Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Renal Osteodystrophy: A Fresh Approach
Brief Summary: Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) represents the bone histologic abnormalities resulting from loss of renal function. It starts early during the loss of kidney function and is seen in virtually all chronic end stage kidney disease patients on dialysis (CKD-5D). A major component of ROD is bone loss leading to chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated osteoporosis. Debilitating hip fractures occur in patients with CKD at a rate 4.4 times higher than in the general population, with associated high costs, morbidity and an annual mortality of 64%. CKD osteoporosis is distinctly different from post-menopausal osteoporosis. Presently, no uniformly accepted CKD osteoporosis treatment protocol exists because of challenges related to racially specific bone turnover states. Therefore, most physicians are reluctant to treat this disorder despite the profound impact on health and quality of life, and its association with vascular calcifications. These vascular calcifications confer an increased risk for cardiovascular events which are the major cause of the over 20% annual mortality rate in CKD-5D patients.

The goal of the proposed controlled randomized study is to test the concept that CKD osteoporosis can be successfully treated when treatment is individualized by patients' turnover status. The study will demonstrate that reversal of bone loss can be achieved by increasing bone formation in low turnover patients, and by reducing bone resorption in normal or high turnover patients. A second aim of this study is to provide new information whether these treatments will also retard progression of vascular calcifications. Blood tests measuring FGF23, indicators of Wnt pathway activity, bone resorption and formation will be followed to understand potential mechanisms and to evaluate their usefulness for prediction of changes in bone mass and vascular calcifications.

CKD-5D patients with established osteoporosis will be enrolled into one of two treatment arms based on bone turnover status. Each arm will be adaptively randomized by race, age and gender into treatment or control groups. In the low turnover arm, teriparatide combined with cinacalcet will be given, and in the normal or high turnover arm, alendronate will be administered. Bone mineral density will be measured at baseline and after one year of treatment by quantitative computed tomography. Calcifications of the coronaries, aorta and heart valves will also be measured at the same times by multi-detector computed tomography.

If this proof-of-concept study is successful, it will offer a heretofore unavailable treatment for osteoporosis in CKD-5D patients thus changing the prevailing clinical practice paradigm. This will provide immediate benefit to CKD patients by reducing fracture risk, bone pain, and cardiovascular risk, while greatly improving their quality of life. These improvements will also convey major socioeconomic benefits by decreasing the high associated treatment costs. The proposed study is highly relevant to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases' mission of disseminating science-based information to improve the health and quality of life for patients with endocrine, metabolic and kidney diseases.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged 21 years or older;
* Chronic maintenance dialysis of at least 3 months' duration;
* Osteoporotic by DXA of either spine or total hip (Women: post-menopausal or age ≥ 50 with T-score ≤ -2.5; Men: age ≥ 50 with T-score ≤ -2.5; All others, Z-score ≤ -2.5);
* Mental competence;
* Willingness to participate in the study;
* Normal serum calcium.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy or breast feeding;
* Incarceration;
* Systemic illnesses or organ diseases that may affect bone (except type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus);
* Clinical condition that may limit study participation (e.g., unstable angina, respiratory distress, infections).
* Chronic alcoholism and/or drug addiction;
* Known Paget 's disease of bone;
* Prior external beam or implant radiation therapy involving the skeleton;
* More than 3 computed tomography (CT) scans in the prior 12 months (to avoid excessive radiation exposure);
* Participation in a study of an investigational drug during the past 90 days;
* Planning to move out of the area within 1 year of the study;
* On active transplant list;
* BMD t-score of the radius less than -3.5 by DXA (to avoid the known potential negative effects of teriparatide treatment on BMD of the radius);
* Planned or anticipated oral surgery within the next 12 months;
* Inability to stand or sit upright for at least 30 minutes;
* Abnormalities of the esophagus which delay esophageal emptying such as stricture or achalasia;
* Treatment within last 6 months with drugs that may affect bone metabolism including bisphosphonates and teriparatide (except for treatment with calcitriol, vitamin D analogs and/or calcimimetics);
* Current treatment with medicines containing digoxin or warfarin;
* Calcidiol level below the normal range. (The current routine clinical practice in our dialysis clinics is to check calcidiol status twice yearly and supplement with vitamin D according to serum calcidiol levels. It is therefore unlikely that a substantial number of patients will be excluded due to this exclusion criterion.)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with CKD Stage 3 (GFR between 30 and 59ml/min)
* Subjects must be 18 years of age or older
* Willingness to provide written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects unable to give informed consent or whom have an expected life-span of less than 3 months
* Subjects undertaking renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation)
* Subjects already taking bisphosphonates
* Subjects with recent fracture (within the last 3 months)
* Subjects scheduled to have a kidney transplant from a known living donor
* Subjects with active gastro-oesophageal reflux disease or peptic ulcer disease
* Subjects who are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant in the next 18 months
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Have received maintenance PD for more than 3 months at National Taiwan University Hospital,
2. Have high CPP level (≧50), and
3. Have chest X-ray proven aortic calcification or coronary artery calcification proven before.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients are excluded if they have any one of the following conditions:

1. Had been hospitalized in recent 3 months due to severe comorbid diseases,
2. Are hypersensitive to alendronate or any of its components,
3. Have esophageal diseases
4. Are not able to stand or sit upright for 30 minutes,
5. Have refractory hypocalcemia, or
6. Patients who are pregnant.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient of 65 years or older
* Chronic kidney disease stage 5 patient, hemodialyzed with extracorporeal treatment for at least 3 months
* Patient with osteoporosis (history of bone fracture or T-scoring \< -2.5 SD)
* PTH levels in the serum in agreement with the KDIGO guidelines, in the absence of treatment with Cinacalcet.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cinacalcet treatment
* Calcium parameters (PTH, 25(OH) vitamin D3, Calcium) outside the KDIGO guidelines
* Suspicion of lower bone remodeling
* Hypersensibility to active substance or one of excipients of denosumab
* Patient with a cancer or myeloma
* Patient with severe heaptic cytolysis
* Patients with severe teeth problems
* Patient positive for HIV
* Patient involved in another biomedical research
* Vulnerable patients (protected by the law, under guardianship, deprived of freedom)

Answer: A