Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Trial of a Cognitive Intervention for Older Adults
Brief Summary: The purpose of the ACTIVE study was to test if cognitive training interventions could maintain functional independence in elders by improving basic mental abilities, with follow-up assessments through five years.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* community-dwelling volunteers aged 60 years or older
* without dementia
* MMSE=26 or above

Exclusion Criteria:

* if they had known dementia or significant cognitive impairment accompanied by dysfunction of daily living activities;
* had 6 years of education or under;
* were illiterate
* were unavailable during the testing and intervention periods of the study;
* had severe losses in vision or hearing; had major neurological or psychiatric illness history including any history of stroke, transient ischemic attack or traumatic brain injury;
* had a medication history which might affect on cognitive function such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or memantine
* had medical problems such as thyroid, liver and renal disease;
* had a significan structural abnormalities on their baseline brain MRI.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 65 or older
* Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 23 or greater
* Vision scored greater than 20/50
* Minimal dependence in hygiene, bathing, and dressing

Exclusion Criteria:

* Significant decline in cognitive skills, physical abilities, or functional independence
* Inability to complete study activities as evidenced by MMSE and vision scores lower than Inclusion Criteria requirement
* Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
* Stroke in previous 12 months
* Cancer with limited life expectance
* Current chemotherapy or radiation treatment
* Communication problems
* Planned move from study area
* Scheduling conflicts that would preclude participation in study activities
* Prior involvement in similar cognitive training studies
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients who meet the Peterson diagnostic criteria of MCI:

  1. memory complaints (preferably confirmed by an informant).
  2. memory impairment according to age and education.
  3. preserved general cognitive function.
  4. intact activities of daily living, absence of dementia.

Exclusion Criteria:

* head trauma with post-traumatic loss of conscience for 30 minutes during lifespan.
* loss of senses (blindness, deafness).
* photo-sensitive epilepsy.
* unsuitability for Magnetic Resonance Imaging-examination due to metal foreign bodies or severe claustrophobia.
* drug and/or alcohol abuse.
D: Inclusion criteria for patients with MCI

1. Patients fulfilling criteria for AMCI \[Petersen et al. 2001b\]:

   i. Memory impairment for age and education ii. No impairment in other cognitive domains iii. Normal social activities iv. Patient is not demented
2. For the other subtypes of MCI, cognitive impairment in one or more nonmemory domain
3. Sedentary lifestyle with no regular participation in physical exercise defined as two or three times a week for at least 20 minutes duration, or participation in active sport more than once a week, in the previous six months.
4. Willing and able to give informed consent.
5. Availability and access to safe exercise environments, such as paths or roads with sidewalks for walking or cycling.
6. At low risk from serious adverse effects from increased physical activity as indicated by performance on the revised Physical activity readiness questionnaire (PARQ).

Exclusion Criteria:

Exclusion criteria for patients with MCI

1. Type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus.
2. Blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg or more.
3. Body weight more than 140% of ideal body weight.
4. Musculoskeletal or other medical problems preventing safe participation in regular moderate intensity exercise (65-77% of predicted maximum heart rate). This will include a resting tachycardia (heart rate above 100 bpm) and history of myocardial infarction or unstable angina within the last month.

Participants with modifiable exclusion criteria will be reconsidered after successful management. Patients will be referred for medical treatment prior to commencing exercise if indicated by the PARQ and the intervention will be guided by the PARmedX.

Participants taking medications affecting heart rate will need to be on a stable dosing regime for 3 months prior to commencing in order to control for potential spurious results on fitness measures caused by these treatments.

Answer: B