Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Minimally Invasive or Open Surgery for Lung Cancer: Pain, Quality of Life and Economics.
Brief Summary: Is thoracoscopic surgery better than traditional open surgery for lung cancer?

Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer (VATS) is presumed to be less traumatic than traditional open surgery for lung cancer but this has never been documented in a randomized trial. Some surgeons hesitate to use VATS because it is technically more demanding, others question if the two methods are oncologically equal. Regardless, VATS has been implemented as a routine method for lung cancer surgery several places around the world including Odense University Hospital. The investigators have launched the first randomized controlled trial in the world comparing the two surgical methods to investigate any differences in length of hospitalization, postoperative pain, life quality within the first year, and health economics.

The investigators include patients with stage I and II lung cancer, and randomize between VATS and open surgery in a design where both the patient and doctors doing general rounds in the ward are blinded until discharge because the dressing on the surgical wound is identical, regardless of the surgical method. The surgeon cannot influence clinical decisions including time to discharge, which is decided by other specialist surgeons. Pain evaluation is performed 6 times daily using the VAS-score, life quality is evaluated continuously during the first 12 months using EQ5D and EORTC QLQC-30 questionnaires, and the consumption of analgetics in both groups are monitored via the national prescription database.

Parallel to this trial a similar clinical study, which is also the first of its kind in the world, has been launched for patients with lung cancers not eligible for VATS. They are randomized between the two traditional open surgical methods (anterolateral and posterolateral thoracotomy) - this is also blinded to both patient and doctors doing rounds until discharge from hospital, and endpoint are similar in the two studies.

206 patients have been randomized in the first substudy (VATS vs. open) and 88 in the second substudy (posterolateral vs. anterolateral).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \>18 years; scheduled for thoracic surgery on the suspicion/confirmed lung tumor via open thoracotomy or Visual Assisted Thoracotomy(includes primary lung cancer, metastases from other cancer sites without activity within none year, other tumor types requiring resection of lung tissue; Furthermore, for RCT, one of the following: Age ≥ 70 years or FEV1 ≤ 70% predicted or DLCO ≤ 70% predicted or scheduled pneumonectomy)

Exclusion Criteria:

* physical or mental deficits that adversely influence physical performance; can neither speak nor read Danish; previous ipsilateral lung resection; tumor activity in other sites or organs; pancoast tumor
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Non smal cell lung cancer
* Patient living in Oslo or Akershus county and accepted for lung cancer surgery at Oslo University hospital and Akershus University hospital
* were able to read and speak Norwegian

Exclusion Criteria:

* Mental incompetence or physical disability that makes it difficult to walk on a treadmill
* Treatment or medical complications affecting ability to participate in an exercise group
* \> 79 years
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Eligible for surgery for lunge cancer.
* Elective surgery (surgery planed \> 2 days)
* Accepts randomization
* Age 18 or above.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous thoracic surgery
* Planned segment resection or pneumonectomy.
* Any type of chronic pain, requiring daily use of analgetics
* pregnant
* Breast feeding
* T3, T4 tumors or cerebral tumors.
* contraindications to NSAID
* Chemo- and/or radiotherapy in connection to present admission.
* Major surgery planned in connection to this admission.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Histologically diagnosed with lung cancer
* Stage I, II, or III
* Eligible for chemotherapy with curative intent
* 21 years of age or older
* Approval to participate in study by treating oncologist or family physician

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unstable cardiac disease
* Untreated bone or brain metastases

Answer: C