Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Preliminary Multi-Center Assessment of Laser and Medical Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema
Brief Summary: This study will compare the side effects of two laser treatments for diabetic macular edema, a common condition in patients with diabetes. In macular edema, blood vessels in the retina, a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye become leaky and the retina swells. The macula, the center part of the retina that is responsible for fine vision may also swell, causing vision loss. Traditional laser treatment (argon blue or green or yellow) for macular swelling, or edema, causes scarring that can expand and possibly lead to more loss of vision. Studies with a different type of laser (diode) may be less damaging. The results of this study on side effects of the treatments will be used to design a larger study of effectiveness. This study will also examine whether celecoxib (Celebrex® (Registered Trademark)), an anti-arthritis drug that reduces inflammation and swelling, can reduce inflammation and swelling of the retina. Patients with elevated cholesterol levels will be invited to participate in a cholesterol reduction part of the study to compare normal-pace cholesterol reduction with accelerated reduction.

Patients 18 years of age and older with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and macular edema that requires laser treatment may be eligible for this study. Candidates will be screened with the following tests and procedures:

* Medical history: to review past medical conditions and treatments.
* Physical examination: to measure vital signs (pulse, blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate) and examine the head and neck, heart, lungs, abdomen, arms and legs.
* Eye examination: to assess visual acuity (eye chart test) and examine pupils, lens, retina, and eye movements. The pupils will be dilated with drops for this examination.
* Blood tests: to measure cholesterol, blood clotting time, hemoglobin A1C (a measure of diabetes control), and to evaluate liver and kidney function.
* Eye photography: to help evaluate the status of the retina and changes that may occur in the future. Special photographs of the inside of the eye are taken using a camera that flashes a bright light into the eye. From 2 to 20 pictures may be taken, depending on the eye condition.
* Fluorescein angiography: to evaluate the eye's blood vessels. A yellow dye is injected into an arm vein and travels to the blood vessels in the eyes. Pictures of the retina are taken using a camera that flashes a blue light into the eye. The pictures show if any dye has leaked from the vessels into the retina, indicating possible blood vessel abnormality.

Participants will be randomly assigned to take celecoxib or placebo (an inactive, look-alike pill). Participants who have elevated cholesterol levels may return for a brief visit after 1 month. All patients will return for follow-up visits at 3, 6, and 12 months. Patients who require laser treatment will be randomly assigned to one of the two laser treatments. For these procedures, eye drops are put in the eye to numb the surface and a contact lens is placed on the eye during the laser beam application. Several visits may be required for additional laser treatments. The maximum number of treatments depends on how well the treatment is working. Patients who respond well to the study medication may receive no laser treatments. After the first year, patients will be followed every 6 months until either the patient returns for a 3-year visit, the last enrolled patient returns for the 1-year visit, or the patient requests to leave the study. During the follow-up visits, patients' response to treatment will be evaluated with repeat tests of several of the screening exams.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* The patient will satisfy the DSM-IV criteria for dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
* The patient will satisfy the NINCDS/ADRDA criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease (Appendix I).
* The severity of dementia for each patient will be quantified by a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 10 and 26 (both inclusive).
* The patient is living at home or in a home for the elderly.
* The patient has a responsible caregiver who is able to provide information about the patient's functional status.
* Written informed consent is obtained from the patient or the legally accepted representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The patient satisfies the NINDS-AIREN criteria for probable vascular dementia.
* A known exaggerated pharmacological sensitivity or allergy to NSAID's.
* History of peptic ulceration, gastric surgery or gastrointestinal bleeding.
* Current diagnosis of active peptic ulceration.
* Current diagnosis of severe and unstable cardiovascular disease.
* Current diagnosis of renal failure.
* Advanced, severe and unstable disease of any type, other than Alzheimer's disease, that may interfere with primary and secondary variable evaluations, including a medical condition which should be expected to progress, recur, or change to such an extent that it may bias the assessment of the clinical or mental status of the patient to a significant degree or put the patient at special risk.
* Intake of any of the following concomitant medications: salicylates, coumarin derivatives, ACE-inhibitors, loop diuretics.
* Intake of any of the following concomitant medications more than two months immediately prior or during the study: NSAID's, systemic corticosteroids.
* Intake of any of the following concomitant medications with a possible effect on cognition: estrogen, deprenyl, vitamin E, neuroleptics, anticholinergics. Patients using stable doses of cholinesterase inhibitors were eligible, with the provision that the dose should not be changed during the study. Cholinesterase inhibitors could not be initiated during the study.
* Excessive use of alcohol (more than 5 units per day)
* The patient is, either alone or with the aid of a caregiver, not able to reliably take the medication.
B: Inclusion criteria:

Male or female subjects 55 year or older who have suffered an ischemic stroke within the past 90 days and who meet all other inclusion criteria. Include also patients of ages 50 - 54 years and/or 90 to 120 days after the qualifying stroke provided the patient has at least two of the following additional risk factors:

* Diabetes mellitus
* Hypertension (systolic BP ¿ 140 or diastolic BP ¿ 90)
* Smoker at time of qualifying stroke
* Obesity (BMI\>30; BMI=weight (kg)/\[height (m)\]2)
* Previous vascular disease (stroke, MI, or peripheral arterial disease prior to qualifying stroke)
* End-organ-damage (retinopathy, LVH, or microalbuminuria)
* Hyperlipidemia

