Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Cybercycling for Older Adults: Neuropsychological, Physiological and Behavioral Effects
Brief Summary: Exercise has been linked to cognitive health, but few older adults exercise at recommended levels. Cybercycling may provide additional cognitive benefits due to increased motivation to ride the interactive 3D tours. Participants will be randomly assigned to three months of either cybercycling or traditional stationary biking; and they will complete comprehensive evaluations before and after exercise. Older adults are expected to show significant neuropsychological, physiological and behavioral gains.


Options:
A: INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Participants fulfilling all of the following inclusion criteria are eligible for the study:

* (1 = mNCD) clinical diagnosis of 'Mild Neurocognitive Disorder' according to the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-XI) or the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®)) OR (2 = sMCI) patients screened for mild cognitive impairment (sMCI) according to the following criteria: (a) informant (i.e. healthcare professionals)-based suspicion of MCI confirmed by (b) an objective screening of MCI based on the German Version of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment Screen with (b1) a recommended cut-off score for cognitive impairment (MCI or dementia) of \< 62/100 (doi: 10.3233/JAD-161204), while (b2) not falling below the cut-off score for dementia (i.e. \< 45/100 (doi: 10.3233/JAD-161204)).
* German speaking
* able to stand at least for 10 min without assistance

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

The presence of any of the following exclusion criteria will lead to exclusion of the participants:

* mobility impairments (i.e. gait, balance) that prevent experiment participation
* presence of additional, clinically relevant (i.e. acute and/or symptomatic) neurological disorders (i.e. epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, brain tumors, or traumatic disorders of the nervous system)
* presence of any other unstable or uncontrolled diseases

Additional exclusion criteria will comprise of Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria (according to the Federal Office of Public Health). In case of Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria, participation in the study will only be allowed in case the treating physician provided written informed consent to allow participation in this study despite the presence of Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria. These Covid-19 specific exclusion criteria will include:

* high blood pressure (self-reported; systolic ≥ 140 mmHg and/or Diastolic ≥ 90 mmHg)
* Chronic respiratory condition
* uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes
* Condition or therapy that weakens the immune system
* unstable Cardiovascular Disease
* Cancer (present and/or under treatment)
* Serious obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* 2 or more falls within 6 months prior to the beginning of the study
* Aged 60-85 years
* Able to walk for 5 minutes unassisted
* Adequate hearing and vision capabilities.
* Stable medication for the past 1 month and anticipated over a period of 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Psychiatric co-morbidity
* Clinical diagnosis of dementia or other severe cognitive impairment (MMSE\<24)
* History of stroke, traumatic brain injury or other neurological disorders (other than PD and MCI, for those groups)
* Acute lower back or lower extremity pain, peripheral neuropathy, rheumatic and orthopaedic diseases
* Unstable medical condition in the past 6 months
* Unable to comply with the training
* Interfering therapy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 50+
* able to participate in cycling
* physician permission

Exclusion Criteria:

* unstable heart condition
* physician denial
* neurological condition
D: Inclusion criteria included:

* a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 5 diagnosis of MNCD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
* aged 65 years or older
* a score of minimum 10 on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
* residing at least two weeks in the care facility at the time of inclusion
* being physically capable of doing standing exercises (whether or not with extra support).

Possible causes of MNCD were vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mixed dementia, Parkinson's disease or Lewy body disease.

Exclusion criteria consisted of:

* any unstable cardiovascular or other health condition which according to the American College of Sports Medicine Standards might lead to unsafe participation
* a score lower than 10 on the MMSE
* a planned transfer to another setting within the following two months.

Answer: C