Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Percutaneous Pin Removal in the Outpatient Clinic - do Children Require Analgesia? A Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: This is a simple randomised clinical trial to study if non-narcotic analgesia reduces the pain score and pulse rate of children who undergo removal of percutaneous pins in the outpatient clinic.

Inclusion criteria:

* 5-12 years of age
* 2 or 3 percutaneous pins in either elbow

Exclusion criteria:

- documented or suspected allergies to acetaminophen, ibuprofen

Patients enrolled in the study are instructed not take additional analgesia prior to the clinic visit (risk of overdosage explained). This is verified by clinic nurses conducting the trial.

At the clinic visit, they are randomized into one of three groups

1. acetaminophen; 2. ibuprofen; or 3. Vitamin C (Placebo).

They are served the 'medication' (weight-appropriate dose) and the pins are removed in the clinic an hour later.

Pain score (Wong-Baker scale) and pulse rate are measured before pin removal, immediately following pin removal, and 10 minutes after pin removal.

The study hypothesis is that non-narcotic analgesia (such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen) do not decrease pain score and pulse rate associated with the pin removal procedure.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients ages 2-18 undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy by electrocautery alone for sleep disordered breathing or infectious tonsillitis will be included.
* Patients with complex medical conditions and craniofacial abnormalities will be included.
* Informed consent and child assent will be required for enrollment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with a known personal or family history of a bleeding disorder will be excluded.
* Patients with a history of asthma, kidney or liver problems will also be excluded.
* Patients with tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy performed using a cold knife technique, microdebrider, coblation or plasma knife.
* Patients on NSAIDs for other medical conditions, or those who have taken NSAIDs within 1 week of surgery will be excluded.
* Patients with allergy to aspirin or other NSAIDs, acetaminophen, Red Dye #40 or Red Dye #33 will also be excluded.
* Pregnancy testing using urine β-subunit of hCG gonadotropin (beta-HCG) will be performed on all children \> 13 years of age, or those younger than 13 who are menstruating; this is the testing protocol used at the Children's Hospital of Boston. Patients found to be pregnant will be excluded from participation.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age\<=18 years
* Undergoing ERCP (defined as cannulation of the major or minor papilla) for any indication

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age\>18
* Pancreatitis within the 72 hours preceding ERCP
* Allergy or hypersensitivity to Aspirin or NSAID medications
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding mother
* Cr \>1.4
* Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in preceding 72 hours
* Heart disease reliant upon a patient ductus arteriosis
* History of sickle cell disease
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Normal, healthy males and females 16 to 40 years of age
* Outpatients who have moderate to severe post-operative pain (confirmed by a Visual Analog Scale-Pain Severity Rating \[VAS-PSR\] score of at least 50 mm on a 100 mm VAS-PSR) following surgical extraction of two or more third molars, at least one of which must be a partial or complete bony mandibular impaction
* Use of only the following pre-operative medication(s)/anesthetic(s): topical benzocaine, a short acting parenteral (local) anesthetic (mepivacaine or lidocaine) with or without vasoconstrictor and/or nitrous oxide

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy or breast-feeding
* Alcohol or substance abuse
* Any serious medical or psychiatric disorder
* History of stomach ulcers, stomach bleed, or other bleeding disorders
* Use of a prescription or over-the-counter drug with which administration of ibuprofen or any other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, acetaminophen, or hydrocodone is contraindicated (including: opioids, antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, or other central nervous system depressants\[including alcohol\])
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* age: 5-12 inclusive
* 2 or 3 percutaneous pins in either elbow

Exclusion Criteria:

* documented or suspected allergies to acetaminophen or ibuprofen

Answer: D