Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Impact of Vitamin D on Arteriovenous Fistulae Maturation Among ESRD Patients
Brief Summary: Patients requiring hemodialysis following kidney failure need a form of dialysis vascular access in order to undergo the dialysis procedure. Dialysis vascular access dysfunction is an enormous clinical problem. While the best form of vascular access is the arteriovenous fistula (AVF), its primary problem is early, aggressive cellular ingrowth that leads to poor maturation of the vessel, preventing its use for dialysis. Strategies to prevent AVF failure are needed.

Vitamin D is a hormone present in all human bodies and is important for good bone formation and immune function. There is new information that links vitamin D to the function of our veins and arteries, which are used in the creation of an arteriovenous fistulae. Our bodies can make vitamin D and can also get vitamin D from our diet. However, a majority of patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have low vitamin D levels (vitamin D deficiency). There are several benefits to correcting low vitamin D levels, however, it is not know whether correcting low vitamin D in the body will lead to better function of the vein and artery used for arteriovenous fistulae creation. The main goal of this pilot study is to examine the role of vitamin D supplementation on AVF maturation and useability for dialysis. Study results will be used to develop larger studies to examine the specific effect that vitamin D supplementation has on the vessels used for AVF creation and whether vitamin D promotes AVF maturation.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria

* Patients with patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are suitable candidates for AVF creation (as assessed by pre-operative vein mapping) and plan to undergo AVF creation are eligible to participate
* Study subjects must agree to participate in the study and provide written informed consent
* Age: Study subjects must be \> 18 years old
* Sites: Emory University affiliated hospitals (including Emory University Hospital, Emory Midtown Hospital, Grady Memorial Hospital) and Emory University affiliated outpatient dialysis units
* Informed consent requirements: All study subjects must agree to participate in the study and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria

* Age \< 18 years
* Patients with a corrected serum calcium \> 10.5 mg/dL within 4 weeks of study screening
* Current intake of \> 2000 IU per day of Vitamin D3
* Subjects unable to provide informed consent or who plan to relocate outside of Atlanta during the study duration
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age of at least 18 years.
2. Chronic kidney disease with anticipated start of hemodialysis within 3 months or current hemodialysis dependence.
3. Planned creation of a new upper extremity AVG or "jump" graft

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients for whom this is the only potential site for an upper extremity vascular access.
2. Creation of a new AVG or "jump" graft in an upper extremity previously treated with an investigational gene or cell based therapy, or locally with an investigational pharmacological agent.
3. On physical examination or by other means, suspected proximal vein stenosis, occlusion, lack of continuity with the subclavian vein, central venous stenosis or central venous occlusion.
4. History or presence of an arterial aneurysm.
5. Previous treatment with PRT-201.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* (1) age between 18 and 80,
* (2) chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 with clearance of creatinine (CCr) less than 15 ml/min,
* (3) not receiving dialysis or renal transplantation,
* (4) is going to receive creation of AV fistula with the standardized surgical procedures of venous end-to-arterial side anastomosis in the upper extremity.

Exclusion Criteria:

* (1) creation of AV graft or Perm catheter as the type of vascular access,
* (2) heart failure in NYHA Fc III or IV,
* (3) episode of unstable angina, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular event or receiving percutaneous coronary intervention therapy (PCI; including angioplasty or placement of stent ) within 3 months prior to screening.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age of at least 18 years.
2. Life expectancy of at least 6 months.
3. Chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis, or with anticipated start of hemodialysis within 6 months.
4. Planned creation of a new radiocephalic or brachiocephalic AVF. Revisions of an existing AVF and transposed AVF are not acceptable.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History or presence of an arterial aneurysm.
2. Malignancy or treatment for malignancy within the previous 12 months with the exception of the following cancers if they have been resected: localized basal cell cancer, squamous cell skin cancer, or any cancer in situ.
3. Hepatic dysfunction defined as bilirubin, ALT \[SGPT\] or AST \[SGOT\] \>2.5 times the upper limit of normal, decompensated cirrhosis, ascites, or known esophageal or gastric varices.
4. Treatment with any investigational drug within the previous 30 days or investigational antibody therapy within 90 days prior to signing informed consent.

Answer: A