Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nadroparin Anticoagulation for Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration (CVVH), a Randomized Cross-over Trial Comparing Hemostasis Between Two Hemofiltration Rates
Brief Summary: The low molecular weight heparin nadroparin is used for anticoagulation of the extracorporeal hemofiltration circuit. Continuous hemofiltration is a renal replacement modality for intensive care patients with acute renal failure. Up to now it is not known whether nadroparin is removed by hemofiltration or not. Accumulation would increase the risk of bleeding.

Aim of the present study is to determine

1. whether nadroparin accumulates in plasma
2. whether nadroparin is removed by filtration and whether removal depends on hemofiltration dose
3. the effects of nadroparin during critical illness on coagulation and anticoagulation


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 or older and able to sign consent (or surrogate).
* Must have been referred to the inpatient Nephrology consult service for evaluation of acute kidney injury (AKI).
* Expected survival of at least 48 hours.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Hemoglobin \< 8 g/dl
* Serum potassium ≥6.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)
* Weight \> 120kg.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Adult patients (over 16 years of age) admitted to a participating ICU
2. Serum creatinine increase of ≥ 50% from baseline
3. Hemodynamic instability as defined by the cardiovascular component of the SOFA score of ≥ 1
4. Attending physician deems the patient a candidate for RRT for at least one of the following reasons:

   1. Presence of oliguria, defined as a urine output of \< 100 mL in the preceding 4 hours
   2. metabolic acidosis (HCO3- \< 15 mmol/L and pH \< 7.25)
   3. refractory hyperkalemia (K \> 6.0 mmol/L)
   4. azotemia (BUN \> 50 mmol/L)
   5. suspected uremic organ involvement (pericarditis, encephalopathy, neuropathy or myopathy)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. renal replacement therapy within the previous 2 months
2. presence of renal obstruction
3. receipt of a kidney transplant in the previous year
4. diagnosis of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, or acute interstitial nephritis
5. indication for intermittent hemodialysis, specifically severe hyperkalemia, dialyzable drug or toxin
6. terminal illness with associated life expectancy less than 2 months
7. patients who are moribund
8. prior enrollment in this study
9. enrollment in a competing ICU interventional study
10. no CRRT machine available
11. acute renal replacement ongoing for \> 36 hours
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Need for hemodialysis in the ICU for at least one treatment
* No prior hemodialysis treatment in the ICU except continuous renal replacement therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

* Need for systemic anticoagulation with unfractionated or fractionated heparin, oral anticoagulants or intravenous anti-aggregants for other reasons
* Need for continued thrombolysis therapy within the 6 hours before inclusion
* Need for continued treatment with activated protein C (drotrecogin alfa) within the 12 hours before inclusion
* Need for continued treatment with intravenous anti-aggregants (abciximab, eptifabide) within 12 hours before inclusion
* Liver failure (acute and acute-on-chronic)
* Confirmed or suspected Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
* Heparin allergies
* Severe uncorrected hypocalcemia (ionized calcium \< 0,8 mmol/l)
* Refusal of informed consent
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

* (recent) bleeding or a suspicion of bleeding necessitating transfusion,
* need of therapeutic anticoagulation or
* (suspected) heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Answer: D