Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Does Breaking Sedentary Time Improve Glucose Regulation in Women With Impaired Glucose Tolerance? A Balanced Incomplete Block Design Study
Brief Summary: The number of people diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is increasing rapidly and about 2.9 million people in the UK currently have diabetes. There is increasing evidence suggesting that prolonged sedentary time may actually increase the risk of diabetes and other chronic diseases. Importantly, adults can meet public health guidelines on physical activity (150 minutes of moderate activity per week), but if they still sit for prolonged periods, their metabolic health is compromised. Going from sitting to standing and carrying out light-intensity activities (such as casual walking) may reduce diabetes risk. However, no one has investigated the effect of standing and walking on markers of cardio-metabolic markers in individuals with a high risk of T2DM. Therefore, the aim is to find out whether reducing the amount of time people spend sitting and replacing it with standing and light intensity activity (walking) reduces glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels, therefore reducing the risk of diabetes.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke
* age ≥18;
* Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC) ≥3
* Barthel Index ≥45

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cognitive impairment (Mini Mental State Examination ≤24)
* Unstable cardiovascular disease (acute heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina and uncontrolled arrhythmias)
* Alcohol or other toxic substances abuse
* Decompensated psychiatric disorders that prevented from following a group session
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals who have sustained a stroke at least 6 months prior to the study.
2. Are living in the community.
3. Are not receiving rehabilitation treatments.
4. Are experiencing difficulty using their legs and/or arms
5. Are able to walk 10 meters (with or without assistance)
6. Able to understand and follow simple instructions and to sign the informed consent form (assessed using MMSE score \< 20/30 points).
7. Are willing to commit to attend two treatment sessions per week for 3 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Have suffered in the past from epilepsy seizures
2. Have a neurological or orthopedic condition other than stroke that prevented independence in walking and BADL prior the stroke.
3. Have uncontrolled high blood pressure or unstable cardio-vascular condition (according to a letter from the family doctor).
4. Have vision deficits that cannot be corrected with glasses
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Primary clinical diagnosis of stroke (assessed by referring clinician/GP records)
* \>1 month (but no upper limit) since discharge from NHS physical rehabilitation services at randomisation
* Able to walk independently indoors with or without mobility aids, but has self-reported difficulty or requires help on stairs, slopes or uneven surfaces (assessed by recruiting team using standard tools)
* Willingness to be randomised to either control or ReTrain (and attend the training venue)
* Cognitive capacity and communication ability sufficient to participate in the study (assessed by recruiting team using standard tools).24 NB: Criterion (3) has been selected pragmatically to maximise eligibility while ensuring participants have a mobility deficit that could be addressed by the intervention. Eligible people with aphasia will not be excluded.

Exclusion Criteria:

* \<18 years old
* Contraindications to moderate to vigorous physical activity. Used in GP screening assessment form. (Adapted from ACSM guidelines 25) Contraindications include:

  * Acute or uncontrolled heart failure
  * Unstable or uncontrolled angina
  * Uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia causing symptoms or haemodynamic compromise
  * Symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
  * Current deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction
  * Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
  * Suspected or known dissecting aneurysm
  * Unstable / uncontrolled blood pressure
  * Systolic blood pressure \> 160
  * Diastolic blood pressure \> 100
  * Acute systemic infection
  * Uncontrolled diabetes
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Sedentary
* Overweight or obese (BMI\>25kg/m2)
* Post menopausal
* Previous diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance

Exclusion Criteria:

* Regular purposeful exercise (≥150 minutes of MVPA per week)
* Physical condition which limits full participation in the study
* Active psychotic illness or other significant illness which, in the view of the investigators, would prevent full participation
* Inability to communicate in spoken English
* Steroid use
* Known Type 2 Diabetes
* Pregnancy
* Male
* Currently taking hormone replacement medication.

Answer: D