Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Aldosterone-induced Microvascular Dysfunction as a Cause of Salt-sensitivity in Obesity?
Brief Summary: Currently, the incidence of obesity and obesity-related disorders is reaching epidemic proportions, which entails an increasing burden for health care systems. The association of obesity with other risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, such as insulin resistance and hypertension, is often referred to as the metabolic syndrome. During recent years, salt-sensitivity of blood pressure has emerged as an additional cardiovascular risk factor that is related to obesity and other key components of the metabolic syndrome. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of these interrelationships are complex and incompletely elucidated. Microvascular dysfunction has been proposed as a link between insulin resistance and hypertension in obese individuals. In addition, impairment of microvascular function was found to be associated with salt-sensitivity of blood pressure. Increased aldosterone levels, as observed in obese individuals, might be a cause of microvascular dysfunction-induced salt-sensitivity and insulin resistance. Aldosterone not only gives rise to sodium-retention in the distal tubule of the kidney, but was also found to impair endothelial function and thus lower NO-availability, which is characteristic of microvascular dysfunction. In addition, elevated aldosterone levels are associated with both hypertension and insulin resistance, which is illustrated in patients with primary aldosteronism, but also in the general population.

The investigators hypothesize that increased aldosterone levels in obese individuals lead to impairment of microvascular function through reduction of NO-availability. This microvascular dysfunction is suggested to play a central role in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension and insulin resistance.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Seated systolic pressure 120-140 mmHg
* Seated diastolic pressure 70-90 mmHg.
* Normoglycemic (HbA1C \<5.7%)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Taking pharmacotherapy that alters peripheral vascular control
* Pregnancy
* Breastfeeding
* Females taking contraceptives (pills, patches, shots, etc.) or hormone replacement therapy
* Taking illicit and/or recreational drugs
* Use of nicotine containing-products (e.g. smoking, chewing tobacco, etc.)
* Known allergy to latex or investigative substances
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects aged 40 years and above

  * With systolic BP \<140 and diastolic \< 90 mmHg
  * Not receiving pharmacological antihypertensive medications

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with following conditions would be excluded:

  * Diabetes mellitus (positive history of diabetes or fasting blood sugar ≥ 126 mg/dl)
  * Renal insufficiency (serum creatinine of 1.4 mg/dl or above)
  * Pregnant or lactating women
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Obese individuals

* Age 18-65 years
* Caucasian
* Waist circumference \> 102 cm (men)/\> 88 cm (women)

Lean individuals

* Age 18-65 years
* Caucasian
* Waist circumference \< 94 cm (men)/\< 80 cm (women)

Exclusion Criteria:

Obese/lean individuals

* Cardiovascular disease (stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, cardiac shunts, cardiac surgery, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, family history of cardiac arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death)
* Diabetes mellitus/impaired glucose metabolism (fasting glucose values \> 5.6 mmol/L
* Stage 3 hypertension (blood pressure \> 180/110 mm Hg)
* Unstable or severe pulmonary disease
* Unstable or severe thyroid disorders
* Inflammatory diseases
* Smoking
* Alcohol use \> 2 U/day (women)/\> 3 U/day (men)
* Use of antihypertensive, lipid-lowering or glucose-lowering medications
* Use of corticosteroids and regular use of NSAIDs
* eGFR\< 60 mL/min
* Impairment of hepatic function
* Pregnancy or lactation
D: Children

Inclusion Criteria:

* All children in Grade 5 of primary schools (age about 11 years) are eligible for the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children who do not have lunch or dinner at their own home will be excluded.

Adult family members:

Inclusion Criteria:

* For each participating child, we will recruit two adult family members. All adult family members who share the same meals with the child are eligible for the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* If more than two adults in one family agree to take part in the study, we will select two of them (i.e. one male and one female) in the order of grandparents, parents, uncles and aunties.

Answer: C