Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Pazopanib Versus Sunitinib for the Treatment of Asian Subjects With Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma - A Substudy to VEG108844
Brief Summary: This was a randomized, open label, parallel group, Phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pazopanib compared to sunitinib in Asian subjects with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who have not received prior systemic therapy for advanced or metastatic RCC.


Options:
A: DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS:

* Histologically confirmed renal cell cancer (RCC)

  * Clear-cell subtype with a resectable asymptomatic in situ primary

    * Asymptomatic primary is defined as the absence of symptoms\* which can be exclusively assigned to the primary tumor such as flank pain and/or gross hematuria necessitating blood transfusion NOTE: \*Para-neoplastic symptoms cannot be assigned to the primary tumor alone in metastatic disease, they are not included in this definition.
    * No symptomatic primary tumor necessitating nephrectomy
* Resectable primary tumor

  * Bulky locoregional lymph node metastases larger than the primary tumor allowed provided resectability of the lymph nodes is surgically feasible
* Metastatic RCC

  * Distant metastases are not completely resectable at the time of surgery or during an additional intervention
  * No multiple distant lesions at one site
  * No bone-only metastases
* Measurable disease, both primary and metastatic, according to RECIST 1.1 criteria
* Planning to receive sunitinib malate as background therapy
* Patients with \> 3 of the following surgical risk factors are not eligible:

  * Serum albumin CTCAE v 4.0 grade 2 or worse
  * Serum LDH \> 1.5 times upper limit of normal
  * Liver metastases
  * Symptoms at presentation due to metastases
  * Retroperitoneal lymph node involvement
  * Supra-diaphragmatic lymph node involvement
  * Clinical stage T3 or T4 disease
* No clinical signs of CNS involvement

PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS:

* See Disease Characteristics
* WHO performance status 0-1
* Life expectancy \> 3 months
* WBC \> 3.0 x 10\^9/L
* Platelet count \> 100 x 10\^9/L
* Hemoglobin \> 10.0 g/dL
* PT/PTT or INR ≤ 1.2 times upper limit of normal (ULN)
* Bilirubin ≤ 1.5 times ULN
* ALT ≤ 2.5 times ULN (≤ 5 times ULN if liver lesions)
* Serum calcium \< 10.0 mg/dL
* Calculated or measured creatinine clearance \> 30 mL/min
* Not pregnant or nursing
* Negative pregnancy test
* Fertile patients must use effective contraception 2 weeks before and during study treatment
* LVEF normal by MUGA scan or ECHO
* 12-lead ECG normal
* No serious cardiac illness (myocardial infarction and/or treatable or untreatable angina pectoris not responding to treatment) within the past 12 months
* No uncontrolled, high BP (≥ 150/100 mm Hg) despite optimal medical therapy
* No current pulmonary disease
* No active or uncontrolled infections, serious illnesses, malabsorption syndrome, or medical conditions, including patients with a history of chronic alcohol abuse, hepatitis, HIV, and/or cirrhosis
* No malignancies within the past 5 years except renal cell carcinoma, basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, resected incidental prostate cancer staged pT2 with Gleason Score ≤ 6 and postoperative PSA \< 0.5 ng/mL, or patients with any history of malignancies who are disease-free for more than 5 years
* No psychological, familial, sociological, or geographical condition potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule

PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY:

* Prior local radiotherapy for bone lesions allowed
* No prior systemic therapy for metastatic RCC
* No prior partial or total nephrectomy
* No concurrent systemic corticosteroid and/or other immunosuppressive systemic therapies
* No concurrent radiotherapy, except palliative radiotherapy
* No concurrent participation in another clinical trial testing treatments for any disease including renal cell carcinoma
* No other concurrent investigational or systemic therapy for metastatic RCC
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Written informed consent
* Diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with clear-cell component histology.
* Received no prior systemic therapy (interleukin-2, interferon-alpha, chemotherapy, bevacizumab, mTOR inhibitor, sunitinib, sorafenib or other VEGF TKI) for advanced or metastatic RCC
* Locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma Measurable disease by CT or MRI
* Karnofsky performance scale status of \>=70
* Age \>=18 years
* A female is eligible to enter and participate in this study if she is of: non-childbearing or agrees to use adequate contraception.
* Adequate organ system function
* Total serum calcium concentration \<12.0mg/dL
* Left ventricular ejection fraction \>= lower limit of institutional normal

