Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Sinovuyo Caring Families Project
Brief Summary: It has been established that children in families affected by either intimate partner violence or Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are at substantially increased risk of poor parenting and child maltreatment. In the sub-Saharan African context of high levels of HIV/AIDS and family violence, it is crucial that parents be supported to establish positive parenting practices and reduce harsh or abusive parenting within their families.This randomized controlled trial will be testing the Sinovuyo Caring Families Program (n = 296), a 12-session (2.5 hour per session) parenting intervention for primary caregivers of children between 2 and 9 years old. Participants will not be restricted to biological parents and include primary caregivers of children between 2 and 9 years old, who live in the same house as the child at least 4 nights per week. Participants will be recruited through systematic household sampling, liaising with Western Cape Department of Social Development and local community-based NGOs. Self-reporting questionnaires and qualitative observational assessment data for intervention and control groups will be collected at pre- and post-test evaluation as well as 12-month follow-up. Primary outcomes will include child behaviour problems, harsh and inconsistent parenting and positive parenting. Secondary outcomes will include parental depression, parental stress, parental monitoring and supervision and parent perceived social support.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 or above;
2. Able to speak and understand the target languages: Arabic, and/or Urdu, and/or Dari, and/or English;
3. Asylum seeker or refugee;
4. Presence of psychological distress, as shown by a score of 3 or more at the 12 item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12 ≥ 3);
5. Both oral and written informed consent to enter the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Presence of any mental disorders according to DSM-V and ICD-10, as shown by a positive M.I.N.I.;
2. Acute medical conditions contraindicating study participation, based on clinical judgment of the health care professional with a clinical background who performs the screening;
3. Clinical evidence of imminent suicide risk or suicide risk scored as "moderate or high" (or a positive suicidality behaviour disorder) by the M.I.N.I. (section SUICIDALITY);
4. Clinical evidence that the decision-making capacity is impaired.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Caregiver must live with child at least 4 nights per week
* Child must be between 2 and 9 years old Live in Khayelitsha or Nyanga
* May include biological parents, relatives or non-kin foster caregivers, with no restrictions on biological relationship
* Participant must self-identify as the primary caretaker of the child
* Children scoring 15 or higher in the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory problem scale

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children scoring 14 or lower in the Eyber Child Behaviour Inventory problem scale
* Participants with child not between 2 and 9 years old
* Participants not self-identifying as the primary care take of the child
* Participants not living with the child at least 4 nights per week.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Low birth weight babies (≥1500 to ≤2250 g) screened within 3 days and their mothers.

* Born at home
* Singleton or twins or triplets
* Infants born in hospital, discharged and KMC not initiated in the hospital

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infant unable to feed
* Infant has breathing problem
* Infant is less active than normal
* Gross congenital malformations
* Mother does not intend to stay in the study area for the next 6 months
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Kenyan mothers or equivalent female primary caretakers aged 15 and over with children aged 6-24 months (classified as mature minors)
* Kenyan fathers aged 18 and older with children aged 6-24 months with a mother present

The unit of observation for the study is the household or family, within which the primary focus is mother-child dyads and household eligibility hinges on the age of the child. For those households with a father present, the study will additionally include him in some analyses and surveys.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Households without children
* Households with children that are outside the age range of 6-24 months at baseline
* Households with a mother younger than 15 or one aged 15-18 still living with her parents
* Single fathers

Selection criteria for fathers are based on the mother-child eligibility criteria. Fathers will be included if and when appropriate per the details surrounding the mother-child dyads.

Answer: B