Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Influence of a Virtual Reality Environment on Pain Perception During Exercises for Patients With Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Immersion in a virtual reality environment has been shown to reduce pain during a variety of painful medical procedures, such as wound care for burn patients and dental care. Often, serious games are used to distract patients from this painful procedures. Recently, serious games have also been developed for patients with low back pain. Because patients with low back pain frequently experience pain during exercises, the investigators hypothesize that exercising with serious games can reduce the pain intensity and the time spent thinking of pain during exercises. To test this hypothesis, the investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial where two groups will be compared: the experimental group will perform one session of exercises with serious games, while the control group will perform one session of the same exercises without the serious games.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Group Health Cooperative enrollee
* Uncomplicated low back pain
* At least moderate pain levels

Exclusion Criteria:

* Sciatica persisting 3 or more months after physician visit
* History of cancer (other than nonmelanoma skin cancer)
* Severe disk problems
* Unstable medical conditions
* Back surgery within past 3 years
* Physically unable to do the yoga or exercise classes and homework
* Unable to attend classes
* Currently doing yoga
* Taken yoga or exercise class for back pain within past year
* Currently in litigation for back pain
* Seeking other treatment for back pain
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Chronic non-specific low back pain, with or without referred pain to the legs
* Age 18-65
* Able to understand Dutch
* A minimum pain intensity of 3/10 on the numeric pain rating scale at the time of the test
* Being familiar with pelvic tilt exercises

Exclusion Criteria:

* Spinal surgery in the past
* Pregnancy
* Serious underlying pathologies (e.g. multiple sclerosis, tumors,...)
* Signs or symptoms of nerve root involvement
* Known skin-allergy for tape
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* low back pain over 3 month
* the pain must originate locally from the lowe back and be nociceptive

Exclusion Criteria:

-
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 18-56 years
* present employment at the company
* at least one criteria out the following qualified for the study:

  * nonspecific LBP with the duration of 2 weeks or more
  * radiating, present low back pain
  * recurrent LBP (2 or more episodes per year)
  * work absence because of LBP
* included subjects also responded having low back pain during preceding week prior to the questionnaire (VAS ≥ 10 mm, Visual Analogue Scale 0-100 mm)

According to pain level, patients were later divided into two separate RCT's, "mild": VAS 10mm - 34mm, "moderate": VAS 35mm or more.

Exclusion Criteria:

* retirement
* acute nerve root compression symptoms
* malignant tumor
* recent fracture
* severe osteoporosis
* other specific disease preventing participation in the follow-up

Answer: B