Please select the arm or intervention descriptions that belong to the clinical trial below.
Title: Strengthening and Evaluating the "Preventing Malnutrition in Children Under Two Years of Age Approach" (PM2A) in Guatemala and Burundi
Brief Summary: A study conducted by IFPRI in Haiti provided the first programmatic evidence, using a cluster randomized evaluation design, that preventing child undernutrition in children under two years of age (PM2A) through an integrated program providing food rations, BCC and preventive health and nutrition services is both feasible and highly effective. The study's principal aim was to compare a newly designed preventive approach with the traditional (recuperative) food assisted MCHN program approach, and therefore included only two comparison groups: one group of communities that was randomly assigned to the preventive approach and another group assigned to the recuperative approach. For logistical and financial reasons, the study did not include a randomized control group receiving no intervention.

The Haiti study design was well-suited to achieve its main goal - i.e. to test whether the preventive approach was more effective than the recuperative approach at preventing child undernutrition - but it left a number of questions unanswered.

The present study will address several of these questions, which will allow to further refine the PM2A approach, facilitate its replication in different contexts, and maximize its impact and cost-effectiveness in future programming. The study will be conducted in Guatemala and Burundi. The key research objectives are:

1. Impact and cost effectiveness: Assess the impact and cost effectiveness of PM2A on child nutritional status.
2. Optimal composition and size of food rations in PM2A: Assess the differential and absolute impact of varying the size and types of foods incorporated in the food ration of the PM2A. More specifically, assess the differential effect of different sizes of family food rations, and assess the impact of substituting the individual food ration with new micronutrient-rich products such as lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) or micronutrient Sprinkles.
3. Optimal timing and duration of PM2A: Assess the differential and absolute impact of varying the timing and duration of exposure to PM2A on child nutritional status.


Options:
A: Arm Label: Control; Type: ACTIVE_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Behavioral: Control | Arm Label: ECD Group; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: ECD | Arm Label: Enhanced Nutrition; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: Enhanced Nutrition | Arm Label: ECD and Enhanced Nutrition; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Behavioral: ECD, Behavioral: Enhanced Nutrition | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Control; Assigned to Arm(s): Control | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: ECD; Assigned to Arm(s): ECD Group, ECD and Enhanced Nutrition | Intervention Type: BEHAVIORAL; Name: Enhanced Nutrition; Assigned to Arm(s): ECD and Enhanced Nutrition, Enhanced Nutrition
B: Arm Label: Vitamin/mineral fortificant with iron; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: Sprinkles® | Arm Label: Vitamin/mineral fortificant without iron; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Dietary Supplement: vitamin/mineral fortificant without iron | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Sprinkles®; Assigned to Arm(s): Vitamin/mineral fortificant with iron | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: vitamin/mineral fortificant without iron; Assigned to Arm(s): Vitamin/mineral fortificant without iron
C: Arm Label: Multiple Intervention Arm; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Drug: Albendazole, Dietary Supplement: Zinc, Dietary Supplement: Multiple Micronutrient Supplement | Arm Label: Placebo; Type: PLACEBO_COMPARATOR; Interventions: Drug: Placebo | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Albendazole; Assigned to Arm(s): Multiple Intervention Arm | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Zinc; Assigned to Arm(s): Multiple Intervention Arm | Intervention Type: DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT; Name: Multiple Micronutrient Supplement; Assigned to Arm(s): Multiple Intervention Arm | Intervention Type: DRUG; Name: Placebo; Assigned to Arm(s): Placebo
D: Arm Label: Burundi: T24; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Tubaramure (Burundi) | Arm Label: Burundi: TNFP; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Tubaramure (Burundi) | Arm Label: Burundi: T18; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Tubaramure (Burundi) | Arm Label: Burundi: Control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Arm Label: Guatemala: PROCOMIDA; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Procomida (Guatemala) | Arm Label: Guatemala: no family ration; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Procomida (Guatemala) | Arm Label: Guatemala: LNS; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Procomida (Guatemala) | Arm Label: Guatemala: Sprinkles; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Procomida (Guatemala) | Arm Label: Guatemala: reduced family ration; Type: EXPERIMENTAL; Interventions: Other: Procomida (Guatemala) | Arm Label: Guatemala: control; Type: NO_INTERVENTION; Interventions: N/A | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Tubaramure (Burundi); Assigned to Arm(s): Burundi: T18, Burundi: T24, Burundi: TNFP | Intervention Type: OTHER; Name: Procomida (Guatemala); Assigned to Arm(s): Guatemala: LNS, Guatemala: PROCOMIDA, Guatemala: Sprinkles, Guatemala: no family ration, Guatemala: reduced family ration

Answer: D