Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Efficacy and Safety of Aclidinium Bromide/Formoterol Fumarate Fixed-dose Combinations Compared With Individual Components and Placebo When Administered to Patients With Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Brief Summary: The objective is to provide data supporting the use of LAS40464 as an efficacious and safe maintenance bronchodilator treatment of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Males and non-pregnant, non-lactating females aged ≥ 40.
2. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of COPD according to GOLD guidelines 2014, with a post bronchodilator FEV1 ≥ 40% and \< 80% of the predicted value and FEV1/FVC \< 70% at Visit 1.
3. Functional residual capacity (FRC) measured by body plethysmography at Visit 1 ≥ 120% of predicted value.
4. Patients with modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) ≥ 2 at Visit 1.
5. Current or former cigarette smokers with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years at Visit 1
6. Patients willing to participate in the telecoaching program during the four last weeks and to enhance their physical activity
7. Patients who understand and are able to follow the study procedures, are cooperative and are willing to participate in the study as indicated by signing the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History or current diagnosis of asthma.
2. Any respiratory tract infection (including upper respiratory tract) or COPD exacerbation in the 6 weeks prior to Visit 1 or during the run-in period.
3. Patients who have been hospitalised for an acute COPD exacerbation within 3 months prior to Visit 1 or during the run-in period.
4. Clinically significant respiratory conditions other than COPD.
5. Use of long-term oxygen therapy (≥ 15 hours/day).
6. Oxygen saturation ≤ 85% as measured by pulse oximetry during exercise testing at Visit 1, Visit 2 or Visit 3 prior to randomisation.
7. Patients with a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 40kg/m2.
8. Patient who may need to start a pulmonary rehabilitation program during the study and/or who started/finished it within 3 months prior to Visit 1 or during the run-in period.
9. Patients with clinically significant cardiovascular conditions.
10. Patients with Type I or uncontrolled Type II diabetes, uncontrolled hypo-or hyperthyroidism, hypokalaemia, or hyperadrenergic state, uncontrolled or untreated hypertension.
11. Patient with known non-controlled history of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and/or active hepatitis.
12. Patients with clinically relevant abnormalities in the results of the blood pressure, ECG, or physical examination at Visit 1.
13. Patients with any serious or uncontrolled physical or mental dysfunction that could place the patient at higher risk derived from his/her participation in the study or could confound the results
14. Patients with conditions other than COPD that may contribute to dyspnoea and exercise limitation or with contraindications to clinical exercise testing according to ATS recommendations for CPET
15. Patients with other relevant comorbidities that make the patient nor suitable to follow-up study procedures and/or could affect physical activity
16. Patients who cycled \< 2 minutes or \> 15 minutes during the constant work-rate exercise tests conducted at Visit 2 (Run-in Visit) or at Visit 3 even after adjustment of the work load.
17. Patients with history of hypersensitivity reaction to inhaled anticholinergics, sympathomimetic amines or inhaled medication or any component thereof (including report of paradoxical bronchospasm)
18. Patients for whom the use of anticholinergic drugs is contraindicated (acute urinary retention, symptomatic prostatic hypertrophy, bladder neck obstruction or narrow-angle glaucoma)
19. Patients unable to properly use a multidose dry powder inhaler or a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI).
20. Patients using any prohibited medication (including IMP within 30 days (or 6 half-lives, whichever is longer) before Visit 1) or who have not undergone the required washout period.
21. History of malignancy of any organ system (including lung cancer), treated or untreated, within the past 5 years other than basal or squamous cell skin cancer).
22. Patients who do not maintain regular day/night, waking/sleeping cycles (e.g., night shift workers, sleep apnea).
23. Patients unable to give their consent, or patients of consenting age but under guardianship, or vulnerable patients
B: Inclusion criteria:

1. All patients must sign an informed consent consistent with ICH-GCP guidelines prior to participation in the trial, which includes medication washout and restrictions.
2. All patients must have a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and must meet the following spirometric criteria:

   Patients must have relatively stable airway obstruction with, at visit 1:

   a post-bronchodilator 30% \<= FEV1 \<80% of predicted normal (ECSC) and a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC \<70% at Visit 1
3. Male or female patients, between 40 and 75 years (inclusive) of age on day of signing informed consent.
4. Patients must be current or ex-smokers with a smoking history of more than 10 pack years Patients who have never smoked cigarettes must be excluded.
5. Patients must be able to perform technically acceptable pulmonary function tests (spirometry), must be able to complete multiple symptom-limited cycle ergometry tests (and for a subset also shuttle walk tests), as required in the protocol.
6. Patients must be able to inhale medication in a competent manner from the RESPIMAT inhaler and from a metered dose inhaler (MDI).

