Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: V-TIME: A Treadmill Training Program Augmented by Virtual Reality to Decrease Fall Risk in Older Adults, Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairments
Brief Summary: The proposed randomized controlled trial will evaluate the effects of treadmill training augmented with virtual reality on fall risk.

300 older adults with a history of falls will be recruited to participate in this study. This will include older adults (n=100), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n=100), and patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)(n=100). Subjects will be randomly assigned to the intervention group (treadmill training with virtual reality) or to the active-control group (treadmill training without virtual reality). Each person will participate in a training program set in an outpatient setting 3 times per week for 6 weeks. Assessments will take place before, after, and 1 month and 6 months after the completion of the training.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 50+
* able to pedal recumbent stationary bicycle
* available for regular exercise participation 3-5x/week for at least 6 months
* physician permission to exercise

Exclusion Criteria:

* unstable heart condition or other significant cardiovascular history (e.g,. stroke)
* meets criteria for Alzheimer's or other dementia
* significant history of other neurological disease (e.g., seizures, Parkinson's, etc.)
* physician denial to exercise
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 50+
* able to participate in cycling
* physician permission

Exclusion Criteria:

* unstable heart condition
* physician denial
* neurological condition
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 2 or more falls within 6 months prior to the beginning of the study
* Aged 60-85 years
* Able to walk for 5 minutes unassisted
* Adequate hearing and vision capabilities.
* Stable medication for the past 1 month and anticipated over a period of 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychiatric co-morbidity
* Clinical diagnosis of dementia or other severe cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* History of stroke, traumatic brain injury or other neurological disorders (other than PD and MCI, for those groups)
* Acute lower back or lower extremity pain, peripheral neuropathy, rheumatic and orthopaedic diseases
* Unstable medical condition in the past 6 months
* Unable to comply with the training
* Interfering therapy
D: INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Participants fulfilling all of the following inclusion criteria are eligible for the study:

* (1 = mNCD) clinical diagnosis of 'Mild Neurocognitive Disorder' according to the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-XI) or the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®)) OR (2 = sMCI) patients screened for mild cognitive impairment (sMCI) according to the following criteria: (a) informant (i.e. healthcare professionals)-based suspicion of MCI confirmed by (b) an objective screening of MCI based on the German Version of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen with (b1) a recommended cut-off score for cognitive impairment (MCI or dementia) of \< 62/100 (doi: 10.3233/JAD-161204), while (b2) not falling below the cut-off score for dementia (i.e. \< 45/100 (doi: 10.3233/JAD-161204)).
* German speaking
* able to stand at least for 10 min without assistance

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

The presence of any of the following exclusion criteria will lead to exclusion of the participants:

* mobility impairments (i.e. gait, balance) that prevent experiment participation
* presence of additional, clinically relevant (i.e. acute and/or symptomatic) neurological disorders (i.e. epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, brain tumors, or traumatic disorders of the nervous system)
* presence of any other unstable or uncontrolled diseases

Additional exclusion criteria will comprise of Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria (according to the Federal Office of Public Health). In case of Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria, participation in the study will only be allowed in case the treating physician provided written informed consent to allow participation in this study despite the presence of Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria. These Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria will include:

* high blood pressure (self-reported; systolic ≥ 140 mmHg and/or Diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg)
* Chronic respiratory condition
* uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes
* Condition or therapy that weakens the immune system
* unstable Cardiovascular Disease
* Cancer (present and/or under treatment)
* Serious obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2)

Answer: C