Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Mobile Phones as a Health Communication Tool to Improve Maternal and Neonatal Health in Zanzibar
Brief Summary: Reducing maternal and newborn mortality remains a global challenge. Because obstetric complications cannot be predicted, skilled attendance at the time of delivery and access to emergency obstetric care remain the most effective strategies to reduce mortality. Antenatal care has the potential to reduce maternal morbidity and improve newborns survival but this benefit may not be realized in sub-Saharan Africa where the attendance and quality of care is declining. There is a rapidly expanding number of mobile phone users in developing countries and due to the potential to strengthen health system the use of mobile phones is health care is emerging. The investigators assessed a mobile phone intervention named "wired mothers" aimed to improve maternal and newborn health.

The hypothesis of the study was that the wired mothers mobile phone intervention would increase attendance to essential reproductive health services such as antenatal care and skilled delivery attendance and reduce severe adverse pregnancy outcomes for women and newborn.

The objective of the study was to examine the effect of the wired mothers intervention on antenatal care, skilled delivery attendance, access to emergency obstetric care and perinatal mortality.

The study was a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial with the primary health care facility as the unit of randomization. The study took place in 2009-2010 on the island of Unguja in Zanzibar. 2550 pregnant women who attended antenatal care at one of 24 selected facilities were included at their first visit and followed until 42 days after delivery. Facilities were allocated by simple randomization to either mobile phone intervention (n=12) or standard care (n=12). The intervention consisted of a SMS and mobile phone voucher component.

The perspectives of the study are that mobile phones may contribute to saving the lives of women and their newborns and achievement of MDGs 4 and 5. Evidence is needed to guide maternal and child health policy makers in developing countries.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Living with HIV
* Reads English and speaks English or a local language (e.g., Twi)
* On antiretroviral therapy
* Access to mobile phone throughout study period
* Able to give consent and not impaired by cognitive or medical limitations as per clinical assessment
* Not involved with another HIV prevention or adherence study
* Evidence of a detectable viral load

Exclusion Criteria:

* None
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mothers/caregivers of healthy infants (age 0 - 12 months) who:

  1. Have a mobile phone access
  2. Received antenatal care and/or delivered their babies in a hospital
  3. Plans to receive immunizations at the selected PHCs
* Purposively-selected community sample of pregnant women in their third trimester, parents/caregivers of infants, providers, community gatekeepers and policy makers

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Parents of infants requiring hospital admission due to significant illness, congenital deformity/malformation and prematurity
2. Foreigners
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years of age and older
* speak and write in Arabic language
* could access a mobile phone that could display Arabic language fonts,
* express interest in breastfeeding
* had an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy
* who lived in an area with mobile network coverage

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-Arabic speaking mothers
* who do not express interest in breastfeeding
* had pregnancy complications, a multiple pregnancy, and known medical conditions including mental illness that might hinder breastfeeding.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women attending antenatal care at one of 24 selected primary healthcare facilities

Exclusion Criteria:

* Missing end-of-study questionnaire

Answer: D