Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Can Change in Physicians' Prescribing Habits Decrease Carriage of Resistant Bacteria in the Community?
Brief Summary: This study aims to implement judicious antibiotic prescription habits to primary care pediatricians using a multifacet educational intervention and assess two main outcomes: 1) Direct outcome - prescription rates of the physicians. 2)Indirect outcome - carriage of antibiotic resistant bacteria by the treated population, specifically nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae, nasal S. aureus and rectal E.coli.


Options:
A: Health Facility Inclusion criteria:

* Located in lowland Muheza, adjoining wards of Handeni, or any area of Moshi Rural Districts
* Health facilities that are registered with the District Health Authority
* Receives Government supplies of ALu and qualifies for RDT supply
* Agrees to exclusive use of RDT for routine diagnosis of first consultations for possible malaria
* Accessible by 4-wd vehicle throughout the year.
* Availability of data on proportion of consultations diagnosed with malaria in 2008 (or earliest available year)

Health Facility Exclusion:

* Presence of other research in the immediate area where study procedures could bias outcomes in either study.
* Fewer than 500 cases per year were reported in 2005 or 2006.

Patient Inclusion:

* All patients with non-severe illness in first consultations.
* Patient Exclusion
* Patients who have been referred to the next level of care
* Patient refuses consent to exit survey
* Follow-up consultations
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* pediatric practice with at least 2 physicians

Exclusion Criteria:

* no electronic billing system
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* All treated patients of the participating physicians under the age of 5y, who came for any reason for a visit during the study period, who's parents agreed to participate.

Exclusion Criteria:

The only reason to exclude a child from being recruited was age\>5y or refusal of the parent/child to participate.
D: Inclusion Criteria for Hospitals

Hospitals were invited to participate in the study if they fulfill the following criteria:

* have an Institutional Review Board (IRB), or existing committee which could serve as such, or have an agreement with an IRB which reviews the research protocols implemented in the hospital;
* have at least 500 vaginal deliveries per year;
* do not have an explicit policy for selective episiotomy and for active management of third stage of labor;
* are located within the study area in Argentina and Uruguay; and
* agree to participate in the study.

Exclusion Criteria for Hospitals

Preselected hospitals are performing baseline data collection. According to the results of the analysis of the baseline data collection, hospitals will be excluded if the episiotomy rate is low or the rate of active management of the third stage of labor is high, according to the following cut-off points:

* Episiotomy rate in spontaneous vaginal deliveries below 20%
* Rate of active management of third stage of labor over 25%

The sample size of the study was increased to allow for exclusions.

Expectant management is defined as "a hands-free policy" during third stage of labor until the placenta is expelled: no use of uterotonics or special maneuvers.

Sampling, Recruitment, and Screening Procedures

Latin American Center for Perinatology (CLAP) coordination team will be responsible for the hospital selection. The hospitals' fulfillment of selection criteria will be obtained through a survey of the Heads of the Obstetrical Departments.

Besides the selection criteria, the coordination unit will invite the hospitals to participate according to:

* their participation in previous trials coordinated by CLAP,
* their participation in other trials or research activities, and
* their location.

Of particular interest are the characteristics of each preselected hospital regarding the structure of the professional staff, number of deliveries, and clinical guidelines policy.

Answer: C