Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Postoperative Atelectasis in Pediatric Patients With Prone Position : Effect of Repetitive Alveolar Recruitment by Lung Ultrasound
Brief Summary: This study evaluates the incidence of postoperative atelectasis after general anesthesia with prone position using lung ultrasound in children age \< 3 years.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult patients aged 18 years or more, both gender
2. Receiving endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation for less than 36 hours
3. Presenting with a Severe ARDS :

   * Acute onset
   * PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 (≤ 26.7 kPa)
   * Bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on frontal chest radiography
   * Capillary wedge pressure \< 18 mm Hg if measured or no evidence for left atrial hypertension
4. During since 12-24 hours
5. AND with severity criteria : PaO2/FiO2 \< 150 mm Hg (\< 20 kPa) under FiO2 ≥ 0.6, PEEP ≥ 5 cm H2O and a tidal volume equal to 6 ml/kg PBW.
6. Written consent from patient's next of kin

Exclusion Criteria:

1. contra-indication to the prone position

   * Intracranial pressure \> 30 mm Hg or cerebral perfusion pressure \< 60 mm Hg
   * Massive haemoptysis needing urgent surgical or radiological treatment
   * Tracheal or thoracic surgery in the last 15 days
   * Facial trauma or surgery in the last 15 days
   * Deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism treated in the last 2 days
   * Cardiac pace maker implantation in the last 2 days
   * Unstable bone dislocations of rachis, femur, rib cage, pelvis
   * Mean systolic arterial pressure less than 70 mm Hg despite vasopressive therapy
   * Pregnancy
   * Bronchopleural fistula treated with a single anterior chest tube (risk of kinking in prone position)
2. Exclusion criteria for respiratory raisons

   * Necessity to use NOi or almitrine
   * Extra body circulation for oxygenation and/or CO2 epuration
3. Exclusion criteria linked to clinical context

   * Pulmonary transplantation
   * Burns ≥ 20% of body surface
   * Chronic respiratory insufficiency under home oxygen therapy or non invasive ventilation
   * Chronic disease supposed to be fatal in less than 1 year
   * Non invasive ventilation for more than 24 hours before enrollment
4. Other exclusion criteria

   * Decision to stop life-supportive therapies before enrollment
   * Enrollment in an other trial testing an intervention and with mortality as primary end point in the last 30 days
   * Prior enrollment in the same study
   * Prone position before enrollment
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children undergoing general anesthesia with prone position
* Endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation during general anesthesia
* Operation time is more than 2 hours

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous lung surgery
* Any abnormal findings such as atelectasis, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, or pneumonia on preoperative chest X-ray
* Researchers judge (to be inappropriate)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Infant \< 6 months
* Admitted in the pediatric intensive care unit of the Femme-Mère-Enfant hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
* With severe acute viral bronchiolitis requiring ventilatory support (mWCAS \> 4 and/or and or FiO2\> 40% and/or hypercapnic acidosis (pH\<7.30 and/or pCO2\>8 kPa))
* Signed informed consent by the two parents or the owner of parental authority

Exclusion Criteria:

* Chronic respiratory, neuromuscular, ENT or cardiac disease
* Contraindication for placement of esophageal probe (esophageal surgery, varices, ...)
* Children requiring invasive ventilation (more than 3 significant apneas in 1 hour, decreased consciousness, ...)
* Children not affiliated to a social security scheme
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* ARDS patient
* mechanically ventilated in prone position
* sedated and paralyzed
* with continuous cardiac output monitoring by transpulmonary thermodilution and pulse contour analysis
* fluid loading as indicated by attending physician

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age below 18
* no affiliation to social security
* Vena cava obstruction
* previous inclusion in protocol

Answer: B