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or lactating female (unless agrees to refrain from nursing throughout the treatment period and for 14 days following the last dose of study)-History of another malignancy (unless have been disease-free for 3 years)
* History or clinical evidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases (unless have previously-treated CNS metastases and meet all 3 of the following criteria are: are asymptomatic, have had no evidence of active CNS metastases for \>=6 months prior to enrolment, and have no requirement for steroids or enzyme-inducing anticonvulsants)
* Clinically significant gastrointestinal abnormalities including, but not limited to: malabsorption syndrome, major resection of the stomach or small bowel that could affect the absorption of study drug, active peptic ulcer disease, known intraluminal metastatic lesion/s with suspected bleeding, Inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, or other gastrointestinal conditions with increased risk of perforation, history of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra abdominal abscess within 28 days prior to beginning study treatment
* Presence of uncontrolled infection
* Prolongation of corrected QT interval (QTc) \> 480 milliseconds
* History of any one or more of the following cardiovascular conditions within the past 12 months: cardiac angioplasty or stenting, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery by-pass graft surgery, symptomatic peripheral vascular disease, Class III or IV congestive heart failure, as defined by the New York Heart Association
* History of cerebrovascular accident including transient ischemic attack within the past 12 months
* History of pulmonary embolism or untreated deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within the past 6 months (unless had recent DVT and have been treated with therapeutic anti-coagulating agents for at least 6 weeks)
* Poorly controlled hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure of \>=150mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of \>=90mmHg). Initiation or adjustment of antihypertensive medication(s) is permitted prior to study entry
* Prior major surgery or trauma within 28 days prior to first dose of study drug and/or presence of any non-healing wound, fracture, or ulcer.
* Evidence of active bleeding or bleeding susceptibility
* Spitting/coughing up blood within 6 weeks of first dose of study drug
* Known endobronchial lesions and/or lesions infiltrating major pulmonary vessels
* Any serious and/or unstable pre-existing medical, psychiatric, or other conditions that could interfere with patient's safety, obtaining informed consent or compliance to the study
* Use any prohibited medications within 14 days of the first dose of study medication
* Use of an investigational agent, including an investigational anti-cancer agent, within 28 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is longer, prior to the first dose of study drug
* Prior use of an investigational or licensed drug that targets VEGF or VEGF receptors (eg. bevacizumab, sunitinib, sorafenib, etc), or are mTOR inhibitors (eg. temsirolimus, everolimus, etc).
* Is now undergoing and/or has undergone in the 14 days immediately prior to first dose of study drug, any cancer therapy (surgery, tumor embolization, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, biological therapy, or hormonal therapy)
* Any ongoing toxicity from prior anti-cancer therapy that is \>Grade 1 and/or that is progressing in severity
* Known immediate or delayed hypersensitivity reaction or idiosyncrasy to drugs chemically related to pazopanib or sunitinib
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients will be required to have the clear cell variant of renal cell carcinoma with less than 25% of any other histology (including, but not limited to, papillary or chromophobe or oncocytic); there must be histologic confirmation by treating center of either primary or metastatic lesion
* Patients will be required to have measurable metastatic disease that is not curable by standard radiation therapy or surgery; all sites must be assessed within 4 weeks prior to study entry
* Previous nephrectomy is required with the following exceptions:

