Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Biomarkers of Orthodontic Tooth Movement With Fixed Appliances and Vibration Appliance Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: Currently, orthodontic treatment typically lasts approximately 2 years. There are a number of advantages for reducing the duration of treatment, including reducing the potential risk of caries, root resorption and for minimizing patient "burn out" from prolonged treatment.

While some evidence does exist that vibration may accelerate the speed of tooth movement, the biological mechanism is still unknown. Identification of specific factors involved in tooth movement that are further stimulated by vibration would help to understand the mechanisms involved as well as discover possible biologic targets which could be utilized or modified to maximize the benefits of vibration treatment.

The purpose of this study is to identify novel biological factors that are expressed in patients undergoing orthodontic tooth movement in conjunction with vibration appliance therapy.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects will be recruited from a sample of consecutive cases attending for routine fixed appliance orthodontic treatment with conventional pre-adjusted edgewise brackets that satisfy the following criteria: in the permanent dentition; a requirement for extraction of a premolar unit in each quadrant; incisor irregularity between 5-12 mm.

Exclusion Criteria:

* no medical contraindications; no craniofacial anomalies or cleft lip/palate;
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients aged between (16 - 24) years.
2. Moderate crowding (3 - 5) mm in the anterior region of the maxillary dental arch with an irregularity index of (7 mm or more) mm according to Little Index with an indication to extract upper two premolars.
3. All upper teeth are existed (except for third molars).
4. Patients have not undergone previous orthodontic treatment.
5. Patients have not undergone any medical treatment that interfere with orthodontic tooth movement (Cortisone, NSAIDs, ...).
6. Patient with good oral hygiene (Plaque Index less than 1).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any medical condition affecting orthodontic tooth movement.
2. Bad oral hygiene (Plaque Index greater than 1).
3. Any peri-apical lesions developed during treatment.
4. Patient lack of commitment toward follow-up appointments.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy, non-smoker with no systemic medical conditions and no routine medications
* 15 to 35 years of age at the time of bonding
* Non-extraction treatment plan or no extractions required in the first 6 months of treatment
* At least 5mm of crowding in the mandibular arch
* Full-complement dentition 1st molar to 1st molar
* Good oral hygiene

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients that require extractions as part of the orthodontic plan
* Smoking or excessive alcohol consumption
* Patients with edentulous areas
* Evidence of periodontal disease (any pocket depths more than 4mm)
* Use of anti-inflammatory drugs within 2 days of bonding
* Active oral lesions (ulcerations, sores, mucositis, etc.)
* Uncontrolled diabetes
* Dentofacial deformities (cleft palate, hemifacial microsomia, etc.)
* Subjects routinely taking any of the following medications:
* Corticosteroids (including for asthma)
* Bisphosphonates
* Anti-inflammatories
* Nicotine Patch
* Estrogen
* Opioids
* Growth Hormone
* Relaxin
* Anti-coagulants
* Disease that could affect bone metabolism:
* Parathyroid or thyroid dysfunction
* Osteoporosis, osteomalacia
* Vitamin D deficiency
* Fibrous dysplasia
* Paget's Disease
* Multiple Myeloma
* Osteogenesis Imperfecta
* History of Bone Metastasis
* Patients taking medications such as bisphosphonates, corticosteroids or any anti-inflammatory drug
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients scheduled to undergo dual arch fixed appliance orthodontic treatment in any of the three trial centers will be invited to participate in this trial by the operator planning to conduct their orthodontic treatment.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who have undergone previous orthodontic treatment including fixed, removable and functional appliances.
* Patients less than 12 years old at the start of orthodontic treatment.
* Patients with orofacial clefting, severe hypodontia, and special needs patients.
* Patients undergoing orthognathic (jaw) surgery as part of their orthodontic treatment plan.

Answer: C