Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Impact of Using a Point-of-care Urine LAM Strip Test for TB Diagnosis Amongst Hospitalized HIV-infected Patients in Resource-poor Settings
Brief Summary: The novel urine LAM point-of-care strip test offers potential clinical utility to improve TB diagnosis in HIV co-infected patients. Urine LAM strip test performance improves with increasing illness severity and more advanced immunosuppression, thus offering the greatest potential utility in hospitalised HIV-infected patients with advanced immunosuppression (CD4 cell count less than 200). However, in the context of high rates of empiric treatment and the availability of other novel TB diagnostics, the clinical impact of the urine LAM strip test is unknown. This study will investigate the impact of the urine LAM strip test. The study hypothesis is that the urine LAM strip test, when combined with standard TB diagnostics (smear microscopy and culture) will significantly improve TB treatment-related outcomes (TB-related mortality, morbidity and length of hospital stay) in HIV-infected hospitalized patients when compared to standard TB diagnostics alone.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV-infected (1x rapid HIV test positive)
* Considered TB suspect by attending doctor (must comprise at least 1 of the following: current fever or cough, drenching night sweats, self-reported LOW)
* Illness severity sufficient to warrant hospitalization
* ≥18 years old
* Provision of informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* HIV-uninfected
* Patients receiving any anti-TB medication in the 60 days prior to testing
* Unable to provide 30mls urine
* Inability to provide informed consent
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Community participant willing to complete community-based symptom screening, urine testing and/or undergo TB diagnostic tests at the local TB clinic.
2. Provision of informed consent.
3. HIV-negative adults (older than 18 years) with 1 or more of the following:

   * cough ≥ 2 weeks
   * loss of weight
   * persistent fever ≥ 2 weeks and/or
   * a single recorded temp \> 38°C
   * night sweats
   * generalized fatigue
   * hemoptysis or
   * chest pain
4. Any HIV+ve adult (older than 18 years).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Inability to provide informed consent (e.g. mentally impaired).
2. Patients self-presenting to the TB clinics.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged ≤ 12 years old (reported)
* HIV-1 positive (for example, two rapid HIV-1 antibody tests for children \>18 months and not breastfeeding, or one HIV-1 DNA/RNA test for children ≤18 months or who are breastfeeding)
* Not currently receiving antiretroviral therapy (history of pMTCT does not affect eligibility)
* Eligible to receive ART, according to current WHO guidelines
* Caregiver plans to reside in study catchment area for at least 6 months (reported)
* Caregiver provides sufficient locator information

Exclusion Criteria:

* Suspected meningitis, any other central nervous system infection, or encephalitis
D: Inclusion Criteria (Individuals must meet all of the following inclusion criteria in order to be eligible to participate):

* Informed consent
* Suspected active tuberculosis
* Willingness and ability to comply with study procedures
* Any one or more of the following:

  * Current cough
  * Fever at any time within the preceding 4 weeks
  * Night sweats at any time within the preceding 4 weeks
  * Weight loss within the preceding 4 weeks
* HIV-positive based on any one or more of the following:

  * written results of a positive HIV antibody test, and/or
  * written results of a positive HIV viral load, and/or
  * documentation in the medical record of positive HIV status by a treating clinician.

Exclusion Criteria (Any subjects meeting any of the following exclusion criteria at baseline will be excluded from study participation):

* Multidrug tuberculosis treatment for greater than two days within the previous 60 days
* Unwillingness or inability to provide a urine sample
* Known chronic pulmonary condition, e.g. asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema
* Respiratory distress, defined as respiratory rate of \>30 or oxygen saturation \<90%
* Any specific condition that in the judgment of the investigator precludes participation because it could affect a subject's safety.

Answer: A