Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Provider Approaches to Improved Rates of Infant Nutrition and Growth Study
Brief Summary: We will conduct a randomized, controlled trial of routine, pre-natal care practice-site based pre- and post-natal breastfeeding promotion interventions in low-income minority women, with stratification for maternal country of origin. Our primary outcome measure is breastfeeding duration and extent, i.e. "intensity." Our secondary outcomes measures are: a) infant weight, and b) participant/ provider experiences of the intervention.

The Provider Approaches to Improved Rates of Infant Nutrition \& Growth Study (PAIRINGS) trial randomizes women to a Prenatal Care Provider (PNC) + Lactation Consultant (LC) intervention, or Control group. The PNCs will use a brief, computer prompted protocol throughout pregnancy and at follow-up of maternal-infant dyads. The LC will meet women, one-on-one while pregnant, at daily hospital rounds, during well-infant care and (as needed) home visits. Post-partum interviews at 1,3 and 6 months will collect infant feeding data.

Primary Outcomes (Hypotheses): Breastfeeding

1. Breastfeeding Intensity at 1,3, and 6 Months- There will be significant differences, by treatment group, in BF intensity. Intensity will be assessed via 7 day recall of the frequency of breastmilk feedings vs. other liquids and solids.
2. Exclusive Breastfeeding at 1,3, and 6 Months- There will be significant differences, by treatment group, in the rate of exclusive BF.

   Secondary Outcomes (Hypotheses): Infant Growth
3. Weight-for-Length, by Breastfeeding Intensity: There will be a significant association between BF intensity and weight-for-length z scores at 4,6,9, and 12 month well-child visits.
4. Weight Gain, by Breastfeeding Intensity: There will be a significant association between BF intensity and weight gain from the 4th -12th month of age.
5. Weight-for-Length, by Treatment Group: There will be a significant association between treatment group and weight-for-length z scores at 4,6,9, and 12 month well-child visits
6. Weight Gain, by Treatment Group: There will be a significant association between treatment group and weight gain from the 4th - 12th month of age.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Exclusion Criteria:

* Ever diagnosed with diabetes when not pregnant
* Ever diagnosed with cardiovascular disease
* Ever diagnosed with lung disease
* Hemoglobin \< 9.5 mg/dl
* Hematocrit less than 30%
* SBP \>= 140 or DBP \>= 90 in the last month
* Diagnosis of thyroid disease in the last month
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* \> 34 0/7 weeks gestational age
* Discharged from the newborn nursery or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) without significant neonatal morbidity
* Singleton infant
* Nursery or NICU stay of 7 days or less
* Primiparous mother
* Maternity stay of 7 days or less
* Pediatric primary care provider from one of 3 University-affiliated pediatric practices or University-affiliated family medicine practices
* Feeding human milk (breast milk) during the maternity/newborn stay with intent to continue to breastfeed after discharge
* English speaking mother.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Newborn nursery, NICU, or maternity stay \> 7 days
* Exclusive formula feeding in the nursery or NICU
* Multiparous mother
* Any metabolic condition that requires feedings at precise intervals
* Gestational age of 33 6/7 weeks or less
* Presence of a congenital anomaly or neonatal condition that significantly affects a newborn's feeding (e.g. cleft lip or cleft palate) or sleeping (hyperexplexia - exaggerated startle reflex)
* Non-singleton newborn
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 12-30 weeks pregnant
* receives prenatal care at Centennial women's center of Montefiore Medical Center
* English or Spanish speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnant with multiples
* breastfeeding contra-indicated
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* First time mother
* Mother 18 years old or older
* 37 weeks gestation or greater at delivery
* Intent to breastfeed

Exclusion Criteria:

* mother's primary language is something other than English or Spanish
* mother has medical complications that interfere with her instituting breastfeeding or require her to stay in the hospital for \>72 hours
* infant has a medical problem that requires admission to the intensive care nursery or requires hospitalization for \>72 hours
* mother expresses a strong desire to formula feed

Answer: C