Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: COMPARISON OF CLINICAL EFFICACY OF COMBINATION Amoxycillin Plus Clavulanic Acid and Oxacillin Plus Ceftriaxone for HOSPITAL TREATMENT OF COMMUNITY Acquired PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN : A Randomized Clinical Study
Brief Summary: Objective: To compare the clinical effectiveness and hospital costs, the initial empirical treatment, Oxacillin / Ceftriaxone and Amoxicillin / Clavulanate in children with Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) severe.

Methods: Clinical prospective randomized study in children aged two months to five years of age with a diagnosis of severe CAP, according to criteria of World Health Organization (WHO), admitted to the Pediatrics Ward of the Hospital of the Medical School of Botucatu- UNESP. We excluded children with comorbid disorders (primary and secondary immunodeficiency) with acute or chronic kidney disease, referred patients receiving antibiotics proposal and history of allergy to antibiotics proposed. We included 104 children who were randomized into two groups to receive: Oxacillin / Ceftriaxone IV (GCO, n = 48) and Amoxicillin / Clavulanate IV (GAA, n = 56). Patients of the GAA, after clinical improvement, has been receiving the same oral antibiotic, and maintaining clinical stability, were discharged from hospital, the GOC received any IV treatment. The outcomes analyzed were time to clinical improvement (fever and tachypnea), duration of oxygen therapy, hospitalization time, need to expand the antimicrobial spectrum progression to pleural effusion / empyema (DP / E) and hospital costs. Treatment failure was determined by the need to expand the antimicrobial spectrum after 48 hours of hospitalization.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* children aged from 2 months to 5 years
* children diagnosed with severe community-acquired pneumonia, who require hospitalization.

Exclusion Criteria:

* chronical diseases
* severe comorbidities
* children admitted at PICU
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Signs and symptoms of pneumonia including at least 2 of the following: fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, physical examination showing lung tissue has become airless and of solid consistency, white blood cell count \>15,000/uL or \<5000/uL (normal range is approximately from 3800/uL to 9800/uL)
* Chest x-ray showing evidence of lung infection
* Production of sputum (not an absolute requirement for enrollment
* however, all reasonable attempts to obtain a sputum specimen should be made
* Parental consent to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who have used antibiotics that affect the whole body for more than 24 hours immediately before the start of the study
* Requirement of antibiotic therapy that affects the whole body, other than study drug(s)
* Suspected infection with a bacteria known to be resistant to any of the study drugs
* Signs and symptoms of infection with a bacteria that affects the central nervous system
* History of a previous sensitivity or serious adverse reaction to any antibiotic similar to those used in this study
* History of cystic fibrosis
* Abnormal kidney function, as determined by blood test (serum creatinine)
* History or presence of joint disease or disease of the tissues surrounding joints, or any other signs or symptoms in muscles or bones that may make it difficult to evaluate any future complaints concernng muscles or bones
* Hospitalization or residence in a long-term care facility for 14 or more days before the beginning of pneumonia symptoms
* Infection acquired in a hospital
* Poorly controlled seizure disorder or at significant risk for seizures
* Unstable psychiatric disorder
* Known or highly suspected to be infected tuberculosis
* Known HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection requiring treatment to prevent PCP (pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
* a type of pneumonia that mainly affects those with compromised immune systems)
* Persistent use of corticosteroids
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age between 2 to 59 months who present to LHWs with severe pneumonia.
* Informed consent given by a legal guardian.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Very severe disease.
* Persistent vomiting.
* Parental or caretaker refusal to participate in the study.
* Children currently being treated for non-severe pneumonia who advance to severe pneumonia.
* Suspected or known kerosene oil ingestion.
* Prior enrollment in the study within 2 weeks of last follow up
* Children with severe malnutrition . Children with severe diarrhea with signs of dehydration
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children aged 2-59 months with non-severe pneumonia based on WHO criteria of respiratory rate above the age specific cut-off with or without wheeze, accessible to follow up, whose guardians give written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children with severe disease, other infectious disease requiring antibiotic treatment, documented use of antibiotic for the last 48 hours, three or more episodes of wheezing in a year, diagnosed asthmatics, known immunodeficiency disease, acute or chronic organic disease, history of hospitalization within last 15 days, measles within last one month, drug allergy, refusal to give consent, prior enrollment in the study.

Answer: A