Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial of the Effect of Continuous Versus Intermittent Renal Replacement Therapy on the Mortality and Outcome of Acute Renal Failure in ICU Patients
Brief Summary: The mortality of acute renal failure (ARF) remains to be high (around 60-70%) despite manifold improvements in ICU care. At present, it is not clear if the method chosen for renal replacement therapy, i.e. intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) or continuous haemofiltration (CVVH), might impact on the outcome of these patients. For this purpose, a prospective randomised clinical study of the effect of continuous versus intermittent renal replacement therapy on the mortality and outcome of acute renal failure will be performed.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female aged ≥ 18 years old,
* "Early" septic shock (in the first 12 hours after Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission or readmission in the ICU after surgery), with lactatemia \> 2 mmol/L and norepinephrine needs \> 0.2 µg/kg/min 2 hours after the end of the initial surgery (to ensure that a potential anesthesia effect as disappeared),
* Secondary to a community-acquired or a nosocomial peritonitis (secondary or tertiary but not primary peritonitis),
* AKI KDIGO ≥ stage 2 or another indication for renal replacement therapy, according to the clinician in charge (if baseline creatinine is unknown, KDIGO ≥ stage 2 can be defined by a serum creatinine ≥ 2-fold the normal creatinine for age, gender, and ethnicity).

Exclusion Criteria:

* Inability to obtain informed consent from the patient or next of kin,
* Actual participation in another interventional study,
* Contraindications to citrate,
* Allergy to heparin,
* Pregnant or breastfeeding woman,
* Neutropenia \< 0.5 G/L resulting from chemotherapy or other iatrogenic causes
* Patient receiving immunosuppressive therapy, long-term corticosteroids, therapeutic antibodies, chemotherapy in the last 6 months (whatever the dose),
* Patient with innate or acquired immune deficiency (for example severe combined immunodeficiency, HIV or AIDS)
* Onco-hematological disease (lymphoma, leukemia, myeloma) treated within the last 5 years (but inclusion of a patient with solid cancer who did not receive chemotherapy during the past 6 months is possible),
* Patient with expected ICU length of stay \< 48 hours,
* Patient for whom a limitation of active care was pronounced at the time of enrollment,
* Patient with no social security insurance, with restricted liberty, or under legal protection.
B: Inclusion criteria: • Patients with septic shock, defined as 30ml/kg of i.v. fluid administered within a period of 6 hours after initiation of vasopressor therapy with a vasopressor index =3, and at least one of the following criteria: metabolic acidosis, neurologic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, or acute hepatic dysfunction

* Male and Female patients =18 years
* Endotoxin levels =0.6 IU EAA (measured at ICU admission and repeated 24 hours later in case the initial value is =0.4 and \<0.6)

Exclusion criteria: • Endotoxin levels \<0.6 IU EAA

* Pregnancy or breast feeding
* Neutropenia (circulating neutrophils \<500/µl)
* Pre-existing immune deficiencies or immune-suppressive therapy, especially corticosteroids
* Use of Vasopressin (Pitressin?)
* Organ transplantation within the last 12 months
* Terminally ill patients classified as "do not resuscitate"
* History of sensitivity to polymyxin B or to anticoagulant (heparin) HIT or allergy to heparin
* Need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* all ICU patients requiring renal replacement therapy

Exclusion Criteria:

* patient denies informed consent
* patient not requiring intensive care therapy
* kidney transplanted patients
* chronic renal failure (serum creatinine \> 3mg/dl)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Less than 72 hours from ICU admission to inclusion
* Clinical diagnosis of Severe Sepsis or Septic shock (SCCM definitions)
* Correct therapeutic initial management of septic process (SSC guidelines)
* Clinical diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury (ADQI definitions)
* Acute Kidney Injury meeting CRRT initiation criteria (ADQI guidelines)
* Written informed consent from patient or legal surrogates

Exclusion Criteria:

* End Stage Renal Disease(ESRD)
* Received previous CRRT or hemodialysis in the last three months
* Inclusion in other ongoing study
* Coexisting illness with a high probability of death
* Immunosuppression

Answer: C