Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Music-Based Multitask Exercises (Jaques-Dalcroze Eurhythmics) on Gait, Balance and Fall Risk in the Elderly
Brief Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a 6-month music-based multitask exercises program (Jaques-Dalcroze eurhythmics) in improving gait and balance, and reducing fall risk in community-dwelling older adults with an increased risk of falling.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. age 70 to 89 years; (2) summary score \<10 on the short physical performance battery (SPPB) (45% are \<8);90 (3) sedentary lifestyle; (4) ability to complete the 400 m walk test without an assistive device; and (5) willingness to be randomized to either intervention group.

   Exclusion Criteria:

   Exclusion Criteria for Factors that May Limit Adherence to Interventions or Affect Conduct of the Trial • Unable or unwilling to give informed consent or accept randomization in either study group • Current diagnosis of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, or bipolar disorder
   * Current consumption of more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week
   * Plans to relocate to out of the study area within the next 2 years or plans to be out of the study area for more than 6 consecutive weeks in the next year
   * Self-reported inability to walk across a small room
   * The use of a walker to complete the 400 m walk and/or unable to complete the 400 m walk without sitting down or the help of another person
   * Another member of the household is a participant in the Life Study
   * Residence too far from the intervention site
   * Residence in a nursing home
   * Difficulty in communication with study personnel due to speech or hearing problems
   * Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MSE) score below the cutoff for education:

   African American, 9+ yrs 76, \<9 yrs 70; English Speaking Non-African American, 9+ yrs 80, \<9 yrs 76; Spanish Speaking, 9+ yrs 80, \<9 yrs 70
   * Participation in LIFE-Pilot study
   * Other medical, psychiatric, or behavioral factors that in the judgment of the Principal Investigator may interfere with study participation or the ability to follow the intervention protocol

   Exclusion Criteria for Underlying Diseases Likely to Limit Lifespan and/or Affect the Safety of the Interventions

   • Severe arthritis (either osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis)

   • Cancer requiring treatment in the past three years, except for non-melanoma skin cancers or cancers that have clearly been cured or in the opinion of the investigator carry an excellent prognosis (e.g., Stage 1 cervical cancer)

   • Lung disease requiring either regular use of corticosteroid pills or injections or the use of supplemental oxygen

   • Development of chest pain or severe shortness of breath on a 400 m self-paced walk test

   • Cardiovascular disease (including New York Heart Association Class III or IV congestive heart failure, clinically significant aortic stenosis, history or cardiac arrest, use of a cardiac defibrillator or uncontrolled angina)

   • Parkinson's disease or other serious neurological disorder

   • Renal disease requiring dialysis

   • Other illness of such severity that life expectancy is considered to be less than 12 months

   • Conditions not specifically mentioned above may serve as criteria for exclusion at the discretion of the clinical site

   Temporary Exclusion Criteria

   • Uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure \> 200 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure \> 110 mmHg).

   • Uncontrolled diabetes with recent weight loss, diabetic coma or frequent insulin reactions.
   * Stroke, hip fracture, hip or knee replacement, or spinal surgery in the past 6 months.
   * Serious conduction disorder (e.g., 3rd degree heart block), uncontrolled arrhythmia, or new Q waves or ST-segment depressions (\>3 mm) on ECG.
   * Myocardial infarction, major heart surgery (i.e., valve replacement or bypass surgery), stroke, deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus in the past 6 months.
   * Undergoing physical therapy or cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
   * Currently enrolled in another randomized trial involving lifestyle or pharmaceutical interventions
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged 65 years or older
* Living in the community
* Without previous Jaques-Dalcroze eurhythmics experience (except during childhood)
* Identified as being at high risk of fall (i.e., one or more self-reported falls after the age of 65 years or balance impairment as assessed by a simplified Tinetti test higher than 2 over 7 or the presence of one or two indicators of physical frailty based on Fried's criteria)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Neurological or orthopaedic disease (e.g., stroke with residual motor deficit, Parkinson's disease, osteoarthritis) with a significant impact on gait and balance performances
* Progressive or unstable medical conditions that could limit participation (e.g., terminal illness)
* Fully dependent on an assistive device such as canes and walkers
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* osteoporosis (DXA T-score \< -2.5 in hip and/or vertebrae)
* able to walk at least 15 minutes without an helping device
* 65 years or older
* community dwelling
* at least one fall in the prior year

Exclusion Criteria:

* severe cardiac, pulmonary or musculoskeletal disorders
* pathologies associated with increased fall risks (i.e. stroke or Parkinson's disease)
* use of psychotropic drugs
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* women aged 75 years and older,
* living at home but with impaired physical functional capacity (as assessed by simple functional tests: 6-meter walking test and tandem walk test).

Exclusion Criteria:

* serious health problems preventing practice of a physical activity (medical contra-indications),
* already engaged in fall prevention or general group exercise classes.

Answer: B