Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Post-operative Removal of Urethral Catheter in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery With Epidural Analgesia
Brief Summary: Patients undergoing colon or rectal surgery will usually have a urinary catheter (silicone tube) placed in the bladder at the time of operating to monitor kidney function during surgery and in the post-surgery period. Such patients will also have an infusion into the spine, known as an epidural, after surgery to provide them with continuous pain relief. Urinary catheters should be removed as early as possible once they are no longer required to facilitate patients becoming mobile after surgery and to reduce the risk of patients developing a urinary tract infection.

Traditionally these catheters are not removed until the patients epidural infusion is withdrawn, as in theory to do so would predispose the patient to developing acute retention of urine due to lack of sensation when the bladder is full. The investigators hypothesis is that urinary catheters placed via the urethra can be withdrawn 48 hours after colon/rectal surgery in patients receiving epidural pain relief without a significant increase in rates of urinary retention.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age \> 18
* Competent to consent to participate in trial
* Undergoing colorectal surgery (any resection of large bowel, formation of colostomy, anterior resection, low anterior resection, panproctocolectomy, abdominoperineal resection).
* Receiving epidural analgesia post-operatively
* If male, international prostate symptom score \<20.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous lower urinary tract surgery
* Chronic lower urinary tract disease
* Intermittent self-catheterisation
* Neurogenic bladder
* Urethral catheter inserted \>24 hours pre-operatively
* Presence of pelvic sepsis/abscess at surgery
* Previous trans-abdominal pelvic surgery
* Urethral catheter required for urine output monitoring beyond 24 hours post-operatively
* Presence of enterovesical fistula
* Pre-operative use of medications which alter detrusor function
* Pregnancy
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* age below 40 y.o.,
* surgery under spinal anesthesia,
* no previous history of urological problems.

Exclusion Criteria:

* opioid administration during surgery,
* need for urinary bladder catheterization during surgery,
* conversion to general anesthesia.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Females at least 18 years of age
* Understand and voluntarily sign an informed consent form
* English-speaking (able to read and understand English)
* Undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indication

Exclusion Criteria:

* Undergoing concomitant procedures in addition to hysterectomy which may cause urinary dysfunction
* Undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopy or laparotomy
* Known history of pre-operative urinary incontinence or retention
* History of prior bladder or prolapse surgery
* Neurologic or spinal cord injury affecting bladder function
* Pregnant women
* Evidence of gynecologic malignancy
* Currently taking anticholinergic medications
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* All women required total abdominal hysterectomy +/- bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for various benign gynaecological diseases in Queen Mary Hospital

Exclusion Criteria:

* a known history of neurological disorder
* a known history of urinary incontinence
* women who had recurrent urinary tract infections or positive urine culture (\>105 colony-forming units of an identified single uro-pathogen per milliliter of urine) pre-operatively
* women for whom a complicated procedure was encountered during the hysterectomy in which case in-dwelling catheter had to be kept post-operatively at the surgeon's decision
* women who had spinal anaesthesia as the choice of anaesthesia or received patient-controlled analgesia as post-operative pain relief.

Answer: A