Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Study of Aripiprazole Augmentation for Clozapine-Treated Patients With Refractory Schizophrenia
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether aripiprazole augmentation is safe and effective in the treatment of clozapine-treated patients with refractory schizophrenia.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* schizophrenic patients diagnosed with DSM-IV criteria by SCID-I.
* age between 16-45 years old
* with disease course less than 3 years and during their first episode
* without receiving systematic antipsychotic treatment less than 1 month

Exclusion Criteria:

* organic disease or unstable physical diseases.
* brain trauma with loss of consciousness more than 1 hour
* current substance misuse (in 3 months) or any substance dependence.
* pregnant women.
* patients with severe suicidal imaginations or behavior.
* mental retardation
* contradict to the study drugs
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female patients, 18-65 years of age.
* Patients must have a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV).
* Female patients of menarche must be using a medically accepted means of contraception (e.g. oral contraceptives, Depo-Provera, abstinence).
* Each patient must provide written informed consent after full explanation of study protocol, and authorized legal guardian must understand the nature of the study and must also give assent to study participation.
* Patients must have a baseline (day 0) BPRS score of at least 35 or over 2 of 5 SANS global rating item scores of at least 3.
* Patients have been receiving clozapine treatment for more than 1 year and there has been no change in clozapine dosage for more than 3 months.
* Patients must have a history of antipsychotic treatment with at least 2 different kinds prior to clozapine administration.
* Subjects who are fluent in Korean.

Exclusion Criteria:

* DSM-IV substance (except nicotine or caffeine) dependence within the past 1 year.
* Female patients who are either pregnant or lactating.
* Mental retardation (IQ \< 70).
* Neurological disorders including epilepsy, stroke, or severe head trauma.
* Clinically significant laboratory abnormalities, on any of the following tests: CBC with differential, electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, hepatic transaminases, urinalysis and EKG.
* Prior history of aripiprazole non-response or intolerance.
* BPRS score of \< 35 and over 4 of 5 SANS global rating item scores of \< 3.
* Participation in a clinical trial of another investigational drug within 3 months (90 days) prior to study entry.
* Treatment with an injectable depot neuroleptic within less than three dosing interval between the last depot neuroleptic injections and baseline (day 0).
* History of electroconvulsive therapy within the past 3 months.
* Subjects who are not fluent in Korean.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Current treatment with clozapine for the primary indication of schizophrenia (clinical diagnosis, guided by DSM-IV criteria).
2. Treatment with clozapine for at least six months at a stable dose of 400 mg or more per day, unless the size of the dose was limited by side-effects.
3. Unsatisfactory benefit from clozapine treatment, as indicated by the presence of positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, abnormal behaviour, clinical diagnosis)
4. Age 18 and above.
5. Agreement between investigator and patient to enter the study.
6. The patient is normally resident in Italy.
7. It is considered clinically reasonable to try combination treatment with clozapine and aripiprazole or with clozapine and haloperidol.
8. Uncertainty about which trial treatment would be best for the participant.
9. No medical disorder or condition contraindicates either of the investigational drugs.
10. Agreement between investigator and patient to discontinue any antipsychotic drugs other than clozapine (including long-acting antipsychotic drugs).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects treated with clozapine for the indication of poor response to other antipsychotic medications.
* Treatment with clozapine is at a stable dose for at least 12 weeks. Dose must be 400 mg/day or more, unless side effects limited increase of dose.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with significant alcohol or substance abuse in the past 3 months.
* Subjects with a previous trial of risperidone augmentation of clozapine
* Subjects who are pregnant, breast-feeding, or women of child-bearing potential not using adequate contraception
* Subjects requiring treatment with anticonvulsants.
* Subjects with known hypersensitivity or allergy to risperidone.
* Subjects with hematological or other contraindications to continued clozapine treatment.

Answer: B