Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Gradual vs. Abrupt Cessation Treatment for Smoking
Brief Summary: This study tests whether stopping smoking by gradually cutting down first is more or less successful than stopping abruptly. We hypothesize that stopping by gradually cutting down first will produce more abstinence than stopping abruptly.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria: healthy smokers unwilling to quit, between 18 and 60 years of age. They should report a cigarette intake of ≥ 15 cig/day for at least 5 years. At screening they must provide a CO level of ≥ 15 ppm and an FTND ≥ 5.

Exclusion Criteria: alcohol and illicit drug use, breastfeeding, or pregnancy. Individuals who report current attempts to quit smoking and previous experience with electronic cigarettes will be also excluded.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged ≥18 years old;
2. Smoked more than 10 cigarettes per day in the past month.
3. Have no intent to smoking cessation now.
4. Agreed to participate in the follow-up, offer telephone number and signed an informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Smoked less than 10 cigarettes per day in the past month.
2. Had some diseases that let the physician think that it would be unethical not to advise him to quit smoking as soon as possible.
3. Cognitively impaired (such as those with deafness or who could not understand and complete the questionnaire reliably).
4. Pregnant females.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects must be 18-65 years old, have smoked an average of at least 10 cigarettes per day for three cumulative or continuous years of a brand that delivers (by Federal Trade Commission rated yields) at least 0.5 mg nicotine, have an expired air carbon monoxide reading of at least 10 ppm, and express a desire to quit smoking. Additionally, subjects must express a willingness to switch to denicotinized cigarettes. A more dependent smoker is defined as someone with an FTND score of seven or greater. A less dependent smoker is defined as someone with an FTND score of less than seven.

Exclusion Criteria:

* For those with a known history of hypertension, systolic \>140 mm Hg, diastolic \>100 mm Hg); hypotension (systolic \<90 mm Hg, diastolic \<60 mm Hg) Participants with hypertension or hypotension may, however, be allowed to participate in the study if the study physician or P.A. determines that the condition is stable, controlled by medication, and in no way jeopardizes the individual's safety. Subjects with no previous diagnosis of hypertension may have a screening blood pressure up to 160/100. Potential subjects who report coronary heart disease; heart attack; cardiac rhythm disorder (irregular heart rhythm); chest pains (unless history, exam, and EKG clearly indicate a non-cardiac source); cardiac (heart) disorder (including but not limited to valvular heart disease, heart murmur, heart failure); history of skin allergy; active skin condition (psoriasis) within the last five years; skin disorder except minor skin conditions (including but not limited to facial acne, minor localized infections, and superficial minor wounds.); liver or kidney disorder (except kidney stones, gallstones); gastrointestinal problems or disease other than gastroesophageal reflux or heartburn; ulcers; lung disorder (including but not limited to COPD, emphysema, and asthma); brain abnormality (including but not limited to, stroke, brain tumor, seizure disorder); history of fainting; problems giving blood samples; difficulty passing urine; diabetes treated with insulin, non-insulin treated diabetes (unless glucose is less than 180mg/dcl and HbA1c is less than 7%); current cancer or treatment for cancer in the past 6 months(except basal or squamous cell skin cancer); other major medical condition; current psychiatric disease (with the exception of depression, anxiety disorders, OCD and ADHD) will be excluded from the study. Potential subjects who do not have a self reported diagnosis of the above listed conditions may be excluded if the study physician or P.A. determines that the history, physical findings, EKG, or laboratory studies reveal information that may jeopardize the subject's safe study participation.

Potential subjects who have abused alcohol or drugs, or have used within the last 30 days experimental (investigational) drugs, psychiatric medications (including antidepressants, anti-psychotics) or any other medications that are known to affect smoking cessation (e.g. clonidine) will be excluded. Potential subjects who have used smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff), cigars, pipes, nicotine replacement therapy, or other smoking cessation treatment within the last 2 weeks will be excluded. Pregnant or nursing mothers will be excluded.

Use of non-opiate medications for pain or sleep will be allowed. For medical conditions that do not appear above, the study physician will be consulted and if the medical condition does not jeopardize safe study participation, then the subject may be enrolled.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Interested in quitting gradually
* At least 18 years old
* Daily cigarette smoker
* Smoke at least 15 cigarettes per day (CPD)
* No change greater than 20% in CPD in the last month
* Interested in quitting in next 30 days
* Must agree to not use non-cigarette tobacco during study
* No use of smoking cessation medication in last month
* Have phone with voice mail
* Willing to use nicotine lozenge
* No other person in household in study
* Fluent/literate in English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
* Currently using medication for depression or asthma
* Heart disease requiring medication
* Heart attack in last month
* Irregular heartbeat
* High blood pressure not controlled by medication
* Stomach ulcers
* Diabetes

Answer: D