Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Blinded, Multicenter Study of the Induction and Maintenance of Clinical Response and Remission by Vedolizumab (MLN0002) in Patients With Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease
Brief Summary: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vedolizumab induction treatment on clinical response and remission at 6 weeks and to determine the effect of vedolizumab maintenance treatment on clinical remission at 52 weeks.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 to 80, nonhospitalized, male or nonpregnant, nonlactating females voluntarily able to give informed consent.
* Crohn's disease of at least 6 months' duration.
* Endoscopic and/or histopathological and/or radiological documentation consistent with Crohn's disease obtained preferably within 24 months of screening.
* Crohn's disease involving the colon and/or the ileum.
* CDAI score from 220 to 400 (inclusive) at the time of the Screening visit. The CDAI must have remained between 220 and 400 after the 1-week Screening period for the patient to be eligible.
* Patients may have been receiving oral or topical 5-ASA compounds provided the dosage had been stable for at least the 14-day period before the Screening visit. Patients were to be maintained on the 5-ASA compound at a constant dose at least through Day 57.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with evidence of current GI infection (bacterial or parasitic) or significant infection within 45 days of the screening visit.
* Patients with a serious underlying disease other than Crohn's disease including presence or history of malignancy (except basal cell carcinoma) and histological evidence of dysplasia.
* Patients with significantly impaired liver or renal function. This includes those with established chronic liver disease including hepatitis B or C.
* Patients with the laboratory abnormalities
* Patients using ethanol or consuming illicit drugs which, in the investigator's opinion, may interfere with compliance with the study procedures.
* Patients with active psychiatric problems which, in the investigator's opinion, may interfere with compliance with the study procedures.
* Patients who have previously received or who are currently receiving treatment with a monoclonal antibody.
* Patients receiving any investigational therapy, excluded medications as defined in protocol, or any approved therapy in an investigational protocol within 30 days prior to screening.
* Patients unable to attend all the study visits or comply with study procedures.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 16 - 75 years
* diagnosis of Crohn's disease within the past 4 years
* no previous treatment with corticosteroids, antimetabolites, or biologic agents.
* Active Crohn's disease, defined by a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI)20 score of greater than 200 points for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to randomization.

Exclusion Criteria:

* immediate need for surgery
* symptomatic stenosis or ileal/colonic strictures with prestenotic dilatation;
* signs, symptoms or laboratory tests indicating severe, medical disease;
* documented chronic infection
* a positive stool culture for pathogens
* a positive tuberculin test or a chest radiograph consistent with tuberculosis.
* malignancy
* allergy to murine proteins
* pregnancy
* substance abuse
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. In the opinion of the investigator, participants were capable of understanding and complying with protocol requirements
2. Participants or, when applicable, participants legally acceptable representative sign and date the informed consent form prior to initiation of any study procedures
3. Participants aged 15 to 80 years (inclusive) at the time of consent
4. A nonsterilized male participant who has a female partner of child-bearing potential has to agree to use adequate contraception during the period from the signing of informed consent to 6 months after the last dose of the study drug
5. A female participant of child-bearing potential (i.e., nonsterilized or whose last regular menses was within previous 2 years) who has a nonsterilized male partner has to agree to use adequate contraception during the period from the signing of informed consent to 6 months after the last dose of the study drug
6. Participants with a diagnosis of small-intestinal, large-intestinal, or small-/large-intestinal Crohn's disease (CD) established based on the Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Crohn's disease issued by Research Group for Intractable Inflammatory Bowel Disease Designated as Specified Disease by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan (2012) at least 3 months before the start of administration of study drug
7. Participants with baseline CDAI score of 220 to 450(inclusive) and meeting at least one of the followings:

