Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Observational, Cross-over Study of the Positive Distending Pressure Generated by Humidified High Flow Nasal Cannula as Compared to Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Brief Summary: The specific aims of this study are to evaluate the amount of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) gas flow required to generate an equivalent positive distending pressure as that provided by nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) of 6 cm H2O, assess the relationships between positive distending pressure, gas flow, oxygen requirement, and patient weight, and lastly, develop an appropriate protocol to be used in the NICU for transitioning patients from NCPAP to an equivalent amount of HFNC.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Birth weight \> 1000 grams and \> 27 weeks gestation
2. Candidate for non-invasive respiratory support as a result of:

   1. an intention to manage the infant with non-invasive (no endotracheal tube) respiratory support from birth initiated in the first 24 hours of life
   2. an intention to extubate an infant being managed with intubated respiratory support to non-invasive support

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Birth weight \< 1000 grams
2. Estimated gestation \< 29 weeks
3. Participation in a concurrent study that prohibits the use of HHFNC
4. Active air leak syndrome
5. Infants with abnormalities of the upper and lower airways; such as Pierre- Robin, Treacher-Collins, Goldenhar, choanal atresia or stenosis, cleft lip and/or palate, or
6. Infants with significant abdominal or respiratory malformations including tracheo-esophageal fistula, intestinal atresia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, and congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 1) receiving NCPAP ventilatory support at \> 72 hrs. of age and 2) requiring FiO2 21-50% on NCPAP.

Exclusion Criteria:

* FiO2 \>50%, presence of pneumothorax or pleural effusion, anatomical abnormalities of the airway, lungs, or esophagus, or cyanotic congenital heart defect.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Infants likely to be delivered to women presenting to a participating Vermont Oxford Network Center at high risk of premature delivery at gestational age 26 + 0 to 29 + 6 weeks will be eligible for inclusion. Specific inclusion criteria that must be met prior to randomization include:

1. Imminent delivery
2. No potentially life-threatening congenital anomaly or genetic syndrome
3. No known lung maturity
4. Antenatal steroid status known
5. Written, informed consent obtained (on admission or prior to delivery).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Stillborn (Apgar score of 0 at one minute of age)
2. Noted to have a potentially life-threatening congenital anomaly or genetic syndrome noted immediately after delivery.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Preterm infants admitted to the NICU at University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsoe, Norway (single center study)

  * Gestational age (GA) \< 34 weeks
  * Corrected age \< 34 weeks
  * Receiving nasal CPAP for respiratory distress
  * Respiratory "stable": FiO2 \< 30%, pCO2 \< 8,5 kPa and pH \> 7.25.
* GA \< 29 weeks: Respiratory "stable" over last 72 h.
* GA 29-33 weeks: Respiratory "stable" over last 24 h.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Congenital anomalies
2. Ongoing treatment for hypoglycemia or infection
3. Other intercurrent disease requiring frequent blood sampling

Answer: B