Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Exercise and Parkinson's: Comparing Interventions and Exploring Neural Mechanisms
Brief Summary: Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by substantial disability and reduced quality of life, both of which can be attributed in large part to difficulties with walking. Evidence suggests that exercise may be an important addition to traditional treatments, particularly with respect to addressing walking problems. In particular, dance and treadmill training have been individually shown to improve walking performance and quality of life. At present it is not clear whether dance or treadmill training have similar effects or if one is superior to the other. Furthermore, our understanding of the means by which these exercise interventions convey benefits is extremely limited. This study aims to address these knowledge gaps by directly comparing dance, treadmill training and stretching (control group). The primary area of interest is the effects on gait, with secondary measures of disease severity, balance, and quality of life. The investigators will determine not only the effects of the interventions on walking performance, but will also investigate the effects of the interventions on connections between different parts of the brain and on brain function during imagined walking tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants will be randomly assigned to dance, treadmill training, or a stretching/flexibility control group. Participants will be assessed over a period of 6 months at 3 different time points. The investigators hypothesize that both dance and treadmill training will lead to improvements in forward walking, but that dance will result in greater improvements in backward walking compared to treadmill training. Furthermore, the investigators hypothesize that the tango and treadmill interventions will have different effects of brain function and brain connections. The investigators expect dance to enhance the activity and connections of particular brain regions and treadmill training to enhance activity and connections of different brain regions. The investigators do not expect changes in brain activity or connections in the control group.


Options:
A: Walking Velocity at Baseline and 3 Months (0 and 3 months)
B: Change in Static Balance as Recorded Using Dynamic Posturography With the Sensory Organization Test (SOT 1-3) (Baseline, 16 weeks); Change in Ambulatory Balance Measured by Instrumented Timed up and go (iTUG) Turn Duration (Baseline and 16 weeks); Change in Strength as Recorded by Measuring Knee Flexion Using Biodex (Total Work) (Baseline, 16 weeks); Change in Dynamic Balance as Recorded Using Dynamic Posturography With the Sensory Organization Test (SOT 4-6) (Baseline, 16 weeks); Change in Strength as Recorded by Measuring Knee Extension Using Biodex (Total Work) (Baseline, 16 weeks)
C: frequency and severity of adverse events, active vs placebo (Every two weeks during dosing (week 0 to week 12) and weekly thereafter for 2 weeks following cessation of dosing); measure of impulse control (rMIDI), active vs placebo (at screening and 4 weeks, 10 weeks, 12 weeks and 14 weeks)
D: Assessment of balancing behaviour by sinusoidal translation of the supporting platform. (4 weeks); The Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (4 weeks); Assessment of gait performance by baropodometry (4 weeks); Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) (4 weeks)

Answer: A