Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Pioglitazone in Alzheimer Disease Progression
Brief Summary: This study was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of pioglitazone, an approved drug for type 2 diabetes, in non diabetic patients with Alzheimer's disease. It was also designed to generate preliminary information on whether pioglitazone might slow progression of Alzheimer's disease.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participant able to understand and has signed and dated the Informed Consent Form
* Participant can be either a male or female
* Participant is more than 35 years of age
* Participant has total cholesterol between 5.2 - 6.2 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol between 2.6 - 4.2 mmol/L
* Participant is able to comply with visits and medications
* Participant has normal liver function (total protein, total albumin, total globulin, total bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT)

Participants who satisfy the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for Study in General with one or more of the following conditions will be eligible for MRI screening:

* More than 40 years of age
* Stable hypertension requiring only out-patient management
* Diabetes mellitus requiring only out-patient management
* Ischaemic heart disease requiring only out-patient management
* Body mass index more than 25 (overweight or obese)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Female participants who are pregnant
* Participant has previously received vitamin E supplementation (tocotrienols or tocopherols) within the past 3 months at the time of recruitment
* Participant has a history of cancer or has undergone radiation therapy
* Participant has a history of major organ dysfunction, such as moderate or severe hepatic impairment, severe renal insufficiency, severe or unstable cardiovascular, respiratory, hematological, endocrinological, neurological or other somatic disorders resulting in previous hospitalization.
* Participant has a neurological impairment or psychiatric disorder preventing his understanding of consent and his ability to comply with the protocol.
* Participant is requiring long term anti-epileptics, hypnotics, and chronic medications for hypercholesterolemia
* Participant has very high cholesterol levels, total cholesterol above 6.2 mmol/L and LDL cholesterol above 4.2 mmol/L, which require medical treatment.
* Participant is requiring long term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medication.
* Participant has a history of hypersensitivity to vitamin E.
* Participant has signs of alcohol and drug dependence or abuse.
* Participant is unable to understand and comply with the elements in the consent form.

In addition, the participant must not have any contraindication to have MRI examinations including:

* Biostimulators (e.g. cardiac pacemaker and implanted spinal cord stimulator)
* Neurostimulators
* Aneurysm clips in the brain
* Cochlear implants
* Hearing aids
* Orthopaedic implants less than 2 months old
* Metal fragments in eyes Any further implants or foreign body not listed above should have the safety assessed by a radiologist prior to recruitment into the MRI study.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment
* must be able to swallow pills

Exclusion Criteria:

* known or suspected bipolar disorder
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* CT or MRI since disease onset excluding structural lesions sufficient to account for the participant's dementia
* Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score between 12 and 26, inclusively
* Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 1 or 2 (mild to moderate AD severity) at both screening and baseline
* Women must be 2-years post-menopausal or surgically sterile.
* Generally healthy and ambulatory or ambulatory-aided (i.e., walker or cane); vision and hearing (hearing aid permissible) sufficient for compliance with testing procedures
* Concomitant medications: Participants may be on stable doses of cholinesterase inhibitors for 90 days prior to screening (may not be started during the trial); antidepressant or antipsychotic medications are acceptable if symptoms are controlled and therapy is at stable dosage for at least 30 days prior to screening; vitamin E at 200 IU daily will be provided to all participants beginning at baseline/randomization (higher doses must be discontinued at the screening visit)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Absence of a reliable caregiver who is willing to participate and comply with protocol responsibilities
* Diabetes mellitus requiring medical therapy (diet-controlled diabetes is acceptable)
* Acute or chronic liver failure, hepatitis within the last two years, or history of drug-induced liver transaminase elevations
* Heart failure meeting New York Heart Association Grade III or IV criteria (i.e., functionally disabling)
* Evidence of active gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, endocrine or cardiovascular system disease sufficient to cause cognitive impairment or interfere with past levels of daily function; participants with controlled hypertension (supine diastolic BP \< 95mmHg), right bundle branch block (complete or partial) and pacemakers may be included in the study; participants with thyroid disease also may be included in the study, provided they are euthyroid on treatment
* Active treatment for cancer or history of cancer within 3 years of screening (basal cell and squamous cells skin cancers are acceptable; incidental finding of carcinoma cells at transurethral prostate resection without subsequent medical or surgical therapy is acceptable)
* Evidence of other psychiatric/neurologic disorders sufficient to be the primary source of cognitive impairment (i.e., stroke, idiopathic Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar or unipolar depression, seizure disorder, head injury with loss of consciousness within the past year) or a modified Hachinski's ischemia score of 5 or greater; delusions, hallucinations or depression not successfully treated or not on stable medical therapy for these conditions 30 days prior to enrollment; known or suspected history (within the past 10 years) of alcoholism or drug misuse
* Participants and/or caregivers who are unwilling or unable to fulfill the requirements of the study
* Any condition which would make the participant or the caregiver, in the opinion of the investigator, unsuitable for the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* The study will enroll subjects, both men and women with type 2 diabetes of at least six months duration. The age of enrolled subjects will range from 21-60 years old. An HbA1c blood test must show that the person's diabetes is under control. Eligible subjects must have normal electrocardiogram tracings and normal hematological, electrolyte and liver laboratory results at screening. Females of childbearing age must agree to use an effective form of birth control throughout the study period.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects will be excluded if they have known vascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension (\>140/90 mmHg), marked hyperlipidemia (serum low density lipoprotein \> 4.1 mmol/L or serum triglycerides \> 7.8 mmol/L), and a body mass index greater than 40 kg/m2 (range 27-40). Other important exclusion criteria are cigarette smoking, volunteers taking Coumadin, and recent use of antioxidant supplements or aspirin. Females who are pregnant or breastfeeding will be excluded. People cannot participate in this study if they are taking medications (other than antidiabetic medications) which may affect blood sugar.

Answer: C