Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Left Atrial Radiofrequency Ablation During Mitral Valve Surgery for Continuous Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial
Brief Summary: The aim of this prospective randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the early and late outcome following left atrial radiofrequency ablation during MV surgery for the treatment of continuous atrial fibrillation and to assess the functional effects of restoration of sinus rhythm.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients requiring MV surgery with at least 6 month history of atrial fibrillation

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with sick sinus syndrome
* Hyperthyroidism
* Permanent pacemaker
* Previous cardiac surgery
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Able to sign Informed Consent and Release of Medical Information forms
* Age ≥ 18 years
* Clinical indications for mitral valve surgery for the following:

  1. Organic mitral valve disease; or
  2. Functional non-ischemic mitral regurgitation; or
  3. Ischemic mitral regurgitation with evidence of concomitant structural mitral valve disease

Note: May include need for surgical management of functional tricuspid regurgitation or patent foramen ovale. May also include concomitant CABG, aortic arch or aortic valve procedure. Surgical intervention may be performed via sternotomy or minimally invasive procedure.

* a) Persistent AF within 6 months prior to randomization, defined as non self-terminating AF lasting greater than 7 days but no more than one year, or lasting less than 7 days but necessitating pharmacologic or electrical cardioversion.

  * Duration of AF must be documented by medical history and
  * Presence of AF must be documented by a direct electrocardiographic assessment within 6 months prior to randomization.
* b) Longstanding persistent AF is defined as continuous AF of greater than one year duration.

  * Duration of AF must be documented by medical history and
  * Presence of AF must be documented by a direct electrocardiographic assessment upon arrival in the OR.
* Able to use heart rhythm monitor

Exclusion Criteria:

* 1. AF without indication for mitral valve surgery 2. AF is paroxysmal 3. Evidence of left atrial thrombus by intra-operative TEE 4. Evidence of active infection 5. Mental impairment or other conditions that may not allow subject to understand the nature, significance, and scope of study 6. Surgical management of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy 7. Previous catheter ablation for AF 8. Life expectancy of less than one year 9. Absolute contraindications for anticoagulation therapy 10. Enrollment in concomitant drug or device trials 11. Uncontrolled hypo- or hyperthyroidism 12. FEV1 \< 30% of predicted value and/or need for home oxygen therapy 13. Women who are pregnant as evidenced by positive pregnancy test 14. Women of childbearing age who do not agree to be on adequate birth control throughout the period of the trial.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with atrial fibrillation secondary to definite rheumatic valve disease
2. At least six months and no longer than 5 years of chronic atrial fibrillation
3. Age \>=18 years and \<=70 Patients who can give informed consent themselves in writing
4. No contraindication for amiodarone
5. Negative pregnancy test (in women with childbearing potential)

Exclusion Criteria:

Any one of the following exclusion criteria is sufficient to disqualify a patient from the study

1. Left atrial diameter(LAD)\>=70mm
2. Left ventricular eject fraction(LVEF)\<=30%
3. Atrial thrombus
4. Contraindication for anticoagulation therapy
5. Less than 6 months since last episode of cerebral infarction
6. Emergency operation
7. Patients with a malignant tumor
8. Pregnant or nursing patients, those who may be pregnant, or those who plan on becoming pregnant before the end of the study period.
9. Any other reason that the Clinical Supervisors or Clinical Researchers may have for considering a case unsuitable for the study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients undergo valvular surgery and/ or coronary surgery,
* All patients have documented chronic atrial fibrillation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.
* Patients have given written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who do not speak Dutch or can not read Dutch.
* Patients with a Sick Sinus Syndrome.
* Patients with contraindications for oral anticoagulant agents.
* Incompetent to act for oneself

Answer: A