Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prevention of Adverse Drug Events (ADEs) in Hospitalised Older Patients Using STOPP/START Criteria
Brief Summary: The next four decades will see a marked expansion of the elderly population in Ireland, in particular people aged over 80 yrs. Persons aged over 80 are the highest consumers of prescription medicines in Ireland and have the highest prevalence rates of major polypharmacy. Polypharmacy is intimately linked with serious adverse drug events (ADEs) and consequent major morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological data from the United States indicate that ADEs is the fifth most common cause of death nationally. Experts suggest that effective evidence based interventions can be applied to this major public health problem.

Recent research data indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between inappropriate prescription medicines and serious ADEs in older people in hospital. To date, Beers' criteria have been the dominant set of criteria for defining potentially inappropriate medicines (PIMs) in late life. Research data collected by this group show that the recently validated STOPP/START criteria (Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions and Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment) identify ADEs that are causal or contributory to acute hospital admission in older people 2.7 times more frequently than Beers' criteria. Based on these findings, our hypothesis is that STOPP/START criteria have the potential to be used as a regular intervention for the purpose of ADE prevention in older people. A recent single centre randomised control trial (RCT) undertaken at Cork University Hospital showed that prospective application of STOPP/START criteria led to a highly significant improvement in medication appropriateness in older hospitalised patients compared with standard inpatient pharmaceutical care. Significantly, the improvement in medication appropriateness was maintained to the end of the study follow-up i.e. 6 months post-discharge. However, the ability of STOPP/START criteria to significantly reduce ADEs in a prospective RCT has yet to be demonstrated.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age: 65 years and over
* Admission in the Emergency Department for a period equal to or higher than 12 hours;
* Number of home medication equal to or higher than four;
* Diagnose in the Emergency Department episode: decompensated heart failure and/or decompensated COPD.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Suffering from dementia, severe mental disorders and living in nursing homes.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

All patients aged 65 years and over presenting to CUH Accident and Emergency Departments with acute illness for admission under a medical or surgical team.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Age less than 65 years.
2. Patient to be admitted under the care of a Geriatrician Psychiatrist of Old Age or Clinical Pharmacologist, or having been admitted under these services or attended their outpatient clinics in the previous 12 months. (These doctor groups are likely to minimise inappropriate medications in this population).
3. Terminally ill patient attended by palliative care team.
4. Critically ill patient e.g. admitted to Intensive Care Unit.
5. Patients who do not wish to participate in the study.
6. Patients whose hospital physician does not wish to participate in the study.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Usual medicine of five drugs or above
* Speak and understand Danish
* Admitted via the Acute Medicine Admission Ward
* Are able to give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients included in a similar study
* Declared terminal
* Suicidal
* In custody
* Isolated at the hospital
* Im- and/or expressive aphasia
* Severe dementia
D: Inclusion Criteria for CKD arm:

1. Hospitalized patients
2. \> 21 years of age
3. Diagnosis of CKD stages 3-5, not treated by dialysis

Inclusion Criteria for ESRD arm:

1. Hospitalized patients
2. \> 21 years of age
3. Patients treated with hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Kidney Transplant

Answer: B