Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nicotine Replacement Therapy Methods for Pregnant Women
Brief Summary: This study will compare the effectiveness of counseling plus use of a nicotine patch with counseling alone for helping pregnant women quit smoking. Smoking during pregnancy is the most preventable cause of fetal and newborn health problems such as low birth weight, fetal growth retardation, sudden infant death syndrome, spontaneous abortion, decreased lung function and premature delivery.

African-American and Hispanic women 18 years of age or older, smoke cigarettes, and live in the District of Columbia metropolitan area may be eligible for this study. Candidates are recruited from the George Washington University and Providence Hospital prenatal health clinics. They are screened with a review of their medical records and a survey that includes questions about their age, residency, race and ethnicity, educational level and employment status, number of weeks pregnant, and exposure to cigarette smoke and other types of tobacco.

Participants answer questions about their smoking behavior, then receive a 10-minute counseling session and watch a videotape about quitting smoking. Women who are not able to quit smoking in 1 week are then randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. One group continues to receive counseling sessions during the remainder of their pregnancy; the second group receives nicotine patches as well as the counseling sessions. In addition, all participants watch a video about smoking and receive a guide to help them quit. Women who receive the patches must stop smoking completely. If they cannot stop immediately, their participation in the study ends. The behavioral counseling sessions for all the women are a series of conversations between the women and a trained counselor to help the woman through the process of quitting.

Participants are followed during the study with six clinic visits and three telephone calls. During the first visit, the women answer a series of questions about their smoking habits and health concerns. A portion of the urine sample they provide during their routine prenatal visit is used by this study to assess their cotinine (a breakdown product of nicotine) levels. Saliva and breath samples to test for cotinine and carbon monoxide levels are collected at each visit. Saliva is collected by brushing the inside of the cheek with a cotton swab, and breath samples are collected by having the woman blow into a tube connected to a machine. Participants are evaluated four times during the study with questions about their smoking behavior.

With the women's permission, their medical records, health, and treatments during pregnancy are reviewed. At the end of the pregnancy, the infant's weight and health are also reviewed.


Options:
A: * INCLUSION CRITERIA

At least 18 years of age

Resident of the District of Columbia or Greater Metropolitan Area

Minority Woman (Either African American or Hispanic)

No more than 30 weeks estimated gestational age

Able to read and speak English

Current cigarette smoker

Baseline saliva continine level equal to or exceeding 30 ng/ml

Expresses desire to quit smoking in this pregnancy

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

Currently participating in any other smoking cessation treatment program

Has the following conditions: heart disease, irregular heart beat, high blood pressure, diabetes, liver condition, kidney condition, stomach ulcer, asthma, chronic pulmonary disease, or skin condition

Currently being treated for psychiatric illness, alcoholism, or other drug addiction.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Be at least 18 years of age
* Be between 13 and 25 weeks of pregnancy
* Be receiving prenatal care at one of the participating clinics
* Have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime
* Be currently smoking and have smoked at least 5 cigarettes per day in the past 7 days
* Speak and write English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence of cognitive or mental health problems
* Evidence of possible drug or alcohol addiction
* Documented history in medical chart of mental retardation, significant chronic or recurrent psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia or severe depression, history of cardiac arrhythmias, history of myocardial infarction within the past 6 months, history of previous pregnancy with congenital anomaly,family history of congenital anomalies
* Complications of pregnancy during the current pregnancy, including: threatened miscarriage, congenital anomalies, unexplained vaginal bleeding, pelvic or abdominal surgical procedures, deep venous thrombosis, malignancy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patient's gestational age is 26 weeks or less.
* Patient is at least 16 years of age.
* Patient is able to speak English or Spanish.
* Patient intends to carry to term.
* Patient has stable residence.
* Patient has smoked five or more cigarettes everyday for the past seven days.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Evidence that the patient is pregnant with a fetus with a known congenital abnormality.
* Unstable medical problems (i.e., hyperthyroidism, temporomandibular joint disorder, pre-eclampsia, threatened abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum)
* Multiple Gestation
* Unstable psychiatric disorder
* Current drug or alcohol abuse or dependence
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Males and females of descent between the ages of 18-65 who smokes at least 10 cigarettes/day and are seeking smoking cessation treatment.
2. Based on the medical history, physical and laboratory examination, premenopausal female subjects must consent to practice an effective form of contraception during study.
3. Following orientation by the research staff, subjects must sign written informed consent for all study procedures.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or lactating.
2. Current medical problems for which TN is contraindicated including allergy to nicotine, uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, serious arrhythmia, heart attack or stroke within the past 6 months, liver and/or kidney failure in the last 6-months and current diabetes.
3. Current treatment of cancer or diagnosed with cancer in the past 6 months
4. Current DSM IV substance use disorders (dependence involving alcohol, cocaine, marijuana or stimulants, benzodiazepines).
5. Current use of TN or other forms of NRT.
6. Concomitant medications (e.g., monoamine oxidase inhibitors or benzodiazepines within past 14 days, antipsychotics, endogenous steroids, and antidepressants (including wellbutrin or bupropion).

Answer: A