Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Multicentre, Double-blind, Randomized, Phase IV Clinical Trial Comparing the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Levetiracetam Versus Lamotrigine and Carbamazepine in the Oral Antiepileptic Therapy of Newly Diagnosed Elderly Patients With Focal Epilepsy.
Brief Summary: In this clinical trial patients with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy aged 60 years or older receive three different antiepileptic drugs in a double-blind, randomized design over a period of 58 weeks. All drugs are licensed for the treatment of epilepsy. The primary endpoint of this study will be retention rate at 58-weeks, since it reflects both efficacy and tolerability.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 12 years
* Body weight ≥ 30kg (patients 12-15 years of age) and ≥ 40kg (patients over 16 years of age), respectively
* Either one epileptic seizure with high risk of relapse (partial seizure semiology, MRI lesion or pathological focal EEG findings) or a newly diagnosed epilepsy (≥ 2 unprovoked seizures) with at least 1 seizure within the past 3 months before begin of trial participance
* Treatment with no or a maximum of one anticonvulsant drug at the time of inclusion
* Fertile women of ≥ 16 years of age must use at least one of the following contraceptives for at least one month prior to initiation of trial participance: Oral contraceptive, contraceptive diaphragm, intrauterine contraceptive device (coil), tube ligation. For girls between 12 and 15 years of age a written confirmation of sexual abstinence, given by a person having the care and custody of the child, is sufficient.
* Informed consent by the proband in written form after being informed about character, relevance and consequences of the clinical trial, and additional informed consent given by a person having the care and custody of the child for patients between 12 and 17 years of age, respectively.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with non-epileptic seizures or acute symptomatic seizures whose cause can be corrected
* Patients who suffer from absence seizures or simple partial seizures without motor signs (aura) only
* Patients who had a chronic focal epilepsy or an epileptic state in their medical history
* Patients with progressive neurological, degenerative or malignant diseases which are clinically relevant from the investigator's point of view (e.g. cardiovascular or endocrinic diseases)
* Patients who have been treated with Levetiracetam or Lamotrigine before
* Patients with known manifest renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance \< 80 mL/min)
* Patients with known hypersensitivity to Levetiracetam, Lamotrigine or another component of the trial drugs
* Patients who are attended by a legal guardian
* Patients suffering from a psychiatric disease or affective disorders (within the past 6 months), which had to be treated with electric convulsive therapy, tranquilizing agents, monoamine oxidase inhibitors or CNS-active sympathomimetics (e.g. methylphenidate)
* Patients who were suffering from alcohol- or drug-addiction within the past 12 months
* Pregnant or breast-feeding women
* Patients who participated in another clinical trial within the past 30 days
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients from age 4 to 16, who have been diagnosed with focal epilepsy
2. Patients who have experienced minimal two unprovoked seizures, or patients who have had one unprovoked seizure and have shown focal abnormality in the EEG
3. Patients who have not received any antiepileptic medications prior to the study (Those who have been treated with rescue medication are eligible)
4. Patients with eligible consent or with legal guardians have given official consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with progressive CNS disease, or systemic illness
2. Patients with level of SGOT/SPGT above the doubled normal level or BUN/Creatinine above the 3 times of the normal range
3. Patients who had used other anti-epileptic medication during any period of the trial, including baseline period. (Benzodiazepine used as rescue therapy is acceptable)
4. Patients who show hypersensitive reaction to the study medication.
5. Patients with any psychological problems.
6. Patients deemed inappropriate for the study by the investigators
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of epilepsy (all types of seizures) was made during the past year
* Subjects must have had at least two unprovoked seizures in the past 2 years with at least one during the last 6 months
* Female subjects without childbearing potential are eligible. Female subjects with childbearing potential are eligible if they use a medically accepted contraceptive method

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects previously allocated to a trial treatment (CBZ, VPA and LEV) used in this trial
* Participation in another clinical trial with an investigational drug or device within 12 weeks of the selection visit (V1), or at any time during this trial
* Pregnant or lactating women
* Presence of known pseudoseizures within the last year
* Uncountable seizures (clusters) or history of convulsive status epilepticus
* Any disorder or condition that may interfere with the absorption, distribution, metabolisation or excretion of drugs
* History of suicide attempt, current suicidal ideation, or other serious psychiatric disorders requiring or having required hospitalization or medication within the previous five years
* Presence of progressive cerebral disease, any other progressively degenerative neurological disease, or any cerebral tumors
* Presence of a terminal illness or any medical condition that might interfere with the subject's trial participation
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 60 yrs or above.
* New onset focal epilepsy i.e. either at least one epileptic seizure in the last 6 months and focal epileptiform discharges on EEG or a relevant lesion on CT/MRI or at least 2 epileptic seizures, one of which occurring in the last 6 months prior inclusion.
* No previous AED treatment, except for a period not longer than 4 weeks prior to inclusion (V0).
* Ability of subject to understand verbal and written instructions, to comply with all study requirements, and to comprehend character and individual consequences of the clinical trial.
* Written informed consent before enrolment in the trial.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Acute symptomatic epileptic seizures occurring acutely within a 2 week period after the onset of an acute illness such as cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarct, rapid progressive malignancy or other acute brain abnormalities (i.e. encephalitis, hypoxic brain damage, trauma, metabolic derangement, following brain surgery).
* Dementia (as defined by history)
* Renal insufficiency as defined by GFR \< 50 mL/min.
* Increased liver enzymes (GOT, GPT, gGT) or increased bilirubin ≥ 2-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN).
* Pre-treatment with valproic acid within the four weeks prior inclusion (V0).
* Contraindication against or history of hypersensitivity to any of the investigational medicinal products or to any drug with similar chemical structure or to any excipient present in the pharmaceutical form of the investigational medicinal products.
* Participation in other clinical trials and observation period of competing trials within the last 2 months, respectively.
* History of drug or alcohol abuse within the last 2 years.
* Medical condition which interferes with the participation in the trial according to the opinion of the investigator.
* Patients with life expectancy \< 1 year due to malignant disease
* Psychiatric morbidity requiring legal guardianship.

Answer: D