Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Randomised, Open-label Trial of a Multimodal Intervention (Exercise, Nutrition and Antiinflammatory Medication) Plus Standard Care Versus Standard Care Alone to Prevent/Attenuate Cachexia in Advanced Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Brief Summary: Cancer cachexia is a multi-factorial syndrome defined by an ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass (with or without loss of fat mass) that cannot be fully reversed by conventional nutritional support and leads to progressive functional impairment.

There is an urgency for improving management, but there is no consensus on the optimal treatment for cancer cachexia. Several single therapies for cancer cachexia have been examined in clinical trials, with disappointing overall results. As multiple factors are responsible for the development of cachexia, it has been argued that optimal cachexia interventions should target all components: multimodal therapy for a multimodal problem.

The overall aim of this study is to early prevent the development of cachexia rather than treatment late in the disease trajectory. From a patient perspective a short term effect will be to improve physical and psychological function, to reduce symptom burden and to improve survival. In other words live a longer and better life during and after chemotherapy. Direct effects of the cachexia intervention are expected to be reduction of weight and muscle loss, and improved physical activity and quality of life.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* planned inpatient or outpatient radiotherapy
* ≥ 18 years of age
* diagnosed state of cachexia (weight loss greater than 5 % over the past 6 months) or pre-cachexia (unintentional weight loss of 5 % or less of usual body weight during the last 6 months)

Exclusion Criteria:

* metastatic disease
* severe neurological problems or other contraindications for resistance training
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Palliative cancer patients,
* life expectancy between 3 and 12 months,
* Karnofsky status equally or above 60,
* pain score equal or below 3 on numerical rating scale (0-10),
* cognitive function intact
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of lung cancer, pancreatic cancer or cholangiocarcinoma where the diagnosis is based on histological, radiological or multidisciplinary team (MDT) evaluation
* non-small cell lung cancer (stage III or IV), pancreatic adenocarcinoma (stage III or IV), due to commence first or second line anticancer treatment (defined as chemotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy, targeted therapy or immunotherapy)
* staging CT within 4 weeks of commencement of anti-cancer therapy (in patients where staging CT is out-with this period, further CT scanning will be undertaken. PETCT's are also appropriate)
* completed all other baseline assessments within one week prior to first course of anti-cancer treatment
* written informed consent
* able to comply with trial interventions (in the opinion of referring clinician) e.g. willing and able to do light exercise and take oral nutritional supplements as well as no major contraindications against ibuprofen.
* Karnofsky Performance Status \>70

Exclusion Criteria:

* Neuro-endocrine pancreatic cancer
* Creatinine clearance \<30ml/min
* Receiving parenteral nutrition or enteral nutrition via feeding tube
* receiving neo-adjuvant anti-cancer therapy
* BMI \>30 kg/m2
* Use of appetite stimulants or anabolic/anti-catabolic agents (such as megestrol acetate, progestational agents, marijuana growth hormone, dronabinol, or other anabolic agent) within 30 days prior to study baseline
* Concomitant steroid (\>10mg/d prednisolone or equivalent) treatment for less than three months prior to inclusion (inhaled, optical or pulsed oral steroids (up to 10 days use) are permitted)
* Concomitant long term (\>1 week) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) or aspirin treatment
* pregnancy, breast-feeding or of child bearing potential (that is not postmenopausal or permanently sterilised) age and not using adequate contraception (oral, injected, implanted or hormonal methods of contraception, intrauterine device and barrier method)
* Concomitant anti-coagulant treatment (e.g. warfarin or heparin)
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Over 18 Years of Age
* Has received a diagnosis of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer
* Will receive radiation as part of treatment plan
* Able to walk without assistance
* Received clearance for exercise from treating oncologist
* Lives in Calgary, Alberta area
* Can speak and write English
* Is interested in participating in the study

Answer: C