  * Primary tumor =\< 5 cm, or
  * Extensive liver (\> 30% of liver parenchymal) or multiple (\> 5) bone metastases, making nephrectomy a clinically questionable procedure
  * Unresectable primary tumor due to invasion into adjacent organs or encasing the aorta or vena cava
* No prior cytotoxic chemotherapy; a maximum of one prior regimen of either vaccine or cytokine-based immunotherapy disease is permitted
* No prior anti-angiogenic therapy including, but not limited to, SU11248, ZD6474 or VEGF Trap; no prior therapy with bevacizumab, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors (including, but not limited to, temsirolimus), or sorafenib will be allowed; thalidomide or interferon alpha (IFNalpha) are allowed either for adjuvant therapy or stage IV disease
* No immunotherapy within 4 weeks of randomization; toxicities from immunotherapy must have resolved and a minimum of two weeks must pass prior to enrollment
* Prior radiation therapy is permitted, but toxicities from radiation must have resolved and a minimum of 2 weeks must pass prior to randomization
* No history or clinical evidence of central nervous system (CNS) disease, including primary brain tumor, seizures not controlled with standard medical therapy, any brain metastasis, or history of stroke within the past 48 weeks
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1
* Life expectancy of greater than 12 weeks
* Hemoglobin (Hgb) \>= 9.0 g/dL (transfusions allowed prior to enrollment)
* White blood count (WBC) \>= 3,000/mm\^3
* Absolute granulocyte count (AGC) \>= 1,200/mm\^3
* Platelet count \>= 100,000/mm\^3
* Serum creatinine =\< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) or serum creatinine clearance (CrCl) \>= 55 ml/min
* Total bilirubin =\< 1.5 x ULN
* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =\< 2.5 x ULN (or =\< 5.0 x ULN in the presence of liver metastases)
* International normalized ratio (INR) =\< 1.5
* Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) within normal limits
* Fasting cholesterol \< 350 mg/dL (9.0 mmol/L)
* Fasting triglycerides \< 400 mg/dL (4.56 mmol/L)
* Patients must not have other current malignancies, other than basal cell skin cancer, squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, and ductal or lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast; patients with other malignancies are eligible if they have been continuously disease-free for \>= 5 years prior to the time of randomization
* No history of allergic reactions attributed to Chinese hamster ovary cell products, other recombinant human antibodies, or compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to sorafenib, temsirolimus or bevacizumab
* No history of bleeding diathesis or coagulopathy
* Any condition that impairs patient's ability to swallow pills will make patient ineligible
* No major surgical procedure, open biopsy or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to randomization
* No anticipated need for major surgery during the course of the study
* No current or recent (within 4 weeks of enrollment) use of full-dose of anticoagulants or thrombolytic agents (except as required to maintain patency of preexisting or permanent indwelling IV catheters, for those patients receiving warfarin, INR must be =\< 1.5)
* No clinically significant cardiovascular disease, defined as one of the following:

  * Patients with uncontrolled hypertension (blood pressure \> 150/100 mm/Hg at the time of enrollment); patients with hypertension and blood pressure =\< 150/100 mm/Hg on stable antihypertensive regimen are eligible
  * Myocardial infarction or unstable angina \< 24 weeks prior to registration
  * New York Heart Association grade II or greater congestive heart failure, serious cardiac arrhythmia requiring medication, unstable angina pectoris
  * Grade II or greater peripheral vascular disease
* No serious, non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture
* No significant proteinuria at baseline; urine protein must be screened within 2 weeks prior to randomization by urine analysis for urine protein creatinine (UPC) ratio; if UPC ratio is \> 0.5, 24-hour urine protein is to be obtained and the level must be \< 1000 mg for patient enrollment

  * NOTE: UPC ratio of spot urine is an estimation of the 24 urine protein excretion; a UPC ratio of 1 is roughly equivalent to a 24-hour urine protein of 1 gm
* No uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection requiring parenteral antibiotics on day 0 or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
* Patients currently taking any of the following cytochrome P450 enzyme-inducing drugs are ineligible:

