Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of the Postoperative Analgesia Methods for Supratentorial Craniotomy by Integrated Pulmonary Index (IPI)
Brief Summary: An optimal analgesic therapy is very important for postoperative recovery. In recent years, several studies showed that the prevalence of the moderate to severe pain after craniotomy ranged from 69 to 87% of patients. In a previous study, the investigators showed that the use of morphine based patient controlled analgesia prevented moderate to severe postoperative pain in patients undergoing supratentorial craniotomy. Morphine related side effects such as sedation, miosis, respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting produce a general reluctance for their use in neurosurgery. Therefore, all patients were closely observed to detect opioid related side effects in the intensive care unit for 24 hours following surgery in the previous study. The Integrated Pulmonary Index (IPI) is a new tool that calculates respiratory and hemodynamic parameters noninvasively. In the present study the investigators will use different doses of morphine based PCA and the IPI system to determine more effective and safer morphine dose for postoperative analgesia following supratentorial craniotomy.


Options:
A: Arm Label: IV Caldolor (ibuprofen); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: IV Caldolor | Arm Label: standard treatment group; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: IV Placebo | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: IV Caldolor; Assigned to Arm(s): IV Caldolor (ibuprofen) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: IV Placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): standard treatment group
B: Arm Label: Group H (Hyaluronidase added to local anaesthetics); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Hyaluronidase, Drug: Lidocaine, Drug: Bupivacaine | Arm Label: Group A (local anaesthetics alone); Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Lidocaine, Drug: Bupivacaine | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Hyaluronidase; Assigned to Arm(s): Group H (Hyaluronidase added to local anaesthetics) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Lidocaine; Assigned to Arm(s): Group A (local anaesthetics alone), Group H (Hyaluronidase added to local anaesthetics) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Bupivacaine; Assigned to Arm(s): Group A (local anaesthetics alone), Group H (Hyaluronidase added to local anaesthetics)
C: Arm Label: Lyrica; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Pregabalin | Arm Label: Control; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Other: Control | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Pregabalin; Assigned to Arm(s): Lyrica | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Control; Assigned to Arm(s): Control
D: Arm Label: Morphine 1 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Morphine | Arm Label: Morphine 0.5; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Morphine | Arm Label: Dexketoprofen & Placebo; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Dexketoprofen, Drug: Placebo | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Morphine; Assigned to Arm(s): Morphine 0.5, Morphine 1 mg | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Dexketoprofen; Assigned to Arm(s): Dexketoprofen & Placebo | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): Dexketoprofen & Placebo

Answer: D