Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Diet on Body Composition
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to compare a diet containing whole grains versus an energy matched diet using refined grains on body composition and metabolism.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes treated with diet plus oral hypoglycemic agents (Sulfonylureas, Biguanides, Thiazolidinediones , and new secretagogues (Repaglinide)) at a stable dose for at least 3 months prior to starting the study
* HbA1c between 6.5 and 8.0% at recruitment
* living within a 40 km radius of St. Michael's Hospital
* Diabetes diagnosed \> 6 months prior to randomization

Exclusion Criteria:

* diabetic complications: clinically significant gastroparesis, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, hepatic disease, or CHD (current clinically significant CHD e.g. unstable angina)
* taking insulin or acarbose
* smoking or significant alcohol intake (\> 1 drink/day)
* serum triglycerides \> 4.0 mmol/L
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 - 60 years old, male and female
* Healthy by medical assessment
* Overweight: BMI \> 25 and \< 32 kg/m2
* Habitual diet characterized by i) absence of WG (all dietary carbohydrates derived from refined cereals); ii) absence of pro-biotics; iii) intake of dietary fibre ≤ 10 g/d; iv) intake of fruit and vegetables ≤ 2 portions/die; v)habit to have breakfast
* Sign of a written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 18 and \> 60 years old
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Fasting plasma triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dl and cholesterol \> 200 mg/dl
* Cardiovascular events (AMI and/or stroke) in the last 6 months
* Regular intensive physical activity
* Hypertension
* Intestinal or metabolic diseases/disorders such as diabetic, renal, hepatic, pancreatic or ulcer
* Previous abdominal/gastrointestinal surgery
* Regular consumption of medication
* Antibiotic therapy within 2 months previous the study
* Food allergies and intolerances (celiac disease, lactose intolerance,)
* Concurrent participation or having participated in another clinical trial during the last 3 weeks
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 12-15 years
* IsoBMI\>30

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chronical diseases
* Chronical medication
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged between 20-50 years
* BMI between 25 and 38 kg/m2
* Normal whole grain intake \<1 serving/d (Appendix 1)
* Low average consumption of alcohol (\<1 standard drink/day; \<7 standard drinks/week)
* Non-smoker
* No major chronic illness
* Fasting glucose \<126 mg/dl
* Able to access the study centre (Lerner Research Institute and the Clinical Research Unit at the Cleveland Clinic) throughout the study
* Have access to a microwave oven and refrigerator/freezer

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any known food allergy with the possibility to result in a serious adverse reaction, or an allergy to a food item that cannot be removed from the diet (i.e. peanuts).
* Aversion or dislike to study foods
* Regular use of dietary supplements and not willing/able to stop usage during the study period
* Cardiovascular conditions including significant known coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, known peripheral vascular disease (large vessel disease), uncompensated congestive heart failure, history of stroke, or uncontrolled hypertension (defined as medically treated with the mean of 3 separate measurements SBP \> 180 mm Hg or DBP \> 110 mm Hg)
* Severe pulmonary disease defined as FEV1 \< 50% of predicted value
* Kidney disease including diagnosed chronic kidney disease, renovascular hypertension, renal artery stenosis, or chronic renal insufficiency with a creatinine level \> 1.8 mg/dl
* Known history of chronic liver disease (except for NAFLD), hepatitis, positive serologic test result for hepatitis B surface antigen and/or hepatitis C antibody, α-1-antitrypsin deficiency
* GI disorders including a known history of celiac disease and/or any other malabsorptive disorders or inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis)
* Psychiatric disorders including dementia, active psychosis, severe depression (requiring \> 2 medications), history of suicide attempts, alcohol or drug abuse within the previous 12 months
* Other known metabolic disease such as clinical hypothyroidism and hyper thyroidism, Graves Disease, thyroid cancer, nodules or multinodular goiter
* Malignancy within five years (except squamous cell and basal cell cancer of the skin)

Answer: D