Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Two Different Anesthesia-analgesia Methods on the Incidence of Postoperative Delirium: a Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: Postoperative delirium is a common complication in elderly patients after surgery. Its occurrence is associated with worse outcomes. The pathophysiology of delirium remains poorly understood. However, an universal phenomenon is that delirium frequently occurs in elderly patients after major complicated surgery, but is rarely seen after minor ambulatory surgery (such as cataract surgery). This indicates that stress response produced by surgery might have an important role in the pathogenesis of delirium. It has been reported that, when compared with general anesthesia and postoperative intravenous analgesia, neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia reduced the occurrence of postoperative complications and mortality in high risk patients. Combined epidural-general anesthesia is frequently used in clinical practice. This anesthetic method provides advantages of both epidural and general anesthesia, i.e. it blocks the afferent pathway of nociceptive stimulus by neuraxial blockade during and after surgery, and allows patients to endure long-duration surgery without any awareness. The investigators hypothesize that combined epidural-general anesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia can decrease the incidence of delirium in elderly patients after major surgery when compared with general anesthesia alone and postoperative intravenous analgesia.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Combined Epi-GA/PCEA; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Procedure: Combined Epi-GA/PCEA | Arm Label: GA/PCIA; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Procedure: GA/PCIA | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: Combined Epi-GA/PCEA; Assigned to Arm(s): Combined Epi-GA/PCEA | Intervention Type: PROCEDURE; Name: GA/PCIA; Assigned to Arm(s): GA/PCIA
B: Arm Label: multifaceted prevention program; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Multifaceted prevention program HELP(Hospital Elder Life Program) | Arm Label: usual care; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Multifaceted prevention program HELP(Hospital Elder Life Program); Assigned to Arm(s): multifaceted prevention program
C: Arm Label: Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) | Arm Label: Normal saline (placebo); Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Normal Saline (placebo) | Arm Label: Ketamine (1 mg/kg); Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Ketamine (1 mg/kg) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg); Assigned to Arm(s): Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Normal Saline (placebo); Assigned to Arm(s): Normal saline (placebo) | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Ketamine (1 mg/kg); Assigned to Arm(s): Ketamine (1 mg/kg)
D: Arm Label: Xenon; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Xenon | Arm Label: Sevoflurane; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Sevoflurane | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Xenon; Assigned to Arm(s): Xenon | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Sevoflurane; Assigned to Arm(s): Sevoflurane

Answer: A