Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Training Dual-Task Walking After Stroke: Effects on Attentional and Locomotor Control
Brief Summary: Community ambulation is a highly complex skill requiring the ability to adapt to increased environmental complexity and perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Deficits in dual-tasking may severely compromise the ability to participate fully in community living. Unfortunately, current rehabilitation practice for stroke fails to adequately address dual-task limitations; individuals with stroke continue to exhibit clinically significant dual-task costs on gait at discharge. As a result, many stroke survivors are living in the community with residual deficits that may increase disability in the real world and lead to falls with devastating consequences. To address this issue, the proposed study investigates the efficacy of dual-task gait training on attention allocation and locomotor performance in community-dwelling stroke survivors. Because walking in the real world often requires time-critical tasks and obstacle avoidance, the investigators will test the impact of dual-task gait training on cognitive-motor interference during walking at preferred speed and at maximal speed (Aim 1), and on locomotor control during obstacle negotiation (Aim 2). The investigators will also evaluate the effects of the intervention on community reintegration and participation (Aim 3).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Within 3 years of stroke onset
* Living in the community, operationally defined as living in one's own home, or the home of a friend, relative, or caregiver
* Walking speed 0.6-1.1 m/s determined during 10-meter walk test
* Walk without the assistance of another person
* Medically stable and approved for participation by study physician
* Intact global cognition indicated by score \> 23 on Montreal Cognitive Assessment
* Living in the community prior to stroke

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pre-existing neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, dementia, traumatic brain injury)
* Previous stroke with residual motor deficit
* Uncontrolled hypertension
* Inability to follow 3-step command
* Primary uncontrolled hearing impairment
* Severe uncontrolled visual impairment
* Any speech-language impairment affecting ability to respond verbally to auditory stimuli
* Timed Up and Go test \> 15 seconds
* Lower extremity amputation
* Any orthopedic problem affecting gait
* Concurrent participation in another clinical trial
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years of age or older
* male or female
* attendee at a participating TIA clinic within 4 weeks of a first suspected TIA
* diagnosed with a TIA or 'minor' stroke, due to atherosclerosis or small vessel occlusion (diagnosis based on the TOAST classification system (69)(70), following neurological examination and neuroimaging (32)).

Exclusion Criteria:

* patients who have experienced more than one TIA and/or stroke
* inability to give informed consent
* presenting after 4 weeks of their first suspected TIA and/or 'minor' stroke
* contra-indication for exercise training, based on guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine(72)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* lacunar stroke verified by clinical examination and CT- or MRI-scans
* able to speak and read Danish

Exclusion Criteria:

* previous large artery stroke,
* symptoms or co-morbidities in the musculoskeletal system, which hinder bicycling,
* dyspnoea caused by heart or pulmonary disease,
* aphasia or dementia which hinder completion of the Talk Test.

Amendment 1 (version 4.0, June 2016) has been modified to allow an extended inclusion period from 0-21 days (previously 0-7 days).

Also, to allow inclusion of patients with recurrent lacunar stroke, with clinical symptoms and a corresponding ischemic lesion on MRI.

Amendment 2 (version 5.0, June 2017) has allowed inclusion from two other stroke units in the Capital Region of Copenhagen due to low recruitment rate. The article describes protocol version 5.0 from June 6th. 2017
D: The inclusion criteria will be as follows:

1. patients with a first time intracerebral (either cortical or subcortical) hemorrhage with unilateral hemiparesis/ hemiplegia confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography;
2. patients with no contraindications to being mobilized (early intervention) within 24 hours of stroke onset (based on the medical team's clinical judgment: including systolic blood pressure (SBP)\<160mmHg in resting; resting heart rate (HR)\<130 bpm; no hydrocephalus; 80\< mean arterial pressure (MAP)\<110 mmHg before intervention);
3. patients with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at admission ranging from 1 to 20;
4. patients with total activity of living independence pre-stroke; and
5. patients between 20 and 80 years old.

The exclusion criteria will be as follows:

1. patients with mild to moderate deficits as described above (3);
2. patients who are unable to complete the baseline survey because of serious aphasia, language difficulties, or cognitive deficits;
3. patients with other medical conditions, such as severe heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, or lower-limb disorders, that prevent early mobilization; and
4. patients who are unable to provide informed consent. In addition, we will exclude those showing rapid early deterioration of symptoms, as well as those with a concurrent diagnosis of rapidly deteriorating disease (e.g., terminal cancer).

Answer: A