Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Metabolism of Major Abdominal Surgical Patients
Brief Summary: Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with catabolic conditions such as major surgical interventions and leads to reduced muscle strength, increased clinical complications and prolonged convalescence. Several studies revealed immobilisation as a major stimulus for muscle wasting in severely ill patients. This study investigates the potency of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on skeletal muscle growth factors and degradation processes in major abdominal surgery patients.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All participants must be female
* Subjects must have radiographic osteoarthritis of grade 2 severity according to the Kellgren and Lawrence scale on the posterior-anterior semi-flexed view with definite osteophytes present in the medial and not lateral compartment.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous adverse reaction to electrical stimulation
* Inability to ambulate without the use of an assistive device (i.e cane, walker)
* Patients who have undergone a total knee arthroplasty
* Patients who have torn any knee ligament (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL)
* Enrollees who have a demand-type cardiac pacemaker or are pregnant
* History of tibial osteotomy surgery
* Significant peripheral or central nervous system disease
* Concurrent clinically active arthritis of the hip, ankle, hindfoot or midfoot in either limb
* Concurrent bilateral radiographic evidence of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis
* Enrollees who are concurrently undergoing physical therapy for pain or OA
* Enrollees who are taking Cox-2 inhibitors or are receiving corticosteroid injections
* Subjects will be allowed to take buffered aspirin and naproxen sodium while enrolled in the study
* Enrollees who have a body mass index of greater than 40 (morbidly obese)
* Enrollees who have a CAR \> .95 (e.g. patients whose quadriceps are uninhibited)
* Enrollees who have previously undergone quadriceps NMES therapy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* COPD
* FEV1 \< 60% predicted value and FEV1/ FVC \< 70%
* 6-minute walking distance \< 400 m

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients suffering from cardiovascular, neurological, skeletal muscle, or any other condition that could alter their capacity to perform the exercise test
* Patients taking systemic corticosteroids on a daily basis (patients having received systemic steroids for the treatment of up to two exacerbations in the preceding year and those on inhaled steroids will be allowed)
* Patients with room air PaO2 \< 60 mm Hg will be excluded.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* intended for major abdominal surgery
* more than 18 years old

Exclusion Criteria:

* neuromuscular diseases
* immobility before surgery
* arterial occlusive disease Fontaine stadium IV
* clinical or laboratory signs of inflammation or sepsis
* cachexia
* diseases of the musculoskeletal systems contraindicating electrical stimulation
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 50-85 years of age
* Scheduled for a primary unilateral TKA
* Cognitive status that allows patients to consistently comprehend and repeat back directions regarding the details of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of uncontrolled hypertension or uncontrolled diabetes
* Body mass index greater than 35 kg/m\^2
* Neurological, vascular or cardiac problems that significantly limit function
* Moderate or severe osteoarthritis or other orthopedic conditions in the non-operated lower extremity that limit function

Answer: C