Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Childhood Obesity - Programming by Infant Nutrition
Brief Summary: Primary hypothesis to be tested:

Early protein intake predicts infant growth and later risk of childhood obesity.

* Childhood obesity is a major public health problem and is an identified priority concern for the health care. Infants fed formula are more likely to become obese than breastfed infants. The higher protein content of infant formulae, compared with breast milk, could be a causal factor.
* The study will in a multicentre intervention trial on newborn infants investigate whether feeding infant formulae, which differ in their level of milk proteins, can influence the risk of later childhood obesity. The trial will take place in five countries with different habitual total protein intakes to increase the range of protein intakes
* The investigators will study body composition, hormonal status, protein metabolism and anthropometric markers of childhood obesity. The whole cohort will be followed up until age 18 years, to assess the long term impact on the prevalence of obesity.
* The investigators will explore the impact of consumer (parental) attitudes to, and perceptions of, different practices of infant feeding in relation to infant behaviour (satisfaction, crying, sleep duration). This consumer science information will help improve the understanding of consumer (infants and parents) acceptance of and preference for foods that contribute to healthy diets.
* If a relationship between early dietary protein intake and later childhood obesity risk is confirmed, it offers possibilities for the prevention of obesity, for improving advice given to parents and for developing nutritionally improved dietary products for infants.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* 401-1000 gm
* More than 12 hrs and less than 72 hrs after birth; intravenous access
* Parental consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* One or more major congenital anomalies
* Infants meeting criteria for terminal illness
* Congenital nonbacterial infection with overt signs at birth
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Less than or equal to 12 months of age at enrollment
* Candidates for elemental feeding
* Chronic diarrhea and diagnosis of one of the following conditions: short-bowel syndrome, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, food allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatic disease, protein maldigestion, HIV-advanced disease or other GI disease requiring an elemental diet or have underlying GI disease without chronic diarrhea if his/her chronic diarrhea is controlled or is in remission by a semi-elemental or elemental formula for no more than 13 weeks
* Parents agree to feed infant with experimental formula for least 50% of total calories during study period

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any non-approved concomitant study
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Documentation of informed consent
* Inborn
* Gestational age between 23 weeks and 0/7 days and 29 weeks and 6/7 days
* If subject is transferred to another hospital, the ability to obtain follow-up data on outcomes
* No major anomalies
* Ability to begin parenteral nutrition within the first 48 hours after birth

Exclusion Criteria:

* Outborn
* Gestational age \< 23 weeks or \>= 30 weeks
* Any major congenital anomalies
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Gestational age \> 37 weeks
* Appropriate for gestational age (above 10th percentile,Lubchenko)
* Age of the mother at least 18 years
* Singleton pregnancies
* Residence in the study area
* Maternal command of the language

Exclusion Criteria:

* Gestational diabetes
* Major malformations (of the child) which might interfere with nutrition or growth
* Hormonal or metabolic diseases of the mother or the child, drug addiction during pregnancy

Answer: D