Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effects of Balanced and Unbalanced Crystalloids and Colloids on Serum Biochemistry and Visceral Blood Flow: A Two Phase, Double Blind, Randomised Crossover Study
Brief Summary: Patients often require fluid replacement during and after an operation. This is usually given through veins in the arm using an intravenous cannula and doctors have traditionally used fluid containing sodium chloride (saline). However accumulating evidence suggests that large infusions of saline are associated with adverse physiological effects including acidification of the blood and a rise in potassium and chloride levels. Studies in animals have shown that high levels of chloride in the blood and excess saline can cause blood vessels in the kidney to constrict leading possibly to a decrease in kidney function. Improvement in acid-base balance and kidney function may be observed with balanced solutions containing constituents that are more closely matched to the body's own fluid composition. However, little is known about the physiological effects of these solutions as they have only recently been developed.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a radiological modality which can now assess blood flow and supply of the kidney noninvasively without the need for the injection of radiological dyes known as contrast agents. This is now of major importance due to the possible adverse effects of MRI contrast agents leading to Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF), a progressive disease which has been observed in some kidney patients after receiving 'gadolinium based' contrast agents. This has therefore led to increased interest and demand for noncontrast based imaging methods. In this study we aim to compare the effects of balanced versus unbalanced fluid infusions in healthy human volunteers:

We will aim to measure:

1. Blood biochemical composition and acidity
2. Kidney function and supply as measured by dynamic MRI


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Emergency department patient
* Chief complaint of nausea, vomiting or emesis, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, heat stroke or exhaustion
* ED provider approves administration of two liters of fluid
* ED provider states patient is likely to be discharged
* Patient has followed up with PCP in the last two years
* Patient has access to phone for next two days following ED discharge

Exclusion Criteria:

* Prisoners
* Children
* Women known to be pregnant
* Jaundice
* Current chemotherapy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) at Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age\<18 years old
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* All Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admissions at Austin Hospital
* All Emergency Department (ED) admissions at Austin Hospital
* All operations at Operating Theatre (OT) with hospital stay of more than 48 hours

Exclusion Criteria: Nil
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy
* Male
* Aged between 18 and 40 years
* Weight between 65 and 80 kilograms
* Able to give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chronic medical conditions
* Use of any regular medications
* History of substance abuse
* Known hypersensitivity to study infusion fluids
* Contraindications to MRI scanning

Answer: D