Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Estrogen Dosing in Turner Syndrome:Pharmacology & Metabolism
Brief Summary: Estrogen is necessary for feminization during puberty and to decrease bone resorption, the latter critical for the achievement of peak bone mass and normal bone health in the female. The practicing pediatric endocrinologist often faces the dilemma of how to best feminize girls with hypogonadism (lack of estrogen), manifested as delayed or arrested puberty, due to disorders of the brain or the ovaries. We propose a series of studies to address which type, dose, and route of delivery of estrogen are suitable choices in feminizing and sustaining estrogen concentrations in adolescent girls with Turner syndrome. To accomplish this we will study girls/young woman between the ages of 13 to 20 with Turner Syndrome in 2 protocols. In Protocol # 1 we will study 24 girls with TS, they will receive 3 different estrogen preparations, either by mouth or via a patch for a total of 6 weeks. They will come to the clinical research center for blood draws after 2 wks of taking the estrogen. With this study, we hope to learn how the body responds to estrogen differently, depending on the form estrogen is given and how high, estrogen levels gets in the blood in these girls with Turner Syndrome. We will be comparing these patients estrogen levels to girls that menstruate normally and do not have Turner Syndrome. In Protocol #2, 40 patients with TS will be recruited; these patients will take estrogen for 1 year, either by mouth or via a patch. Patients will come to the lab for blood drawn in 7 occasions and we will measure estrogen levels as well as other hormones and lipid levels. We will also perform a Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) study (like an X ray) to assess body composition and bone mineralization. We will adjust doses based on the estrogen levels we find. With this study we hope to learn how estrogen affects body composition, i.e., the amount of fat vs. muscle, and how different forms of estrogen affect blood cholesterol and other hormones. This study will allow us to understand better how to best replace young woman with Turner Syndrome with estrogen.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Girls with Turner Syndrome (45X, or related karyotypes) diagnosed clinically and cytogenetically
* Female subjects with Y material will be allowed providing gonadectomies have been performed previously
* Age: 13-20 years
* Subjects have completed or nearly completed their linear growth
* Previous growth hormone (GH) therapy discontinued at least 6 months prior to study participation
* Stable thyroid replacement therapy will be allowed
* Celiac disease on stable diets will be allowed
* Any previous hormone replacement therapy (HRT) will be allowed

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diabetes Mellitus on insulin therapy, insulin sensitizers or oral hypoglycemics
* Inflammatory Bowel Disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), celiac disease
* Cigarette smoking
* Any other chronic conditions, that, in the opinion of investigators could impair the metabolism of nutrients
* Severe obesity, i.e., Body Mass Index (BMI) \>95th centile
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Verified Turner syndrome
* Ages 10-25 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindications to the MR-scan
* Contraindications to the trial medication
* Severe or chronic sickness with impact on the parameters of the study or incompatibility with the trial medication
* Intake of medications with interactions with trial medication
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Premature Ovarian Failure

Exclusion Criteria:

* Intercurrent illness
D: Postmenopausal women ages 50 to 79.

Answer: A