Please select the outcome measures that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: N/A
Brief Summary: Rationale: About 80% of stroke patients suffer motor impairments, but current therapies have limited effects on motor recovery. Therefore, investigating new potential therapeutic approaches is crucial. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a form of non-invasive electrical stimulation where a weak current is applied through electrodes over the scalp. This stimulation is known to (1) induce changes in neuronal excitability -which can last up to one day with late LTP-like plasticity protocols- in a polarity and site-specific manner, and (2) facilitate motor learning and stroke recovery. However, it is unknown how the motor cortex excitability changes that follow tDCS relate to the increase in motor learning and recovery potential. The currently upheld hypothesis is that motor learning needs to be synchronized in time with electrical stimulation (paired stimulation), but recent results from our lab suggest that tDCS also increases skill learning after stimulation has ended (unpaired stimulation). If this is true, tDCS has a much larger therapeutic window and is a more valuable clinical tool than currently believed. Therefore, the investigators want to investigate how late LTP-like plasticity tDCS affects the increase in skill learning normally seen with tDCS when applied 24 hours before training. The outcome of this study can provide important guidelines on effective motor therapy during stroke rehabilitation.

Objective: Identify the effect of late LTP-like plasticity tDCS in chronic stroke patients on skill learning 24 hours later.

Study design: Double-blinded, randomized between-subjects trials. Study population: Chronic stroke patients. Main study parameters/endpoints: The main objective of the study is to determine the effect of late LTP-like plasticity tDCS on skill learning 24 hours later. As a motor learning paradigm, the investigators will use a circuit tracking task which chronic stroke patients perform better if tDCS is applied concurrently. During this task, patients have to trace a cursor over a circuit as fast and accurately as possible by moving a computer mouse. Skill will be quantified by calculating a combined speed/ accuracy score and skill improvement compared to baseline (LI; the learning index) will be compared between the sham, conventional unpaired tDCS, conventional paired tDCS groups and the late LTP-like plasticity tDCS groups.


Options:
A: Change from baseline in Upper Extremity Fugl Meyer Assessment (Baseline, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 12 weeks)
B: Motor Skill Retention (Day 9)
C: Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (Baseline, Treatment days 1,5,10, Follow Up); Motor Activity Log Rating Scale (Baseline, Treatment Days 1,5,10 and Follow Up); Beck Depression Inventory (Baseline, Treatment days 1,5,10 and Follow up); Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (Baseline, Treatment days 1,5,10 and Follow Up)
D: Behavioural Inattention Test (BIT) (Assessed at the recruitment interview (week 0) and at the exit interview (8 weeks after the intervention)); Neglect Test Battery (Assessed at 2 separate pre-intervention baseline sessions at least 1 week apart. Re-assessed following the intervention at intervals of 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks.)

Answer: B