Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effectiveness, Cost and Cost Effectiveness of Intermittent Preventive Treatment or Screening and Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy Among Women Using Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Bed Net: a Randomised Controlled Trial.
Brief Summary: Among the best practices recommended for malaria control during pregnancy is ensuring effective case management of malaria illness. However, this is often not practiced because (1) malaria infection in pregnancy is often asymptomatic, (2) peripheral parasitaemia may be absent even when the placenta is heavily parasitized, (3) implementing diagnosis and treatment of malaria within a routine antenatal service may be difficult and (4) antimalarial treatment options available to pregnant women are limited due to resistance to chloroquine(CQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine(SP0 and paucity of safety and efficacy data on other antimalarial drugs in pregnancy, particularly artemisinin combination treatments (ACT). Therefore the commonest recommended practice in pregnancy is the administration of SP as intermittent preventive treatment (SP-IPTp). However, the effectiveness of SP-IPTp has been questioned because parasite resistance to SP is spreading rapidly across sub-Saharan Africa.

This is a three-arm open label randomised control non-inferiority trial of insecticide-treated nets(ITN) plus rapid diagnostic test(RDT) screening, and treatment with SP or amodiaquine plus artimisinin(AQ+AS) versus ITN plus IPTp using SP. It is to be carried out in pregnant women of all parities presenting at enrolling antenatal clinics with a gestation of 16 to 20 weeks at their first booking. The key objectives are to demonstrate that (1) the prevalence of severe anaemia (Hb \< 8g/dl) at 34 to 36 weeks of gestation (2) the prevalence of low birth weight (BW \< 2500g) at delivery or within 72 hours after delivery (3) the prevalence of placenta parasitaemia and (4) the incidence of serious and non-serious adverse events in the ITN plus RDT screening and treatment arm are not greater than those in the ITN plus IPTp arm. Alongside the clinical assessments, health care cost assessments will be done to determine the cost-effectiveness of the two delivery strategies measured as cases of severe maternal anaemia averted.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* First or second pregnancy
* Greater than 16 weeks gestation
* Less than 28 weeks gestation
* Consent for HIV testing

Exclusion Criteria:

* Less than 15 years old
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Less than 28 weeks of pregnancy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous allergic reactions to sulphonamides
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Her pregnancy is confirmed at 16 to 24 weeks at their first booking.
* She is willing to participate and complete the test schedule, and has given informed consent.
* She is willing to have supervised delivered at maternity units in the district.
* She lives within the study district.

Exclusion Criteria:

* She has a past obstetric and medical history that will adversely affect the interpretation of outcomes such as repeated stillbirths and eclampsia.
* She has a haemoglobin level below 5.0 g/dl.
* She has malaria that is severe enough to require parenteral medication.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women whose pregnancies are at \<27 weeks gestation at first antenatal booking
* Permanent resident in study area
* Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Late presentation: pregnancies more than 26 weeks gestation at first antenatal booking
* Severe anaemia (Hb\<70g/L) on enrolment
* Previous reaction to a sulfa-drug (e.g. sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, septrin)
* History of severe skin reaction to any drug
* Current (or history) of severe disease (e.g. hepatitis, jaundice, TB, AIDS)

Withdrawal Criteria:

* Withdrawal of consent
* Women developing severe anaemia (Hb\<70g/L)during pregnancy

Answer: C