   * C-reactive protein (CRP) at screening test is above 0.30 mg/dL
   * Participants with irregular or semicircular ulcers or multiple aphthae (10 or more) observed over an extensive area of the small or large intestine on endoscopy or imaging test within the 4 months before the start of administration of study drugs
   * Participants with longitudinal ulcers or a cobblestone appearance observed in the small or large intestine on endoscopy or imaging test within 4 months before the start of administration of study drugs
8. In case of the participants who meet any of the following criteria; participants with ≥ 8-year history of extensive or limited colitis, participants aged ≥ 50 years, or participants with a first-degree family history of colon cancer, those whom the complication of colon cancer or dysplasia was ruled out by total colonoscopy at the start of study drug administration (or the results from total colonoscopy performed within 1 year before giving consent are available)
9. Participants meeting the criteria for treatment failure below with at least one of the following agents received within previous 5 year period before giving consent

   1. Corticosteroids

      * Resistance
      * Dependence
      * Intolerance
   2. Immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine or methotrexate)

      * Refractory
      * Intolerance
   3. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) antibodies

      * Inadequate response
      * Loss of response
      * Intolerance

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Participants with an evidence of or suspected abdominal abscess
2. Participants with a history of subtotal or total colectomy
3. Participants who have had a resection of the small intestine in at least 3 locations or have a diagnosis of short bowel syndrome
4. Participants with ileostomy, colostomy, or internal fistula, or severe intestinal stenosis
5. Participants who have a treatment history with natalizumab, efalizumab or rituximab
6. Participants who started 5-aminosalicylic acid oral drug or probiotics treatment, antimicrobials to treat Crohn's disease, or 30 mg/day or less of oral corticosteroids within 13 days before initiation of study drug administration. If these drugs were used within 14 days before initiation of study drug administration, the dosage must have been changed or their use discontinued within 13 days before the initiation of study drug administration
7. Participants who had received 5-aminosalicylic acid or corticosteroid enemas/suppositories, intravenous corticosteroid injections, or more than 30 mg/day of oral corticosteroids, medications for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, or Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of Crohn's disease (e.g., Daikenchuto) within 13 days before initiation of study drug administration
8. Participants who had received azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or methotrexate within 27 days before initiation of study drug administration. However, this shall not apply to participants who have received these drugs for 83 or more days before initiation of the study drug administration and continued the steady dose administration of the drugs for 27 or more days before initiation of the study drug administration
9. Participants who had received cyclosporin, tacrolimus, tofacitinib or any study drugs for treatment of ulcerative colitis within 27 days before initiation of the study drug administration
10. Participants who had received adalimumab within 27 days before initiation of study drug administration or any biological drugs other than adalimumab within 55 days before initiation of study drug administration. Topical administration (such as intraocular implantation for treatment of age-related maculopacy) is allowed
11. Participants who had received any live vaccinations within 27 days before initiation of study drug administration
12. Participants who had undergone intestinal resection within 27 days before initiation of study drug administration or those anticipated to require intestinal resection during the study
13. Participants who had received leukocytapheresis or granulocyte apheresis within 27 days before initiation of the study drug administration
14. Participants who had received intravenous hyperalimentation or total enteral nutrition within the 20 days before initiation of the study drug administration or participants who are fasted
15. Participants who had received enteral nutrition at \> 900 kcal/day or started enteral nutrition at \<= 900 kcal/day within the 20 days before initiation of the study drug administration. Participants receiving 900 kcal/day or less of enteral nutrition for at least 21 days before initiation of the study drug administration whom these dosage was changed or the medications were discontinued within 20 days before initiation of the study drug administration
16. Participants who had been infected with Clostridium difficile, cytomegalovirus, or any other intestinal pathogen within 27 days before the first dose of the study drug
17. Participants with evidence of adenomatous colonic polyps that need to be removed at the start of study drug administration
18. Participants with a history or an complication of dysplasia of the small or large intestine
19. Participants who were suspected to have enteritis other than CD
20. Participants who were hepatitis B surface (HBs) antigen-positive or hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody-positive at the screening. Or participants who are hepatitis B core (HBc) antibodypositive or HBs antibody positive, even though HBs antigen-negative. However, this does not apply to participants who are only HBs antibody-positive due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination, HBV-DNA-negative, HCV antigen-negative, or HCV-RNA-negative
21. Participants who had an evidence of history of tuberculosis or a suspected history of tuberculosis (including those who have findings suggesting previous tuberculosis on chest imaging procedure at the screening). However, this does not apply to participants who had completed prophylactic isoniazid, or participants who had been receiving prophylactic isoniazid for more than 21 days before the first dose of the study drug (in the latter case, the screening period are allowed to extend up to 28 days to ensure at least 21-day prophylactic isoniazid and then the study treatment is allowed to start)
22. Participants who had positive T-SPOT test or QuantiFERON test at the screening
23. Participants who had a history or complication of identified congenital or acquire immunodeficiency syndrome (eg, not-classifiable immunodeficiency, human immunodeficiency virus \[HIV\] infection or organ transplantation)
24. Participants who had been affected by extraintestinal infection (eg, pneumonia, sepsis, active hepatitis or pyelonephritis) within 27 days before the first dose of the study drug
25. Participants who had a treatment history with MLN0002
26. Female participants who are lactating at the screening, or have positive urine pregnancy test either at the screening or baseline
27. Participants who had serious complications in the heart, lung, liver, kidney, metabolism, gastrointestinal system, urinary system, endocrine system or blood
28. Participants who had a history of a surgery requiring general anesthesia within 27 days before the first dose of the study drug, or with a schedule of a surgery requiring hospitalization during the study period
29. Participants who had a complication or a history of malignancy. However, this does not apply to the following participants:

