Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study on Parallel Groups Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpon) in Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Multiple Sclerosis Patients.
Brief Summary: Bladder dysfunction occurs at some time in most patients with multiple sclerosis and these patients are prone to have recurrent urinary tract infections. Cranberry has been traditionally used for the treatment and prophylaxis of urinary tract infections but there is no reliable randomized controlled trial demonstrating evidence of cranberry's utility in this disease. The aim of our study is to assess the efficacy and safety of cranberry in the prophylaxis of urinary tract infections in patients with multiple sclerosis with a prospective randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adults aged 18 to 70, with multiple sclerosis, neurologically stable for at least 3 months
* With an EDSS score ≥ 3
* Symptomatic bladder dysfunction: frequency, urgency, dysuria, incontinence (at least one of these symptoms), needing intermittent catheterization or not
* Ambulatory at inclusion
* Able to undergo evaluation
* Informed written consent

Non-inclusion Criteria:

* Regular consumption of cranberry within 3 months before inclusion
* Symptomatic urinary tract infection at inclusion
* Chronic renal failure (creatinin clearance \< 10ml/min)
* Patients with urinary permanent catheterization
* Patients with hyperuricemia and risk of uric acid lithiasis
* Patients with oral anticoagulant treatment (antivitamins K)
* Peptic ulcer
* Intolerance to cranberry and/or excipients
* Urinary tract infections antibioprophylaxis
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Healthy and sexually active women
* Aged between 18 to 45 years old
* Recurrence of 2 UTIs in the past 6 months or 3 in the past year
* Do not have consumed cranberry juice, polyphenols or antioxidant supplements in the last 2 weeks
* Internet access

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women who have personal history of acute or chronic renal failure
* Women who have personal history of urogenital system anomalies, urogenital tractus surgery or intestinal diseases causing malabsorption (e.g., Crohn and celiac diseases)
* Women who have personal history of kidney stones, taking anticoagulant medication or have taken anticoagulant medication in the last month
* Women presenting cranberry allergy or intolerance
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Intrauterine pregnancy
* Mother and fetus in good health
* Mother pregnant for 16 weeks or less

Exclusion Criteria:

* Suspected nonviable or ectopic pregnancy
* Mother plans to terminate pregnancy
* Antimicrobial therapy, for reasons other than urinary tract infections, within 2 weeks prior to study start
* Significant underlying medical complications that may interfere with the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. female residents;
2. long term residents
3. English speaking; and
4. age ≥ 65 years.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. residents that are not expected to be in the nursing home for at least one month (i.e., short term rehabilitation, pending discharge, terminal \[life expectancy \< 1 month\]);
2. residents who are on chronic suppressive antibiotic or anti-infective (i.e., mandelamine) therapy for recurrent UTI;
3. residents with end stage renal disease on dialysis (they do not regularly produce urine);
4. residents unable to produce a baseline clean catch urine specimen for collection;
5. residents on warfarin therapy because of a potential interaction of warfarin and cranberry juice;
6. residents with a history of nephrolithiasis because cranberry may increase the risk of nephrolithiasis;
7. have an indwelling bladder catheter in place;
8. have an allergy to cranberry products;
9. are being treated with cranberry products;
10. residence \<4 weeks.

Answer: A