Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Early and Late Cardiac Effects of Arteriovenous Fistula Creation for Haemodialysis in End-stage Renal Failure and Their Possible Attenuation
Brief Summary: The primary objective is to determine if the use of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, can attenuate left ventricular hypertrophy, independent of its antihypertensive effects, in patients with near end stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) who have an arteriovenous fistula created.

Secondary outcomes include the impact of the medication on BNP and hyperkalaemia


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients undergoing noncardiac surgery
* ≥ 45 years of age; either sex.
* Have an expected length of stay ≥ 24 hours
* Fulfill any one of the following 6 criteria:

  * coronary artery disease;
  * peripheral vascular disease;
  * history of stroke due to atherothrombotic disease;
  * hospitalization for congestive heart failure within 3 years of randomization;
  * undergoing major vascular surgery; OR
  * any 3 of the following 7 criteria: scheduled for high risk surgery (i.e. intraperitoneal or intrathoracic); emergency/urgent surgery; any history of congestive heart failure; history of a transient ischemic attack (TIA); diabetes and currently on an oral hypoglycemic agent or insulin therapy; preoperative serum creatinine \> 175 µmol/L (\> 2.0 mg/dl); or age \> 70 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication to metoprolol including any of the following: significant bradycardia (heart rate \< 50 beats per minute); second or third degree heart block without a pacemaker; asthma that has been active within the last decade; and history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with bronchospasm on pulmonary function tests.
* Clinical plan to use a beta-blocker preoperatively or during the first 30 postoperative days
* Prior adverse reaction to a beta-blocker
* Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with complete revascularization in the preceding 5 years and no evidence of cardiac ischemia since the CABG surgery
* Patients undergoing low risk surgical procedures (potential examples include transurethral procedures \[transurethral prostatectomies (TURPs), stone baskets, etc.\], ophthalmologic procedures under topical or regional anesthesia \[cornea transplants, cataract surgery, etc.\], and surgeries with limited physiological stresses \[digital re-implantation, nerve repairs, etc.\] )
* Concurrent use of verapamil
* Prior enrollment in this trial
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Undergoing elective valvular heart surgery, coronary artery bypass grafting
2. If female, must be postmenopausal for at least 1 year, status-post surgical sterilization, or if of childbearing potential, utilizing adequate birth control and willing to undergo urine beta-hcg testing prior to drug treatment and throughout the study

Exclusion Criteria

1. History of AF other than remote paroxysmal AF
2. Ejection fraction less than 30%
3. Evidence of coagulopathy (INR greater than 1.7 without warfarin therapy)
4. Emergency surgery
5. History of ACE inhibitor-induced angioedema
6. Low blood pressure (systolic blood pressure less than 100 mmHg and evidence of hypoperfusion)
7. Hyperkalemia (potassium level greater than 5.0 milliequivalents (mEq)/L at study entry)
8. Impaired kidney function (serum creatinine level greater than 1.6 mg/dl)
9. Any underlying or acute disease requiring regular medication that could possibly cause complications or make implementation of the study or interpretation of the study results difficult
10. Inability to discontinue current ACE inhibitor, AT1 receptor antagonist, or aldosterone receptor antagonist therapy
11. History of alcohol or drug abuse
12. Treatment with any investigational drug in the month prior to study entry
13. Mental condition that makes it impossible to understand the nature, scope and possible consequences of the study
14. Inability to comply with the study procedures (e.g., uncooperative attitude, inability to return for follow-up visits, and unlikelihood of completing the study)
15. Pregnant or breastfeeding
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of CKD at near-end stage renal failure (CKD Stage IV) ( eGFR = 15-30 mls/min).
2. Age \>18 years of age and \<85 years of age.
3. Males and post-menopausal, sterile women. Non-pregnant pre-menopausal women should be on adequate contraception and have no intention of becoming pregnant during the duration of the study.
4. At baseline TTE LVEF\>45%
5. Willing and able to give informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Serum potassium level of more than 5.5 mmol/L
2. Acute myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident in the previous 6 months.
3. Severe uncontrolled hypertension (diastolic BP \>100mmHg or systolic BP \>160 mmHg)
4. Evidence or suspicion of renovascular disease.
5. Atrial fibrillation
6. Evidence or suspicion of collagen disease, cancer, psychiatric disorder that interferes with patient compliance, drug or alcohol abuse, pregnancy, breast feeding and ineffective contraception.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women aged 18-70 years
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-1
* Serum creatinine \< 140 μmol/L or estimated creatinine clearance \> 60 ml/min (using the modification of diet and renal disease (MDRD) formula)
* Systolic blood pressure \>= 110 mgHg and \< 170 mmHg
* LVEF \>= 50%

Exclusion Criteria:

* Hypotension, defined as systolic blood pressure \< 110 mmHg
* Bradycardia, defined as heart rate \< 50 b.p.m.
* Prior anthracycline chemotherapy regimen
* Prior malignancy requiring chemotherapy or radiotherapy
* Symptomatic heart failure
* Systolic dysfunction (LVEF \< 50%)
* Clinically significant coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, significant arrhythmias, or conduction delays.
* Uncontrolled arterial hypertension defined as systolic blood pressure \> 170 mm Hg
* Treatment with ACEI, ARB or beta-blocker within the last 4 weeks prior to study start
* Intolerance to ACEI, ARB or beta-blocker
* Uncontrolled concomitant serious illness
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Active abuse of drugs or alcohol
* Suspected poor compliance
* Inability to tolerate the MRI scanning protocol

Answer: C