Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: An Educational and Exercise Program as Secondary Prevention of Recurrent Lower Back Pain in Healthcare Workers: A Randomized, Controlled, 2-year Follow-up Study.
Brief Summary: At Lyon University Medical Center, back problems are the leading cause of sick leave. The course of lower back pain is usually relatively short (recovery occurs within 4 to 6 weeks in 90% of cases). However, about 5-10% develop chronic lower back pain. Although this is a relatively small group, the economic consequences are enormous (accounting for 70 to 80% of the total cost of lower back pain).

Nowadays, some very general training sessions are offered to workers at Lyon University Medical Center, irrespective of their lower back pain status. These very general training sessions are mostly preventive and primary in nature (like back school program) despite the fact that these people already have a history of lower back pain, the main risk factor of recurrence and chronic pain.

Since the 1980, some multidisciplinary functional restoration programs have been advised as a strategy for secondary and tertiary prevention of lower back pain.

The purpose of this randomized controlled trial is to assess the effectiveness of physical exercise combined with an educational program and self-led exercise for Lyon University Medical Center workers with lower back pain. We hope this intervention will reduce the risk of recurrence and chronic lower back pain.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Laboratory technician
* Pain intensity \>= 3 (scale of 0-10)
* Pain duration \>= 3 months
* Pain frequency \>= 3 days per week

Exclusion Criteria:

* life threatening disease
* pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Office workers with mainly sedentary tasks
* BMI 25-40

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe depression and/or anxiety
* Exhaustion disorder
* Diabetes Mellitus
* Severe cardiovascular disease
* Severe kidney disease
* Musculoskeletal disorders that prohibit walking on a treadmill
* Contraindications for physical activity
* Thyroidea illness
* Pregnancy

For fMRI-study, additional exclusion criteria are:

* Implanted metal- or electrical devices
* Pregnancy
* Extraneous metal pieces in the body
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Have chronic low back pain defined as a back pain problem that has persisted at least 3 months and has resulted in pain on at least half the days in the past 6 months
2. Oswestry low back pain index \>20% to ensure a moderate level of disability is present, thus minimizing a potential floor effect
3. Currently perform deskwork at least 20 hours per week at a desk compatible with the sit-stand attachment
4. Stable employment (at least 3 months at current job and plan to stay at current job for the next 6 months)
5. Ability to obtain approval to install sit-stand workstation (i.e., from supervisor)
6. Access to internet connection and email to complete assessment surveys

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unable to provide informed consent
2. Cardiovascular event in the last 6 months (e.g. heart attack, stoke, heart failure, revascularization procedure)
3. Presence of a comorbid condition that would limit ability to reduce sedentary behavior (e.g. currently undergoing treatment for cancer)
4. Back surgery in the past 3 months or planned in the next year
5. Presence of a medical "red flag" for a serious spinal condition (cancer, compression fracture, signs or symptoms of root compression, infection)
6. Inability to tolerate standing for any reason
7. Currently using a sit-stand desk, standing desk, or wearable activity monitor
8. Currently pregnant or planned pregnancy in the next 6 months
9. Blood pressure \>159/100 mmHg
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* All healthcare workers in the 4 hospital sites
* History of acute or subacute lower back pain in the 3 past years

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of surgery for spinal fractures
* History of lumbosacral arthrodesis
* History of surgical intervention or discal hernia, more than 2 levels or more than twice
* Radiculalgia with sign of motor deficit, or radiculalgia with a positive Lasègue sign
* Eligible for enrollement in a functional restoration program for lower back pain
* Ongoing low back pain (lumbago)
* Psychosocial or behavioural impairment
* Unstable cardiac disease
* Inability to fill out the questionnaires and scales (inability to understand French)
* Pregnancy

Answer: D