Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Healthy Beyond Pregnancy: A Pilot Usability and Feasibility Trial
Brief Summary: Minority women and women of lower socioeconomic status are at significantly increased risk of unintended pregnancies, short inter-pregnancy interval, and short duration of breastfeeding. The consequences of poorly timed pregnancies and short duration of breastfeeding for the health of mothers, infants and children are well documented.

To decrease rates of poorly timed pregnancies, increase breastfeeding duration and address other postpartum concerns women must be engaged in their postpartum care outside of the traditional postpartum visit. In addition to contraceptive counseling and breastfeeding support, providers discuss a number of important maternal and child health issues at the postpartum visit. These include (1) screening and referral for postpartum mood disorders (2) screening for cardiometabolic consequences of pregnancy complications, (3) discussing inter-conception care and (4) connecting women with a primary care provider. Thus, as recommended by numerous professional societies, the standard postpartum visit at 4 to 6 weeks after delivery has considerable value to women's postpartum care.

Attendance rates for the postpartum visit are markedly lower for women with limited resources contributing to racial and economic health disparities. Despite receiving excellent prenatal care, only 40% of the economically disadvantaged women who receive prenatal care at the Magee outpatient clinic return for their postpartum visit. These parallel national trends, where 60% of women with Medicaid insurance return for a postpartum checkup compared with over 82% of women with private insurance. Medicaid programs serve pregnant women who are particularly vulnerable to poor health outcomes and thus this gap is critical. Additionally, minority women disproportionally receive Medicaid and thus interventions that focus on Medicaid recipients have the potential to address racial as well as economic disparities. These data demonstrate that the current care model does not engage all women to make good health care decision postpartum and is disproportionately failing our most vulnerable moms and babies.

Empirically derived concepts from behavioral economics can be leveraged to design interventions that support participants to make better health decisions and may be particularly useful for postpartum care.

The feasibility trial will focus on four tenants of behavioral economics-bounded rationality (information overload), status quo bias (lack of self-control), hovering (limited attention), and framed incentives-- that have been successfully used to tackle stubborn health problems such as smoking and obesity. Importantly, unlike tobacco cessation or weight loss, many aspects of postpartum care such as compliance with the visit or uptake of LARC, do not require on-going action on part of the patient and thus may be particularly amenable to the lessons of behavioral economics.

Specific Aim 1: To conduct a pilot trial evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a future randomized trial to determine the efficacy of Healthy Beyond Pregnancy on adherence with the postpartum visit.

Specific Aim 2: To determine the impact of Healthy Beyond Pregnancy on adherence with the postpartum visit.


Options:
A: Initiation of LARC by time of standard postpartum visit (4-8 weeks postpartum)
B: Number of eligible participants who consent and complete study intervention (1-4 days postpartum)
C: Maternal stress and anxiety (Baselibne to 12 weeks); Breast milk volume at 12 weeks assessed non-invasively using stable isotope techniques (12 weeks); Breast milk cortisol concentrations at 12 weeks (12 weeks); Infant behaviour measured using a 3-day diary at 12 weeks (12 weeks); Infant weight and body composition measured using stable isotopes at 12 weeks (12 weeks); Physiological changes (maternal saliva cortisol, breast milk cortisol and milk volume) before and after physiological-mini test in intervention group at 2,6 and 12 weeks. (2,6,12 weeks)
D: Parents breastfeeding self efficacy (7 days post partum)

Answer: B