Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Subacute and Chronic, Non-specific Back and Neck Pain: Cognitive-behavioral Rehabilitation Compared With Traditional Primary Care Concerning Sick-listing and Health-care Visits. A Randomized Controlled Trial, 18-month Follow-up
Brief Summary: BACKGROUND

Non-specific back and neck pain (BNP) dominates sick-listing. A program of cognitive-behavioral rehabilitation for subacute and chronic BNP was compared, with 18-month follow-up, with traditional primary care concerning sick-listing and health-care visits.

METHODS

After stratification to age (44 (years) and younger/45 and older) and subacute/chronic BNP (= full-time sick-listed 43-84/85-730 days respectively), 125 primary-care patients were randomized to a rehabilitation center or continued health-center care. Outcome measures were Return-to-work (=the proportion who regained work ability for at least 30 consecutive days), the proportion with Work ability at different time points, Total sick-listing (expressed in whole days) and the total number of Visits (to physicians, physiotherapists etc.) 1-18 months and corresponding six-month periods. For the analyses were used t-test, z-test, generalized estimating equations and a mixed, linear model.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

The following inclusion criteria will be used to determine eligibility for this study:

1. Primary complaint of neck pain with or without unilateral upper extremity symptoms
2. Age between 18-60 years old
3. NDI score greater than 10 points

Exclusion Criteria:

The following exclusion criteria will be used to determine ineligibility for this study:

1. Red flags noted in the patient's Neck Medical Screening Questionnaire (i.e. tumor, fracture, metabolic diseases, RA, osteoporosis, prolonged history of steroid use, etc.)
2. History of whiplash injury within the past six weeks
3. Diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis or bilateral upper extremity symptoms
4. Evidence of central nervous system involvement, to include hyperreflexia, sensory disturbances in the hand, intrinsic muscle wasting of the hands, unsteadiness during walking, nystagmus, loss of visual acuity, impaired sensation of the face, altered taste, the presence of pathological reflexes (i.e. positive Hoffman's and/or Babinski reflexes), etc.
5. Two or more positive neurologic signs consistent with nerve root compression, including any two of the following:
6. Muscle weakness involving a major muscle group of the upper extremity
7. Diminished upper extremity muscle stretch reflex (biceps brachii, brachioradialis, or triceps reflex)
8. Diminished or absent sensation to pinprick in any upper extremity dermatome
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Working age up to and including 59 years.
2. Sick-listed full-time for BNP for at least 42 days and at most 730 days.
3. Able to manage tolerably well to fill in forms.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Temporary disability pension or disability pension being paid or in preparation.
2. A primary need of action by a hospital specialist.
3. Pregnancy and diseases which would probably make rehabilitation impracticable (for example, advanced pulmonary disease).
4. Whiplash-associated disorders as a primary obstacle to working.
5. Previous rehabilitation at the rehabilitation centre.
6. Other multidisciplinary rehabilitation going on or planned.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with at least two weeks of neck pain
* Last episode starts at a maximum of one year ago
* Age between 18 and 70 years
* Patient is willing to undergo the treatment
* Neck pain is mechanical and can be provocated by movements or postures of the neck
* Neck pain is the main problem to treat
* Neck pain may also give pain in the upper arm or cervicogenic headaches

Exclusion Criteria:

* Appearance of "red flags"
* Cervical surgery in the past
* Pregnancy
* Whiplash trauma
* Health conditions with may disturb the treatment or makes it impossible to undergo the treatment.
* Not enough understanding of the Dutch questionnaires
* Undergoing treatments like physical therapy, manual therapy, osteopathy, chiropraxis, acupuncture, other types of exercise therapy during the last three months
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 65 years of age and older
* independent ambulation and community dwelling
* stable medication plan
* neck-related disability (minimal score of 10% on Neck Disability Index)
* back-related disability (minimal score of 10% on Oswestry Disability Index)
* minimum combined disability score (above) of 25% at first baseline screening
* at least 12 week duration of neck and back related disability

Exclusion Criteria:

* moderate or severe cognitive impairment
* untreated clinical depression
* surgical spinal fusion or multiple incidents of spinal surgery
* contraindications to spinal manipulation or exercise
* ongoing, non-pharmacological treatment for a spinal condition

Answer: B