Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Functional Interest of Non Invasive Brain Stimulation During Physiotherapy at a Subacute Phase Post Stroke (Anodal Protocol).
Brief Summary: Previous research that utilises single sessions of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have demonstrated functional improvements. However these improvements are usually short-lived, lasting less than one hour before the patient's performance returns to baseline. In these studies, tDCS is typically applied with the goal of adaptively enhancing functional activation of pathologically under-active tissue or suppressing pathologically over-active tissue. Interestingly, a small body of evidence is now emerging to indicate that tDCS can improve learning/memory functions in healthy controls. The goal of this study is to test if the application of tDCS could enhance learning and/or memory for physiotherapy rehabilitation, which may in turn lead to correspondingly greater motor improvement. Patients at a subacute stage (1 to 6 month post stroke) will attend for 10 consecutive daily sessions of tDCS.

This research has important implications; previous studies suggest that such an approach has the potential to facilitate physical rehabilitation post-stroke and establish tDCS as a clinically viable rehabilitative tool. Recovery of motor skills may take many months to acquire and therefore strategies that have the potential to enhance acquisition of skill are of practical and scientific interest.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subacute stroke patients (5-45 days after stroke) with thromboembolic non-hemorrhagic subcortical or cortical, first clinically overt stroke will be included. Moderate to moderately severe upper-extremity hemiparesis, defined as an Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer score (UEFMA) between 20 and 58 (inclusive).

Exclusion Criteria:

* pre-existing large lesions (\> 1.5 cm maximum diameter) in a brain area that belongs to the anatomically established sensorimotor/premotor system
* progressive stroke
* completely lesioned hand knob area of M1 affected if no motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are present
* bilateral motor impairment
* florid alcohol and/or drug abuse
* florid severe psychiatric illness (e.g. schizophrenia)
* severe language disturbances that prevents the patient to give informed consent or inhibit adequate scoring because of insufficient understanding of scoring introductions
* tumor diseases with a life expectancy less than one year
* increased intracranial pressure
* polyneuropathy and/or ischemic peripheral disease if the sensorimotor functions of the upper extremities are affected clinically relevant
* severe cognitive deficits (MMSE ≤ 23)
* pregnancy
* contraindication for MRI or TMS
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Stroke patients onset \> 6 months
* First ever stroke
* Decreased hand and arm function
* Mini Mental State Examination (\>24)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Depression
* Pregnancy
* Alcohol abuse
* Aneurysm clips
* Pacemaker
* Neurostimulator
* Implemented defibrillator
* Magnetically activated implant or device
* implemented pump
* Spinal cord simulator
* Implemented hearing aid
* Artificial or prosthetic limb
* Metal parts in the body
* Any external or internal metal
* Artificial heart valve
* Other implants
* History of brain surgery
* Migraine
* Family history of Epilepsy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

age ≥18 years; first-ever ischemic stroke; chronic phase of recovery (\>6 months); ability to walk 6- meter supported or unsupported; ability to stand at least unsupported for 40-seconds with eyes closed; only ischemic stroke involving middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory confirmed by CT or MRI.

Exclusion Criteria:

Use of any neuro- or psycho-active medications that alters balance; any other neurological conditions or sensory disorders affecting postural control; such as brain tumor, or substance abuse; orthopedic diseases; ongoing/recent (within 3 months) balance rehabilitation.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* All subjects must be between the ages of 18-90 and must not be pregnant.
* Patients volunteer to participate in the study, with a written informed consent signed
* Affiliation to a national health insurance program
* First-time clinical ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident - evidenced by a radiological (or physician's) report
* Contralesional motor deficit
* Lesion sparing primary motor cortex
* Stroke onset \>1 month and \<6 months prior to study enrollment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Coexistent major neurological or psychiatric disease as to decrease number of confounders
* History of epilepsy before stroke (or episodes of seizures within the last six months)
* Any substantial decrease in alertness, language reception, or attention that might interfere with understanding instructions for motor testing
* Subjects with global aphasia and deficits of comprehension
* Excessive pain in any joint of the paretic extremity (VAS\>4)
* Contraindications to Tdcs : metal in the head, implanted brain medical devices
* Coexistent major neurological or psychiatric disease as to decrease number of confounders
* A history of significant alcohol or drug abuse in the prior 6 months
* Anyone who is currently taking or who has taken anti-malarial treatment in the last 72 hours
* Subjects may not have already received constraint induced motor therapy and/or tDCS treatment for stroke
* Pregnancy

Answer: D