Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Pivotal Response Group Treatment for Parents of Young Children With Autism
Brief Summary: This is a research study examining the effectiveness of pivotal response treatment group (PRTG) in targeting language skills in young children with autism. Research has demonstrated that behavioral interventions, such as Pivotal Response Training (PRT), lead to improvements in the core symptoms of autism. The purpose of this study is to further examine the effectiveness of teaching pivotal response treatment to parents of children with autism in a group format. To determine the effectiveness of pivotal response training group (PRTG) it will be compared to another parent education group by conducting a randomized controlled 12-week trial.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
* Parent or guardian willing to give informed consent for child's participation
* Developmental level above 9 months on the Visual Reception Scale of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and on the Adaptive Behavior Composite of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
* English is primary language for child and family

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence of vision or hearing impairment
* Diagnosis of fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, phenylketonuria, or congenital rubella
* History of severe birth trauma or traumatic brain injury
* Siblings with autism spectrum disorder
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Child meets screening criteria for PDD
* Not currently enrolled in a pre-existing intervention program
* Parent is available for intervention
* Child must be ready to start in the Early Childhood Partial Hospitalization Program (ECPHP) at UCLA

Exclusion Criteria:

* Child does not have other sensory or genetic disorders
* Children already on medication on the outset, although we find few toddlers already on medication when they begin treatment. If children begin medication after treatment commences, then we will keep all informatin and data pertaining to possible medication effects and statistically convey medication use if necessary
* Co-morbidity, participant diagnosed with other diseases
* Family/participant unable to follow-up
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) based on Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and expert clinical opinion
* Outpatients between 2.0 and 6 years of age of either gender
* Children of all cognitive levels will be included as long as they are able to participate in the testing procedures to the extent that valid standard scores can be obtained
* Language delay as measured by the Preschool Language Scale 4th ed. (PLS-4)
* Participants must have the ability to make meaningful vocalizations, defined as the ability to make contingent vocalizations when prompted (i.e., vocal sound showing intent to communicate, but not necessarily clear words)
* Stable psychotropic medication(s) or biomedical interventions for at least one month prior to baseline measurements with no anticipated changes during study participation
* Stable behavioral treatment (Applied Behavioral Analysis, Floortime, or other interventions), speech therapy, and school placement for at least 2 months prior to baseline measurements with no expected changes during study participation
* No more than 60 minutes of 1:1 speech therapy per week
* The availability of at least one parent who can consistently participate in the group treatment and related activities of the research study
* Be male or female in good medical health
* Will be starting PRTG after the first magnetic resonance image (MRI) scan has occured and, if agreeable, blood draw or saliva sample
* Parents intend on continuing PRTG for a minimum of 12 weeks
* Parents must be 18 years of age or older.

Exclusion Criteria:

* A current or life-time diagnosis of severe psychiatric disorder (e.g., bipolar disorder...)
* A genetic abnormality, such as Fragile X, based on genetic testing, done as indicated
* Presence of active medical problem (e.g., unstable seizure disorder or heart disease)
* Participants taking psychotropic medications will not be included if their medications have not been stable for over a week
* Parents who do not have the ability to videotape parent and child interactions on a weekly basis
* Parents who are not willing to implement intervention strategies for at least one hour a day
* Parents who plan to alternate which parent attends the group sessions.
D: * INCLUSION CRITERIA:
* There are 3 participant groups in this study.

  * AUT: Children with autism (diagnosed with autistic disorder according to DSM-IV criteria). This group will include children that may be dichotomized as with regression and without regression.
  * DD: Children with nonspectrum developmental delays
  * TYP: Children deemed to be typically developing
  * Accrual numbers are to include 140 children in the AUT group, 50 children in the DD group and 75 children in the TYP group.
* AUT: Children are included if they meet DSM-IV criteria for autistic disorder, based on ADI-R and ADOS and clinical judgment. Those meeting research criteria for autism will be included.
* Regression is defined as: Language loss: Loss of at least 3 spontaneously meaningful words (excluding mama or dada) used for at least a month, and lost for at least a month.AND/OR Nonverbal communication/social loss: Loss of more than one nonverbal communicative behavior (e.g. gestures, joint attention, eye contact, imagination, pretend play, sharing, showing, watching children, orienting to name, social smiling, social games, spontaneous imitation of actions, response to social overtures). Although there is overlap in the age period for regression specified in this protocol (regression between 15-30 months) and that described for childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) (the DSM-IV criteria for indicate apparently normal development for the first 2 years after birth ), the criteria for CDD also indicate a diagnosis can only be made if symptoms are not better accounted for by another pervasive developmental disorder such as autism. Symptoms of CDD that separate it from autism include loss of acquired skills in areas such as motor skills and bowel or bladder control, while the focus of the current study is on regression in core symptoms of autism (i.e. socio-communicative skills). Thus, the currently protocol will include children with regression over 2 who meet criteria for autism, but not those who only meet criteria for CDD.
* DD: Developmental scores (Performance Quotient and Verbal Quotient) greater than 1.5 standard deviations below mean on Mullen Scales of Early Learning
* TYP: No diagnosis of developmental delay, and no first-degree relatives with a history of autism spectrum disorders.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

* Diagnosis of cerebral palsy. For the typical controls only, a history of extremely low birth weight (due to prematurity or intrauterine growth failure).
* If behavioral management issues (e.g. self-injury, aggressiveness) are severe to the extent that the screening protocol was aborted.

Answer: C