Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Fast Track Recovery in Elective Open Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Brief Summary: Fast track programs have been introduced in many surgical fields to minimize postoperative morbidity and mortality. Morbidity after elective open infrarenal aneurysm repair is as high as 30%, mortality ranges up to 10%. In terms of open infrarenal aneurysm repair no randomized controlled trials exist to introduce and evaluate such patient care programs.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* infrarenal aortic aneurysm
* given written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* contraindication for epidural anesthesia
* suprarenal clamping
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult (age \> or = 18) patients admitted to the Medical ICU
* Respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation \> or = 5 days
* Reasonable expectation for a subsequent return of mental status

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient's family, physician, or both not in favor of aggressive treatment of patient or presence of an advanced directive to withhold life-sustaining treatment
* Pregnancy
* Admitted to ICU from outside hospital
* New or pre-existing diagnosis causing current neuromuscular weakness
* Profound and uncorrectable hypokalemia or hypophosphatemia \[K \< 2.5 or P \< 1.0 throughout enrollment window\]
* Inability to assess muscle strength in more than six muscle groups in at least two extremities \[Bilateral amputation (BKA or AKA), severe burns, skin lesions or dressings limiting ability of examiner to access and forcibly resist movement of the patients extremities\]
* Inability to communicate or follow commands of the examiner \[persistent coma, severe MRDD (mental retardation and developmental disabilities) or continuing necessary medication use that impairs consciousness (i.e. narcotics), non-English speaker\]
* Concurrent enrollment in another clinical trial involving steroids \> 20 mg/day prednisone equivalent for \> 3 days, neuromuscular blockade for \> 24 hours or any aminoglycosides.
* Prisoner or other subject where legal surrogate decision maker is in question
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 1 day of mechanical ventilation with an expectation of requiring ≥2 additional days of ICU stay in a Johns Hopkins Intensive Care Unit (ICU)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to understand or speak English due to language barrier or cognitive impairment prior to admission
* Unable to independently transfer from bed to chair at baseline prior to hospital admission
* Known primary systemic neuromuscular disease (e.g. Guillian-Barre) at ICU admission
* Known intracranial process that is associated with localizing weakness (e.g. cerebral vascular accident) at ICU admission
* Transferred from another ICU outside of the Johns Hopkins system after \>4 consecutive days of mechanical ventilation
* Moribund (i.e. \>90% probability of patient mortality in the next 96 hours)
* Anticipated transfer to another ICU for care (e.g. awaiting organ transplantation and transfer to surgical ICU)
* Any pacemaker (e.g., cardiac, diaphragm) or implanted cardiac defibrillator
* Pregnancy
* Body mass index ≥35 kg/m2
* Any limitation in life support other than a sole no-CPR order
* Known or suspected malignancy in the legs
* Unable to treat or evaluate both lower extremities (e.g., bilateral amputation, bilateral skin lesions)
* ICU length of stay \>7 days prior to enrollment
D: Inclusion criteria:

* COPD exacerbation, admitted to the respiratory units
* Informed consent
* Age \< 80
* No critical comorbidity compromising outcome up to one month.
* No suspect of malignancy

Exclusion criteria:

* Patient is involved in a rehabilitation program with a frequency \>1/wk during one month after inclusion in the study
* NIMV or ICU on admission
* Patient scheduled for procedure (LTX/LVRS) within one month after discharge
* Readmission \<14 days after previous hospitalization
* Significant pathology that would hinder the participation in resistance training (gonarthrosis, arthritis to be judged by the investigator)
* Clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension

Answer: A