Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Middle Eastern Immigrant Population At-risk for Diabetes; Contributing Risk Factors and the Efficiency and Cost-effectiveness of a Culturally Adopted Lifestyle Intervention Program - the MEDIM Study.
Brief Summary: An increasing proportion of Sweden's population comprises non-European immigrants, who constitute a high risk-population for T2D. Numbering almost 9,000 individuals, Iraqi citizens represent the largest immigrant group in Malmoe and are identified as a risk group for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in whom genetic and lifestyle factors probably play significant roles in the development of T2D.

Several studies have shown that adoption of an active lifestyle by at-risk individuals dramatically reduces the risk of T2D. However, there are currently no established methods for providing support to high-risk individuals from different cultural and social backgrounds to help them adopt beneficial lasting lifestyle changes. Instead of just waiting for Iraqi high-risk individuals to develop T2D, this project will implement and assess lifestyle intervention programs aimed at reducing the risk of developing T2D and tailored to individuals with a different social and cultural background.

The study thus seeks to optimize preventive action in health care and aims to facilitate the adoption of permanent changes in lifestyle in high-risk patients, taking account of cultural and social barriers.

Since T2D is associated with a sedentary lifestyle and develops earlier in men than women and an average 10 years earlier in immigrants from the Middle East than in native Swedes, it is crucial to study pathogenic mechanisms triggering T2D development in relation to sex, lifestyle and ethnic background. The results will provide the basis for deciding how health care providers can actively work to prevent T2D and other lifestyle-associated diseases in this high-risk population that has not been studied before.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* (1) 30 to 75 years of age
* (2) individuals in the baseline survey diagnosed with prediabetes. OR BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 OR waist \>=80 cm in females and \>=94cm in males.

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy, severe mental illness, diabetes, and/or cognitive impairment, current CVD or history of CVD events. CVD includes stroke, angina or myocardial infarction (MI), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), transient ischemic attack (TIA) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) or other physical disorders that prevent physical exercise.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

Age 18 to 70 with stage IV or stage V (non-dialysis dependent) chronic kidney disease

Exclusion Criteria:

* No evidence of cancer within 2 years prior to recruitment date
* No evidence of stage IV congestive heart failure
* No evidence of end-stage liver disease
* No evidence of unstable coronary artery disease
* No evidence of pulmonary hypertension
* No evidence of severe peripheral vascular disease
* No history of HIV
* No chronic (debilitating) infections
* No prior kidney transplant
* No prior completion of transplant evaluation process
* No prior dialysis treatment
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient at one of the participating primary care clinics (at least 1 visit in past 12 months)
* Age 40 and older
* Speaking English or Spanish
* Plan to continue to be seen at current clinic and to not leave the area for \>2 months anytime in the next 9 months or to be absent at 9 or 15 months
* COPD defined as ever having had a post-bronchodilator Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second/Forced Vital Capacity (FEV1/FVC) \<.70 of FEV1/FVC of .70 to .74 and diagnosis of COPD by the study pulmonologist
* Willingness to attempt spirometry
* At least moderate COPD, defined as at least one of the following:

  * Ever Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) \< 80% predicted
  * 1 or more emergency department (ED) visit for COPD exacerbation in past 12 months
  * 1 or more hospital stays for COPD exacerbation in past 12 months
  * 1 or more prescriptions for oral prednisone for a COPD exacerbation in past 12 months
  * Ever on home oxygen therapy
  * Ever outpatient percutaneous oxygen saturation of \</=88%
  * Ever outpatient partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) by arterial blood gas (ABG) of \</=55mm Hg
  * At least 3 outpatient visits for COPD in past 12 months AND (a current COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score of \>/=10 OR an modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) score of \>/=2).
  * Currently using tiotropium inhaler or combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta agonist

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to participate in the study due to mental or physical impairment
* Severe or terminal illness that precludes focus on COPD
* No phone
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. age 21-65 years
2. self-identified as a KA woman
3. no mammogram and Pap test within the last 18 months
4. able to read and write Korean or English
5. willing to provide written study consent
6. willingness to provide written consent to allow the researchers to audit medical records for mammography and Pap test use.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Potential participants with a cancer diagnosis, an acute and/or terminal condition
2. Psychiatric diagnosis (e.g., schizophrenia or cognitive impairment), or other conditions
3. Women who have undergone hysterectomy

Answer: A