Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Comparative Effectiveness Study of Intravitreal Aflibercept, Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema
Brief Summary: Although multiple studies have suggested that treatment with ranibizumab is safe and efficacious and superior to focal/grid laser alone for patients with center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME), there may be barriers in place to widespread adoption of ranibizumab use given its high cost per dose and the need for multiple treatments over time. Prioritizing resources from a public health policy perspective could be easier if more precise estimates regarding the risks and benefits of other anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies were available, especially when the difference in costs could be billions of dollars over just a few years. Thus, there is a clear rationale at this time to explore potential anti-VEGF alternatives to ranibizumab that might prove to be as or more efficacious, might deliver equally lasting or longer-lasting treatment effects, and cost substantially less. Of the potentially available alternative anti-VEGF agents for this trial, bevacizumab and aflibercept are the best candidates for a direct comparison study. Bevacizumab shares the most similar molecular structure, costs far less, and is widely available. Furthermore, there is already preliminary evidence to suggest that it may be efficacious in the treatment of DME and it is already being widely used for this indication. Although aflibercept has a similar cost per unit dose to ranibizumab, it has the potential to decrease treatment burden and associated cost. If results from a comparative trial demonstrate improved efficacy or suggest similar efficacy of bevacizumab or aflibercept over ranibizumab, this information might give clinicians scientific rationale to substitute either one of these drugs for ranibizumab in the treatment of DME, and might thereby have substantial implications for public policy in terms of future estimates of health care dollars and possibly number of treatments necessary for anti-VEGF treatment of diabetic macular disease.

Because of its availability and lower cost, bevacizumab is already currently in widespread clinical use for treatment of DME despite the lack of FDA approval for this indication. Thus, a clinical trial that suggested whether bevacizumab could be used as a safe and efficacious alternative to ranibizumab could substantially impact nationwide practice patterns for treatment of DME by either validating the current use of bevacizumab or by demonstrating improved outcomes with ranibizumab or aflibercept treatment for DME.

Study Objective The primary objective of the proposed research is to compare the efficacy and safety of (1) intravitreal aflibercept, (2) intravitreal bevacizumab, and (3) intravitreal ranibizumab when given to treat central-involved DME in eyes with visual acuity of 20/32 to 20/320.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Ranibizumab 0.3 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ranibizumab | Arm Label: Ranibizumab 0.5 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ranibizumab | Arm Label: Sham injection/ranibizumab 0.5 mg; Type: SHAM_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Sham injection | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Ranibizumab; Assigned to Arm(s): Ranibizumab 0.3 mg, Ranibizumab 0.5 mg | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sham injection; Assigned to Arm(s): Sham injection/ranibizumab 0.5 mg
B: Arm Label: Ranibizumab; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: 0.3 mg intravitreal ranibizumab | Arm Label: Aflibercept; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: 2.0 mg intravitreal aflibercept | Arm Label: Bevacizumab; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: 1.25 mg intravitreal bevacizumab | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: 2.0 mg intravitreal aflibercept; Assigned to Arm(s): Aflibercept | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: 1.25 mg intravitreal bevacizumab; Assigned to Arm(s): Bevacizumab | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: 0.3 mg intravitreal ranibizumab; Assigned to Arm(s): Ranibizumab
C: Arm Label: Ranibizumab 0.3 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ranibizumab 0.3 mg | Arm Label: Ranibizumab 0.5 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ranibizumab 0.5 mg | Arm Label: Sham injection; Type: SHAM_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Sham injection | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Ranibizumab 0.3 mg; Assigned to Arm(s): Ranibizumab 0.3 mg | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Ranibizumab 0.5 mg; Assigned to Arm(s): Ranibizumab 0.5 mg | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sham injection; Assigned to Arm(s): Sham injection
D: Arm Label: Ranibizumab 0.5 mg; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ranibizumab, Procedure: Laser, Procedure: Sham laser | Arm Label: Ranibizumab 0.5 mg + laser; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ranibizumab, Procedure: Laser | Arm Label: Laser; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Ranibizumab, Procedure: Laser, Drug: Sham to ranibizumab | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Ranibizumab; Assigned to Arm(s): Laser, Ranibizumab 0.5 mg, Ranibizumab 0.5 mg + laser | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Laser; Assigned to Arm(s): Laser, Ranibizumab 0.5 mg, Ranibizumab 0.5 mg + laser | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Sham laser; Assigned to Arm(s): Ranibizumab 0.5 mg | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sham to ranibizumab; Assigned to Arm(s): Laser

Answer: B