evidence of brain metastases
* Clinically significant active gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (Grade \>/=2 according to National Cancer Institute \[NIC\]-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 \[CTCAEv.4.0\])
* Residual toxicity resulting from previous therapy (for example, hematologic, cardiovascular, or neurologic toxicity that is Grade \>/=2). Alopecia is permitted
* Other malignancy (in addition to gastric cancer \[GC\]) within 5 years before enrollment, except for carcinoma in situ of the cervix or squamous or basal cell carcinoma of the skin that has been previously treated with curative intent
* Inadequate hematologic, renal or liver function
* Pregnant or lactating women
* History of congestive heart failure of any New York Heart Association (NYHA) criteria
* Angina pectoris requiring treatment
* Myocardial infarction within the past 6 months before the first dose of study drug
* Clinically significant valvular heart disease or uncontrollable high-risk cardiac arrhythmia
* History or evidence of poorly controlled hypertension
* Baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) value less than (\<) 55 percent (%)
* Any significant uncontrolled intercurrent systemic illness
* Positive for hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Answer: C