Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reducing the Transmission of Influenza by Face Masks
Brief Summary: Pharmaceutical interventions, particularly vaccination, have been the principal public health method of preventing and controlling seasonal influenza. Other less invasive non-pharmaceutical interventions include the use of face masks and hand hygiene. In Asia, masks are used extensively, especially in Japan, but with only circumstantial evidence of efficacy. Although there are numerous studies that support hand hygiene as an effective measure for decreasing transmission of enteric infections, there are fewer data assessing the effect of hand hygiene on respiratory illnesses. Therefore it is proposed that a study be conducted on the use of face masks with and without the use of hand hygiene in comparison to no intervention in residence housing units of the University of Michigan. The interventions will be carried out during a period of influenza transmission that is defined by surveillance conducted at the University Health Service. Data will be collected on use of the interventions and the occurrence of influenza and other illnesses. When illness occurs meeting a case definition, specimens for viral isolation will be collected in all intervention settings. Face masks could theoretically lead to a large reduction in transmission frequency of influenza, especially if most transmission occurs by the airborne (large or small droplet) route. Even a modest reduction could have a major effect during an influenza pandemic.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* influenza like illness symptoms
* positive rapid test for influenza
* inclusion within 48h of symptom onset
* inclusion of at least 3 members of a household (including index case)

Exclusion Criteria:

* severe illness
* other cases of similar symptoms within 14 days before onset of symptoms in index patient
* severe asthma or COPD
* pregnancy of index
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Read and sign a copy of the approved Consent Form;
* 18-40 years of age;
* If a woman of child bearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative urine pregnancy test and be using an effective method of birth control such as, but not limited to, birth control pills, contraceptive foam, diaphragm, IUD, vasectomized partner, abstinence, or condoms;
* Capable of compliance with the required study and sick visits (i.e., no planned travel commitments);
* Willing to follow study restrictions;
* Generally in good health based on medical history interview.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current participation on any study;
* Participation in an investigational drug study within 30 days of enrollment;
* Participation within 30 days of enrollment on any study where the hands were the test site;
* Pregnancy (as determined by an urine pregnancy test), lactation or planning a pregnancy during the course of the study;
* Daily smoker;
* Current or significant history of sinusitis;
* Skin conditions on the hands or wrists that would interfere with the evaluations, such as scars, tattoos, uneven skin tones, or other conditions;
* Allergy to soaps, detergents, preservatives, citric acid, malic acid or ethanol;
* Immunological disorders (i.e., AIDS, HIV, systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis);
* Current use or use within 7 days prior to randomization of any antibacterial medications for treatment of respiratory infections;
* Current use or use within 7 days enrollment of topical drugs (e.g. hydrocortisone or other corticosteroids) to treat skin conditions on the hands or wrists, except for localized treatment of minor cuts or scrapes;
* Occupational or other requirement for unusually frequent hand washing (i.e. health care worker, food service worker);
* Currently suffering from respiratory allergies or a history of seasonal respiratory allergies that are normally active during the study period;
* History of dermatologic disease on the hands, wrists or arms;
* History of 3rd degree burns and/or skin grafts on the hands or wrists;
* History of significant or frequent skin and soft tissue infections;
* Use of androgens, immunomodulators (such as growth factors, systemic corticosteroids, immune globulin, interleukins, interferons) or immunosuppressive medications within 30 days prior to study entry.
* Erythema score of 1.0 and/or dryness scores on the hands at enrollment of greater than Grade 0;
* Subject does not experience colds;
* The subjects from TM\&R-0062-08-TXC who were discontinued for irritation, experienced test product related skin reactions or were withdrawn from the study or excluded from the per-protocol analysis for non-compliance.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Residence in selected University of Michigan Residence Halls

Exclusion Criteria:

* Non-residence in selected Residence Halls
* Unwillingness to utilize face mask and hand sanitizer and complete online surveys
* Already study employee
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Volunteers working in defined units

Exclusion Criteria:

* Persons with open wounds or chronic eczema in hands

Answer: C