Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nasal High Frequency Oscillation Ventilation(NHFOV) vs. Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure(NCPAP) as Post-extubation Respiratory Support in Preterm Infants With Respiratory Distress Syndrome:a Randomized Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: In very preterm infants with severe respiratory distress syndrome(RDS), invasive ventilation(IV) , besides nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and early/selective pulmonary surfactant administration, is one key cornerstone to reduce neonatal mortality. However, IV is related to increased risks of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and abnormal developmental outcomes in the survival.Weaning from IV is therefore a key procedure to reducing these risks above, and if extubation does not success, repeated intubation and/or prolonged duration of IV will result in increased medical burden and intubation-associated complications and death. How to minimize the need for endotracheal ventilation and subsequent complications constitutes a challenge for neonatologists.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Caesarean newborn
* Gestational age ≥ 35 weeks
* Weight ≥ 2 kg
* SaO2 \< 90% after 10 min of life
* Silverman score ≥ 5
* Treated less than 20 min after birth
* Social security affiliation (parents)
* Informed consent signed (parents)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Thoracic retraction
* Congenital intrathoracic malformations
* Meconium aspiration
* Early neonatal infections with hemodynamic troubles
* Severe neonatal asphyxia
* Polymalformative syndrome
B: Inclusion criteria:

(1)Gestational age (GA) is from 26 to 34 weeks; (2) diagnosis of RDS. The diagnosis of RDS will be based on clinical manifestations (tachypnea, nasal flaring and or grunting) and chest X-ray findings; (3) RDS Silverman score\>5; (4) informed parental consent has been obtained.

Exclusion criteria

(1) severe RDS requiring early intubation according to the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for neonatal resuscitation7; (2)major congenital malformations or complex congenital heart disease; (3) group B hemolytic streptococcus pneumonia, septicemia, pneumothorax, pulmonary hemorrhage; (4) cardiopulmonary arrest needing prolonged resuscitation; (5) transferred out of the NICUs without treatment.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* The gestational age was less than 37 weeks;
* These neonates were diagnosed with RDS and supported by invasive ventilation with synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV. The diagnosis of RDS was based on clinical manifestations and chest X-ray findings. The clinical signs and symptoms of RDS were respiratory distress, tachypnea, nasal flaring, groan, and cyanosis after birth. The typical X-ray picture of RDS showed a grain shadow, air bronchogram or white lung;
* The neonates were ready to be extubated for the first time and subsequent noninvasive ventilation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* parents' decision not to participate;
* major congenital anomalies;
* died or left the NICU within 24 hour.

Eligibility criteria for extubation:

Besides the improved symptoms, X-rays and sufficient spontaneous breathing efforts, the eligibility criteria for extubation were peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) of 15-20 cm H2O, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 4-6 cm H2O, respiratory rate of 15 to 30, FiO2 from 0.21 to 0.30, hematocrit more than 35%. and arterialized capillary blood gas analysis need to meet the following criteria: pH\>7.20, PaCO2\<=55 mmHg.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* gestational age between 25+0 and 32+6 weeks;
* birth weight more than 600 g;
* supported with any type of endotracheal ventilation;
* Has not had first attempt at extubation(extubation readiness requires fulfilling of all the following criteria: a. Having received at least one loading dose of 20 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg daily maintenance dose of caffeine citrate; b. pH\>7.20 PaCO2\<=60 mmHg (these may be evaluated by arterialized capillary blood gas analysis or appropriately calibrated transcutaneous monitors. Venous blood gas values cannot be used); c. Paw \<=7-8 cmH2O; d. FiO2\<=0.30; e. sufficient spontaneous breathing effort, as per clinical evaluation).;
* Obtained parental consent. Informed consent will be obtained antenatally or upon neonatal intensive care unit admission.;

Exclusion Criteria:

* major congenital anomalies or chromosomal abnormalities;
* Presence of neuromuscular disease;
* Upper respiratory tract abnormalities; ;
* need for surgery known before the first extubation;
* Grade IV-intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) occurring before the first extubation
* congenital lung diseases or malformations or pulmonary hypoplasia

Answer: C