Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Lapatinib Versus Lapatinib With Capecitabine as Second-line Treatment in Her2-Overexpressing Metastatic Gastro-Esophageal Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Trial
Brief Summary: Combining Erb inhibitors, such lapatinib, and TS inhibitors, such as capecitabine, may be a beneficial contribution to current treatment paradigms since preclinical data suggest that lapatinib alone can decrease TS mRNA and is synergistic with capecitabine in some cell lines, which may contribute to clinical benefit. The study described in this protocol has been designed to establish the anti-tumor activity of Lapatinib with or without capecitabine in the treatment of Her2 overexpressing metastatic gastric- and gastro-esophageal cancer, and to search for molecular correlates that may be associated with response to this compound.

The majority of patients with metastatic gastric and gastro-esophageal cancer undergo first-line combined chemotherapy (e.g. platin derivates and fluoropyrimidines, sometimes combined to a taxane), but the role of second-line chemotherapy has not yet been defined. Therefore, progression during or shortly after first-line chemotherapy is a medical condition no standard medical approach exists. The overexpression of EGFR and Her2 in gastric and gastroesophageal cancer make these indications prime candidate for treatment with the dual ErbB1/2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Lapatinib.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pathologically confirmed unresectable locally advanced or metastatic gastric or esophagogastric junction (EGJ) adenocarcinoma; tumors of the distal esophagus within 5 cm of the EGJ are eligible
* ECOG performance status 0 or 1
* Male or female ≥ 18 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous systemic therapy (chemotherapy or biologic therapy) for locally advanced or metastatic gastric or esophagogastric adenocarcinoma
* Less than 6 months have elapsed from completion of prior neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.
* Subjects with resectable disease or suitable for definitive chemoradiation
* Subjects with persistent gastric outlet obstruction, complete dysphagia or feeding jejunostomy
* Tumors of squamous cell histology
* Known central nervous system metastases
* Clinically significant upper gastro-intestinal bleeding ≤ 30 days prior to enrollment or randomization
* Serious or non-healing wound
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged 75 years or less
* Adenocarcinoma of stomach
* Advanced, metastatic, or recurrent
* No prio chemotherapy for advanced disease
* Adequate performance status
* Adequate major organ functions

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe comorbid illness or active infections
* Pregnancy or lactating women
* GI obstruction or malabsorption syndrome
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Disease Related

  * Histologically or cytologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the stomach, gastroesophageal junction or distal esophagus with metastatic disease
  * Measurable or non-measurable disease per RECIST Guidelines
  * Prior gastrectomy (total or partial) may be allowed as long as subjects can take oral medications and meet all other inclusion/exclusion criteria. Subjects may not take crushed or dissolved capecitabine via a feeding/gastrostomy tube
  * Palliative radiotherapy for metastatic esophageal or gastric cancer prior to study entry may be allowed as long as all toxicities from radiotherapy have resolved and the radiotherapy was not to the only site of known metastatic disease
* Demographic

  •18 years of age or older at the time the written informed consent is obtained
* General

  * Able to swallow oral medication
  * ECOG performance status of 0 or 1
* Laboratory

  * Adequate organ and hematological function as evidenced by laboratory studies prior to randomization

Exclusion Criteria:

* Disease Related

  * Prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease (1st line)
  * Less than 12 months have elapsed from completion of previous adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy
  * Subjects with persistent gastric outlet obstruction, complete dysphagia or feeding jejunostomy
  * Radiotherapy ≤ 14 days prior to randomization. Subjects must have recovered from all radiotherapy-related toxicities
  * Current or prior history of central nervous system metastases
  * History of arterial or deep venous thromboembolism within 12 months prior to randomization
  * History of bleeding diathesis or clinically significant bleeding within 6 months prior to randomization
  * Major surgical procedure within 28 days prior to randomization
  * Minor surgical procedure, placement of central venous access device or fine needle aspiration within 3 days prior to randomization
  * Prior malignancy except: malignancy treated with curative intent and without evidence of active disease for ≥ 3 years prior to randomization and felt to be at low risk for recurrence by treating physician, adequately treated non-melanomatous skin cancer or lentigo maligna without evidence of disease, adequately treated cervical carcinoma in situ without evidence of disease, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia without evidence of prostate cancer
  * Prior malignancy (other than in situ cervical cancer, or basal cell cancer of the skin) unless treated with curative intent and without evidence of disease for ≥ 3 years prior to randomization
  * Clinically significant cardiovascular diseases within 12 months prior to randomization
  * Presence of clinically significant non-healing wound, ulcer (including gastrointestinal) or fracture as judged by the investigator
  * Ongoing or clinically significant active infection as judged by the investigator
  * Known hypersensitivity to bacterial proteins, or any of the drugs required in this study
  * Known peripheral neuropathy ≥Grade 1
  * Known dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
  * Known hypersensitivity to 5-FU/capecitabine
  * Known positive test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C, or hepatitis B surface antigen
  * Known active or chronic hepatitis
* Medications

