Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Stay-Active Care and Manual Therapy Versus Stay-Active Care Only in Subacute Low Back Pain in a Primary Health Care Setting. The Gotland Low Back Pain Study
Brief Summary: A randomized controlled trial over a 10-week period with a two-year follow-up. The objectives were to compare effects of manual therapy in addition to the stay-active concept versus the stay-active concept only in low back pain patients recruited from primary health care. 160 outpatients with acute or subacute low back pain with or without pain radiation into the legs (70 women, 90 men, ages 20-55 years) were recruited from a geographically defined area and randomly allocated to stay-active care with or without muscle stretching, or to manual therapy with or without specific corticosteroid injections in addition to the stay-active concept. Pain, disability rating index, and sickness absence measures were used as outcome at 10-week follow-up and sickness absence was measured at two-year follow-up.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Modified Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) ≥ 20%
* Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) of ≥ 2 points
* Primary complaint of low back pain with at least one hip impairment in one or both hips

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindications to manual therapy
* Severe trauma to the lumbar spine or hip(s) in the last 6 weeks
* 'Red flag' symptoms including:

  * Tumor
  * Metabolic disease
  * Rheumatoid arthritis or other systemic rheumatologic disorders
  * Acute fracture
  * Bowel/Bladder dysfunction
  * Prolonged history of corticosteroid use
  * Evidence of central nervous system involvement
* Two or more positive neurologic signs consistent with nerve root compression:

  * Diminished muscle stretch reflexes of lower extremity
  * Muscle weakness in any lower extremity myotome
  * Diminished or absent sensation in any lower extremity dermatome
* Spinal surgery in the last 6 months
* Total Hip Arthroplasty
* Currently pregnant or post-partum ≤ 6 months
* Osteoporosis
* History of cancer within the last 12 months
* Inability to understand the English language
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Symptoms of pain and/or numbness between the 12th rib and buttocks with or without symptoms into one or both legs, which, in the opinion of the primary care provider, are originating from tissues of the lumbar region.
* Age 18 - 60 years
* Oswestry disability score \> 20%
* Both of the following clinical decision rule criteria: a)Duration of current symptoms \< 16 days; and b)Patient report of no symptoms (pain, numbness, etc.) distal to the knee in past 72 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prior surgery to the lumbosacral spine
* Any treatment for low back pain in past 6 months
* Current pregnancy
* Currently receiving treatment for LBP from another healthcare provider (e.g., chiropractic, massage therapy, injections, etc.)
* Presence of neurogenic LBP defined as the presence of either of the following:

  a) Positive ipsilateral or contralateral straight leg raise (reproduction of symptoms at \<45 degrees); or b)Reflex, sensory, or strength deficits in a pattern consistent with lumbar nerve root compression
* Judgment of the primary care provider of "red flags" of a potentially serious condition including cauda equina syndrome, major or rapidly progressing neurological deficit, fracture, cancer, infection or systemic disease
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* acute or subacute perceived low back pain with or without pain radiating to one or both legs
* symptom duration of three months or less preceded by at least two months of relative freedom from symptoms
* consent to treatment and follow up for ten weeks
* agreement not to consult therapists other than those participating in the study during the treatment period

Exclusion Criteria:

* other conditions or circumstances that might jeopardize completion of treatment and follow up, such as pregnancy, malignant tumors, etcetera
* need for acute surgical or rheumatologic care
* previous treatment of current complaints with specific mobilisation or manipulation
* previous participation in the present study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* to be suffering from low back pain (LBP) for a period of less than 6 weeks (with or without leg pain) that had limited one's activities or changed the daily routine for more than a day,
* to have been pain free for at least 3 months before the onset of the current LBP episode.

Exclusion Criteria:

* "red flag" signs that may suggest serious spinal pathology,
* history of spinal surgery,
* obvious lower limb radiculopathy
* fibromyalgia
* rheumatoid arthritis
* important skin lesion in the lumbar area
* alteration of cutaneous sensations or temperature perception
* being pregnant of trying to become

Answer: C