Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Can a Behavioural Modifying Intervention Increase the Self-care and the Effect of the Diabetes Treatment in Chronically Ill Patients With Diabetes
Brief Summary: Diabetes is a common condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Non-pharmacological intervention strategies focusing on factors to improve self-management skills are considered an important part of the treatment in individuals with diabetes. Because of the increasing incidence in diabetes with costs (both physical, psychological and financial) for both patients and society it is important to investigate interventions that successfully promote self-care behaviour in patient with diabetes. Further research is needed to develop interventions effective in maintaining long-term glycemic control.

The aim of this project is to study the long-term effect of a motivational intervention program with an individual approach based on cognitive-behavioural strategies in chronically ill patients with diabetes. The effect will be evaluated on both physiological and psychosocial parameters including patient's experienced self-care competence.

The study will also provide an overview of what kind of non-pharmacological interventions that have been applied in relation to the treatment of type 2 diabetes and assess the effect of the various non-pharmacological interventions in randomised controlled trials.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes that is poorly controlled despite treatment with an oral hypoglycemic, insulin, or both
* Diagnosis of major depression or dysthymia, or current subclinical symptoms of depression in spite of prescription of an antidepressant
* If on an antidepressant, oral hypoglycemic medication, or insulin, must have been on a stable dose for the preceding two months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Active untreated major mental illness (e.g., untreated psychosis), bipolar disorder, eating disorder, mental retardation, or dementia
* Experiencing suicidal thoughts
* History of or currently receiving CBT for depression
* Uses an insulin pump
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 70 years and older
* Diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
* Seen at Joslin Clinic or Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center for at least one year
* HbA1c 8% X 2 in past 6 months without fluctuation of more than 0.5% (i.e. stable poor control)
* No major change in medications in past 3 months, e.g. addition of insulin or another hypoglycemic agent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with terminal diseases, e.g. malignancy with expected life expectancy of 12 months or less
* Patients who live more than 25 miles from Joslin Clinic/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
* Patients who live in an institutional setting (e.g. nursing home, group home, etc)
* Patients who are not able to complete outcome assessments, (e.g. poor vision, diminished mental capacity/severe cognitive decline, unable to speak/read/write English
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and female age above 18 years
* Diagnosed with diabetes completed and participated in a diabetes school program

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe illness
* Cognitive dysfunction
* Not able to speak or read Danish
* Pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Self-reported Native Hawaiian, Filipino, or other Pacific Islander ethnic background;
* Age 18 years or older
* Overweight or Obese defined as BMI \> 25 kg/m2 (NH or Pacific Islanders) or \> 23 kg/m2 (Filipino ethnic background)
* Willing and able to follow a weight loss maintenance intervention program that could include 150 minutes of brisk walking per week (or equivalent) and a dietary regimen designed to maintain weight loss
* Able to identify at least one family, friend, or co-worker who would be willing to support the participant during the course of the study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Survival less than 6 months
* Planning to move out of the community during the intervention study period
* Pregnancy
* Any dietary or exercise restrictions that would prevent an individual from fully participating in the intervention protocol (i.e., end-stage renal disease on a renal diet, etc.)
* Any co-morbid condition (physical and mental disabilities) that would prevent the individual from participating in the intervention protocol (i.e., severe arthritis, hemi-paresis, major psychiatric illness, eating disorders, etc.).

Answer: C