Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Hyperimmune Intravenous Immunoglobulin Treatment for Severe H1N1 2009 Infection
Brief Summary: Treatment with hyperimmune intravenous immunoglobulin (H-IVIG), derived from convalescent plasma from patients recovered from H1N1 2009 influenza A infection, for patients with severe H1N1 2009 infection will decrease mortality, reduce viral load, and shorten the length of stay in ICU and hospital.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with PCR confirmed COVID disease
* Admitted to the hospital
* The most recent PCR positive sample is \<96hrs old
* Written informed consent by patient or legal patient representative
* Age at least 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participation in another intervention trial on the treatment of COVID-19 that falls under the Dutch law human research (WMO) and in which individual patients are randomized to different treatment options
* Known IgA deficiency
* Invasive ventilation for already \>96 hours

Donors: Eligibility for plasma donation

Inclusions Criteria:

* A history of COVID infection that was documented by PCR
* Known ABO-Resus(D) blood group
* A screening for irregular antibodies with a titer ≤ 1:32
* Asymptomatic for at least 14 days
* Written informed consent regarding the plasmapheresis procedure
* Tested negative for HIV, HBV, HCV, HEV, HTLV and syfilis

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \<18 years and \> 65 years
* Weight \<50kg
* Medical history of heart failure
* History of transfusion with red blood cells, platelets or plasma
* History of organ- or tissue transplant
* A cumulative stay in the United Kingdom of ≥ 6 months in the period between 01-01-1980 and 31-12-1996
* A history of i.v. drug use
* Insulin dependent diabetes
* An underlying severe chronic illness (i.e. history of heart failure, cancer or stroke)
* Tested positive for HLA- or HNA-antibodies
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* (fulfill all criteria): male or female patients 18 years or older
* written informed consent by patient or next of kin (if patients too ill)
* diagnosis of H1N1 2009 infection satisfying both clinical and laboratory criteria:

  1. Laboratory criteria: at least one RT-PCR positive for H1N1 2009 from one of the clinical specimens (NPA, ETA, blood, urine or stool).
  2. Clinical criteria: patients admitted to ICU with severe community acquired pneumonia as defined by a CURB-65 score of 3 or more
* deterioration during treatment with optimal antiviral (oral or inhaler agents only) and typical and atypical antimicrobial coverage
* required ICU and ventilatory support and within 7 days onset of symptoms.

Exclusion Criteria:

* age below 18 years
* known hypersensitivity to immune globulin or any components of the formulation
* known IgA deficiency
* acquire the H1N1 2009 infection from health care facility
* moribund patients or refusal of informed consent.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 through qualitative polymerase-reverse transcriptase (qRT-PCR -GeneDX Co, Ltd o similar).
* Imagining-diagnosed pneumonia (Rx or CT scan).
* MSOFA score (Modified SOFA) of 2 or more (modified organic failure assessment)
* Informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women
* Women at reproductive age not willing to avoid unprotected sexual intercourse up to Day 30 after study initiation.
* Women in the breastfeeding period
* Patients receiving experimental treatments under development within 30 days prior to study initiation.
* Patients with a previous history of allergic reactions to blood or blood-components transfusion.
* Diagnosis or clinical suspicion of an alternative microbiological cause for pneumonia besides COVID-19
* Use of systemic corticosteroids within 15 days prior to entering the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* ≥16 years old (\>18 years of age in the United States)
* Admitted to hospital with confirmed COVID-19 respiratory illness
* Receiving supplemental oxygen
* 500 mL of ABO compatible convalescent plasma is available

Exclusion Criteria:

* Onset of respiratory symptoms \>12 days prior to randomization
* Intubated or plan in place for intubation
* Plasma is contraindicated (e.g. history of anaphylaxis from transfusion)
* Decision in place for no active treatment

Answer: B