Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: PROMISE EBF: Promoting Infant Health and Nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Safety and Efficacy of Exclusive Breastfeeding Promotion in the Era of HIV
Brief Summary: The objective of the project is to develop and test an intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), to assess its impact on infant health in African contexts where a high prevalence of HIV is a barrier, and to strengthen the evidence base regarding the optimal duration for EBF.

Promotion of EBF is the most effective child health intervention currently feasible for implementation at the population level in low-income countries. It can lower infant mortality by 13%, and by an additional 2% were it not for the fact that breastfeeding transmits HIV. Only recently proven to be possible in hot and even dry climates, EBF without even offering water is still little appreciated by mothers or supported by health workers. EBF rates are especially low in Africa but the potential for rapid implementation may be high. A few studies elsewhere suggest that peer counselling can often achieve dramatic increases. Thus the investigators will run the first randomised trial to develop and test models for applying this approach in four African countries and to quantify health benefits, cost-effectiveness, and implications for the health care system.

While experts realize that the HIV threat ought not to present much of a biological constraint to promoting EBF, in heavily affected countries it does represent a cultural constraint. Overcoming this will require the development of a safe and effective means of promoting EBF that is HIV-sensitive by taking into account the need to minimise postnatal HIV transmission.

Another scientific constraint to the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for six months, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), is uncertainty about its impact on the micronutrient status of infants. In a substudy, the investigators will carefully follow markers of infant micronutrient status to see how they vary by feeding pattern, including EBF, for a longer period than has been examined previously.


Options:
A: Thymus size measured by ultrasound (through 15 wk of age); peripheral blood naive T-helper lymphocyte concentration (through 15 wk of age); T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (through 15 wk of age); T-cell response to BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; to protect against tuberculosis) and oral polio virus (OPV) immunization (through 15 wk of age); Antibody response to oral polio virus (OPV) immunization (through 15 wk of age); T-cell and antibody response to tetanus toxoid (TT) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccinations given at 6, 10 and 14 wk of age (through 15 wk of age); bacterial translocation to blood (through 15 wk of age)
B: Pregnancy-related mortality and all cause mortality (Continuous)
C: Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates in Burkina Faso (at 3 months of age); Infant Morbidity, 2 Week Diarrhoea Prevalence (at 3 months of age); Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates in Uganda (at 3 months of age); Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates in South Africa (at 3 months of age)
D: Seric retinol (six months)

Answer: C