Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Can Intermittent Fasting Mimic the Metabolic and Cardiovascular and Anti-aging Effects of Calorie Restriction?
Brief Summary: The purpose of Intermittent Fasting study is to investigate whether intermittent fasting could decrease the chronic inflammation levels in overweight/obese people.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* The participants in this study will be 50 men and women in the 30 to 65 year age range, who have a BMI in the high normal to moderately obese range (i.e. 24 to 35 kg/m2),
* Participants who are eating usual US diets and are sedentary to moderately active (i.e. not exercise trained).

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of any chronic disease process that could interfere with interpretation of results
* Smoking, pregnancy, alcoholism, psychiatric problems, life situations that would interfere with study participation and compliance.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Are 20-45 years of age
* Have a weight between 150 and 220 lbs
* Have a body mass index between 25 and 35 kg/m2 inclusive (a number calculated from your height and weight)
* If you are a female, have a regular menstrual cycle that is between 25 and 35 days long
* If you are female, had your period within the last 35 days
* Regularly go to sleep between 9:30 pm and 12:00 am
* Regularly eat dinner 9 or more hours after eating breakfast
* Are willing to have about 2/3 cup of your blood stored for future research related to this study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Have diabetes or are on anti-diabetes medication
* Suffer from significant cardiovascular, renal (kidney), cardiac (heart), liver, lung or nervous system disease
* Have stomach or intestinal problems
* Regularly use medications such as steroids, beta blockers, adrenergic-stimulating agents, and laxatives
* Take any medications or supplements known to affect sleep, circadian rhythms, or metabolism (with the exception that certain forms of birth control are allowed)
* Have abnormal lab work that is clinically significant in the opinion of the study physician
* Are pregnant or lactating
* Take the Depo Provera shot, or use an Interuterine Device (IUD) or hormone patch for birth control
* If you are on hormonal birth control, have been on a stable dose for less than 3 months
* Have smoked or used nicotine/tobacco products within the last 3 months
* Regularly do competitive sport training
* Perform overnight shift work an average of one or more times per week
* Have an irregular sleep schedule
* Have an irregular eating schedule
* Regularly drink 3 or more drinks of alcohol per day
* Are not able or are unwilling to eat only the food and drink served to you by Pennington Biomedical, while in the study
* Are not able or are unwilling to refrain from strenuous exercise while participating in the study
* Are not able to spend 2 separate full days (for about 25 hours each) at Pennington Biomedical
* Are not able to maintain a consistent sleep schedule while participating in the study
* Are not able to maintain a consistent eating schedule while participating in the study
* Are not able to stop drinking coffee and other caffeine-containing drinks on the day of and day prior to testing
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women with overweight and class I obesity (N=12, Age=20-50 years; BMI 25-35 kg/m2)
* Low physical activity level (≤150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous activity);
* For Females- Not currently pregnant or lactating and not pregnant within the past 6 months
* Habitually consume food over a window of \>12 h/day;
* Pass a medical and physical screening performed by the study physician.
* Report a habitual, regular sleep-wake cycle for the month preceding screening that involved going to bed between 2200 and 0100h and getting up between 0600 and 0900 h with \>7 h and \<9.25 h in bed;
* Agree to eat control diets at imposed times for 1 week prior to the inpatient CTRC visits;
* Agree to keep a regular sleep/wake schedule for the duration of the study
* Possess a smart phone to install and utilize the meal timing application.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects must not be currently participating in another research study that would influence their safe participation in this study. For example, subjects must not be participating in a research study in which they ingest experimental medication, or which involves blood samples, since both of these factors could increase risk of participation;
* Being considered unsafe to participate as determined by the study physician;
* Taking medications affecting weight, triglycerides, energy intake/energy expenditure, or sleep in the last 3 months;
* Having abnormal blood chemistry and/or hematology as deemed significant by the study physician;

  o Have one or more of the following out-of-range values measured on a fasting blood sample: glucose \> 126 mg/dl, HbA1c \> 6.5%, thyroid stimulating hormone \<0.5 or \>5.0 uU/ml. Subjects who may be anemic (hemoglobin \<14.5 g/dl men, \<12.3 g/dl women), have abnormal liver function tests (alanine amino transferase \> 47 U/l, aspartate aminotransferase, \> 47 U/l, alkaline phosphatase \<39 or \>117 U/l) or creatinine (\>1.1 mg/dl)
* Significant abnormality in clinical laboratory values
* Ever having a history of systemic, psychiatric, neurological disease, or drug and alcohol abuse;
* History of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension, untreated thyroid, renal, hepatic diseases, dyslipidemia or any other medical condition affecting weight or lipid metabolism;
* Score \> 18 on Beck Depression Index (BDI) will require further assessment by the study physician to determine if it is appropriate for the subject to participate in the study;
* Use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A score of \>10 on the Epworth sleepiness scale or \>5 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index will require further assessment by the study physician to determine if it is appropriate for the subject to participate in the study;
* Being positive for human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis B or C;
* Being a smoker or having been a smoker in the previous 6 months;
* Abnormal eating patterns identified by registered dietician interview (dietary fat\<15%, dietary fat\>45%, dietary protein \>30%);
* Working night shifts;
* Night eating syndrome (at least 25% of food intake is consumed after the evening meal and/or at least two episodes of nocturnal eating per week);
* Traveling \> 2 time zones 2 weeks prior to an inpatient CTRC study visit;
* Currently participating in any formal weight loss or physical activity programs or clinical trials.
* Having a clinically significant allergy (e.g., to food stuffs such as shellfish, peanuts);
* Celiac disease or known sensitivity to gluten (the metabolic kitchen is not gluten free certified and cannot accommodate this dietary restriction)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female
* Body mass index (BMI) between 30.0 and 40 kg/m2
* Age between 25 and 65 years
* Sedentary (light exercise less than 1 h per week) or moderately active (moderate exercise 1 to 2 h per week)
* Weight stable for \>3 months prior to the beginning of the study (gain or loss \<4 kg)
* Able to give written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Smoker
* Diabetic
* History of cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction or stroke)
* Taking weight loss medications
* History of eating disorders
* Night-shift workers
* Perimenopausal
* Pregnant or trying to become pregnant

Answer: A