Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Phase II, Parallel, Randomized, Clinical Trials Comparing the Responses to Initiation of NNRTI-Based Versus PI-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Infected Infants Who Have and Have Not Previously Received Single Dose Nevirapine for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission
Brief Summary: A single dose of nevirapine (SD NVP) given to an HIV infected pregnant woman followed by a single dose to her infant has been shown to be an effective way of reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based antiretroviral regimen versus a protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimen in HIV infected infants who had or had not been exposed to SD NVP for prevention of MTCT.

\>\>

\>\> A five year follow up has been added to the study.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria

* HIV infected
* Viral load greater than 10,000 copies/ml within 30 days prior to study entry
* Weigh more than 5.5 lbs at the time of enrollment
* Agree to take 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in addition to LPV/RTV
* Have consent of parent or guardian willing to provide signed informed consent and to have the infant followed at a PACTG site

Exclusion Criteria

* Currently taking a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor (PI) while on study
* Previously used LPV/RTV. Patients who were treated previously with other PIs are not excluded. Prior or concurrent maternal treatment with LPV/RTV is not excluded.
* For patients less than 6 weeks old at time of enrollment, less than 34 weeks gestation at delivery OR for patients 6 or more weeks old at time of enrollment, less than 32 weeks gestation at delivery
* Any laboratory toxicity of Grade 3 or greater. Hyperlipasemia of Grade 2 or higher is also excluded.
* Newly diagnosed acute opportunistic or serious bacterial infection requiring therapy at the time of enrollment
* Chemotherapy for active cancer
* Certain medications
* Any other clinically significant conditions, other than HIV infection, that would interfere with the study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* NVP-exposure as part of pMTCT-prophylaxis around delivery
* HIV-positive
* Eligible for treatment
* Plans to stay in the area for the next 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Already on anti-retroviral treatment
* History of toxicity to perinatal NVP
* Grade 3 or greater elevation of liver function tests
* Being treated for a severe acute opportunistic infection or tumor
C: Inclusion Criteria for All Participants:\>\>

* age \>=6 months to \< 36 months (decreased to 2 months in protocol version 4.0)\>\>
* HIV infected\>\>
* Viral load greater than 5,000 copies/ml within 60 days of study entry\>\>
* Treatment naive except for antiretrovirals (ARV) used to prevent MTCT (infant ARV use for \<=1 week postpartum for prevention of MTCT allowed) \>\>
* Eligible for treatment according to WHO pediatric algorithm (updated in protocol version 1.0, Letter of amendment (LOA)#1) and protocol version 2.0, LOA#3). Subjects with active opportunistic infections were not eligible for study participation until they had been treated and were clinically stable \>\>
* Parent or legal guardian willing to provide signed informed consent\>\>

Inclusion Criteria for Cohort I:\>\>

* Documentation of maternal or infant NVP exposure or a highly reliable verbal report. (Updated in protocol version 2.0, LOA#3 to require written clinic/hospital documentation of infant exposure to SD NVP)\>\>
* Use of maternal ARV, including NVP, permitted during pregnancy\>\>
* One or more of the following: strict formula feeding, initial infant HIV diagnosis occurring while younger than 60 days of age, or an initial AIDS-defining illness diagnosis by WHO criteria while younger than 60 days of age. \>\>

Inclusion Criteria for Cohort II:\>\>

* Use of maternal ARVs, excluding NNRTIs, permitted during pregnancy\>\>
* Evidence of lack of prior NVP exposure (added in protocol version 2.0, LOA#3) by review of maternal and child medical records or health card (or other written documentation) for evidence of NVP exposure to mother or infant during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. If no written documentation showing lack of NVP use was shown in these records or if these records were not available for review, then a verbal report considered to be highly reliable by the study nurse was acceptable AND one or more of the following: \>\>

  1. Study subject born before single dose NVP was available for prevention of MTCT of HIV in the location of birth of study subject\>\>
  2. Study subject born before the biological mother's first positive HIV test\>\>
  3. Site staff had another reason to believe the subject had not been exposed to NVP \>\> \>\> Exclusion Criteria for All Participants:\>\>
* Grade 2 or higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) at study screening\>\>
* Grade 3 or higher laboratory toxicity at study screening\>\>
* Received ARVs for anything other than the prevention of intrapartum MTCT. Infants who received ARVs after the first week of life (e.g., for the prevention of MTCT of HIV through breastfeeding) were excluded \>\>
* Acute serious infections requiring active treatment. Subjects could be receiving treatment for active TB if it did not include rifamycin drugs\>\>
* Receiving chemotherapy for an active tumor\>\>
* History of a cardiac conduction abnormality and underlying structural heart disease\>\>
* Required certain medications\>\> \>\> Exclusion Criteria for Cohort I: \>\>
* History of or currently breastfeeding. Breastfed infants with a positive HIV test or who had experienced an AIDS-defining illness by WHO criteria at 60 days of age or younger were not excluded\>\>

Exclusion Criteria for Cohort II:\>\>

* Exposure to any maternal NVP or other NNRTI prior to or during the pregnancy or while breastfeeding\>\>
* Exposure of infant to NVP at any time including during the first week of life
D: Inclusion Criteria for Infants:

NOTE: Per Letter of Amendment dated 04/04/07, Part B of this study is no longer recruiting participants. Per Letter of Amendment dated 09/16/08 Arm 1 of this study is longer recruiting.

* HIV infected
* Antiretroviral naive. Infants who have previously received antiretroviral drugs used to prevent mother-to-child transmission are eligible for the study.
* Parent or legal guardian willing to provide informed consent and comply with study requirements

Exclusion Criteria for Infants:

* Any major life-threatening congenital abnormalities
* Severe CDC Stage B or C disease
* Liver enzyme, absolute neutrophil count, hemoglobin, electrolyte, creatinine, or clinical toxicity of Grade 3 or higher at screening
* Any acute or clinically significant medical event that would preclude participation in the study. Randomization can take place as soon as the incurrent illness has resolved if the child is still less than or equal to 12 weeks of age.
* Use of investigational drugs
* Require certain medications. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
* Inability to tolerate oral medication
* Birth weight less than 2 kg (4.4 lbs)

Answer: C