  * Phenytoin
  * Carbamazepine
  * Phenobarbital
  * Rifampin
* Pregnant and breastfeeding women are excluded from the study; breastfeeding should be discontinued while receiving therapy; patients must have pregnancy test within 7 days prior to patient randomization if woman is of child-bearing capacity
* Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients receiving combination anti-retroviral therapy are excluded from the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. ≥ 18-years of age.
2. Subjects with recurrent or metastatic RCC.
3. Subjects must have undergone prior nephrectomy (complete or partial) for excision of the primary tumor.
4. Histologically or cytologically confirmed RCC with a clear cell component (subjects with pure papillary cell tumor or other non-clear cell histologies, including collecting duct, medullary, chromophobe, mixed tumor containing predominantly sarcomatoid cells, and unclassified RCC are excluded).
5. Measurable disease per the RECIST criteria Version 1.0.
6. Treatment naïve subjects or subjects who have received no more than one prior systemic treatment (immunotherapy, including interferon-alfa or interleukin-2 based therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy or an investigational agent) for metastatic RCC. Postoperative or adjuvant systemic therapy will not be counted as a prior therapy unless recurrence is detected within 6 months of completion of treatment, in which case it will be counted as a prior therapy for metastatic disease.
7. ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, and life expectancy ≥ 3 months.
8. If female and of childbearing potential, documentation of negative pregnancy test prior to enrollment.
9. Ability to give written informed consent and comply with protocol requirements.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any prior VEGF-directed therapy including VEGF antibody (eg, bevacizumab), VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (eg, sunitinib, sorafenib, axitinib, pazopanib, etc.), VEGF trap (eg, aflibercept), or any other agent or investigational agent targeting the VEGF pathway.
2. Any prior therapy with an agent targeting the mTOR pathway (eg, temsirolimus, everolimus, etc)
3. Primary CNS malignancies or CNS metastases; subjects with previously treated brain metastasis will be allowed if the brain metastasis have been stable without steroid treatment for at least 3 months following prior treatment (radiotherapy or surgery).
4. Any hematologic abnormalities (as noted in the protocol).
5. Any serum chemistry abnormalities (as noted in the protocol).
6. Significant cardiovascular disease.
7. Non-healing wound, bone fracture, or skin ulcer.
8. Active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, or other gastrointestinal condition with increased risk of perforation; history of abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess within 4 weeks prior to administration of first dose of study drug.
9. Serious/active infection or infection requiring parenteral antibiotics.
10. Inadequate recovery from any prior surgical procedure or major surgical procedure within 4 weeks prior to administration of first dose of study drug.
11. Significant thromboembolic or vascular disorders within 6 months prior to administration of first dose of study drug.
12. Significant bleeding disorders within 6 months prior to administration of first dose of study drug.
13. Currently active second primary malignancy, including hematologic malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, etc.), other than non-melanoma skin cancers, non-metastatic prostate cancer, in situ cervical cancer and ductal or lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast. Subjects are not considered to have a currently active malignancy if they have completed anti-cancer therapy and have been disease free for \>2 years.
14. Pregnant or lactating females.
15. History of genetic or acquired immune suppression disease such as HIV; subjects on immune suppressive therapy for organ transplant.
16. Life-threatening illness or organ system dysfunction compromising safety evaluation.
17. Requirement for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
18. Inability to swallow pills, malabsorption syndrome or gastrointestinal disease that severely affects the absorption of tivozanib or sorafenib, major resection of the stomach or small bowel, or gastric bypass procedure.
19. Psychiatric disorder or altered mental status precluding informed consent or necessary testing.
20. Sexually active pre-menopausal female subjects (and female partners of male subjects) must use adequate contraceptive measures, while on study and for 50 days after the last dose of study drug. Sexually active male subjects must use adequate contraceptive measures, while on study for at least 90 days after the last dose of drug. All fertile male and female subjects and their partners must agree to use a highly effective method of contraception (including their partner). Effective birth control includes (a) IUD plus one barrier method; or (b) 2 barrier methods. Effective barrier methods are male or female condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides (creams or gels that contain a chemical to kill sperm). (Note: Oral, implantable, or injectable contraceptives may be affected by cytochrome P450 interactions, and are not considered effective for this study.)

Answer: B