Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: To Evaluate the Role of Mobile Phone SMS Messages and Automated Calls in Improving Vaccine Coverage Among Children in Pakistan
Brief Summary: Routine childhood immunization (RCI) in Pakistan is well below the recommended coverage of 90% with rates as low as 16% in certain regions (Pakistan DHS 2012-3). This has led to continued polio transmission, large measles outbreaks and thousands of deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases (Kazi.Bull WHO 2016). Mobile phone communication is widespread in developing countries and has proven a potential method of directly connecting pregnant women and mothers to health services (Kharbanda. Expert Review of Vaccine 2014). The investigators propose conducting a mixed methods proof of concept cluster randomized trial (CRT) to assess the effectiveness of different types of SMS messaging and automated calls to improve RCI and understand the perceptions and barriers that may affect SMS and automated call-based interventions at participants levels. the investigators will conduct the study at urban and rural sites in Pakistan. The investigators will examine an important public health question - do low cost, automated SMS, and automated messages improve RCI coverage in resource-constrained settings? Further, investigators will compare the effectiveness of reminder, educational and interactive text messages for improving RCI and will generate socio-cultural data regarding the impact of participants health beliefs that will be important for setting up the appropriate interventions in other LMICs.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Mother-child (or caregiver-child) units with child \<2 years of age OR Pregnant women

Exclusion Criteria:

Family does not have cell-phone OR cannot provide informed consent
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Truck Drivers or Trucking Assistants (Sample 1) and female sex workers(Sample 2) registered in the North Star Alliance electronic health record system and who
* had no indication that they were HIV-positive
* resided in Kenya
* had a valid mobile phone number listed
* had fewer than four HIV tests recorded in the system in the past 12 months (indicating that they were not following the recommendation to test every 3 months for 4 tests per year), and
* had not had an HIV test in the past 3 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

* None
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mothers/caregivers of healthy infants (age 0 - 12 months) who:

  1. Have a mobile phone access
  2. Received antenatal care and/or delivered their babies in a hospital
  3. Plans to receive immunizations at the selected PHCs
* Purposively-selected community sample of pregnant women in their third trimester, parents/caregivers of infants, providers, community gatekeepers and policy makers

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Parents of infants requiring hospital admission due to significant illness, congenital deformity/malformation and prematurity
2. Foreigners
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* The inclusion criteria includes being a child from the HDSS site, being less than 14 days of age with parent/guardian or at least one person in the household having a working mobile phone connection and parent/guardian providing consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The exclusion criteria includes a child from outside HDSS area or family plans to stay in the catchment area for less than 20 weeks

Answer: D