Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Fall Risk Reduction in Multiple Sclerosis: Exercise Versus Behavior
Brief Summary: Falls are a serious health concern for persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Over 50% of persons with MS suffer a fall over a 6-month periodwith the majority of falls resulting in medical attention for injuries (i.e., lacerations, bone fractures, \& head injuries). The effects of a fall are often compounded as it can lead to activity curtailment, physiological deconditioning, and institutionalization. Despite the importance of falls in persons with MS, the appropriate prevention strategies (i.e. rehabilitation approaches) are not clear. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether exercise based or educational based interventions are more suited for fall prevention in older adults with MS.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* MS of any type with no relapse in the previous month
* Self-reported history of 2 or more falls in the previous 2 months
* Ability to walk at least 100 meters with intermittent or unilateral constant assistance (Expanded Disability Severity Scale (EDSS) step \<6.0)
* Daily access a computer and willingness to respond to a daily survey

Exclusion Criteria:

* Medical conditions that would preclude reliable participation or increases risk for injury during the program
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Definite multiple sclerosis diagnosis
* ambulatory
* aged 50-75 years of age
* fallen within 12 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* non-ambulatory
* outside age range
* no fall history
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Multiple Sclerosis of any type,
* self-reported history of at least 1 fall in the previous year,
* able to walk at least 25 feet with or without an assistive device,
* clinically stable Multiple Sclerosis (no relapse in 30 days prior to enrollment),
* intermittent or constant unilateral or bilateral assistance required to walk,
* right-handed, willingness to remain consistent with medication use and level of physical activity for the duration of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* serious psychiatric or medical conditions that would preclude reliable participation in the study,
* dementia (MMSE \<24),
* deafness,
* blindness,
* inability to follow directions in English,
* significant upper extremity tremor or weakness,
* more than 1 hour of assistive device training within the previous 3 years,
* any exclusions to receiving MRI scans (implanted devices, anxiety, claustrophobia, body weight over 350 lbs).
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \< 65 years
* Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 2.0 \> score \< 6.0 (24)
* Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) score ≥ 24
* Absence of cognitive impairment
* Absence of heart problems
* Self-reported sensation of postural instability
* Ability to maintain standing position without aids for at least 1 minute
* Ability to walk independently for at least 15 metres

Exclusion Criteria:

* Disease recurrence that worsens significantly during the 3 months prior to recruitment
* Pharmacological therapy not well defined
* Presence of vestibular disorders and/or paroxysmal vertigo
* Performance of any type of rehabilitation treatment in the month prior to recruitment
* Presence of other concurrent neurological or orthopaedic diseases involving the lower limbs and/or interfering with standing position and/or walking.

Answer: B