Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Music as an Auxiliary Analgesic and Anxiolytic During First Trimester Abortion
Brief Summary: Most first trimester abortions are performed under local anesthesia using either manual or electric vacuum suction aspiration. The majority of women undergoing these procedures experience some amount of pain and anxiety. The investigators seek to understand if the provision of music during first trimester abortion will reduce pain and anxiety associated with this procedure. This study will involve the use of music during first trimester abortion as an additional method of pain and anxiety control. The investigators will recruit women seeking a first trimester suction aspiration procedure primarily for elective pregnancy termination or for other related indications such as an abnormal pregnancy, inevitable abortion, or retained products of conception. Participation will be voluntary and include informed consent. Recruited women will be divided into two groups: control group (no music) and intervention (music) group. All subjects will receive routine care and standard pain control measures, including local anesthesia, during their procedure. Those assigned to the intervention group will receive a portable digital music player (iPOD™ Nano) with headphones to listen to during their procedure. All subjects will complete preoperative and postoperative pain and anxiety questionnaires in addition to a patient satisfaction survey at the end of their visit. The provider will also assess and record the subject's pain experienced during the procedure. The investigators will also measure preoperative and postoperative vital signs on all participants. Subjects will be compensated for their time and study participation will not affect any care received at the clinic. Upon completion of their visit, there will be no additional followup for this study.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Viable or non-viable intrauterine pregnancy less than or equal to 14 weeks gestational age (including women with an abnormal pregnancy, inevitable abortion, or retained products of conception)
* Ability to read and speak English or Spanish
* Willingness to participate in the randomized trial

Exclusion Criteria:

* Hearing or visual impairment
* Allergy to ibuprofen or lidocaine
B: Inclusion criteria:

* Women ages 18 and older undergoing elective surgical abortion at 5 and 0/7 to 11 and 6/7 weeks gestational age
* Use of IV sedation for pain management
* English or Spanish speaking
* Ability to give informed consent

Exclusion criteria:

* Any pre-operative use of misoprostol (typically given at 12 weeks and above in this clinic)
* Allergy to study medications: lidocaine, midazolam, fentanyl
* Known uterine anomaly
* Prior cervical surgery.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* age greater than or equal to 18 years
* English-speaking
* ability and willingness to sign the informed consent
* ability and willingness to comply with the terms of the study
* voluntary request for pregnancy termination
* ultrasound-confirmed singleton intrauterine pregnancy with an estimated gestational age not exceeding 76 days (10 6/7 weeks) from the first day of the preceding menstrual cycle

Exclusion Criteria:

* women who require or request sedation
* untreated acute cervicitis or pelvic inflammatory disease
* contraindications to lidocaine such as allergy to lidocaine, cardiac arrhythmia or heart block, and porphyria
* allergic reaction or sensitivity to lorazepam or NSAIDs
* chronic NSAID use
* history of gastritis or gastric ulcer
* acute renal failure or chronic renal disease
* chronic liver disease
* history of bleeding diathesis
* chronic narcotic use
* current or past history of illegal drug use (excluding marijuana)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Women \>=18 years-old
* Presenting for a surgical abortion
* Fluency in English and able to provide informed consent
* Has a driver to take them home following the procedure

Exclusion Criteria:

* Allergy, sensitivity or contraindication to gabapentin
* Severe renal disease
* Currently using gabapentin or pregabalin
* Contraindication to outpatient abortion under local anesthesia

Answer: A