Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Community-based Rehabilitation Training After Stroke: a Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: A pilot study that will evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of procedures to inform the design and delivery of a definitive RCT of ReTrain (which would assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of ReTrain for stroke survivors).


Options:
A: * INCLUSION CRITERIA:
* Age between 18 and 85 years.
* Ability to sit and be active for an hour on a chair (or wheelchair) without cardiac, respiratory and/or pain disturbances as assessed during the screening visit.
* Willingness to commit to participate in the long-term follow-up study (up to 3 months)
* Willingness to give written informed consent.
* Diagnosis of a first clinically apparent unilateral cortical or subcortical stroke at least 3 months prior to study entry

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

* History of severe neurological illness (e.g. brain tumor, epilepsy or acute seizures, polyneuropathy etc.) or severe cognitive impairment (MMSE less than 23)
* MRI contraindications. (Cardiac pacemakers; Intracardiac lines; Implanted medication pumps; Neural stimulators; blood vessel, cochlear, or eye implants; Metal in the cranium except in the mouth; Dental braces; Metal fragments from occupational exposure; Surgical clips in or near the brain).
* History of alcohol or drug abuse
* Active depression of any severity with psychoactive medication changes in the last 2 months, active psychosis, disruptive or violent behavior, poor motivational capacity as assessed by the study physician by patient questioning
* Aphasia or language disturbances that would interfere with performing the study tasks
* Uncontrolled medical problems (e.g., active cancer or renal disease, any type of end-stage pulmonary or cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or other medical conditions, as determined by the study physician, that would interfere with participation in this study).
* Increased intracranial pressure as evaluated by clinical means (fundoscopic exam).
* Severe neglect or ataxia that would interfere in the completion of the study tasks.
* History of more than one stroke or a stroke that affects both sides of the brain, the brainstem, or the cerebellum.
* Inflammation of the tissue, severe rheumatoid arthritis, or abnormal function of the joints due to arthritis in the affected arm used most often.
* Pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female aged 21-80 years;
2. First ever haemorrhagic or ischaemic hemiplegic stroke less than 1 month prior to study enrollment;
3. Upper extremity impairment of 0-45 out of a maximum score of 66 on the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale.
4. MMSE\>=24.
5. Be able to provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

pregnancy; cardiac pacemakers; orthodontics (braces); metal implant; history of epilepsy; sensorimotor disturbance due to other causes other than stroke; uncontrolled medical conditions including hypertension, diabetes mellitus and unstable angina; major depression and a history of psychotic disorders.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* first ever haemorrhagic or ischaemic subcortical stroke more than 9 months prior to study enrollment
* upper extremity impairment of 11-45 on the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale

Exclusion Criteria:

* epilepsy
* neglect
* cognitive impairment
* other neurological or psychiatric diseases
* severe arm pain
* spasticity score \>2 on the Modified Ashworth Scale in the shoulder or elbow
* contraindications to TMS or tDCS (cranial implants, ventricular shunts, pacemakers, intrathecal pumps)
* grip strength \<10kg as measured by a dynamometer
* participation in other interventions or trials targeting stroke motor recovery.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primary clinical diagnosis of stroke (assessed by referring clinician/GP records)
* \>1 month (but no upper limit) since discharge from NHS physical rehabilitation services at randomisation
* Able to walk independently indoors with or without mobility aids, but has self-reported difficulty or requires help on stairs, slopes or uneven surfaces (assessed by recruiting team using standard tools)
* Willingness to be randomised to either control or ReTrain (and attend the training venue)
* Cognitive capacity and communication ability sufficient to participate in the study (assessed by recruiting team using standard tools).24 NB: Criterion (3) has been selected pragmatically to maximise eligibility while ensuring participants have a mobility deficit that could be addressed by the intervention. Eligible people with aphasia will not be excluded.

Exclusion Criteria:

* \<18 years old
* Contraindications to moderate to vigorous physical activity. Used in GP screening assessment form. (Adapted from ACSM guidelines 25) Contraindications include:

  * Acute or uncontrolled heart failure
  * Unstable or uncontrolled angina
  * Uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia causing symptoms or haemodynamic compromise
  * Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
  * Current deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction
  * Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
  * Suspected or known dissecting aneurysm
  * Unstable / uncontrolled blood pressure
  * Systolic blood pressure \> 160
  * Diastolic blood pressure \> 100
  * Acute systemic infection
  * Uncontrolled diabetes

Answer: D