Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Buprenorphine Maintenance vs. Detoxification in Prescription Opioid Dependence
Brief Summary: The aim of the study is to determine whether buprenorphine/naloxone maintenance versus detoxification using buprenorphine/naloxone, in prescription opioid dependent patients receiving primary care management and drug counseling in an office-based setting, leads to decreased illicit opioid use.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Were age 18 years or older,
2. Met DSM-IV-TR criteria for opioid dependence,
3. Were in good general health, or, in case of a medical/psychiatric condition requiring ongoing treatment, were under the care of a physician willing to continue participant's medical management and cooperate with study physicians,
4. For female participants, use of one of the following acceptable methods of birth control:

   1. oral contraceptives
   2. barrier (diaphragm or condom) with spermicide
   3. IUD
   4. intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system
   5. levonorgestrel implant
   6. medroxyprogesterone acetate contraceptive injection
   7. contraceptive transdermal patch
   8. hormonal vaginal contraceptive ring
   9. surgical sterilization
   10. complete abstinence from sexual intercourse
5. Able to read and verbalize understanding of the study and voluntarily sign study informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. ALT or AST values \> 5 times the upper limit of normal as per testing laboratory range criteria,
2. ALP values \>3 times the upper limit of normal per testing laboratory criteria,
3. Any documented past or present history of ascites, presence of esophageal or gastric varices, hepatic encephalopathy or other signs of significant liver disease as indicated by a Model for Endstage Liver Disease score (Kamath et al., 2001) of ≥11,
4. Total bilirubin \> 2.0 mg/dl (participants with documented Gilbert's syndrome were not excluded based on this criterion),
5. Prothrombin time more than 3 seconds prolonged,
6. Albumin level less than 2.5 g/dl,
7. Any cardiopathy or risk factor listed below without evidence of a normal ECG\* with report performed within 6 months prior to first study medication dose,

   1. Congestive heart failure
   2. Left ventricular hypertrophy
   3. Bradycardia
   4. Hereditary QT prolongation
   5. Uncorrected electrolyte imbalance
   6. Concomitant medications that are known to have a risk of QT interval prolongation; refer to Appendix D for a list of medications.

   Note: The list was not all-inclusive.

   \*An ECG was abnormal if one or more of the following occurred:

   Significant ST segment abnormalities:
   * ST segment elevations in two or more continuous leads of \> 0.1 mV
   * ST segment depression of greater than 1 mm that are flat or down-sloping at 80 msec after the J point ST segment abnormalities identified as "non-specific" are acceptable. If a potential participant's ECG indicated ST segment elevations or depression consistent with ischemia, the physician obtained a medical history of cardiac symptoms and referred the participant for evaluation.

   Conduction abnormalities:
   * Mobitz II 2nd degree or 3rd degree heart block
   * Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or any non-sinus tachyarrhythmia
   * Three or more consecutive ectopic ventricular complexes at a rate of \> 100 per minute.
   * QTc greater than 450 msec in men and 480 msec in women

   Repolarization abnormalities:

   • Acute medical condition that would make participation, in the opinion of the study physician, medically hazardous (e.g., unstable pancreatic, cardiovascular or renal disease, significant anemia)
8. Known allergy or sensitivity to BUP, naloxone or MET or to any of the inactive ingredients in the study medications (including lactose, mannitol, cornstarch, povidone K30, citric acid, sodium citrate, FD\&C Yellow No.6 color, magnesium stearate, Acesulfame K sweetener)
9. Known diagnosis of acute psychosis, severe depression or imminent suicide risk as determined via clinical interview by study physician or surrogates
10. DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence on alcohol requiring immediate medical attention.
11. DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence on benzodiazepines requiring immediate medical attention
12. DSM-IV diagnosis of dependence on other depressants, or stimulants requiring immediate medical attention
13. Participation in an investigational drug study within the past 30 days
14. Treatment with MET, BUP/NX, or BUP for more than 15 of the past 30 days (illicit use of these medications is allowed)
15. Pending legal action that could prohibit study participation
16. Unable or unwilling to comply with study requirements
17. Unable or unwilling to remain in the local area for duration of treatment
18. Poor venous access such that venipuncture could not be accomplished from a vein in an extremity during eligibility
19. Pregnant or lactating (females only)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients who present to the adult ED at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) who are:

  1. 18 years or older,
  2. meet criteria for opioid dependence as measured by the Mini-SCID, and
  3. have a positive urine toxicology for opiates.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to read or understand English
* Currently receiving formal substance abuse treatment
* Current suicide or homicidal risk
* Current psychotic disorder
* Life-threatening or unstable medical or psychiatric condition requiring hospital admission
* Unable to provide 2 phone contact numbers
* Unwilling to be randomized and/or follow up as per study protocol, including release of information to assess treatment engagement at 30-days
* Requiring opioid agonist medication for a pain-related diagnosis (contraindication to buprenorphine)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* opioid dependence

Exclusion Criteria:

* current dependence on alcohol, cocaine, benzodiazepines or sedatives
* current suicide or homicide risk
* current psychotic disorder or untreated major depression
* inability to read or understand English
* life-threatening or unstable medical problems
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. have a well-documented chronic pain disorder due to past back surgery,
2. have a chronic back pain syndrome,
3. have evidence of opioid addiction,
4. prior attempt at abstinence-oriented treatment documented by the referring physician,
5. be able to understand spoken and written English,
6. reside in Erie or Niagara counties,
7. have health insurance or other ability to pay for treatment with the approval from patient's primary physician;
8. have no prior history of methadone or BUP/NLX maintenance treatment since the last surgery,
9. not be a member of a vulnerable population, including prisoners

Exclusion Criteria:

1. homeless, or any patient without a "locator" (no means to participate in the follow-up data collection interviews by phone),
2. inability to give consent,
3. those with major co-occurring psychiatric disorders,
4. EKG showing prolonged QT and/or previous cardiac issues,
5. are taking a medication that is contraindicated with methadone,
6. medically unstable,
7. urine positive for cocaine at initial visit,
8. pregnant women

Answer: C