Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Text Messaging to Improve Hypertension Medication Adherence in African Americans
Brief Summary: Uncontrolled high blood pressure (HBP) is a major public health concern and leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. The HBP crisis is particularly onerous to African Americans as they are disproportionately more susceptible to HBP than non-Hispanic White Americans. Poor adherence to prescribed medication regimens is a major problem, as only about half of patients who have been diagnosed with hypertension adhere to prescribed medications. Mobile phones and text messages are becoming widely integrated into routine daily life and may offer a simple and non-labor intensive strategy for improving the quality of medication management through enhancing medication adherence. This proposed research will be conducted in two distinct phases addressing three specific aims. For Specific Aim 1 (Phase I), the investigators propose to conduct focus groups with participants from the investigators target population in order to obtain feedback to guide the development of a mobile phone text message system that seeks to improve adherence to antihypertensive medications. For Specific Aim 2 (Phase II), the investigators propose to pilot test the newly developed text message intervention with a randomized controlled trial. For Specific Aim 3 (Phase II), the investigators propose to ascertain participant perceptions of intervention effectiveness and satisfaction in order to guide further system refinement. In Phase I, African Americans with uncontrolled hypertension (n=24-32) will be recruited to take part in one of four focus groups that will help guide the development of the text message intervention. In Phase II, African Americans with uncontrolled hypertension will be randomized to receive usual care (n=30) vs. the text message intervention (n=30). The primary outcome in this pilot will be change in medication adherence at one month follow-up; secondary outcomes include change in medication self-efficacy and systolic and diastolic blood pressure at one month follow-up, as well as participant satisfaction with the text message intervention. The proposed research will utilize the Wayne State University (WSU) Center for Urban Studies to conduct high quality and professionally run focus groups, the WSU Division of Computing and Information Technology's Broadcast Message Service infrastructure for the delivery of text messages, the WSU Center for Health Research for statistical analysis and grant management assistance, and a diverse study team from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds at WSU. As a result, the proposed research leverages the considerable local resources to investigate an innovative and much needed intervention for this high-risk population.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinical diagnosis of Heart Failure (NYHA Class II-IV)
* Out-patients attending the University Health Network Heart Failure Clinic
* English-speaking and able to read English
* 18 years old or over

Exclusion Criteria:

* Awaiting heart transplantation
* Not expected to survive over a year (as determined by their cardiologist)
* Unable to read text on a mobile phone due to vision disability
* Unable to self-care due to anxiety, depression, or decreased cognitive function
* Lack of manual dexterity to accurately press buttons on the mobile phone
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* self-identify as African American/Black
* be \>18 years
* have a diagnosis of HBP based on ICD-9 codes
* have uncontrolled hypertension on two successive clinic visits prior to screening (clinic SBP \> 140 mm Hg, DBP \> 90 mm Hg or SBP \> 130, DBP \> 80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease) as documented in the medical record
* be taking at least one antihypertensive medication
* own a cell phone capable of receiving and sending text messages
* be able to pay for and obtain hypertension medication
* English speaking
* willing to attend two data collection visits in Detroit, MI

Exclusion Criteria:

* receiving hemodialysis
* admits to planning to terminate cell phone contract during the next one month
* compliance risk (i.e., self-reported illicit drug use and/or alcohol abuse as measured by a score of \>2 for CAGE questions
* health literacy less than third grade reading level
* other major health problems (e.g., terminal stage of cancer, advanced liver disease)
C: Phase 1: Inclusion Criteria:

Age ≥ 18 years Stroke within one year access to mobile phone.

Exclusion Criteria:

Any medical condition that would limit participation in follow up assessments, Severe cognitive impairment/dementia (MMSE ≤24) Severe global disability (modified Rankin Score ≥ 3).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* aged 18-70 years
* two or more metabolic syndrome risk factors according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria: waist circumference ≥ 88 cm (women) or ≥ 102 cm (men); systolic blood pressure ≥ 135 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg; fasting plasma glucose ≥ 6.1 mmol/L; triglycerides ≥ 1.7 mmol/L; and high density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤ 1.29 mmol/L (women) or ≤ 1.02 mmol/L (men)

Exclusion Criteria:

* systolic blood pressure \> 180 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure \> 110mmHg
* type 1 diabetes
* history of myocardial infarction, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass or cerebrovascular ischemia/stroke
* symptomatic congestive heart failure
* atrial flutter
* unstable angina
* unstable pulmonary disease
* use of medications known to affect heart rate
* second or third degree heart block
* history of alcoholism, drug abuse or other emotional cognitive or psychiatric problems
* pacemaker
* unstable metabolic disease and orthopedic or rheumatologic problems that could impair the ability to exercise

Answer: B