Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Rate Control Versus Rhythm Control For Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to compare the therapeutic strategies of rate control versus rhythm control in cardiac surgery patients who develop in-hospital postoperative atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (AF). In patients who develop AF during hospitalization after cardiac surgery, the hypothesis is that a strategy of rhythm control will reduce days in hospital within 60 days of the occurrence of AF compared to a strategy of rate control.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female patients undergoing primary or re-operative Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) and/or valvular surgery or ascending aorta surgery that requires Cardio-pulmonary bypass (CPB) who are at high risk for neurologic complications (stroke or encephalopathy) as determined by a Johns Hopkins risk score of \>0.02

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication to MRI imaging (e.g., permanent pacemaker, cerebral arterial vascular clips)
* Liver function test before surgery more than twice the upper limit of institutional normal
* Pre-existing renal dysfunction defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≤60 mL/min, or current renal dialysis
* Emergency surgery
* Inability to attend outpatient visits
* Visual impairment or inability to speak and read English. The patient will be excluded from further study if an adequate temporal window for Transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring can not be identified before surgery.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients ≥ 60 years of age
* Undergoing CABG with/without valve (aortic and/or mitral) procedure requiring bypass

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pre-operative Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) \< 30%
* Emergent or urgent procedures, aortic surgery
* Pre-existing cognitive impairment (defined based on a short screening assessment), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, recent seizures (\<3 months)
* Prophylactic medications for cognitive decline
* Serum creatinine \> 2 mg/dl
* Liver dysfunction (liver enzymes \> 4x the baseline, since patients will have a baseline liver function tests), history and exam suggestive of jaundice
* Known history of alcohol or drug abuse (\>10 drinks per week)
* Hypersensitivity to any of the study drug and percutaneous procedures
* Non-English speaking
C: Enrollment Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \> 18 years
* Undergoing heart surgery for coronary artery bypass (on-pump or off-pump CABG) and/or valve repair or replacement (excluding mechanical valves), including re-operations
* Hemodynamically stable

Randomization Inclusion Criteria

* AF that persists for \> 60 minutes or recurrent (more than one) episodes of AF up to 7 days after surgery during the index hospitalization.

Exclusion Criteria:

* LVAD insertion or heart transplantation
* Maze procedure
* TAVR
* History of or planned mechanical valve replacement
* Correction of complex congenital cardiac defect (excluding bicuspid aortic valve, atrial septal defect or PFO)
* History of AF or AFL
* History of AF or AFL ablation
* Contraindications to warfarin or amiodarone
* Need for long-term anticoagulation
* Concurrent participation in an interventional (drug or device) trial
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* patients underwent isolated or combined coronary artery bypass grafting and/or surgical treatment for heart valve diseases

Exclusion Criteria:

* none

Answer: C