Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: The investigators aimed in this study to investigate the effects of 4 weeks robot-assisted locomotor training on motor recovery of lower extremities and walking ability compared with the conventional gait training in subacute post-stroke non-ambulatory hemiplegic patients.

72 first-ever stroke patients who could not walk independently (FAC \< 2), and suffered within 6 months were enrolled and randomly assigned into 2 groups. The subjects with congestive heart failure, malignancies, cardiopulmonary dysfunctions, and who could not walk independently before stroke attack were excluded.

Two groups received 30 minutes conventional gait training including Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) basically. The robotic assisted locomotor training group received additional robotic-assisted gait therapy for 30minutes with Lokomat® (Hocoma, Zurich, Switzerland) daily for 4 weeks, and the conventional gait training group received additional daily conventional gait training with NDT for the same periods. The independent walking ability(FAC ≥ 3), Functional Ambulation Category (FAC), Motricity index (MI), Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), Medical Research Council (MRC) for each lower extremity muscles were assessed before, during (2weeks) and after training. And the independent walking ability were followed until 3 months.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Hemiparesis as result of 1st stroke
2. No other neurologic or orthopedic disorder
3. Independent ambulation before the stroke
4. No severe medical illnesses
5. Hemiparesis: lower extremity strength graded ≤ 3 in more than 2 muscle groups
6. Functional ambulation classification (FAC) ≤ 1 : indicating a need for personal assistance in ambulation
7. The interval between stroke and start of the treatment
8. Time since stroke onset \< 6 months
9. age: 20-80yrs old

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unstable fractures
2. Severe osteoporosis
3. Severe skin problems
4. Severe joint problems
5. Major difference in leg length,
6. Body weight over 130 kg,
7. Orthostatic circulatory problem
8. Severe cognitive impairment
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke greater than 3 months prior
* Residual hemiparetic gait with observable asymmetry in the gait pattern.
* Women or men aged 21 to 85 years
* Completed all conventional physical therapy.
* Adequate language and neurocognitive function to participate in training, testing, and to give informed consent.
* Minimal ankle flexion in either direction (dorsi- or plantar-)

Exclusion Criteria:

* MMSE score \< 23 (9th grade education or more) or MMSE score \< 17 (8th grade education or less)
* CES-D score \> 16
* Clinical history of orthopedic, chronic pain or severe neuromuscular disorders restricting participation in a short term ankle movement training paradigm.
* Severe or global receptive aphasia which confounds reliable testing and training.
* Women of child-bearing potential, if there is any self-reported chance that they may be pregnant.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* ≥ 30-days post stroke
* Initial gait speed of \> 0.4 m/s and \< 0.8 m/s
* Adequate cognitive function (MMSE score \>17)
* Subject is willing to be randomized to the control group or the treatment group.
* Ability to sit unsupported for 30 seconds
* Ability to walk at least 10m with maximum 1 person assist,
* Ability to follow a three-step command
* Physician approval for patient participation
* Living in the community post-stroke with ability to travel to the intervention site to participate in the outpatient program and able to perform the home exercise program in the residential facility.
* Willing to carry wireless body sensors through the period of the study and to follow-up time period, post inpatient stroke, cardiac, pulmonary, or any other lower extremity physical rehabilitation
* ≥ 90 days post major orthopedic surgery (i.e. hip, knee, and/or ankle joint replacement)
* ≥ 6 months post coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or cardiac valve procedure
* Able and willing to give written consent and comply with study procedures, including follow-up visits
* Cannot not be participating in any other structured outpatient or home health physical therapy program

Exclusion Criteria:

* Serious cardiac conditions (hospitalization for myocardial infarction or heart surgery within 3 months, history of congestive heart failure, documented serious and unstable cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, angina or dyspnea at rest or during activities of daily living)
* Severe arthritis or orthopedic problems that limit passive ranges of motion (ROM) of lower extremity (knee flexion contracture of \> 10°, knee flexion ROM \< 90°, hip flexion contracture \> 25°, and ankle plantar flexion contracture \> 15
* Serious medical conditions including myocardial infarction or heart surgery within 3 months, history of congestive heart failure, documented serious and unstable cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, angina or dyspnea at rest or during activities of daily living, Severe hypertension, severe weight bearing pain, life expectancy less than one year
* Preexisting neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), dementia
* History of major head trauma, Lower extremity amputation, Non-healing ulcers of a lower extremity, Renal dialysis or end stage liver disease, Legal blindness or severe visual impairment, a history of significant psychiatric illness
* History of unexplained, recurring headaches, epilepsy/seizures/skull fractures or skull deficits
* Medications that lower seizure threshold
* History of concussion in last 6 months
* Subject is pregnant, nursing or planning a pregnancy
* Inability to travel 3 times per week for outpatient training programs
* Participating in another clinical trial that, according to the Principal Investigator, is likely to affect study outcome or confound results
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 1st-ever-stroke
* hemiplegic patient after stroke
* who can stand independently, but cannot walk more than 10 meters independently
* whose muscle powers of hip and knee are more than poor on manual muscle test

Exclusion Criteria:

* previous gait difficulty before stroke onset
* arthralgia on lower extremity
* uncontrolled hypertension or hypotension
* severe medical illness

Answer: A