Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Systematic Case Series Study Investigating the Effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) in the Treatment of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Adolescents and Adult Survivors
Brief Summary: This study investigates the effectiveness of EMDR for survivors of childhood sexual abuse. All participants will undertake a standard course of EMDR via the National Heath Service program, alongside a number of questionnaires and a follow-up interview.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Participants will be at least three months post-crime at the time of their participation and will have been diagnosed with PTSD. Participants will score at least a "3" on the CAPS symptom of sleep impairment. This score is indicative of clinically significant symptomatology on any PTSD symptom. There is no upper limit on time since the trauma for participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Exclusion criteria for participants include psychosis, mental retardation, active suicidality, parasuicidality, or current addiction to drugs or alcohol. In the case of apparent illiteracy, we will try to accommodate the individual as much as possible to maximize success in the program. In addition, participants cannot be in a currently abusive relationship or being stalked. For marital rape or domestic violence, the participant must have been out of the relationship for at least three months. Participants can have received any therapy in the past with the exception of CPT. They may be receiving concurrent therapy as long as it is not trauma-focused. Allowing subjects to continue with concurrent therapy offers them the option to continue with established supports and more closely mimics clinical practice and the generalizability of the results. Participants will be asked to monitor and adhere to several behaviors that significantly impact sleep and may introduce error into the study aims. Inability or unwillingness to comply the the following will constitute exclusion criteria: Participants will be asked not to increase sleep medications, but to continue usual practice. This usage will be monitored on a daily basis on the sleep diaries. Daytime sleeping or naps will be monitored on the daily diaries and used as an outcome measure as naps are utilized less and less frequently across time in a number of insomnia treatment studies. Participants will also be asked to keep alcohol consumption to no more than 14 servings per week with no more than 5 servings on any given day. We will also ask participants to consume no more than 500 mg of caffeine on a daily basis and to refrain from caffeine consumption after 6 pm. We will further ask participants to maintain their bedtime and rise time during the work week and to not vary these times by more than one hour on days off. Participants will record bedtime and rise time on their daily diaries. Participants will be asked to maintain these sleep-related behaviors for the duration of therapy - approximately 8-10 weeks.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* over 18 years of age;
* able to understand and speak French;
* history of unwanted sexual experience;
* PTSD diagnosis according to DSM-IV-TR;
* sleep complaints, as established by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score ≥ 5 and a mean of one or more NM per week for at least one month;
* if psychotropic medication was used, (antidepressant, antianxiety, antipsychotic or hypnotic medication) stable for a minimum of three months;
* available for in-person assessments and therapy sessions.

Exclusion Criteria:

* past or present psychotic episode, bipolar disorder or organic mental disorder (e.g. dementia);
* substance use disorder;
* sleep apnea diagnosis;
* use of prazosine to treat nightmares;
* presently in treatment for psychological difficulties;
* significant suicidal thoughts requiring immediate intervention.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Participants, both male and female, aged between 18 and 25, whom;

* have experienced CSA before the age of 16
* exhibit PTSD symptomology
* ensure PTSD symptomology is present for over three-months and primarily derived from pre-16 aged trauma
* be available for treatment-sessions on a weekly basis for up to 16-sessions - have good understanding of the English language to avoid language barriers/additional time spent with interpreters
* if taking medication, this will have been stable for a period of at least 2-months prior to therapy
* EMDR is the sole treatment for PTSD from baseline until follow-up to avoid conflict of interest

Exclusion Criteria:

Participants exhibiting;

* significant psychiatric comorbidity
* comorbid psychotic disorder
* bipolar disorder type 1
* alcohol or drug dependence
* acute suicide risk, acute PTSD from trauma within the past 6 months
* PTSD focused treatment within the past 3 months or scheduled to begin another form of PTSD treatment will be excluded
* those currently participating in research or have recently participated in conflicting research
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children between the age of 10-18
* referred to a guidance clinic
* who have experienced trauma
* present with PTSD reactions
* participants and the primary caretaker must be able to speak Norwegian.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severe psychosis
* Severe mental retardation.
* The youth must not have had severe conduct disorders previous to the trauma experience

Answer: C