Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Three Endourological Procedures for the Management of Renal Calculi Regarding Acute Kidney Injury: a Prospective Randomized 3-arm Study.
Brief Summary: The main aim of the study is to investigate and compare the possible acute effect of standard PCNL, mini-PCNL and RIRS on renal function. Secondary aims are to investigate the efficacy (stone-free rate), safety (complication rate, long-term kidney function) and other parameters (operation, fluoroscopy and hospitalization time) concerning the 3 endourological operations (PCNL, mini- PCNL, RIRS) for the treatment of renal calculi.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients aged \> 18 years old
2. Patients with renal stone or stones of 10-30 mm in maximal diameter measured in computed tomography scan.
3. Decision of the patient to receive surgical treatment
4. Ability to understand and provide a written informed consent to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Solitary kidney (functional or organic)
2. Ureteral stone in the same system causing obstruction
3. Malignant tumor in the treated kidney
4. Stone in diverticulum
5. Diabetes or coronary heart disease.
6. History of surgery in the treated kidney
7. Recent intake of drugs that affect renal function or intravenous contrast agent
8. Concomitant urinary infection
9. Congenital anomalies of the urinary tract
10. Patients of whom incomplete clinical data or incomplete samples are available
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* adult patients
* with acute significant upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding
* where the responsible clinician is substantially uncertain as to the appropriateness of antifibrinolytic agents in the patient

Exclusion Criteria:

* The fundamental eligibility criterion is the responsible clinician's 'uncertainty' as to whether or not to use an antifibrinolytic agent in a particular patient with upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
* There are no other exclusions.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient 18 years or older
* Stones ≥ 2 cm and/or mild to moderate hydronephrosis.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \<18 years or Pregnancy
* Bilateral simultaneous PCNL
* Morbid obesity (BMI \>40)
* Refuse to complete study requirements
* Untreated UTI
* Atypical bowel interposition by CT
* Tumour in the presumptive access tract area or Potential malignant kidney tumour
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. 10-20mm lower pole renal stone measured by KUB or CT;
2. Age between 18-60 years, no gender limitation;
3. Participators can understand the research and sign the consent form without mental illness nor language disorder;
4. Low pole renal stone left after lithotripsy;
5. Lower pole infundibulopelvic angle which measured by IVP or CTU will less than 30 degree;
6. Asymptomatic patients with positive urine white blood cells and negative preoperative urine culture should be treated with antibiotics for 3days before operation;
7. Patients with symptoms of urinary infections, positive urine withe blood cells and positive preoperative urine culture should be treated with suitable antibiotics based on the culture sensitivity result for at least 7days before operation.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Transplant kidney stone;
2. Renal malformations, such as UPJO, medullary sponge kidney, polycystic kidney, horseshoe kidney, etc.;
3. Combine other part of urinary stones need to be handle at the same procedure, for example ureteral stone, renal pelvic stone, middle or upper pole renal stone;
4. Hematological Disease or Coagulation disorders;
5. Withdraw anticoagulant medicine less than two weeks;
6. Fever or urinary infections without treatment according to the inclusion criteria;
7. Sevier renal dysfunction(endogenous creatinine clearance rate≤50ml/min)
8. Middle or severe hydronephrosis(dilatation of the renal pelvis ≥20mm by ultrasound);
9. Women in menstrual period or pregnancy;
10. Patients have severe disease, such as heart disease, lung dysfunction, and multiple organ failure that cannot tolerate anesthesia or operation.

Answer: A