Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Reduction of Pain Following Laparoscopic Surgery: A Double Blind Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.
Brief Summary: Shoulder tip and abdominal pain following laparoscopic procedures are well recognized as causes of post-operative morbidity. This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial attempts to reduce post-operative pain in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery by implementing a simple intra-operative technique.

Patients who undergo elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease or laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair will be recruited to the trial. Patients will be randomized to either the current standard (control group) or to receive an intervention to remove residual CO2. In the intervention group the pneumo-peritoneum will be removed, at the end of the operation, by placing the patient in the Trendelenburg position and utilising a pulmonary recruitment maneuver consisting of two manual inflations to a maximum pressure of 60 cm H2O. In the control group residual pneumo-peritoneum will be evacuated at the end of the procedure by passive decompression via the open operative ports.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients receive benign gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.
* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of patient:

classification I-II

Exclusion Criteria:

* The procedure will be required to conversion to laparotomy.
* Any cardio-vascular diseases.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* All patients were recruited from a single Consultant's surgical clinic at the same District General Hospital between August 2010 and February 2012. This study was approved by the local ethics committee (National Research Ethics Service REC ref: 09/H0405/65) and informed consent was obtained from all patients after they had the opportunity to study information leaflets that were also given to them. The trial was designed as a prospectively randomized and double blind trial with a 1:1 (control:intervention) allocation.

The inclusion criteria was all adults with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status grade 1 or 2, who were undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder disease or laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair performed as a transabdominal preperitoneal procedure (TAP). All procedures and data collection occurred at a District General Hospital.

Exclusion Criteria:

The pre-operative exclusion criteria included patients younger than 18 years, those who refused to give consent, those that had an inability to understand the research questionnaire and pregnancy. Patients who were found to require additional procedures, for example a conversion to open surgery, were excluded from the study prior to randomization.

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C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elective laparoscopic hysterectomy (total/subtotal)
* Can read and understand Danish
* Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* BMI \> 30 kg/cm2
* Known allergy to medications that are included in the project
* Severe renal disease, defined by S-creatinine \> 0,200 mmol/L, GFR \< 30ml/min or hemodialysis)
* Neuromuscular disease that may interfere with neuromuscular data
* Lactating
* Impaired liver function
* Indication for rapid sequence induction (esophageal reflux/ hiatus hernia/other cause)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* benign adnexa diseases which are scheduled for laparoscopic surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

* The procedure required conversion to a laparotomy, An operative time \> 3 hours, Interpretation of pain was impossible due to serious adverse effects.

Answer: B