Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Albendazole in Soil-Transmitted Helminth and HIV-1 co-Infected Kenyan Individuals to Determine the Effect of Such Treatment on HIV-1 Disease Progression and Genital Shedding.
Brief Summary: Identifying methods to slow disease progression in patients with HIV-1 infection remains a top priority in many regions of the world. In many countries, medications known to slow progression are not readily affordable or available. Many of the individuals living in these countries are also co-infected with a variety of other diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria and soil-transmitted helminths. There are data to suggest that infection with these agents may activate the immune system in HIV-1 co-infected individuals and may lead to more rapid HIV disease progression. This study will evaluate the potential impact of treating helminths in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Markers of disease progression and immune activation will be assessed. We will also measure the amount of virus in genital secretions to determine if treatment of co-infection can reduce the infectiousness of HIV in these individuals.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Written informed consent signed by parents and/or caregiver; and oral assent by participant.
* Able and willing to be examined by a study physician at the beginning of the study.
* Able and willing to provide two stool samples at the beginning (baseline) and approximately three weeks after treatment (follow-up).
* Positive for hookworm eggs in the stool (≥ 100 EPG and at least two Kato-Katz thick smears slides with more than one hookworm egg).
* Absence of major systemic illnesses, e.g. diabetes, severe anemia (HB\<8.0 g/l) as assessed by a medical doctor at school, upon initial clinical assessment.
* No known or reported history of chronical illness as cancer, diabetes, chronic heart, liver or renal disease.
* No recent anthelminthic treatment (within past 4 weeks). No known allergy to study medications (mebendazole and albendazole).

Exclusion Criteria:

No written informed consent by parents and/or caregiver; no oral assent by participant.

* Menarche, based on self-report
* Presence of major systemic illnesses, e.g. diabetes, severe anemia (HB\<8.0 g/l) as assessed by a medical doctor, upon initial clinical assessment.
* History of acute or severe chronic disease.
* Recent use of anthelminthic drug (within past 4 weeks).
* Attending other clinical trials during the study.
* Negative diagnostic result for hookworm eggs in the stool (\< 100 EPG (total of the four slides) and/or only one Kato-Katz thick smear slide with more than one hookworm egg).
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants must not be or have been on highly active antiretroviral therapy.
* Participants must have a CD4 count greater than 250 cells/mm3.
* Participants must be at least 18 years of age.
* Participants must be able and willing to participate and give written informed consent.
* Participants must be able and willing to return for the scheduled follow-up visits.
* In addition, in order to be included in the treatment phase of the study, patients must have at least one stool specimen positive for a soil transmitted helminth.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participants who have received treatment for helminth infection in the past 6 months (by self report or chart review).
* Participants must not be pregnant at the time of treatment (by urine HCG testing).
* Participants who present with other serious co-morbidities such as severe anaemia, malaria or tuberculosis.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 7-12 years (according to birth date in birth certificate).
* No evidence of concomitant severe and/or chronic illness such as acute respiratory tract infections, mental retardation and neurological deficits.
* Consent of parent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* history or evidence of underlying haematological-related diseases such as thalassaemia and ovalocytosis.
* menstruating females (age \>13)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with a diagnosis of CL based on the presence of typical skin lesions and a positive Montenegro skin test
* Evidence of helminthic infection by parasitological examination of first stool sample
* Males or females between 13 and 50 years of age
* Maximum of 3 ulcers with no more than 2 body regions involved
* Period of 15 to 60 days from the onset of the first ulcer
* Subject agreement to follow-up visits and therapy
* Ability to give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy
* Breastfeeding mothers
* Presence of mucosal disease
* History of prior treatment with antimonial drugs.
* History of prior treatment with anthelminthic drugs within the last 6 months.
* History of allergy to pentavalent antimony or antihelminthic
* Presence of underlying disease which affects the immune response, such as HIV and diabetes mellitus

Answer: B