Exclusion criteria:

1. Patients with a significant disease other than COPD
2. Patients with clinically relevant abnormal baseline haematology, blood chemistry, or urinalysis; all patients with an SGOT \> x2 ULN, SGPT \> x2 ULN, bilirubin \> x2 ULN or creatinine \> x2 ULN will be excluded regardless of clinical condition
3. Patients with a history of asthma
4. A diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis
5. A diagnosis of paroxysmal tachycardia (\>100 beats per minute)
6. A history of myocardial infarction within 1 year of screening visit (Visit 1)
7. Unstable or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia
8. Hospitalized for heart failure within the past year
9. Known active tuberculosis
10. A malignancy for which patient has undergone resection, radiation therapy or chemotherapy within last five years
11. A history of life-threatening pulmonary obstruction and patients with chronic respiratory failure
12. A history of cystic fibrosis
13. Clinically evident bronchiectasis
14. A history of significant alcohol or drug abuse
15. Any contraindications for exercise testing
16. Patients who have undergone thoracotomy with pulmonary resection
17. Patients being treated with any oral ß-adrenergics
18. Patients being treated with oral corticosteroid medication at unstable doses (i.e., less than six weeks on a stable dose) or at doses in excess of the equivalent of 10 mg of prednisone per day or 20 mg every other day
19. Patients who regularly use daytime oxygen therapy for more than one hour per day and in the investigator's opinion will be unable to abstain from the use of oxygen therapy during clinic visits
20. Patients who have completed a pulmonary rehabilitation program in the six weeks prior to the screening visit (Visit 1) or patients who are currently in a pulmonary rehabilitation program
21. Patients who have a limitation of exercise performance as a result of factors other than fatigue or exertional dyspnoea or morbid obesity
22. Patients with an endurance time \>=25 minutes during the training (Visit 2) or baseline (Visit 3) constant work rate cycle ergometry
23. Patients who have taken an investigational drug within one month or six half lives (whichever is greater) prior to screening visit (Visit 1)
24. Patients with known hypersensitivity to ß-adrenergic drugs, anticholinergic drugs, BAC, EDTA or any other component of the RESPIMAT inhalation solution delivery system
25. Pregnant or nursing women
26. Women of childbearing potential not using a highly effective method of birth control.

    Female patients will be considered to be of childbearing potential unless surgically sterilised by hysterectomy or bilateral tubal ligation, or post-menopausal for at least two years
27. Patients who have previously been randomized in this study or are currently participating in another study
28. Patients who are unable to comply with pulmonary medication restrictions prior to randomization

    At sites performing the shuttle walk tests, patients with the following criteria will be excluded from the shuttle walk tests:
29. Patients who complete level 12 at the incremental shuttle walk test at visit 1a.
30. Patients with an endurance time \>=15 minutes during the training (Visit 2a) or baseline (visit 3a) endurance shuttle walk test.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of COPD
* 10 pack-year or greater history of cigarette smoking
* Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC of \<0.7
* Predicted FEV1 of 70% of normal or less
* Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea score of 2 or greater

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women who are pregnant, lactating, or planning to become pregnant
* Respiratory disorders other than COPD, including a current diagnosis of asthma
* Clinically significant non-respiratory diseases or abnormalities that are not adequate controlled
* Significant allergy or hypersensitivity to anticholinergics, beta-agonist, or the excipients of magnesium stereate or lactose used in the inhaler delivery device
* Hospitalization for COPD or pneumonia within 12 weeks prior to screening
* Lung volume reduction surgery within 12 weeks prior to screening
* Abnormal and clinically significant ECG findings at screening
* Clinically significant laboratory findings at screening
* Use of systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics for respiratory tract infections, strong cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors, high dose inhaled steroids (\>1000mcg fluticasone propionate or equivalent), PDE4 inhibitors, tiotropium, oral beta2-agoinists, short- and long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists, ipratropium, inhaled sodium cromoglycate or nedocromil sodium, or investigational medicines for defined time periods prior to the screening visit
* Use of long-term oxygen therapy (12 hours or greater per day)
* Regular use of nebulized treatment with short-acting bronchodilators
* Participation in the acute phase of a pulmonary rehabilitation program
* A know or suspected history of alcohol or drug abuse
* Affiliation with the investigational site
* Previous use of GSK573719 or GW642444 alone or in combination, including the combination of fluticasone furoate and GW64244
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult male or non-pregnant, non-lactating female aged ≥40. Women of childbearing potential are allowed to enter the trial if they show to have a negative serum pregnancy test at the Screening Visit and are using, during the last two months before the Screening Visit, at least one medically approved and highly effective method of birth control defined as those which result in a low failure rate (i.e less than 1% per year) when used consistently and correctly such as implants, injectables, oral contraceptives combined with at least one barrier method, hormonal Intrauterine Devices (IUDs), sexual abstinence or vasectomy of the partner.
* Current or ex-cigarette smoker, with a smoking history of at least 10 pack-years.
* Patient with a clinical diagnosis of stable COPD according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Lung Disease "GOLD" Guidelines at the Screening Visit.
* Patient whose FEV1/FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) at the Screening Visit measured between 10-15 minutes post inhalation of 400 micrograms of salbutamol is \< 70% (i.e., 100 x Post-salbutamol FEV1 /FVC \< 70%).
* Patient with a diagnosis of moderate to severe COPD according to the GOLD Guidelines classification (stages II and III) at the Screening Visit: FEV1 measured between 10-15 minutes post inhalation of 400 micro grams of salbutamol is 30% \< FEV1 \< 80% of the predicted normal value (i.e., 100 x Post-salbutamol FEV1/ Predicted FEV1 must be \< 80% and ≥ 30%).
* Patient must be able to perform repeatable pulmonary function testing for FEV1 according to American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society "ATS/ERS" 2005 criteria at Screening Visit.
* Patient who is eligible and able to participate in the trial and who consent to do so in writing after the purpose and nature of the investigation have been explained.

