Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: The Effect of Daily Whole-Body Vibration on Tibial Trabecular Bone Mineral Density in Osteopenic Postmenopausal Women
Brief Summary: This study will examine whether whole-body vibration slows down bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Whole-body vibration is a promising novel therapy that involves standing on a platform which produces extremely small and fast up-and-down movements. Some but not all research studies have found that whole-body vibration slowed down bone loss in postmenopausal women. One of the reasons why different studies found different results may be because they used various speeds of vibration. This study looks at how different speeds of whole-body vibration influence bone mineral density differently in postmenopausal women who have osteopenia. Two hundred postmenopausal women will take part in this 12-month study. Women will be randomly assigned into three groups (67 women per group) and these groups will be compared. Group 1 will receive very fast whole-body vibration, Group 2 will receive fast whole-body vibration, and Group 3 will not receive whole-body vibration. We will look at various bone mineral density and bone quality measurements, obtained with three different types of technologies, at the beginning of the study and at 12 months of follow-up. The hypothesis of this study is that the in comparison to Group 3 (no vibration), Groups 1 and 2 will experience reduced bone loss over 12 months, and that the greatest reduction in bone loss will be experienced by Group 1. The results of this study will help us determine whether whole-body vibration at different speeds produces variable effects on bone, hence explaining the inconsistency of the results obtained in previous studies.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men or women, between 18 and 65 years of age, who are capable of providing informed consent.
* BMI of 25 to 35 kg/m2.
* Non-smoker (for at least 6 months).
* In good health, as determined by the principal investigator based on medical history and physical examination.
* Clinical laboratory evaluations (including Biochemistry, Hematology, Endocrinology) within the reference range for the test laboratory, unless deemed not clinically significant by the Investigator.
* Because of the calorie-restricted diet and radiation exposure from the CT scan, females will be non-pregnant, non-lactating, and either post-menopausal for at least 1 year, surgically sterile for at least 3 months, or be willing to use an approved method of contraception (which may include use of abstinence; intrauterine device; female condom with spermicide; diaphragm with spermicide; cervical cap with spermicide; oral or transdermal hormonal contraceptives; a condom with spermicide by the sexual partner; or a sterile sexual partner) from 35 days prior to study entry (i.e., Day -1) until 30 days following Study Completion. For all females, the pregnancy test result must be negative at the screening visit and at visits when a CT scan will be done.
* Ability to comprehend and willingness to sign the Informed Consent Form for this study.
* Ability to comply with study restrictions regarding diet and exercise.
* Stable weight (+ 5%) for at least 3 months prior to study entry.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diabetes mellitus.
* History or clinical manifestations of significant metabolic, hepatic, renal, hematological, pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urological, neurological, or psychiatric disorders which in the opinion of the investigator would be expected to interfere with the study or increase risk to the subject.
* Participation in any other investigational diet study within 90 days prior to study entry.
* History of a medical or psychological condition or social circumstances that would impair the subject's ability to participate reliably in the study.
* Use within the last six months of medications that can result in significant weight gain or weight loss, including antipsychotics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, anti-epileptic drugs, appetite-suppressants such as phentermine and sibutramine, and the lipase-inhibitor orlistat. (see Appendix 1 for detailed list)
* Active eating disorder.
* History of alcoholism or substance abuse within 5 years prior to study entry.
* Recommendation by a physician to avoid calcium supplements because of a history of kidney stones or other medical condition.
* History of hyperparathyroidism or sarcoidosis.
* Osteoporosis or other medical condition for which a physician has recommended taking a multivitamin or calcium supplementation.
* High calcium intake (more than 2 servings of dairy products per day or taking calcium supplements \> 3x/wk ) for 1 month prior to study start date and for duration of study. (If participant is taking calcium supplement \> 3x/wk or more than 2 servings of dairy products per day, they are eligible to participate if they agree to stop for 1 month prior to study start date and for the duration of the study. Participants will similarly be asked to stop multivitamins as the majority of these supplements contain calcium.)
* General medical conditions that are well-controlled will not be a basis for exclusion in the study. Subjects with uncontrolled conditions that are not adequately controlled or that might pose an unacceptable risk for participation, as clinically determined by the investigators, will be excluded.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. diagnosis of type 1 diabetes according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines;
2. age at presentation between 11 and 35 years;
3. duration of clinical disease (since the beginning of insulin therapy) \<12 weeks;
4. baseline C-peptide \>0.25 nmol/l;
5. no medical contra-indications or any other major chronic disease;
6. willingness and capability to participate in a regular follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. cardiovascular disease;
2. renal disease;
3. liver disease;
4. neurological disorders;
5. allergic diathesis;
6. hyperparathyroidism;
7. neoplasia.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* osteopenic
* postmenopausal

Exclusion Criteria:

* use of HRT in the past 12 months
* use of raloxifene or parathyroid hormone in the past 6 months
* use of bisphosphonates or fluoride in the past 3 months or ever taken for more than 3 months
* current use of calcitonin
* use of other medications that may indirectly affect bone metabolism
* presence of metabolic bone disease or diseases that indirectly affect bone metabolism
* occurrence of fragility fracture over 40 years of age
* presence of unhealed non-fragility fracture (i.e., occurring less then 6 months ago)
* having body mass ≤28 kg and ≥90 kg
* having knee or hip joint replacements and spine implants
* having poor balance (assessed by Timed-Up-and-Go)
* presence of other medical risks for the study
* inability to stand erect daily for 20 minutes
* planned vacation or other activities that would prevent one from using the platform for ≥1 month
D: Inclusion Criteria: healthy women ages 55 and older who were at least four years postmenopausal living independently in a nine-county rural area of Nebraska

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Exclusion Criteria:

1) chronic kidney disease, 2) Paget's metabolic bone disease, and 3) history of cancer except for superficial basal or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and

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Answer: C