Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Saccharomyces Boulardii for the Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhoea - Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial
Brief Summary: When patients in hospitals receive antibiotics they often develop diarrhoea. The consequences may be grave for the patient. Thus far, no preventive measure is available. The investigators hypothesize that the apathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii, administered in addition to the antibiotic, may prevent episodes of diarrhoea or may lead to less pronounced diarrhoea. To test this hypothesis, the investigators are carrying out a clinical trial in 1520 adult patients in several hospitals.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Antibiotic therapy for a minimum of 3 days and a maximum of 14 days
* Expected to remain hospitalized for a minimum of 5 days
* Patients who have received less than 36 hours of antibiotic therapy
* Negative pregnancy test at screening
* Obtained his/her informed consent after verbal and written information
* Patients having a telephone available (mobile, work, home)
* Patients having a fridge at home

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant or breastfeeding women
* Patients presenting with active diarrhea (3 or more liquid stools per 24 hour period).
* Patients with a history of daily consumption of probiotics, fermented milk and/or yogurt;
* Patients known to have shown a previous reaction, including anaphylaxis, to any substance in composition of the study product (i.e. Non-medicinal ingredients: Cellulose, hypromellose, magnesium stearate (vegetal source), ascorbic acid, Colloidal silicon dioxide)
* Patients presenting with an active, non-controlled intestinal disease such as Crohn's Disease or ulcerative colitis;
* A previous documented C. Difficile infection \< 3 months prior to study initiation ;
* Ostomized patients, parenteral nutrition users
* Patients with an immunosuppressive therapy or any health condition causing immunosuppression (including haematological malignancies, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS))
* Ongoing or recent use of antibiotic therapy in the 30 days prior to the study product first administration.
* Patients with planned administration of antibiotics other than broad spectrum Penicillin, Cephalosporin or Clindamycin for the treatment of an infection;
* Patients with concomitant participation in another clinical trial;
* Patients who are not likely to comply with study requirements
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Ability to speak and write English
* Aged 1-5 years
* Male or female
* Diagnosed with an upper respiratory infection and placed on a penicillin class antibiotic regimen for 10 days

Exclusion Criteria:

* Developmental delays
* Chronic conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, that require medication
* Prematurity, birth weight \<2500 grams
* Allergy to kefir and/or milk
* Active diarrhea
* Congenital anomalies
* Failure to thrive
* Parental belief of lactose intolerance
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Planned CABG and/or valve surgery
* Left ventricular dysfunction (EF≤ 45%)
* Age \> 18 years
* able to give written information consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Existing permanent pace maker
* Atrial fibrillation
* Enrolment in other research protocols
* Inability to give written informed consent
* Heart transplant
* Pre operative cardiovascular instability
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* adult patient (≥ 18 years)
* patient hospitalized
* patient receives systemic antibiotic treatment
* patient contractually capable
* patient able to follow study procedures
* informed consent of patient

Exclusion Criteria:

* allergy against yeast and/or Perenterol® forte und/oder placebos containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae HANSEN CBS 5926, lactose-monohydrate, magnesium stearate, gelatine, sodium dodecyl sulfate, titan dioxide, microcrystalline cellulose.
* central venous catheter
* immunosuppression
* diarrhoea and/or chronic diarrhoea
* regular intake of Perenterol®, Perenterol® forte oder Yomogi® in the last seven days before the start of the study
* systemic antimycotic treatment
* systemic antibiotic treatment within the last 6 weeks
* no protection against conception, pregnancy, or lactation
* simultaneous participation in other clinical trials

Answer: D