Exclusion criteria:

hemorrhagic stroke (must be ruled out by imaging);unable to give informed consent; known brain tumor, severe renal or hepatic insufficiency, current active peptic ulcer disease, severe coronary artery disease including unstable angina pectoris or an MI within the previous 3 months,or history of a hemostatic disorder or systemic bleeding ;hyperkalemia;uncorrected volume or sodium depletion; pre-stroke history of dementia;modified Rankin score greater than 4;qualifying stroke induced by surgical or cardiovascular procedure;uncontrolled hypertension at entry above 180/110 mmHg (goal BPs are lower); SBP 120 mmHg or less for hospitalized patients; currently taking an ARB and not able or willing to switch to alternative; required or planned continuing treatment with antithrombotics or anticoagulants including heparin or warfarin or non-study platelet inhibitors; syndrome of asthma, rhinitis and nasal polyps;scheduled for major surgery, carotid endarterectomy, or carotid angioplasty (4 weeks post surgery is allowed);unlikely to be released from hospital following the qualifying stroke or presence of a severe disability likely to lead to being bedridden or demented or a non-vascular disease or condition which makes it unlikely that the patient will survive to the end of the trial; history of thrombocytopenia or neutropenia.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* The subject has had a documented colonoscopy to the cecum performed by a study-related physician with adequate preparation resulting in diagnosis and clearance of an adenomatous polyp(s) within 4 months prior to randomization.
* The subject is willing to abstain from chronic use of all NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitors excluding aspirin at cardioprotective doses for the duration of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The subject has a history of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis or Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer.
* The subject has a history of inflammatory bowel disease.
D: * INCLUSION CRITERIA:

To be eligible for the study each participant must have at least one eye, which satisfies all ocular inclusion criteria:

1. Participants with type 1 or 2 diabetes.
2. Participants with clinically significant macular edema in at least one eye that requires laser treatment, but in the opinion of the Investigator, can be delayed for up to at least 3 months.
3. Best corrected visual acuity 20/400 or better as measured on an ETDRS chart in the eye with clinically significant macular edema; this eye will be considered they study eye. If both eyes have clinically significant macular edema and best corrected visual acuity greater than or equal to 20/400, the right eye will be considered the study eye, however, both eyes will be eligible for treatment.
4. May have had proliferative diabetic retinopathy but scatter photocoagulation must have been performed more than four months ago.
5. Ocular media sufficiently clear to allow for quality fundus photography.
6. If aphakic or pseudophakic, lens removal must have occurred at least 6 months prior to enrollment.
7. Documented hemoglobin A1C 12% or less within one month of baseline.
8. Willingness to accept randomization for diet or drug therapy for lowering of elevated lipid levels (for sites participating in the Lipid Lowering study option).
9. Understand and sign the informed consent.
10. Participants 18 years of age and older since the population of interest is primarily adults.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

To be eligible for the study, each participant must not satisfy an ocular exclusion cirterion in both eyes.

1. Retinopathy that requires scatter photocoagulation immediately.
2. Ocular disease other than diabetic retinopathy that may confound the outcome of the study (e.g. age-related macular degeneration, drug toxicity, uveitis, etc.).
3. Prior of current macular detachment in the eligible eye(s).
4. Use of an investigational drug within 30 days of enrollment.
5. Malaborsorption syndrome.
6. Concurrent administration of the anti-obesity drug orlistat (Xenical).
7. Positive serum pregnancy test or currently lactating for women of childbearing potential.
8. Chronic requirement (e.g., greater than or equal to 4 weeks at a time) for ocular medication for diseases that, in the judgement of the examining physician, are vision thereateniong or may affect the primary outcome (artificial tears are permitted).
9. History of cancer and prognosis of survival of less than 3 years.
10. Participants whose diabetic macular edema, in the opinion of the Principal Investigator, cannot benefit from laser treatments, including those with subretinal fibrosis, severe macular non-perfusion, or parafoveal leakage in oth eyes.
11. Participants that have a history of focal laser treatment, and in the opinion of the investigator are thought to be refractory (e.g., \> 50 micron burns or equivalent) to laser treatment or wwere treated within 3 months of baseline.
12. Participants with clear vireal-retinal tracion wiich in the opinion of the investigator needs to be treated as a contributor macular edema.
13. Participants requiriing herapy with topaical ophthalmic prostaglandin analogues.
14. Laboratory values outside normal limits and considered clinically significant by the investigator.
15. Past or current liver disease, which precludes the use of the lipid-lowering drugs.
16. Used Celebrex \[Registered Trademark\] or any other COX-2 inhibitor, NSAIDs, or ocular topical NSAID use great than 3 days per week for a period of 4 weeks or more within 6 months prior to enrollment, or likely need during the study (Aspirin dose of 325 mg per day is permitted).
17. Concurrent warfarin therapy or known bleeding diathesis.
18. Concurrent lithium therapy.
19. History of peptic ulcer disease within 1 year prior to enrollment.
20. History of kidney disease (serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dL, or need for dialysis).
21. Allergy to sulfa- containing compounds, NSAIDs, or demonstrtion of the aspirin triad.
22. History of inflammatory bowel disease.
23. History of mycardial infarction within 2 years prior to enrollment.

Answer: D