Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Measuring the Influence of Kefir on Children's Stools on Antibiotics (MILK)
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of commercially available kefir on preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea compared to placebo in children ages 1-5.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 1-48 mo
* cause of hospitalization must be other than acute gastroenteritis or diarrhea

Exclusion Criteria:

* acute gastroenteritis within 3 days before admission
* other symptoms which suggest gastroenteritis
* usage of probiotics and/or prebiotics within 7 days before admission
* visible blood in the stool
* patient in bad condition
* lack of approval from patients parents
* breastfeeding
* no compliance
B: Inclusion criteria

1. Children at the age of 1-11 years that have been ordinated to start antibiotic treatment except for penicillin.
2. Possibility to initiate the probiotic treatment within 24 hours after the first dose of the antibiotic treatment.
3. Children whose parents or legal caregivers have signed the informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion criteria

1. Chronic intestinal disease.
2. Current immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive treatment.
3. Chronic or acute diarrhoeal disease.
4. Use of laxatives the week before inclusion in the study.
5. Antibiotic treatment for the last four weeks before inclusion in the study.
6. Known hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients in the probiotic product or the placebo \[potato starch, silicon dioxide, capsule (hypromellose, water) ± bacterial culture\].
7. Intake of any probiotic products for the last two weeks before inclusion in the study.
8. Patient requiring hospitalisation. Lack of parents´/legal guardians´ informed consent.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ability to speak and write English
* Aged 1-5 years
* Male or female
* Diagnosed with an upper respiratory infection and placed on a penicillin class antibiotic regimen for 10 days

Exclusion Criteria:

* Developmental delays
* Chronic conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, that require medication
* Prematurity, birth weight \<2500 grams
* Allergy to kefir and/or milk
* Active diarrhea
* Congenital anomalies
* Failure to thrive
* Parental belief of lactose intolerance
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Admission to the medical, surgical, or cardiac ICU
* Age 19 years or greater (the age of majority in the state of Nebraska)
* Anticipated need for \>72 hours of endotracheal intubation
* Initial intubation during hospitalization
* Approval of the attending physician responsible for the patient's care
* Informed surrogate consent within 24 hours of intubation

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnancy
* Pharmacologic immunosuppression (\>10mg prednisone daily or equivalent for at least 14 days)
* Native immunosuppression: 1)known HIV disease or AIDS, 2)history of malignancy, 3)multiple organ system failure
* History of prosthetic or bioprosthetic cardiac valve placement
* History of prosthetic vascular graft placement
* Cardiac trauma
* History of rheumatic fever, endocarditis, congenital cardia abnormality, or acquired cardia abnormality
* Gastroesophageal surgery or perforation associated with current admission
* Intestinal surgery or perforation associated with current admission
* Significant oropharyngeal mucosal injury
* Placement of a tracheostomy

Answer: C