Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Is Antibiotic Therapy Mandatory for Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Colonic Diverticulitis: a Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to evaluate if antibiotic therapy is necessary for treatment of uncomplicated colonic diverticulitis.

The hypothesis is that Patients with acute uncomplicated colonic diverticulitis will recover the condition without antibiotic therapy and the lack of antibiotic therapy will not lead to complications.

The patients will be randomized to conservative treatment with and without antibiotic therapy.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* A clinical diagnosis of acute diverticulitis
* Female patients must be postmenopausal (at least 1 year without spontaneous menses) or surgically sterile or have a negative urine pregnancy test and practice acceptable contraception (e.g., abstinence; oral, intramuscular, or implanted hormonal contraception \[at least 3 months prior to enrollment\]; 2-barrier methods \[e.g., condom, diaphragm, or spermicide\]; intrauterine device or verbal report of partner with history of non-reversed vasectomy)
* Willing and able to participate in the study and provide a signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Presence of diverticular complications (e.g., fistula, abscess, obstruction, stenosis);
* Active or recent history (within 6 months) of a peptic ulcer;
* Prior history of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), as determined by the Investigator;
* History of major abdominal surgery (as determined by the Investigator);
* History of GI surgery within 3 months of diagnosis of acute diverticulitis;
* History of immunocompromising disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS);
* If female patient, active or recent history of endometriosis or dysmenorrhea;
* Received a dose of a product that contains, or is metabolized to, mesalamine by any route within 4 weeks before the screening visit;
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosis of diverticular disease diagnosed for the first time or established by previous colonoscopy
* symptomatic episode of uncomplicated diverticular disease no more than 4 weeks prior to study entry
* patients who have given their free and informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* acute diverticulitis (both complicated and uncomplicated)
* diverticular colitis
* active or recent peptic ulcer
* chronic renal insufficiency
* allergy to salicylates
* patients with intended or ascertained pregnancy, lactation
* women of childbearing age not using contraceptives
* lactulose-lactitol use in the two weeks before the enrolment and during the study
* presence of diverticulitis complications (fistulas, abscesses, and/or stenoses)
* use of probiotic preparations either prescribed or over-the counter within two weeks prior to study entry
* inability to give a valid informed consent or to properly follow the protocol
* patients with active malignancy of any type, or history of a malignancy (patients with a history of other malignancies that have been surgically removed and who have no evidence of recurrence for at least five years before study enrolment were also acceptable)
* recent history or suspicion of alcohol abuse or drug addiction
* any severe pathology that can interfere with the treatment or the clinical or instrumental tests of the trial
* use of NSAIDS for one week before and throughout the study period (only paracetamol was permitted).
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* age ≥ 18 years
* both males and females patients
* positive history of acute diverticulitis flare during the last year. The patients will be recruited only after the complete clinical remission of diverticulitis flare.
* patients who have given their free and informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* complicated diverticulitis(fistulas, stenosis, abscesses and/or bleeding)
* ascertained hypersensitivity to the salicylates
* any severe pathology that can interfere with the treatment or the clinical or instrumental test of the trial
* clinically significant renal or hepatic impairment
* esophageal, gastric or duodenal ulcer within 30 days prior to randomisation
* patients with active malignancy of any type, or history of a malignancy (patients with a history of malignancies that have been surgically removed and who have no evidence of recurrence for at least five years before study enrollment are also acceptable)
* treatment with any investigational drug within the previous 30 days
* treatment with lactulose or with any compound that lowering the colonic pH can prevent the release of the active moiety from the tablets
* recent history or suspicion of alcohol abuse or drug addiction
* patients who become unable to conform to protocol
* patients with ascertained pregnancy
* previous participation in this study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* adults with CT sign of acute colonic uncomplicated diverticulitis
* elevated CRP and LPK
* Temp.38c or more

Exclusion Criteria:

* patients with peritonitis, sepsis or CT- sign of complicated diverticulitis with abscesses or free abdominal air
* pregnancy
* immunological incompetence and immunosuppressive therapy

Answer: D