  * Currently or previously treated with angiopoietin inhibitors, or inhibitors of TIE-1 or TIE-2
  * Treatment with immune modulators such as cyclosporine or tacrolimus within 30 days prior to randomization
  * Treatment with sorivudine or its chemically related analogues
  * Anticoagulants (other than aspirin and anti-platelet agents) within 7 days prior to randomization. The concurrent use of low molecular weight heparin or heparanoids or low dose warfarin (i.e, ≤ 1 mg daily) for prophylaxis against thrombosis is acceptable while on study
* General

  * Not yet completed at least 30 days since ending other investigational device/drug trial(s), or subject is receiving other investigational treatments
  * Pregnant or is breast feeding
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the stomach, including adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction and esophagus
* Metastatic disease
* Measurable disease (according to RECIST criteria)
* At least one prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease with progression during or no later than 6 months after last administration of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy must have contained a platinum compound (cisplatin or oxaliplatin)
* Her2 overexpression measured by FISH (amplification or increased gene copy number). Immunohistochemistry (ICH) 3+ can be included in case of an uncertain FISH test.
* Patient willing to allow for biomarker analyses on his tumor tissue.
* Written informed consent given prior to any protocol specific procedures according to the local regulatory requirements
* Age \>= 18 years
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) \<= 2
* Life expectancy \> 3 months
* Adequate hematological, hepatic and renal function defined by: Hematology: Neutrophils \>1.5x109/L; Platelets \>100x109/L; Hemoglobin \>8g/dL Hepatic function: Total bilirubin \<=1.5xULN; ASAT (SGOT) and ALAT (SGPT) \<= 2.5xULN; Alkaline phosphatase \<5xULN. Renal function: The calculated creatinine clearance should be .60 mL/min
* Eligibility of patients receiving medications or substances known to affect, or with the potential to affect the activity or pharmacokinetics of lapatinib will be determined following review of their use by the local Principal Investigator. A list of medications and substances known or with the potential to interact with CYP450 isoenzymes is provided in: Cytochrome P-450 Enzymes and Drug metabolism. In: Lacy CF, Armstrong LL, Goldman MP, Lance LL eds. Drug Information Handbook 8TH ed. Hudson, OH; LexiComp Inc. 2000: 1364-1371
* Able to swallow and retain oral medication
* Negative pregnancy test (urine or serum) within 28 days prior to randomization for all women of childbearing potential (has to be verified within 7 days prior to randomization and during the study according the judgement of the investigator)
* Willingness to perform double-barrier contraception during study and 6 months after end of treatment
* Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document
* Willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, laboratory tests, and other study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous non curatively treated malignant disease other than the current gastroesophageal cancer with a disease-free survival of less than 5 years
* History of significant neurological or psychiatric disorders including psychotic disorders, dementia or seizures that would prohibit the understanding and giving of informed consent
* History of active Hepatitis B or C or history of an HIV infection
* Active uncontrolled infection
* Treatment within any other clinical trial parallel to the treatment phase of the current study within 30 days prior to randomisation.
* Concurrent treatment with any other anti-cancer drug. Presence of other medication that may interfere with study treatment or the action of the investigational product or confuse the assessment of study results
* History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to lapatinib or to any excipients
* History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical composition to capecitabine, fluorouracil or to any excipients
* Known DPD deficiency
* Concomitant requirement for medication classified as CYP3A4 inducers or inhibitors
* Current active hepatic or biliary disease (with exception of patients with Gilbert's syndrome, asymptomatic gallstones, liver metastases or stable chronic liver disease per investigator assessment)
* Active cardiac disease, defined as:

  * History of uncontrolled or symptomatic angina
  * History of arrhythmias requiring medications, or clinically significant, with the exception of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation requiring anticoagulation

    * Myocardial infarction \< 6 months from randomization
    * Uncontrolled or symptomatic congestive heart failure (\> New York Heart Association score 2)
    * Ejection fraction below the institutional normal limit
    * Any other cardiac condition, which in the opinion of the treating physician, would make this protocol unreasonably hazardous for the patient
* Pregnancy and lactation
* History of hypersensitivity to the investigational medicinal product or to any drug with similar chemical structure or to any excipient present in the pharmaceutical form of the investigational medicinal product

Answer: D