Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Mechanical Ventilation With High Tidal Volume Induces Inflammation In Patients Without Lung Disease
Brief Summary: Objective: To compare the effects of a protective versus a conventional ventilatory strategy, on systemic and in lung production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in patients without lung disease.

Hypothesis: High tidal volumes induce inflammation in patients without lung disease Design: Prospective control-randomized study. Patients and Setting: Twenty patients without lung disease and submitted to mechanical ventilation admitted to one trauma and one general adult intensive care unit of two different university hospitals.

Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive mechanical ventilation either with tidal volume (VT) of 10-12 ml/kg predicted body weight (high VT group) or with VT of 5-7 ml/kg predicted body weight (low VT group) with an O2 inspiratory fraction (FIO2) enough to keep arterial oxygen saturation \> 90% with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O during 12 hours after admission to the study.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. age ≥ 16 years;
2. anticipated survival \> 24 hours;
3. need for mechanical ventilation for at least 12 hours and
4. hemodynamic stability (MAP\>65 mmHg, HR\<100 beats/min, diuresis \> 1 ml/kg/h, no catecholamine requirement or fluid challenge).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. history of any lung disease, use of immunosuppressive medication, recent infections, previous thromboembolic disease, recent ventilatory support, and participation in another clinical trial. Absence of lung disease was defined by the following clinical criteria: (a) no evidence of respiratory infection (white blood cell count \<10x103/µl, temperature \> 380C, purulent sputum), (b) normal chest roentgenogram, (c) PaO2/FIO2 ratio \> 300, (d) and a normal clinical respiratory history.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age not less than 18
* Risk of postoperative pulmonary complication moderate-high defined by a score ≥ 26 on the risk scale ARISCAT (based on the analysis of seven factors, where a score between 26 and 44 points defines a moderate risk, and a score\> 44 points define a high risk, included in the Information Booklet Investigator).
* Planned abdominal surgery\> 2 hours.
* Signed informed consent for participation in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age less than 18 years.
* Pregnant or breast-feeding.
* Patients with BMI \>35.
* Syndrome of moderate or severe respiratory distress: PaO2/FiO2 \< 200 mmHg.
* Heart failure: NYHA IV.
* Hemodynamic failure: CI \<2.5 L/min/m2 and / or requirements before surgery ionotropic support.
* Diagnosis or suspicion of intracranial hypertension (intracranial pressure\> 15 mmHg).
* Mechanical ventilation in the last 15 days.
* Presence of pneumothorax. Presence of giant bullae on chest radiography or computed tomography (CT).
* Patient with preoperatively CPAP.
* Participation in another experimental protocol at the time of intervention selection.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Planned intrabdominal surgery
* Expected duration ≥ 2 hours
* Age ≥ 40 yr (and \<90 yr)
* Risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (Arozullah score ≥2)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Noninvasive ventilation in the last 30 days
* Recent history of pneumonia, ALI/ARDS (in the last 30 days)
* History of pulmonary resection
* History of neuromuscular disease
* Patient refusal
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age: 18-65 years
* Chest X-ray: no infiltrates
* Duration of mechanical ventilation from the admission to ICU to the clinical diagnosis of brain death \< 5 days
* No history of Smoking (1 pack/day for 20 years; 1/2 pack/day for 40 years; 2 packs/day for 10 years)
* No history of Asthma
* No history of COPD
* No history of Trauma
* No history of Thoracic surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence of aspiration (chest X-ray or bronchoscopy) or sepsis
* Purulent secretions (tracheal suction or bronchoscopy)
* Sputum Gram stain with bacteria, fungus, significant number of WBC

Answer: A