    * Participants who had a curative resection of localized skin basal cell carcinoma or have completed curative radiotherapy
    * Participants who had not experienced recurrence for more than 1 year since completion of a curative resection or curative radiotherapy for skin squamous cell carcinoma
    * Participants who had not experienced recurrence for more than 3 years since completion of a curative resection or curative radiotherapy for intraepithelial carcinoma of uterine cervix For participants who had a substantially distant history of malignancy (eg, 10 years or longer without recurrence since treatment completion), the investigator and the sponsor had a discussion to decide eligibility on the basis of type of malignancy and treatment applied
30. Participants who had a history or a complication of the central nervous disorder, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, brain tumor, or neurodegenerative disease.
31. Participants who had any subjective symptoms in the subjective PML checklist at the screening or baseline
32. Participants who had any of the following laboratory abnormalities at the screening;

    * Hemoglobin ≤8 g/dL
    * White blood cells ≤3,000/μL
    * Lymphocytes ≤500/μL
    * Platelets ≤100,000/μL or ≥1,200,000/μL
    * Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≥3×upper limit of normal (ULN)
    * Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≥3×ULN
    * Creatinine ≥2×ULN
33. Participants who had a history or a complication of alcohol dependence or illicit drug use within one year before the first dose of the study drug
34. Participants who had a history or a complication of psychotic disorder that could obstruct compliance with the study procedures
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18 to 80
2. Diagnosis of moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD)
3. CD involvement of the ileum and/or colon
4. Demonstrated, over the previous 5 year period, an inadequate response to, loss of response to, or intolerance of at least 1 of the following agents, within protocol-specified parameters:

   1. Immunomodulators
   2. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) antagonists
   3. Corticosteroids
5. May be receiving a therapeutic dose of conventional therapies for irritable bowel disease (IBD) defined by the protocol

Exclusion Criteria

1. Evidence of abdominal abscess at the initial screening visit, other than a minimum of 10 aphthous ulcerations involving a minimum of 10 contiguous cm of intestine
2. Extensive colonic resection, subtotal or total colectomy
3. History of \>3 small bowel resections or diagnosis of short bowel syndrome
4. Ileostomy, colostomy, or known fixed symptomatic stenosis of the intestine
5. Have received non permitted IBD therapies within either 30 or 60 days, depending on the medication, as stated in the protocol
6. Chronic hepatitis B or C infection
7. Active or latent tuberculosis

Answer: D