Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Phase 1-2, Multi-Center, Dose Escalation Study of a Single Dose of PRT-201 Administered Immediately After Arteriovenous Fistula Creation in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Brief Summary: PRT-201 is a protein that causes long lasting dilation of blood vessels when applied to the outside surface of the blood vessel. The purpose of this study is to determine if PRT-201, when applied to a limited segment of blood vessel immediately after surgery to create an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), is safe, dilates the blood vessel, and increases blood flow through the AVF.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria:

* Age 18-21 depending on state regulations
* Life expectancy of at least six months
* Chronic renal failure with anticipated start of hemodialysis within six months of enrollment, or current dialysis dependence
* A new or planned arteriovenous (AV) graft placed in any location for the purpose of hemodialysis. (Any type of graft material and any configuration of the access is acceptable).
* The patient is expected to stay at a participating dialysis facility for at least 6 months.
* The patient's physician(s) will allow the patient to participate.
* Ability to give informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women must not be pregnant, breastfeeding, or plan to be pregnant during the course of the study.
* The presence of ongoing bleeding.
* The presence of a known bleeding disorder (e.g., hemophilia or von Willebrand's disease).
* Recent bleeding episode requiring transfusion within 12 weeks of entry.
* The presence of acute ulcer disease. Acute ulcer disease is defined as a new diagnosis of peptic disease including esophagitis, gastritis, or ulcer or the initiation of treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H2 blockers or therapy for Helicobacter pylori within three months prior to obtaining consent.
* Known allergy or adverse reaction to Aggrenox or any of its study components (dipyridamole and aspirin).
* Required use of warfarin, dipyridamole, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs or other antiplatelet agents other than aspirin.
* Current uncontrolled hypertension with systolic blood pressure in excess of 200 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure in excess of 115 mm Hg.
* Baseline platelet count less than 75,000/mm3.
* Known advanced liver disease with decompensated cirrhosis, jaundice, ascites or bleeding varices.
* Current problem with substance abuse.
* Concurrent participation in another medical intervention trial.
* Anticipated non-compliance with medical care based on physician judgment.
* Patient refusal.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients referred for creation of a new brachiocephalic fistula who consent to take part in the study.
* Aged \> 18
* Male and female participants
* Patients willing and able to attend follow up visits over a period of 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who require revision surgery.
* Having had previous arteriovenous fistula surgery is not a contraindication to recruitment provided the new procedure is not revision surgery
* Target arteries smaller than 3 mm in diameter
* Target vein smaller than 3 mm in diameter
* Stenotic veins on the side of surgery as diagnosed on pre-op ultrasound
* Patients with prior central venous stenosis or obstruction on the side of surgery
* Depth of vein greater than 8 mm (on US) on side of surgery
* Known coagulation disorder
* Prior steal
* Known allergy to nitinol
* Life expectancy less than 6 months
* Inability to give consent and/or comply with the study follow up schedule
* Women of child bearing age
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age of at least 18 years.
* Chronic kidney disease with anticipated start of hemodialysis within six months or current hemodialysis dependence.
* Planned creation of a new AVF.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients for whom this is the only potential site for an AVF.
* By physical examination, absence of radial or ulnar artery flow or non-patent palmer arch.
* Treatment with any investigational agent within the previous 30 days or investigational antibody therapy within 90 days of signing informed consent.
* Pregnancy, lactation or plans to become pregnant during the course of the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primary arteriovenous fistulas

  * Brachiocephalic
  * Radiocephalic (both proximal and distal)
* \>18 yrs old
* Diabetics and smokers will be eligible for inclusion

Exclusion Criteria:

* All complex vascular access procedures

  * Re-do brachiocephalic and radiocephalic fistulas
  * Brachiobasilic fistulas
  * Prosthetic grafts
* Cardiovascular dysfunction

  * Hypotension (systolic \<90)
  * Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
  * Severe Aortic stenosis (gradient \>40mmhg)
  * Confirmed myocardial infarction within the last 6 months
* Marked anaemia (Hb\<8)
* Migraine
* Medications

  * Sildenafil
  * Pre-existing nitrate use
* Nitrate allergy
* Closed-angle glaucoma
* Chronically raised intra-cranial pressure
* History of hypothyroid disease
* \< 18 years old

Answer: C