Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cranberry for UTI Prevention in Residents of Long Term Care Facilities
Brief Summary: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect over 7 million men and women per year and cost the health care industry over 1 billion dollars annually. The incidence of UTI increases markedly in elderly institutionalized persons and leads to excessive antimicrobial usage, emergency room visits, hospitalization, sepsis, and death. The use of antimicrobials to prevent UTI in elderly nursing home patients is not recommended and is fraught with problems such as adverse reactions, drug interactions, and the development of drug-resistant organisms. There is no accepted method of preventing UTI in residents of nursing homes, a vulnerable and understudied population with significant morbidity from UTI.

The overall goal of this proposal is to conduct a prospective cohort pilot study that evaluates the feasibility of using cranberry to prevent UTI in nursing home residents. Each of the aims is critical for the optimal design of a larger placebo-controlled, definitive trial of cranberry for prevention of UTI in nursing home residents and will provide the essential preliminary data for future larger studies.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Recent confirmed urinary tract infection, diagnosed in Oulu University Hospital or Oulu Health Care Center
* Age 1-16 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Continuous antimicrobial prophylaxis
* Age \< 12 months or \> 16 years
* Severe congenital kidney or other urinary tract anomaly in ultrasound
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Female nursing home residents 65 years of age or older with history of urinary tract infection within the past year.

Exclusion Criteria:

* residents that are not expected to be in the nursing home for at least one month (i.e., short term rehabilitation, pending discharge, terminal \[life expectancy \< 1 month\]);
* residents who are on chronic suppressive antibiotic or anti-infective (i.e., mandelamine) therapy for recurrent UTI;
* residents with end stage renal disease on dialysis (they do not regularly produce urine);
* residents unable to produce a baseline clean catch urine specimen for collection;
* residents on warfarin therapy because of a potential interaction of warfarin and cranberry juice;
* residents with a history of nephrolithiasis because cranberry may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Greater than 60 years old and a resident of the nursing home or assisted living facility for greater than 30 days duration

Exclusion Criteria:

* Having a known major anatomic abnormality of the urinary tract
* Presence of acute UTI symptom
* Intolerance or allergy to cranberry products
* Current use of cranberry for prevention of UTI
* Use of warfarin
* History of kidney stones
* Presence of a chronic indwelling bladder catheter
* Dialysis dependence
* Chronic suppressive antibiotics
* Immunocompromised state due to hematological malignancies, HIV infection, chronic high dose (\>10mg daily) prednisone or equivalent steroid use.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Presenting at the gynecology clinic for a pre-operatory visit
2. Ability to give informed consent
3. Willing to take cranberry capsules for up to 6 weeks
4. 18 of age or older

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy
2. History of nephrolithiasis
3. History of allergy to cranberry
4. Patient on anticoagulant medicine to be re-started during the 4-6 weeks after surgery
5. Less than 18 years old

Answer: C