Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Probiotics in Childhood Abdominal Pain
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of probiotics in childhood recurrent abdominal pain. Patients will be randomly assigned to receive L. reuteri or placebo for 4 weeks with a follow up phase of additional 4 weeks.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy children

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any chronic or organic illness
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients were considered for study inclusion, if they were 4 - 12 years of age and had if they had a pain history of at least 12 weeks (which need not be consecutive) in the preceding 12 months suggestive for IBS or FAP with no structural or metabolic abnormalities to explain the symptoms and according to the Rome II diagnostic criteria valid at the time of the design of the study.
* IBS was diagnosed in presence of an abdominal discomfort or pain with at least two of three features:

  * relieved with defecation
  * onset associated with a change in stool frequency
  * onset associated with a change in the form (appearance) of the stool.
* FAP was diagnosed in presence of symptoms of
* Continuous (nearly continuous) abdominal pain
* No or only occasional relation of pain with physiological events (e.g. eating, menses)
* Some loss of daily functioning
* The pain is not feigned (e.g. malingering)
* The patient has insufficient criteria for other functional gastrointestinal disorders that would explain the abdominal pain.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known concomitant psychiatric, neurological, metabolic, hepatic, renal, infectious, haematological, cardiovascular and pulmonary disease
* Treatment with antibiotics/probiotics in the last 2 months
* A pain history suggestive for functional dyspepsia or aerophagia or abdominal migrain
* Growth failure
* Gastroparesis
* Gastrointestinal obstructions/stricture
* Any disease that may affect bowel motility such as diabetes, connective disease or poorly controlled hypo/hyperthyrodism
* Previous abdominal surgery.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* abdominal pain related disorder (functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome or functional abdominal pain (FAPS) diagnosed according to Rome III criteria.

Exclusion Criteria:

* organic gastrointestinal disease (as established by medical history, complete blood count, urinalysis, stool examination for occult blood, ova and parasites, blood chemistries, abdominal ultrasound, breath hydrogen testing and endoscopy, if needed)
* other chronic disease
* growth failure
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children who have had at least one physician visit in the past year for abdominal pain or IBS symptoms.
* Children with recurrent abdominal pain who meet the criteria for irritable bowel syndrome.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children who have another disease that accounts for stomach pain
* Current use of anti-inflammatory medication
* Children taking a GI medication that makes pain go away completely
* Children with other chronic conditions including chronic pain conditions (e.g. heart condition, diabetes)
* Children who have decreased growth
* GI blood loss
* Unexplained fever
* Chronic severe diarrhea
* Weight loss of \> or = to 5% of body weight within 3 month prior to enrollment
* History of abdominal surgeries
* A history of suicide
* Cognitive impairment significantly below average age and/or grade level
* Non-English speaking parent or child
* Vomiting \>2x/month
* Children currently in psychotherapy for abdominal pain.

Answer: A