Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Nasal High-flow Oxygen Therapy vs Standard Oxygen Therapy Via Venturi Mask in the Post-extubation Period
Brief Summary: The aim of the study is to compare two devices for oxygen therapy, nasal high-flow and Venturi mask, in critically ill patients in the post-extubation period. The hypothesis is that nasal high-flow may be superior to the Venturi mask in terms of oxygenation


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients mechanically ventilated for \> 48 hours and at least one of the following:
* \>65 years
* cardiac failure as the primary indication of mechanical ventilation
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
* Severity score (APACHE II \>12 points) the extubation day
* Body Mass Index \>30
* inability to manage respiratory secretions
* 1 failed spontaneous breathing trial
* 1 comorbidity
* 7 days under mechanical ventilation

Exclusion Criteria:

* \<18 years
* tracheotomized patients
* recent facial or cervical trauma/surgery
* active gastro-intestinal bleeding
* lack of cooperation
* patients with any failed spontaneous breathing trial because of hypercapnia development.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18
* Admission to ICU for acute respiratory failure defined by all of the following criteria:

  * Dyspnea at rest with RR ≥ 25 breaths/min
  * PaCO2 ≤ 50 mm Hg
  * PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg under oxygen ≥ 10 l/min through a mask or HFNC or NIV (for patients under oxygen FiO2 will be calculated using the following formula: oxygen flow in liters per minute x 3 + 21)
* Immunosuppresion defined by 1 of the following criteria:

  * Hematological malignancy (active or remitting \< 5 years)
  * Allogenic stem cell transplantation \< 5 years
  * Solid cancer (active)
  * Leucopenia \< 1 G/l or neutropenia ≤ 0.5 G/l after chemotherapy
  * Solid organ transplantation
  * AIDS (not only HIV)
  * Treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs
  * Systemic steroids ≥ 0.5 mg/kg/d of prednisone-equivalent for ≥ 3 weeks
* Non opposition to participate obtained from the patient or their legally acceptable representative.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication of NIV (patient refusal, cardiac arrest, coma, not drained pneumothorax, unresolving vomiting, upper airways obstruction, hematemesis, severe facial trauma)
* Chronic respiratory failure with altered pulmonary function tests
* Overt cardiogenic pulmonary edema
* Urgent need for intubation
* Severe shock (vasopressors \> 0.3 µg/kg/min to maintain SAP \> 90 mm Hg)
* Impaired consciousness (Glasgow coma scale score ≤ 12) or agitation
* Surgery under general anesthesia \< 7 days
* Previously included in the trial
* Do-not-intubate order
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding
* Persons benefiting from enhanced protection, namely minors, persons deprived of their liberty by a judicial or administrative decision, persons staying in a health or social institution, adults under legal protection
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mechanical ventilation \> 24h
* Successful spontaneous breathing trial conducted for a period of 30-120 min.
* PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 at the end of the spontaneous breathing trial preceding extubation

Exclusion Criteria:

* age\<18 years
* pregnancy
* tracheostomy
* need of NIV post-extubation (prophylactic NIV)
D: Inclusion criteria:

* Age ≥ 18 years
* Cystic fibrosis as defined by clinical features in conjunction with 2 CF causing mutations and/or 2 sweat tests with sweat chloride \> 60 mmol/l
* Clinical indication for NIV based on at least one of the following criteria:

  * Signs of clinical respiratory distress - RR \> 24/min, accessory muscle use, or increased dyspnea
  * Progressive increase in arterial PCO2
  * Nocturnal hypoventilation treated by NIV but requiring daytime NIV because of clinical worsening

Exclusion criteria:

* Active massive hemoptysis
* Pneumothorax with pleural drainage and persistent air leak
* Hemodynamic instability requiring vasopressors
* Uncooperative
* Recent upper airway or esophageal surgery
* Patients with skin or chest wall or abdominal trauma

Answer: C