Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effects of Dual Task Training on Motor and Non-Motor Function in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease
Brief Summary: The primary aim of the proposed project is to characterize dual tasking (DT) deficits to improve motor, cognitive, and quality of life outcomes in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Phase 1 of the intervention will involve an in-depth gait analysis on 15 individuals with PD. This gait analysis will utilize the Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN) system, a virtual reality system with a fully integrated 3-D motion capture system. The purpose of Phase 1 is to generalize characteristics of gait and postural control during specific DT conditions. Phase 2 (N=20) involves the clinical translation of these findings. This phase will involve creating a clinical intervention based on the objective information gathered the CAREN system. The intervention will take place 3x/week for a total of 8 weeks. Interventional groups will include: 1) DT clinical group (N=10) and 2) Single task group (N=10). Outcome measures will be used at the beginning and end of the intervention to assess the feasibility and efficacy of the intervention.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with idiopathic PD.
* Patients with motor fluctuations averaging at least 1 hour daily in the "OFF" state during the waking hours.
* Patients with a Modified Hoehn and Yahr stage ≤3 in the "ON" state.
* Patients taking optimised levodopa or dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (DDI) therapy; they must be stable for at least 14 days prior to baseline.
* Patients receiving at least 3 daily doses of levodopa and not more than 8 daily doses of levodopa.
* Patients who have demonstrated the ability to keep accurate "24-hour" diaries prior to randomisation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with a clinically significant or unstable medical or surgical condition that would preclude his/her safe and complete study participation.
* Patients with a clinically significant or unstable vascular disease.
* Patients who have undergone a neurosurgical intervention of PD.
* Patients with severe disabling dyskinesias.
* Patients with a clinically significant psychiatric illness, including a major depression, which compromises their ability to provide consent or participate fully in the study.
* Patients with a Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤24.
* Patients with a diagnosis of melanoma or a history of melanoma, or a suspicious lesion.

Other inclusion and exclusion criteria may apply.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD
* Able to provide informed consent
* Ability to ambulate ≥ 300ft with or without an assistive device
* Hoehn and Yahr stage 2-4

Exclusion Criteria:

* Undergone any surgical procedure for the treatment of PD, such as deep brain stimulation
* Those who are considered to be high risk exercisers per American College of Sports Medicine exercise screening questionnaire
* Musculoskeletal injury or neurological injury other than PD that would restrict physical activity
* Inability to follow 2 step commands
* Significant cognitive impairment as designated by ≥ 3 errors on the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with idiopathic PD.
2. At least 30 years old at the time of PD diagnosis.
3. Currently being treated with IR LD (CD-LD or benserazide-LD) and on a stable regimen of IR LD for at least 4 weeks and:

   * Requiring a total daily IR LD dose of at least 400 mg
   * Having a minimum dosing frequency of four times per day.
4. Able to differentiate "on" state from "off" state.
5. Have predictable "off" periods.
6. Amantadine, anticholinergics, selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline) or dopamine agonists are allowed as long as the doses and regimens have been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and the therapy is intended to be constant throughout the course of the study.
7. Agrees to use a medically acceptable method of contraception throughout the study and for 1 month afterward.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with atypical Parkinsonism or any known secondary Parkinsonian syndrome.
2. Nonresponsive to LD therapy.
3. Prior functional neurosurgical treatment for PD (e.g., ablation or deep brain stimulation) or if such procedures are anticipated during study participation.
4. Received within 4 weeks or planning to take during participation in the clinical study: any controlled-release LD product, additional CD (e.g., Lodosyn®) or benserazide (e.g. Serazide®), catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors (e.g., entacapone and tolcapone), nonselective MAO inhibitors, apomorphine, and antipsychotics including neuroleptic agents for the purpose of treating psychosis or bipolar disorder.
5. Allergic to Yellow Dye #5 (tartrazine).
6. History of or currently active psychosis.
7. Active or prior medical conditions such as peptic ulcers or prior surgical (e.g., bowel) procedures that would interfere with LD absorption.
8. Active or history of narrow-angle glaucoma.
9. A history of malignant melanoma or a suspicious undiagnosed skin lesion.
10. History of myocardial infarction with residual atrial, nodal, or ventricular arrhythmias, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or neuroleptic malignant syndrome and/or nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis.
11. Received any investigational medications during the 4 weeks prior to Screening.
12. Unable to swallow large pills (e.g., large vitamin pills).
13. Pregnant or breastfeeding.
14. Subjects who are unable to complete a symptom diary.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* 2 or more falls within 6 months prior to the beginning of the study
* Aged 60-85 years
* Able to walk for 5 minutes unassisted
* Adequate hearing and vision capabilities.
* Stable medication for the past 1 month and anticipated over a period of 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychiatric co-morbidity
* Clinical diagnosis of dementia or other severe cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* History of stroke, traumatic brain injury or other neurological disorders (other than PD and MCI, for those groups)
* Acute lower back or lower extremity pain, peripheral neuropathy, rheumatic and orthopaedic diseases
* Unstable medical condition in the past 6 months
* Unable to comply with the training
* Interfering therapy

Answer: B