Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Repellents as Added Control Measure to Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets to Target the Residual Transmission in Southeast Asia: a Step Forwards to Malaria Elimination
Brief Summary: The scaling up of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLIN) and the expansion of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) has contributed to a significant decrease of malaria worldwide. However these control methods tackle only indoor and night biting vectors. The proportion of transmission occurring outdoors and before sleeping hours or so-called "residual transmission" is steadily increasing and may compromise the effort towards malaria elimination.

The purpose of this study is to raise evidence on the effectiveness of mass use of topical repellents in addition to LLINs in controlling malaria infections.

A multidisciplinary approach will be used to collect information on the most important factors that contribute to the successful reduction of "residual malaria transmission". In a first objective the epidemiological efficacy of repellents on prevalence of malaria carriers and malaria incidence will be assessed. To achieve this goal 98 communities will be randomly assigned to one of two treatment arms (LLIN and LLIN + repellent). Within a community a cross sectional random sample of 65 people will be drawn at the beginning and the end of the malaria season to obtain an estimate of the malaria prevalence. The second objective will handle the entomological efficacy and persistence of the topical repellent on malaria vectors. And lastly the acceptability, adherence and adequacy of the topical repellents will be studied in a third objective.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* All volunteer household members

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants less than two months
* Not in the study area
B: Inclusion:

Mobile and migrant individuals aged 18 years and over in selected villages including:

* Traditional slash-and-burn and paddy field farming communities visiting their forest farms (commonly ethnic minority groups)
* Seasonal agricultural laborers
* Forest workers in the informal sector (hunters, small-scale gem/gold miners, people gathering forest products (precious timber, construction timber, rattan/bamboo)
* Transient or mobile camp residents associated with commercial projects (road/pipeline construction, large-scale logging, deep seaport projects, etc.)
* Formal and informal cross-border migrant workers

For qualitative research component, local health stakeholders meeting the following criteria will be eligible:

* Aged 18 years and over
* The local health stakeholders such as health centre staff, Operational District Malaria Supervisor (ODMS), and Provincial Malaria Supervisor (PMS), and basic health staff such as malaria unit staff in health centres, midwives, health assistants, district health officers and district focal person from CMPE and CNM
* Health staff members from HPA and Lao malaria community service organisations

Exclusion:

A village will be excluded from the study if:

The village has an VHV/VMW program operated by any organizations other than CMPE, CNM, HPA, malaria CSOs in Lao PDR The village has no malaria cases or API less than 1 in any of the past three years (2018 - 2020) The village has no MMPs The village has no VHV/VMW The village has a government health facility for provision of malaria services
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* All household members volunteering from selected communities

Exclusion Criteria:

* Infants less than 2 years
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Member of a platoon passes physical examination - no underlying health risks females that are not pregnant malaria negative at enrolment consents to participate

Exclusion Criteria:

Not assigned to a platoon underlying health risks - does not pass physical examination pregnant female (pregnant females are not recruited into the army) malaria positive at enrolment does not consent to participate

Answer: C