Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Transfusion of Red Cells in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: The TRIST Study
Brief Summary: Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is important for the care of patients undergoing stem cell transplantation. Stem cell transplants are used to treat blood cancers and bone marrow disorders. This involves the use of high doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation to kill cancer cells; but this damages the marrow and blood system. Blood stem cells are transplanted by infusing into the recipient and blood counts recover over 2-3 weeks. Before bone marrow recovery, RBCs are needed to support the patient. Higher hemoglobin in these high risk patients may have benefits such as better energy and organ function. However, research in other areas of medicine suggests that a higher red cell count may be dangerous. Taken together, it is unclear whether having a lower or higher red cell count is better for patients having a blood stem cell transplant. The investigators plan to study this by randomly assigning patients having a transplant to be transfused with RBCs either at a higher or lower hemoglobin level. In this way, the investigators will be able to accurately find out if there are any benefits or harms in having a lower or higher red cell count during the recovery period after blood stem cell transplantation.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 or older
* Planned cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass
* Informed consent obtained
* Preoperative European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE I) of 6 or more

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are unable to receive or who refuse blood products
* Patients who are involved in a preoperative autologous pre-donation program
* Patients who are having a heart transplant or having surgery solely for an insertion of a ventricular assist device
* Pregnancy or lactation (a negative pregnancy test must be obtained prior to randomization for women of childbearing potential.)
* Patients who are unable to receive or who refuse blood products
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primary hip fracture
* capable of informed consent
* independently dwelling
* able to ambulate independent of human assistance
* no active heart condition defined as no AMI within 3 months, no unstable angina or present incompensation/pulmonary oedema
* no regular transfusion demand or terminal disease.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Multiple fractures
* postop. immobilization due to to surgical reasons
* patient refusal to participate in relevant rehabilitation
* reoperation within 4. postoperative day.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients are aged 16-70 undergoing either an autologous or allogeneic HSCT for any hematologic malignancy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or lactating at the time of enrollment
* Already received red cell transfusion after HSCT but prior to enrollment
* Unable/unwilling to provide informed consent.
* Patients receiving HSCT for non-malignancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients 65 years and older.
* Osteoporotic hip fracture which require surgical intervention
* Haemoglobin levels between 90-120 g/L
* Signed informed consent form

Exclusion Criteria:

* Bone marrow diseases which could interfere in the erythropoietic process (acute or chronic myelodysplastic syndromes or myeloproliferative diseases, and/or infiltration of the bone marrow due to solid or lymphatic neoplasms)
* Blood coagulation diseases or currently treated with oral anticoagulants and/or heparin at therapeutic doses.
* Documented allergy and/or previous intolerance and/or contraindication of erythropoietin use and/or intravenous iron.
* Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and/or another demonstrated origin of inflammatory anemia and/or not controlled arterial hypertension.

Answer: C