Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation to Pregnant Women and Their Infants in Pakistan
Brief Summary: Vitamin D deficiency is wide spread in South Asian population and is contributing to burden of disease in this region including Pakistan. The relative importance of vitamin D deficiency, mutation in its receptor and maternal and child health has not been established in Pakistan and population based studies are required to explore and avert the maternal and Neonatal complications and consequences of Vitamin D deficiency

The trial will evaluate the effectiveness of Vitamin D supplementation to pregnant women and their Infants. It will be a double blind placebo controlled trial, which will be conducted in a rural district of Pakistan.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infants born at term (37-42 wks, weight appropriate for gestational age) are included in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non Caucasian mother
* Any continuous regular medication of mother
* Treatment at neonatal intensive care unit
* Antibiotic treatment of the infant
* Congenital malformations of the newborn
* Treatment with ventilation support (continuous nasal positive airway pressure) for over 24 hours
* Glucose infusion of the newborn
* Neurological symptoms of the newborn
* Phototherapy for jaundice of the newborn
* Need for nasogastric feeding of the newborn
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 2-17 years
* AD rated 10-72 by EASI scale
* Wintertime onset or exacerbation of AD

Exclusion Criteria:

* Active skin infection
* History of summertime onset or exacerbation of AD
* History of underlying illness causing immunosuppression within the past 2 years (eg. hematologic malignancies)
* Medications causing iatrogenic immunosuppression (eg. cyclosporine; azathioprine, oral steroids) taken within the past month
* Parathyroid disease
* Acute or chronic renal disease
* Hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia
* Thyroid disease
* History of osteomalacia or Paget's disease of bone
* History of malabsorption (eg cystic fibrosis)
* Planned trip to sunny climate during the one-month study
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women from 20-22 weeks of gestation and their infants, who will agree to take part in this study, will be enrolled.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women with pre existing type 1 or type II diabetes
* Women with multiple fetuses, babies (twins, triplets)
* Pregnant women with high level of Vitamin D
* Babies with multiple congenital anomalies
* Babies with serious birth injury, birth asphyxia and serious infections
* Low birth weight less than 1.5
* Refuse to participate in the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female adults of all races ages 18 years and older

Exclusion Criteria:

* 1. Pregnant and lactating women.

  2. Current or recent history of hepatic or renal disease

  3. History of taking a daily supplement that contains more than 400 IU vitamin D2 or vitamin D3 within the past month or taking a pharmacologic amount of vitamin D2 or one of the active vitamin D analogs including Zemplar (Paricalcitol), Dovonex (calcipotriol), Hectorol (vitamin D pro hormone)

  4. Subjects who are taking antiseizure medications or glucocorticoids.

  5. Exposure to a tanning bed or tanning on a beach for more than eight hours within the past month.

  6. Known history of elevated calcium. (\> 10.5 mg% (mg/dl))

  7. History of intestinal malabsorption (i.e. Cystic Fibrosis, Fat Malabsorption Syndrome, Crohn's Disease)

  8. Unwilling to consent to this trial

Answer: C