Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Efficacy of Robot Assisted Group Cognitive Training in Elderly Adults Without Cognitive Impairment
Brief Summary: Previous studies about cognitive intervention targeting older adults revealed that cognitive training had effects on the improvement of cognitive function.However, researches are rare that investigated direct changes of brain structures after cognitive training.

The advanced scientific technique allowed us to develop service robots designed to assist human work, which can be important with an increase in the aging population and high costs of elderly care. In this regard, the investigators considered robots for elderly's cognitive training and developed 17 cognitive programs in collaboration with Center for Intelligent Robotics at Korea Institute of Science and Technology.

The purposes of this study were to demonstrate the effects of the investigators newly developed robot assisted group cognitive training programs on the brain in older adults and to identify whether they can help to improve cognitive function or mood in the elderly compared to the conventional cognitive training or control group that were not involved in any cognitive training.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* community-dwelling volunteers aged 60 years or older
* without dementia
* MMSE=26 or above

Exclusion Criteria:

* if they had known dementia or significant cognitive impairment accompanied by dysfunction of daily living activities;
* had 6 years of education or under;
* were illiterate
* were unavailable during the testing and intervention periods of the study;
* had severe losses in vision or hearing; had major neurological or psychiatric illness history including any history of stroke, transient ischemic attack or traumatic brain injury;
* had a medication history which might affect on cognitive function such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or memantine
* had medical problems such as thyroid, liver and renal disease;
* had a significan structural abnormalities on their baseline brain MRI.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. At least 60 years of age
2. Self-reported levels of proficiency in English (French for Montreal site only) for speaking and understanding spoken language.
3. Able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment plan, and other trial procedures
4. Able to ambulate at least 10 meters independently
5. Having MCI operationalized using Albert et al. criteria as:

   * objective cognitive impairment in one of the following four cognitive domains: memory, executive function, attention, and language evaluated by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test with scores ranging from 13-24/30.
   * Preserved activities of daily living on the disability scale confirmed by clinician interview
6. Having normal or corrected to normal vision in at least one eye so that they can identify symbols and stimuli presented on a computer screen in front of them.
7. Must be in sufficient health to participate in the study's aerobic-based exercise training program, based on medical history, vital signs, physical examination by study physicians, or written recommendation by family physician indicating one's appropriateness to participate in aerobic-based exercise training program.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Serious underlying disease (such as active cancer, or recent heart attack) which, in the opinion of the investigator, may preclude engagement in interventions or may interfere with the participant's ability to participate fully in the study.
2. Diagnosis of dementia using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.
3. Participant with uncontrolled major depression, schizophrenia, severe anxiety and substance abuse.
4. Current parkinsonism or any neurological disorder with residual motor deficits (e.g. stroke with motor deficit), active musculo-skeletal disorders (e.g. severe osteoarthritis of lower limbs) or history of knee/hip replacement affecting gait performance at clinical evaluation.
5. Intention to enroll in other clinical trials during the same time period
6. Pre-existing exercise structured training program involving aerobic or resistance training in previous 6 months.
7. Taking cognitive enhancers, neuroleptics, anticholinergics or Vitamin D3 in doses more than 1000IU/day or equivalent.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosis of chronic insomnia
* able to use a home personal computer
* have healthy dominant hand functioning
* Hebrew speakers

Exclusion Criteria:

* have any significant visual or hearing impairment
* have any significant medical, neurological or psychiatric illness that might bring about cognitive change
* have sleep disorders other than insomnia
* have any significant medical disease (including cancer, diabetes, liver, kidney, heart or lung disease)
* alcoholism or other drug abuse
* taking any medication known to affect central nervous system functioning other than sleeping pills
* historical evidence suggesting significant psychiatric conditions such as depression, psychosis or neurologic disease
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 65 or older
* Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 23 or greater
* Vision scored greater than 20/50
* Minimal dependence in hygiene, bathing, and dressing

Exclusion Criteria:

* Significant decline in cognitive skills, physical abilities, or functional independence
* Inability to complete study activities as evidenced by MMSE and vision scores lower than Inclusion Criteria requirement
* Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
* Stroke in previous 12 months
* Cancer with limited life expectance
* Current chemotherapy or radiation treatment
* Communication problems
* Planned move from study area
* Scheduling conflicts that would preclude participation in study activities
* Prior involvement in similar cognitive training studies

Answer: A