Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized Clinical Trial of Chiropractic Manual Therapy Plus Home Exercise, Supervised Exercise Plus Home Exercise and Home Exercise Alone For Individuals 65 and Over With Chronic Mechanical Low Back Pain
Brief Summary: The purpose of this randomized clincal trial is to assess the relative effectiveness of three conservative treatment approaches for seniors with chronic low back pain: 1) chiropractic manual treatment plus home exercise, 2) supervised exercise plus home exercise and 3) home exercise alone.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Active patient in two study primary care clinics or HIV clinic in same system
* Prescribed OAs \>2 mos in the past year
* Back/lower extremity pain
* English or Spanish speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unstable comorbidity
* Cardiovascular/pulmonary disease that prevents exercise
* Cancer-related pain
* Significant mental health disorder
* Alcohol or drug abuse
* Inability to walk unassisted for at least one block
* Inability to provide consent (e.g., dementia)
* Residing more than 10 miles from clinic (poor transportation)
* Patients who are unable or unwilling to attend clinic- or community-based sessions
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Sub-Acute and chronic low back pain (Defined as current episode more than 6 weeks duration.)
* Quebec Task Force classifications 1, 2, 3 and 4. (This includes patients with back pain, stiffness or tenderness, with or without musculoskeletal signs and neurological signs.{1570})
* 65 years of age and older
* Independent ambulation
* Community dwelling (residency outside nursing home)
* Score of 20 or more on Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination{13246}
* Stable prescription medication plan (no changes in prescription medications that affect musculoskeletal pain in previous month)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Referred low back pain from local joint lesions of the lower extremities or from visceral diseases
* Significant infectious disease Determined by history or by referral to supplementary diagnostic tests
* Ongoing treatment for low back pain by other health care providers
* Mean baseline low back pain score of 20 percentage points or less
* Contraindications to exercise Determined by history or by referral to supplementary diagnostic tests (i.e., uncontrolled arrhythmias, third degree heart block, recent ECG changes, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, acute congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, poorly controlled blood pressure, uncontrolled metabolic disease
* Contraindications to spinal manipulation (i.e. Progressive neurological deficits blood clotting disorders; infectious and non-infectious inflammatory or destructive tissue changes of the spine; severe osteoporosis)
C: Inclusion Criteria: patients seeking care for chronic non-specific low back pain (defined as pain or discomfort between the costal margins and the inferior gluteal folds, with or without referred symptoms in the lower limbs, for at least 3 months), with a pain intensity of at least 3 points measured by a 0-10 points pain numerical rating scale, aged between 18 and 80 years and able to read in Portuguese.

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Exclusion Criteria: patients will be excluded if they have any contraindication to physical exercise or ultrasound or short wave therapy, evidence of nerve root compromise (i.e one or more of motor, reflex or sensation deficit), serious spinal pathology (such as fracture, tumor, inflammatory and infectious diseases), serious cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, previous back surgery and pregnancy.

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D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female between 18 and 65 years old.
* Primary complaint of LBP experienced at least over the previous 3-month duration.
* Ability to read/understand English or Hausa language.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous history of thoracic spine or lumbosacral spine surgery.
* Any neurological findings indicating radiculopathy.
* Evidence of serious spine pathology (e.g. tumor, infection, fracture, spinal stenosis, inflammatory disease).
* Unstable or severe disabling chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.
* History of serious psychological or psychiatric illness.
* Current pregnancy

Answer: B