Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Wheezing in Black Preterm Infants: Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation Strategy
Brief Summary: The goal of this study is to identify a vitamin D supplementation strategy that best promotes the lung, immune, and overall health of black infants born preterm (28-36 weeks gestational age). This is a high risk population that seems to have unique vitamin D needs, and inappropriate supplementation may promote wheezing or allergy. The results of this study will help form nutritional recommendations for the approximately 100,000 black infants born at 30-36 weeks gestational age in the U.S. every year.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy, singleton term infants of appropriate for gestational age, according to Centers for Disease Control (CDC) growth charts based on weight at birth between 5th and 95th percentiles for sex
* Born to healthy breastfeeding women
* Exclusively breast fed infants from birth, according to WHO definition: breast milk, expressed breast milk, vitamins, minerals and medicine but not including water, breast milk substitutes, other liquids and solid foods.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants of mothers with a history of gestational diabetes or hypertension in pregnancy; chronic alcohol use; malabsorption syndromes (Celiac disease, Crohn's, etc.), due to malabsorption of fat soluble vitamins
* Mothers taking any medications that can affect vitamin D metabolism (anticonvulsants and corticosteroids)
* Mothers taking ≥ 2,000 IU/d of vitamin D from supplementation
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult (\>18 years)
* No more than 18 weeks gestation
* In good general health
* Low risk pregnancy
* Not consuming \>10 mcg/d vitamin D from supplements

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current smokers
* Diagnosed hypertension
* Known high-risk pregnancy
* Diagnosed medical illness including diabetes mellitus (Types 1 \& 2), chronic kidney disease or gastro-intestinal diseases or any illness known to interfere with calcium metabolism (e.g. sarcoidosis).
* Consumption of medications known to interfere with vitamin D metabolism
* Consumption of vitamin D (≥ 10 µg/day) or calcium (≥ 650 mg/d) supplements prior to randomization
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mother plans to breastfeed exclusively for at least six months
* Mother is in good health
* Infant is 35 weeks' gestation or greater
* Breastfeeding infant is in good health ( Level I nursery; or Level II nursery but not requiring oxygen therapy or parenteral nutrition beyond first 72 hours).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Mother does not plan to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months (plans to use formula for infant's feedings during the first six months
* Infant has been admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care unit requiring oxygen therapy or parental nutrition beyond the first 72 hours
* Infant is less than 35 weeks' gestation
* Infant has been diagnosed with a congenital anomaly or abnormal chromosomal pattern
* Mother has a history of endocrine dysfunction involving parathyroid gland, diabetes, or calcium abnormalities related to renal disease such that calcium parameters are abnormal
* Mother has history of hypercalciuria
D: Inclusion criteria:

1. 28 0/7-36 6/7 weeks gestational age (GA) at birth;
2. family identifies the child as black or African American;
3. \< 28 days of supplemental oxygen (subsequent oxygen therapy for \< 72 hrs for a brief subsequent illness or surgery will be allowed);
4. admitted to a participating site NICU, special care nursery, transitional care nursery, or well-baby nursery as a neonate; and
5. \< 40 weeks corrected GA at enrollment.

Exclusion criteria:

1. BPD (\> 28 days of supplemental oxygen);
2. pre-existing diagnosis of moderate to severe osteopenia of prematurity and/or alkaline phosphatase \> 700;
3. history of fracture;
4. gastrointestinal surgery, including for NEC;
5. known gastrointestinal malabsorption;
6. major congenital anomaly;
7. congenital pulmonary or airway disorder (e.g., cystic fibrosis, tracheomalacia, swallowing disorder, bronchopulmonary sequestration);
8. documented wheezing or stridor prior to enrollment;
9. previous vit. D supplementation with \> 400 IU/day;
10. family plans to move more than 60 miles from CWRU or other pre-defined radius at other sites;
11. baseline hypo- or hypercalcemia, hypo- or hyperphosphatemia; and
12. baseline 25(OH) D level \< 10 ng/ml.

Answer: D