Exclusion Criteria:

* History or current diagnosis of asthma.
* Any respiratory tract infection (including the upper respiratory tract) or COPD exacerbation in the 6 weeks before Screening Visit.
* Patient hospitalised for COPD exacerbation within 3 months prior to Screening Visit.
* Clinically significant respiratory conditions defined as:

  * Known active tuberculosis.
  * History of interstitial lung or massive pulmonary thromboembolic disease.
  * Pulmonary resection or lung volume reduction surgery within 12 months prior to Screening Visit.
  * History of lung transplantation.
  * History of bronchiectasis secondary to respiratory diseases others than COPD (e.g., cystic fibrosis, Kartagener's syndrome, etc).
  * Known a1-antitrypsin deficiency.
* Patients who in the Investigator's opinion might have needed to start a pulmonary rehabilitation program during the study and/or patients who started/finished it within 3 months prior to screening.
* Use of long-term oxygen therapy (≥ 15 hours/day).
* Patients who did not maintain regular day/night, waking/sleeping cycles including night shift workers (eg, history of sleep apnoea syndrome, any condition related to sleep disturbances such as restless-legs syndrome or somnambulism).
* Clinically significant cardiovascular conditions defined as:

  * Myocardial infarction within the 6 months prior to screening.
  * Thoracic surgery within 12 months prior to screening.
  * Unstable angina or unstable arrhythmia which had required changes in the pharmacological therapy or other intervention within 12 months prior to screening, or newly diagnosed arrhythmia within the previous 3 months prior to screening.
  * Hospitalisation within 12 months prior to screening for heart failure functional classes III (marked limitation of activity and only comfortable at rest) and IV (need of complete rest, confinement to bed or chair, discomfort at any physical activity and presence of symptoms at rest) as per the New York Heart Association.
* Patients (with or without pharmacological therapy) with resting systolic blood pressure (SBP)

  ≥200 mmHg, a resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥120 mmHg, or a resting heart rate ≥105 beats per minute (bpm) at screening and at Visit 1 prior to randomisation.
* Patients with interval corrected for heart rate "QTc" \[calculated according to formulae (QTc=QT/RR1/2) \> 470 msec as indicated in the centralised reading report assessed at Screening Visit.
* Patients with clinically relevant abnormalities in the clinical laboratory tests, ECG parameters (other than QT interval corrected using Bazett's formula \[QTcB\]) or in the physical examination at screening, if the abnormality defined a disease state listed as exclusion criteria, except for those related to COPD.
* Patients with a history of hypersensitivity reactions to inhaled anticholinergics, sympathomimetic amines, or inhaled medication or any component thereof (including report of paradoxical bronchospasm). Patients with known narrow-angle glaucoma, symptomatic bladder neck obstruction or acute urinary retention.
* Patients with symptomatic non-stable prostate hypertrophy. (However, patients with well-controlled, stable, asymptomatic benign prostatic hypertrophy were not excluded).
* Patients with known uncontrolled history of infection with human immunodeficiency virus and/or active hepatitis.
* Current diagnosis of cancer other than basal or squamous cell skin cancer.
* Life expectancy of less than 1 year.
* Patients with any other serious or uncontrolled physical or mental dysfunction that, as judged by the Investigator, could have placed the patient at higher risk from his/her participation in the study, could have confounded the results of the study, or is likely to prevent the patient from complying with the requirements of the study, or completing the study.
* Patients with a history (within 2 years prior to screening) of drug and/or alcohol abuse that might have prevented study compliance based on the Investigator judgment.
* Patients unlikely to be cooperative (eg, take the medication, complete the Patient Diaries or attend the clinic at the required times).
* Patients unable to properly use a DPI or pMDI inhaler device or to perform spirometry measurements.
* Patients previously randomised in a study involving aclidinium bromide/formoterol FDC.
* Patients previously randomised in a study involving aclidinium bromide monotherapy except when participation finished at least 6 months before screening.
* Patients treated with any investigational drug within 30 days (or 6 half-lives, whichever is longer) prior to screening.
* Patients who intended to use any concomitant medication not permitted by this protocol or who had not undergone the required washout period for a particular prohibited medication.
* Patients unable to give consent, or patients of consenting age but under guardianship, or vulnerable patients.
* Patients employed, or relatives of employees at the study centre, Almirall or Forest Laboratories.
* Any other conditions that, in the Investigator's opinion, might have indicated the patient to be unsuitable for the study.

Answer: D