Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Host and Parasites Factors Contributing to Risk of Plasmodium Re-infection and Morbidity in Elementary School Children in Maprik, East Sepik Province
Brief Summary: This study specifically seeks to quantify the contribution of relapes to the burden of P. vivax infections and disease by determining on the effect of radical pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic clearance on subsequent rates of Plasmodium spp. infection and disease in children aged 5-10 years in a treatment to re-infection study design. In order the clear liver-stage/blood-stages G6PD-normal children were randomised to receive Chloroquine (3 days, standard dose) and Coartem (3 days, standard dose) plus either i) primaquine (20 days, 0.5mg/kg) or ii) placebo (20days). These drugs were administered over a period of 4 weeks.

In addition to this epidemiological data, the study will assess the natural acquisition of cellular and humoral immune responses to P. falciparum and P. vivax, thus assisting in the determination of correlates of clinical immunity to P. falciparum and P. vivax in PNG children aged 5-10 years.

These data will not only be essential for development of future vaccines against P. vivax and P falciparum but provide invaluable insight into the contribution of long-lasting liver-stages to the force of infection with P. vivax that will contribute towards designing more rational approaches to the treatment of P. vivax both in the context of case management and future attempts at elimination.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients diagnosed with P. vivax parasitaemia
* Patients over 3 years
* Patients with G6PD deficiency to a safety trial
* Patients without G6PD deficiency to all other groups.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children under the age of three
* Pregnant / breast feeding women
* Patients with severe clinical anaemia \[Hb\<7g/dl\]
* Patients with P. falciparum
* Patients unavailable for the duration of study.
* Patients who have taken antimalarial drugs in the 2 weeks prior to consultation.
* Patients with concomitant infections or whose general health is considered too poor.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults and children \> 6 months
* Weight \> 7 kg for children
* Have not had primaquine since last Pv episode
* Participant (or parent/guardian if \< 18 years old) is willing and able to give written informed consent
* Microscopic diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax mono-infection
* Ability (in the investigators opinion) and willingness of patient or parent/guardian to comply with all study requirements

Exclusion Criteria

* Allergy to artesunate, chloroquine or primaquine
* Severe malaria
* Patients with microscopic diagnosis of co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum
* Presence of any condition which in the judgement of the investigator would place the subject at undue risk or interfere with the results of the study
* Inability to tolerate oral medication
* Pregnancy
* Blood transfusion in the last 3 months
* Antimalarial in last 2 months
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Lactating women aged 18 years and older who are breast feeding one infant aged more than 28 days.
* G6PD normal
* History of proven P.vivax malaria that has not been treated with primaquine
* Willingness and ability to comply with the study protocol for the duration of the trial
* Written informed consent provided

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known hypersensitivity to primaquine, defined as history of erythroderma/other severe cutaneous reaction, angioedema or anaphylaxis
* Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in mother
* Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in infant
* Pregnancy (urine test for HCG to be performed on any woman of child bearing age unless menstruating)
* Blood smear positive for malaria at the time of enrolment
* Presence of intercurrent illness or any condition which in the judgement of the investigator would place the patient at undue risk or interfere with the results of the study
* Hematocrit (HCT) \<25% in the mother or \<33% in the infant
* Use of medications other than antipyretics in the past 7 days or Chloroquine in the past 2 months.
* Use of primaquine since most recent malaria episode.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* aged 5-10 years (±3 months)
* permanent residents of the area
* absence of history of hypersensitivity reactions to the drugs

Exclusion Criteria:

* chronic illness
* severe malnutrition (weight-for-age nutritional Z score \[WAZ\] \<60th percentile)
* severe anemia (Hb \<5 g/dL),
* G-6-PD deficiency (\<60% G-6-PD activity)
* permanent disability, which prevents or impedes study participation. Any 1 or more of the criteria is sufficient to exclude study participation.

Answer: D