Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Recovery of Physical Functioning, Activity Level, and Quality of Life After Hip Fracture in the Fragile Elderly
Brief Summary: The survivors after hip fracture often report severe pain and loss of physical functioning. The poor outcomes cause negative impact on the person's physical functioning and quality of life and put a financial burden on society. It is important to continue and progress the functional training that already started at the hospital, while the patients are transferred to short-term stays in a nursing home before they are returning to home. The aim presently is to examine the effects of a functional training program by a RCT design, initiated by the physiotherapist and performed by the nurses, on physical functioning while the patients are at short term stays in primary health care.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with an acute low-energy hip fracture (intracapsular, trochanteric or subtrochanteric) and treated surgically, ≥ 65 years of age, living in their own homes prior to the fracture, and able to give an informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients unable to walk 10 meters with or without a walking aid prior to the fracture, have a score of less than 15 points on Minimal Mental Status Evaluation (MMS-E) in the acute phase, have a pathological fracture, life expectancies of less than three months, medical contraindications for training, or are incapable of understanding and speaking the Norwegian language.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Hip fracture

Exclusion Criteria:

* Male
* Under 65 years old
* Non-surgical repair of hip fracture
* Non-community dwelling
* Fractured more than 72 hours before admission to the hospital
* Pathologic fracture
* Resides more than 70 miles from the hospital of admission
* Recent diagnosis (in past 6 months) of angina or myocardial infarction
* Myocardial infarction or stroke concurrent with hip fracture
* Diagnosis of ventricular arrhythmia, third degree heart block, atrial fibrillation or if vital signs equal heart less than 60 or greater than 100
* Active or suspected myocarditis or pericarditis in the past year
* Recent (within past 6 months) deep venous thrombosis or intracardiac thrombi
* Persistent pulmonary edema during hospitalization
* Poorly controlled blood pressure w/ resting systolic greater than 180 mm Hg or resting diastolic greater than 100 mm Hg (3 or more readings with 24- hour period)
* Presence of ventricular aneurysm
* Paget's Disease
* Diabetes--blood sugar consistently greater than 300
* Diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis or myxedema within past year
* Any diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, or osteomalacia
* Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)
* New (past 6 months) onset seizure disorder or seizure within the past 6 months
* Diagnosis of schizophrenia
* Recent (within past 6 months) GI hemorrhage or bleeding
* Preadmission coumadin therapy
* Cirrhosis or end stage renal disease (ESRD)
* Advanced hepatitis, AIDS, or endocarditis
* Cancer with metastases, or cancer under active treatment (chemotherapy with cytotoxic agents) other than non-melanomic skin cancers
* Current diagnosis of chronic alcohol abuse
* Preadmission narcotic use or preadmission benzodiazepine use more than 1 dose or tablet a day
* Required human assistance to walk prior to fracture
* Prior fracture
* Chest pains when climbing a flight of stairs, while walking on level ground, or at rest prior to the hip fracture
* Use of supplemental oxygen prior to fracture
* Other (Non-English speaking, severe blindness, paraplegia, hemiplegia
* Mini-Mental Status Exam score less than 20
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient has had surgery for a unilateral hip fracture, and is considered to be partially or fully weight bearing after the surgery
* Surgical repair of the fracture has occurred no more than 4 days post hip fracture
* Prior to starting the study medication, the patient is enrolled in a rehabilitation program (as an in-patient or as an out-patient)
* Patient is judged to have been able to ambulate independently at home prior to their hip fracture (able to walk indoors in a familiar setting with little or no aid from another person)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patient has an unstable medical condition
* Patient has a hip fracture that is due to bone pathology other than osteoporosis (e.g., malignancy, or Paget's Disease), or major trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident).
* Patient has Type I diabetes
* Patient has Type II diabetes with any of conditions;

  1. Patient is currently taking more than one anti-hyperglycemic agent, or is taking a single combination anti-hyperglycemic drug containing more than one anti-hyperglycemic medication
  2. Patient is currently receiving insulin. Note: A short-term course of insulin required for glycemic control post hip fracture surgery is not exclusionary
  3. Patient has diabetic retinopathy
  4. Patient is unwilling or unable to monitor glucose at home
* Patient has been diagnosed with any neuromuscular or neurological disease causing muscle weakness
* Patient has cancer, or had a diagnosis of any malignancy within the last 5 years, except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, or adequately treated in situ cervical cancer
* Patient has active carpal tunnel syndrome
* Patient was living in a nursing home prior to the hip fracture (Note: - Patients who were living in an assisted-living facility prior to the hip fracture are eligible for enrollment)
* Patient was permanently wheelchair bound prior to the hip fracture
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* After the first hip fragility fracture following a fall from standing height or while turning
* Surgically treated in the later stage of rehabilitation phase (6 months up to 2 years after the fracture).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Sustained a hip fracture trauma due to falls from higher surfaces or motor vehicle accidents or due to a tumors or disease (other than osteoporosis)
* Several cognitive impairment, assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination adjusted for educational level \[22\];
* Inability to walk, either with walking aid;
* Progressive or severe neurological disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease, stroke);
* Communication disability (several uncompensated visual or hearing deficits);
* Medical condition contraindications exercise (e.g. unstable angina, severe valvular heart disease, large or expanding aortic aneurysm, etc.) \[23\];
* Engaged in a regular exercise program, with a frequency more or equal than twice a week, 30 minutes a day (excluding walking and senior dance) \[24\].

Answer: A