Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Efficacy and Safety of Eslicarbazepine Acetate (BIA 2-093) as Monotherapy for Patients With Newly Diagnosed Partial-onset Seizures:a Double-blind, Randomized, Active-controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter Clinical Study
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate (BIA 2-093) as monotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed partial-onset seizures.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients with the clinical diagnosis of localization related epilepsy/focal seizure (International League Against Epilepsy 2010) with a history of an episode of seizure within 48 hours of presentation
* Treatment naïve patients or patients who had not taken any treatment for at least 3 weeks before inclusion.

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of any recent traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia/transient ischemic attack/stroke
* Patients with neuroendocrinal tumours
* History of any invasive neurosurgical /non-invasive neuropsychiatric procedure.
* Patients who are already under treatment for the presenting conditions.
* Medication history of psychoactive or central nervous system depressant drugs
* Pregnant and nursing women
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients from age 4 to 16, who have been diagnosed with focal epilepsy
2. Patients who have experienced minimal two unprovoked seizures, or patients who have had one unprovoked seizure and have shown focal abnormality in the EEG
3. Patients who have not received any antiepileptic medications prior to the study (Those who have been treated with rescue medication are eligible)
4. Patients with eligible consent or with legal guardians have given official consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with progressive CNS disease, or systemic illness
2. Patients with level of SGOT/SPGT above the doubled normal level or BUN/Creatinine above the 3 times of the normal range
3. Patients who had used other anti-epileptic medication during any period of the trial, including baseline period. (Benzodiazepine used as rescue therapy is acceptable)
4. Patients who show hypersensitive reaction to the study medication.
5. Patients with any psychological problems.
6. Patients deemed inappropriate for the study by the investigators
C: For inclusion in the study, subjects must fulfill all of the following at the time points indicated:

Visit 1 (Days -1 to -7; Screening)

* Have signed an informed consent before undergoing any study-related activities. Subjects of Asian ancestry (subjects with a direct ancestor of Asian origin, irrespective of the generational difference) are required to give written informed consent for genotyping.
* Male or female ≥18 years of age.
* Newly diagnosed epilepsy with at least 2 well documented, unprovoked, clinically evaluated and classified partial seizures (with or without secondary generalization) with clear focal origin, documented clinically OR by electroencephalogram (EEG) OR by imaging studies, within 12 months of Visit 1. In this context, seizures that occur within a period of 48 hours are counted as one seizure.
* At least 1 seizure during the previous 3 months.
* Demonstrated cooperation and willingness to complete all aspects of the study.
* Female subjects without childbearing potential (2 years postmenopausal, bilateral oophorectomy or tubal ligation, or complete hysterectomy) are eligible. Female subjects with childbearing potential must not be pregnant as confirmed by a negative serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test and sexually active females must be using a medically acceptable effective non-hormonal method of contraception for the duration of the study and until the Post-study visit (PSV).

Visit A1 (Day 1; Randomization and start of double-blind treatment period)

* Have satisfactorily completed the electronic subject diary (eDiary).
* Female subjects with childbearing potential must not be pregnant as confirmed by a negative urine pregnancy test and sexually active females must be using a medically acceptable effective non-hormonal method of contraception for the duration of the study and until the PSV.

Subjects having any of the following at the time points indicated are to be excluded from the study:

Visit 1 (Days -1 to -7)

* History of pseudo-seizures
* Seizures occurring only in clusters.
* History of absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, or atonic seizures.
* Documented EEG within 12 months of Visit 1 suggestive of primarily generalized epilepsy.
* History of status epilepticus within the 3 months prior to Visit 1.
* Known progressive neurologic disorder (progressive brain disease, epilepsy secondary to progressive cerebral lesion) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging or computer tomography.
* Former or current use of any anti-epileptic drug (AED), except for the use of a single AED for a maximum duration of 2 weeks before Visit 1.
* Previous use of ESL or carbamazepine (CBZ).
* Using mono-amine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, nefazodone, isoniazid, or protease inhibitors or any other anti-retroviral agents (e.g. efavirez) that may raise the levels of CBZ-CR.
* Known hypersensitivity to carboxamide derivatives or tricyclic antidepressants.
* History of uncontrolled psychiatric illness or mood disorder requiring electro-convulsive or drug therapy within the previous 6 months, a history of suicide attempt, schizophrenia, chronic treatment with benzodiazepines (except short-acting benzodiazepines) or barbiturates.
* Judged clinically to have a suicidal risk in the opinion of the investigator based upon a clinical interview and the Columbia Suicide-Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS).
* History of alcohol, drug, or medication abuse within the last 2 years.
* Uncontrolled cardiac (including atrioventricular block and other clinically significant electrocardiographic abnormalities), renal, hepatic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, metabolic, hematological, or oncology disorder.
* History of bone marrow depression.
* History of hepatic porphyrias (e.g. acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, porphyria cutanea tarda).
* Relevant clinical laboratory abnormalities (e.g. sodium \<130 mmol/L, alanine or aspartate transaminases \>2 x the upper limit of normal, white blood cell count \<3000 cells/mm3) (measured at Visit 1).
* Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (measured at Visit 1).
* Subjects of Asian ancestry who test positive for the presence of the HLA-B\*1502 allele.
* Pregnancy or lactating.
* Participation in other drug clinical trial within the last 2 months or having received an investigational medicinal product (IMP) within 5 half-lives of that IMP, whichever is longer.
* Any other condition or circumstance that, in the opinion of the investigator, could compromise the subject's ability to comply with the study protocol.

Visit A1 (Day 1)

* Former or current use of any AED, except for the use of a single AED for a maximum duration of 2 weeks before Visit 1 and with a drug-free period of at least 5 days before Visit A1. Benzodiazepines are allowed, no more than twice a week, for an epileptic indication and as rescue medication during the ≥5-day drug-free period.
* Using prohibited medication.
* Pregnancy.
* Any other condition or circumstance that, in the opinion of the investigator, could compromise the subject's ability to comply with the study protocol.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 60 yrs or above.
* New onset focal epilepsy i.e. either at least one epileptic seizure in the last 6 months and focal epileptiform discharges on EEG or a relevant lesion on CT/MRI or at least 2 epileptic seizures, one of which occurring in the last 6 months prior inclusion.
* No previous AED treatment, except for a period not longer than 4 weeks prior to inclusion (V0).
* Ability of subject to understand verbal and written instructions, to comply with all study requirements, and to comprehend character and individual consequences of the clinical trial.
* Written informed consent before enrolment in the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute symptomatic epileptic seizures occurring acutely within a 2 week period after the onset of an acute illness such as cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarct, rapid progressive malignancy or other acute brain abnormalities (i.e. encephalitis, hypoxic brain damage, trauma, metabolic derangement, following brain surgery).
* Dementia (as defined by history)
* Renal insufficiency as defined by GFR \< 50 mL/min.
* Increased liver enzymes (GOT, GPT, gGT) or increased bilirubin ≥ 2-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN).
* Pre-treatment with valproic acid within the four weeks prior inclusion (V0).
* Contraindication against or history of hypersensitivity to any of the investigational medicinal products or to any drug with similar chemical structure or to any excipient present in the pharmaceutical form of the investigational medicinal products.
* Participation in other clinical trials and observation period of competing trials within the last 2 months, respectively.
* History of drug or alcohol abuse within the last 2 years.
* Medical condition which interferes with the participation in the trial according to the opinion of the investigator.
* Patients with life expectancy \< 1 year due to malignant disease
* Psychiatric morbidity requiring legal guardianship.

Answer: C