Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Investigator-Steered Project on Intravascular Renal Denervation for Management of Drug-Resistant Hypertension
Brief Summary: INSPiRED is a multicenter parallel-group trial comparing usual medical treatment (control group) or usual medical treatment plus renal denervation (intervention). In both groups adherence will be monitored both before randomization and during 36 months of follow-up.


Options:
A: Inclusion criteria:

* Women and men are eligible. Women of reproductive age should apply effective contraception.
* Age ranges from 20 years (inclusive) to less than 70 years.
* Patients should have essential hypertension.
* Treatment-resistant hypertension in patients taking a stable drug regimen for at least 4 weeks consisting of 3 or more antihypertensive medications from different classes, including a diuretic.
* Under maximal therapy, office blood pressure should be ≥140/90 mmHg and the 24-h ambulatory blood pressure should be 130 mm Hg systolic or 80 mm Hg diastolic or higher.
* eGFR must be ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
* The patients should accept to have adherence checked before randomisation and during supervised follow-up, but both patients and doctors will remain blinded to the results;
* Informed written consent.

Exclusion criteria:

* Suboptimal clinical context, because of recent history or concurrent disease.
* Isolated systolic and diastolic hypertension.
* Body-mass index ≥ 40kg/m2.
* The anatomy of the renal arteries is suboptimal for renal denervation.
* Pregnancy.
* Alcohol or substance abuse or psychiatric illnesses.
* Participation in other study.
* The clinical context is suboptimal for renal denervation.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* \>= 18 years of age.
* a systolic blood pressure of 160 mmHg or greater.
* receiving and adhering to full doses of an appropriate antihypertensive drug regimen for a minimum of two weeks prior to screening.
* agrees to have the study procedure(s) performed and additional procedures and evaluations, including repeat phlebotomy, imaging, urine analyses, and clinical examination.
* competent and willing to provide written, informed consent to participate in this clinical study.

Exclusion Criteria:

* renal arterial abnormalities
* end stage renal disease requiring dialysis or renal transplant
* serum Cr \> 3, or calculated GFR \< 45 ml/min
* has experienced MI, unstable angina pectoris, or CVA with 6 months
* others
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Individual has office systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 150 mmHg and \<180 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg after being off medications.
* Individual has 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) average SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and \< 170 mmHg.
* Individual is willing to discontinue current antihypertensive medications.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Individual lacks appropriate renal artery anatomy.
* Individual has estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of \<45.
* Individual has type 1 diabetes mellitus or poorly-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus.
* Individual has one or more episodes of orthostatic hypotension.
* Individual requires chronic oxygen support or mechanical ventilation other than nocturnal respiratory support for sleep apnea.
* Individual has primary pulmonary hypertension.
* Individual is pregnant, nursing or planning to become pregnant.
* Individual has frequent intermittent or chronic pain that results in treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for two or more days per week over the month prior to enrollment.
* Individual has stable or unstable angina within 3 months of enrollment, myocardial infarction within 3 months of enrollment; heart failure, cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack, or atrial fibrillation at any time.
* Individual works night shifts.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individual is ≥18 and ≤75 years of age
2. More than half a year for definite primary hypertension
3. Individual has a systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg (≥150 mmHg for type 2 diabetics) based on an average of three office blood pressure readings measured
4. Individual is adhering to a stable drug regimen, including three or more antihypertensive medications of which one is a diuretic, for a minimum of 14 days prior to enrollment
5. At least 30 seconds on a rhythm strip in an ECG record and at least 1 AF outbreak which was recorded by EGG and Holter during the preceding 6 months
6. Paroxysmal and persistent AF individual
7. Agree to attend experimental clinic and sign written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Secondary and white-coat hypertension
2. Permanent AF individual
3. Thrombus in left atrial appendage found by transesophageal echocardiography
4. Individual with severely enlarged left atria ≥55 mm
5. Individual has experienced renal artery stenosis, or a history of prior renal artery intervention including balloon angioplasty or stenting, or ineligible conditions seen on renal artery computed tomography angiogram inspection such as double renal artery on one side, renal artery length ≤2 cm, diameter ≤4 mm, and distortion at incept sect
6. Individual has experienced a definite acute coronary syndrome in the past 3 months, or a cerebrovascular accident and alimentary canal bleeding within 3 months
7. Individual has experienced sick sinus syndrome
8. reversible causes of AF, including alcohol abuse, surgery, electrocution, myocadial infarction, pericarditis, myocarditis, pulmonary embolism or other pulmonary diseases, hyperthyroidism, and other metabolic disorders
9. structural heart diseases such as congenital, valvular heart diseases and kinds of cardiomyopathy
10. Individual is pregnant or nursing
11. Mental disorders - individual cannot complete follow-up or one the researcher thinks is unfit to be included in this study

Answer: A