Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effects of Supplementing Glutamine on the Gastric Emptying Time of a Preoperative Metabolic Conditioning Drink in Healthy Volunteers: a Randomized Crossover Pilot Study
Brief Summary: Surgical patients are usually starved for 8 hours before operation in order to ensure the stomach is empty and thus reduce the chances of vomiting during the anaesthetic. Recent studies have shown that this period of starvation is harmful as it 'weakens' the body before operation. To avoid the harmful effects of starvation, patients are now given carbohydrate (sugar-containing) drinks 2 to 4 hours before surgery. These drinks have been shown to make patients feel better, reduce sickness after the anaesthetic/surgery and result in a quicker recovery from operation. The optimum time of giving these drinks to patients before operation is unknown. Previous studies have shown that the drinks empty from the stomach within 2 - 4 hours depending on their ingredients. The investigators would like to study the effects of adding protein and fat to these drinks on how quickly the drinks empty from the stomach. This study will investigate the hormone responses of the body following intake of 3 different drinks in order to determine the mechanisms that underlie the control of stomach emptying. This information will also allow us to improve the design of these drinks and this could help patients who undergo surgery who receive them.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

* bile duct stones
* ileus
* conditions affecting gastric emptying
* severe, organ-specific disorders
* HIV
* inherited metabolic disorders
* known intolerance against or allergy to any component of the investigational feeds
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients undergoing hepatic resection for benign or malignant conditions
* Able to understand the nature of the study and what will be required of them.
* Men and non-pregnant, non-lactating women
* BMI 18 - 30

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to give written, informed consent
* Patients with dementia or neurological impairment
* Patients with pre-existing condition limiting mobility
* Planned bile duct excision
* Repeat or staged procedures
* Central extended resections
* Underlying cirrhotic liver disease
* Jaundice (Bilirubin \> 50 μmol/L)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists \<3
* colorectal surgery for non-metastatic colorectal carcinoma including right and left hemicolectomy, transverse, subtotal and total colectomy, sigmoid resection
* ability to give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* signs of severe malnutrition or obesity: body mass index \<18 or \>25 \>10% involuntary body weight loss over the preceding 6 months serum albumin \<21 g/L
* significant cardiorespiratory, hepatic, renal and neurological disease
* ingestion of drugs known to affect protein, glucose and lipid metabolism (for example steroids)
* musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disease
* severe anemia (hemoglobin \<10 g/dL)
* pregnancy
* history of severe sciatica or back surgery or other conditions which contraindicate the use of epidural catheters
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy male Caucasian volunteers aged 18-60 years,
* BMI of 20-25 kg/m2,
* Able to give voluntary written informed consent to participate in the study,
* Able to understand the requirements of the study, including anonymous publication, and agree to co-operate with the study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any history of acute or chronic illness,
* Smoking,
* Regular medication or substance abuse,
* Have taken part in any other clinical study within the previous 3 months.

Answer: D