Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Cross-Over Trial of Opioids Versus Mexiletine in the Treatment of Postamputation Pain
Brief Summary: Persistent pain occurs in 50-85 percent of patients who experience the amputation of an extremity. This study will compare the effectiveness of morphine and mexiletine to placebo in the treatment of postamputation pain.

It is hypothesized that the effects of opioids and mexiletine on behavior and mental functioning in patients with postamputation pain are unlikely to be significant barriers to the clinical use of the drugs.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult patients (≥ 18 years) with primary or recurrent single or double sided symptomatic but not incarcerated inguinal hernias with an elective hernia repair are included.
* No other interventions (i.e. umbilical hernia) are allowed.
* Written informed consent needs to be obtained.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with legal incompetence,
* Pregnant and nursing women,
* Patients with presence or history of active malignancy or systemic diseases,
* Under immunosuppressive treatment,
* With systemic or severe local inflammation or infection,
* With wound healing disorders and with physical or mental incapacity, which makes it impossible to obtain informed consent are excluded.
* As pacemakers interfere with the electrical stimulation of the Pain Matcher® and vice versa patients with pacemakers or other implanted electrical devices were also excluded.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. American Society of Anesthesia physical status class I \& II
2. Age ≥ 20 and ≤ 65 years
3. Robot- assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known or suspected allergy, sensitivity, or contraindication to pregabalin or any of the standardized medications
2. Body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2
3. History of seizure disorder
4. Current therapy with pregabalin, gabapentin, or any opioid
5. Any other physical or psychiatric condition which may impair their ability to cooperate with post-operative study data collection
6. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
7. Renal insufficiency (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Adults (18 years or older) of both sexes and all races with persistent phantom and or stump pain for 6 months or longer following an amputation will be eligible for enrollment in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1) age less than 18 or over 85 years, 2) history of allergic reaction to the study drugs, i.e., morphine and mexiletine, 3) cardiac conduction defects such as second degree or complete heart block, or a myocardial infarction in the last 3 months, 4) severe pulmonary disease, 5) current history of alcohol or substance abuse, 6) seizures, dementia or encephalopathy, 7) pregnancy and nursing mothers, 8) chronic hepatic disease or hepatic failure, 9) hematological disease associated with leukopenia and/or thrombocytopenia, and 10) other terminal illness with a life expectancy of less than 6 months. 11) Finally, to avoid a bias in patient selection, patients who failed to achieve clinically significant pain relief to a previous optimal trial with morphine and/or mexiletine will be excluded. An optimal trial will be defined as minimum of 3 week trial with either agent using a drug titration paradigm where the dose of the drugs were increased at intervals of one week or less.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* The patients (aged 18-50 years) were all recruited from a single, tertiary referral hospital at Leuven University, Belgium, specialising in the surgical treatment of severe endometriosis.
* All the women were symptomatic and scheduled for surgical excision of a rectovaginal nodule, at least 1 cm in diameter, diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination at the time of menstruation.
* All the women had a menstrual cycle occurring every 25 to 40 days.
* If previously treated with hormonal medication for endometriosis, at least 3 months must have elapsed and they must have had at least two menstrual cycles since stopping treatment.
* Unless the women had previously been sterilised, they had to agree to use a double-barrier method of contraception for the duration of the study and for up to 6 months after receiving the last infusion.
* The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Leuven University.
* Written, informed consent was obtained before any study related procedures were performed.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence on chest x-ray in the previous 3 months of old or currently active TB, or other history/evidence of active TB, even if adequately treated
* Evidence of serious infections (such as pneumonia or pyelonephritis) in the previous 3 months
* Evidence of a documented HIV infection, active hepatitis-B or C, or an opportunistic infection (e.g. herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis carinii, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, or mycobacteria other than TB) in the previous 6 months
* Previous transplant surgery, a lymphoproliferative disorder or other malignancy
* Positive cervical cytology in the previous 6 months
* Previous treatment with infliximab, any drug known to affect TNF-α levels, e.g. pentoxifylline, thalidomide and etanercept, or any human/murine recombinant products
* Known allergy to murine products
* Use of other investigational drugs within 1 month of recruitment or within 5 half-lives of the investigational agent, whichever was longer
* Any haematological or biochemical abnormalities on routine screening.
* Subjects were also excluded if there was any pelvic pathology on transvaginal ultrasound scan (TVS) other than small uterine fibroids (\< 4 cm in diameter) and an ovarian endometrioma or endometriotic nodule.

Answer: C