Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of a Pre- and Postoperative Orthogeriatric Service. A Randomised, Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: The investigators' aim is to assess the effect of a model of preoperative as well as early postoperative care, treatment and rehabilitation in a dedicated orthogeriatric ward in a single-blind randomised study.

The investigators' main hypothesis is that an orthogeriatric service may improve long-time cognitive outcome.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients admitted to St Luke's Hospital for the purpose of rehabilitation after a new hip fracture.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients were excluded if any of the following criteria were present: (i) Pre-morbid non-ambulatory status, (ii) nursing home residents, (iii) palliative care patients, and (iv) patients previously enlisted for the trial.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Inclusion criteria on cluster level are:

  1. Written agreement to participate in the study;
  2. Agreement that a care pathway for PFF will not be developed and used within the time frame of the study when randomized in the control group.
* Inclusion criteria on patient level are:

  1. Written informed consent;
  2. All consecutive admissions with PFF;
  3. Minimum age of 65 years;
  4. Closed fracture;
  5. Eligible for surgical intervention;
  6. ASA-score of 1, 2 or 3;
  7. Each patient was included only once in the study at initial hospitalization, even if the patient has been hospitalized more than once.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Exclusion criteria on patient level:

  1. Patients with severe dementia (DSM IV);
  2. Bone metastatic diseases (pathologic fractures);
  3. Second fracture on the same hip (i.e. peri-prosthetic fracture)

Inclusion criteria on multidisciplinary team level:

1. Team members are involved in direct patient care responsibilities for PFF;
2. Minimum representation of the core disciplines according to PFF literature;
C: Inclusion Criteria:

• Eligible patients will be admitted acutely for a femoral neck fracture, a trochanteric or a subtrochanteric femoral fracture.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Hip fracture as part of multi-trauma or high energy trauma (defined as a fall from a higher level than 1 metre). One recent fracture in addition to the hip fracture (e.g. radius or shoulder) is acceptable.
* Regarded as moribund at admittance.
* Absence of a valid informed consent or assent.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Admitted to Barnes Extended Care nursing home
* Acute disablement
* (criterion dropped) Clinically depressive symptoms, including a score of 15 or greater on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and depressed mood or anhedonia present more days than not since the fracture

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unable to provide informed consent due to dementia and severe persistent delirium
* Inability to cooperate with the protocol
* Cardiac or other medical instability that would preclude carrying out high intensity exercises
* Language, visual, or hearing barriers to participation
* Presence of pelvic fractures that do not involve the proximal femur
* Presence of metastatic cancer, including cancer that causes a pathological fracture
* Bilateral acute hip fractures
* Lifetime psychosis or mania
* Alcohol or substance dependence within 6 months, or current (prior to hip fracture) alcohol or substance abuse

Answer: C