Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effects of the Hopeful Outdoor Parkinson Exercise (HOPE) Program on Improving Balance, Gait and Functional Performance in Parkinsonian Non-fallers and Single Fallers - a Randomized Controlled Trial With 12-month Follow-up
Brief Summary: To determine whether the 8-week Hopeful Outdoor Parkinson's Exercise (HOPE) Program would be effective in improving balance performance, physical functions, gait parameter, balance confidence, health-related quality-of-life, disease-specific motor performance and fall-related outcomes in Parkinson's disease (PD) non-fallers and single fallers.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients who have:

* A diagnosis of idiopathic PD, with a disease severity rating of stage I to IV on the Hoehn and Yahr scale (Hoehn \& Yahr, 1967)
* At least 1 score of 2 or more for at least 1 limb for either the tremor, rigidity, or bradykinesia item of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)
* Stable medication usage
* Not participated in a structured exercise program (i.e., not involved in any routine, organized physical activity program lasting 30 minutes or more per day, such as a gym program or regularly scheduled instructor-led exercise class) in the previous 2 months
* Ability to stand unaided or walk independently; had a personal physician's or neurologist's clearance for participation; and had a willingness to be assigned to intervention conditions.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients who:

* Participate in any other behavioral or pharmacological research study
* Have cognitive decline (Mini-Mental State Examination score, ≤ 24) (Folstein et al., 1975)
* Have self-reported diagnosis of Alzheimer disease or other severe neurological (stage III and IV PD)
* Have evidence of progressive or debilitating conditions (metastatic cancer, severe heart or lung disease, crippling arthritis) or severe losses in vision and hearing that would limit their tolerance to testing and training procedures, that would interfere with study participation
* Are unavailable during the study period.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* medical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's Disease
* independent community ambulatory individuals
* capable of giving informed and written consent (Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)\>23)

Exclusion Criteria:

* the other neurological conditions such as dementia, and stroke, or if they have arthritis, vision impairment,
* cardiovascular disease that impair walking, or diabetic and uremic individuals, or if they were unable to walk without assistance.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with idiopathic PD.
2. At least 30 years old at the time of PD diagnosis.
3. Currently being treated with IR LD (CD-LD or benserazide-LD) and on a stable regimen of IR LD for at least 4 weeks and:

   * Requiring a total daily IR LD dose of at least 400 mg
   * Having a minimum dosing frequency of four times per day.
4. Able to differentiate "on" state from "off" state.
5. Have predictable "off" periods.
6. Amantadine, anticholinergics, selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline, rasagiline) or dopamine agonists are allowed as long as the doses and regimens have been stable for at least 4 weeks prior to Screening and the therapy is intended to be constant throughout the course of the study.
7. Agrees to use a medically acceptable method of contraception throughout the study and for 1 month afterward.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with atypical Parkinsonism or any known secondary Parkinsonian syndrome.
2. Nonresponsive to LD therapy.
3. Prior functional neurosurgical treatment for PD (e.g., ablation or deep brain stimulation) or if such procedures are anticipated during study participation.
4. Received within 4 weeks or planning to take during participation in the clinical study: any controlled-release LD product, additional CD (e.g., Lodosyn®) or benserazide (e.g. Serazide®), catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors (e.g., entacapone and tolcapone), nonselective MAO inhibitors, apomorphine, and antipsychotics including neuroleptic agents for the purpose of treating psychosis or bipolar disorder.
5. Allergic to Yellow Dye #5 (tartrazine).
6. History of or currently active psychosis.
7. Active or prior medical conditions such as peptic ulcers or prior surgical (e.g., bowel) procedures that would interfere with LD absorption.
8. Active or history of narrow-angle glaucoma.
9. A history of malignant melanoma or a suspicious undiagnosed skin lesion.
10. History of myocardial infarction with residual atrial, nodal, or ventricular arrhythmias, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, or neuroleptic malignant syndrome and/or nontraumatic rhabdomyolysis.
11. Received any investigational medications during the 4 weeks prior to Screening.
12. Unable to swallow large pills (e.g., large vitamin pills).
13. Pregnant or breastfeeding.
14. Subjects who are unable to complete a symptom diary.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosed with PD by a neurologist (Fahn and Elton, 1987);
* aged 30 to 85 years;
* at modified Hoehn and Yahr (H\&Y) stage 1.5 to 3 (Hoehn and Yahr ,1967; Goetz et al., 2004);
* able and willing to give written consent for participation in the study;
* living at home in the community;
* able to walk independently for 30 metres with or without an assistive device.

Exclusion Criteria:

* any neurological conditions other than PD;
* significant musculoskeletal or cardiopulmonary diseases;
* other disorders that may affect balance or locomotion;
* taken any structured behavioral or exercise programs in the past 3 months
* or they are receiving regular physical rehabilitation at present;
* unstable condition on anti-parkinsonian medications;
* surgical interventions for PD;
* communication or cognitive deficits with mini-mental state examination, (MMSE) \<24/30 (Folstein et al., 1975);
* a history of more than two falls in the previous 12 months.

Answer: D