Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Phase II Study of Tai Chi Exercise in Relation to Balance in Persons With Parkinson's Disease
Brief Summary: Patients practicing Tai Chi will exhibit significant improvements in primary outcome measures of balance, and secondary outcomes of gait, physical performance, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Falls, muscle strength.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* 2 or more falls within 6 months prior to the beginning of the study
* Aged 60-85 years
* Able to walk for 5 minutes unassisted
* Adequate hearing and vision capabilities.
* Stable medication for the past 1 month and anticipated over a period of 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychiatric co-morbidity
* Clinical diagnosis of dementia or other severe cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* History of stroke, traumatic brain injury or other neurological disorders (other than PD and MCI, for those groups)
* Acute lower back or lower extremity pain, peripheral neuropathy, rheumatic and orthopaedic diseases
* Unstable medical condition in the past 6 months
* Unable to comply with the training
* Interfering therapy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with idiopathic PD.
2. At least 30 years old at the time of PD diagnosis.
3. Currently being treated with IR LD (CD-LD or benserazide-LD) and on a stable regimen of IR LD for at least 4 weeks and:

   * Requiring a total daily IR LD dose of at least 400 mg
   * Having a minimum dosing frequency of four times per day.
4. Able to differentiate "on" state from "off" state.
5. Have predictable "off" periods.
6. Amantadine, anticholinergics, selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline) or dopamine agonists are allowed as long as the doses and regimens have been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and the therapy is intended to be constant throughout the course of the study.
7. Agrees to use a medically acceptable method of contraception throughout the study and for 1 month afterward.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with atypical Parkinsonism or any known secondary Parkinsonian syndrome.
2. Nonresponsive to LD therapy.
3. Prior functional neurosurgical treatment for PD (e.g., ablation or deep brain stimulation) or if such procedures are anticipated during study participation.
4. Received within 4 weeks or planning to take during participation in the clinical study: any controlled-release LD product, additional CD (e.g., Lodosyn®) or benserazide (e.g. Serazide®), catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors (e.g., entacapone and tolcapone), nonselective MAO inhibitors, apomorphine, and antipsychotics including neuroleptic agents for the purpose of treating psychosis or bipolar disorder.
5. Allergic to Yellow Dye #5 (tartrazine).
6. History of or currently active psychosis.
7. Active or prior medical conditions such as peptic ulcers or prior surgical (e.g., bowel) procedures that would interfere with LD absorption.
8. Active or history of narrow-angle glaucoma.
9. A history of malignant melanoma or a suspicious undiagnosed skin lesion.
10. History of myocardial infarction with residual atrial, nodal, or ventricular arrhythmias, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or neuroleptic malignant syndrome and/or nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis.
11. Received any investigational medications during the 4 weeks prior to Screening.
12. Unable to swallow large pills (e.g., large vitamin pills).
13. Pregnant or breastfeeding.
14. Subjects who are unable to complete a symptom diary.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* The study population will consist of male or female outpatients at least 50 years of age with mild to moderate disease severity (MMSE 12 to 24 inclusive) according to UKPDS and DSM IV TR criteria (for PDD patients) and the third report of the DLB consortium (for DLB patients) and who have a knowledgeable and reliable caregiver to accompany the patient to all clinic visits during the course of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence of clinically significant active disease, evidence of other neurological disorders, and current treatment with AChEIs.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients who have:

* A diagnosis of idiopathic PD, with a disease severity rating of stage I to IV on the Hoehn and Yahr scale (Hoehn \& Yahr, 1967)
* At least 1 score of 2 or more for at least 1 limb for either the tremor, rigidity, or bradykinesia item of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
* Stable medication usage
* Not participated in a structured exercise program (i.e., not involved in any routine, organized physical activity program lasting 30 minutes or more per day, such as a gym program or regularly scheduled instructor-led exercise class) in the previous 2 months
* Ability to stand unaided or walk independently; had a personal physician's or neurologist's clearance for participation; and had a willingness to be assigned to intervention conditions.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients who:

* Participate in any other behavioral or pharmacological research study
* Have cognitive decline (Mini-Mental State Examination score, ≤ 24) (Folstein et al., 1975)
* Have self-reported diagnosis of Alzheimer disease or other severe neurological (stage III and IV PD)
* Have evidence of progressive or debilitating conditions (metastatic cancer, severe heart or lung disease, crippling arthritis) or severe losses in vision and hearing that would limit their tolerance to testing and training procedures, that would interfere with study participation
* Are unavailable during the study period.

Answer: D