Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Interaction of Orally Administered Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG With Skin and Gut Microbiota and Humoral Immunity in Infants With Atopic Dermatitis
Brief Summary: Hypothesis: Probiotics have been used as novel adjunct therapeutic approach in atopic dermatitis. In addition to balancing the gut microecology and promoting host immune defences, specific probiotics might further aid in controlling the microbial colonization of the skin, thereby reducing proneness to secondary infections which typically cause sustained symptoms.

Thirty-nine infants with atopic dermatitis,randomized for a three-month-period in a double-blind design to receive extensively hydrolysed casein formula (NutramigenR, Mead-Johnson, USA) supplemented with (n=19) or without (n=20) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) 5.0 x 107 cfu/g to achieve a daily intake of 3.4 x 109 cfu.

Sampling (blood and faecal samples, cotton swab from the skin) and clinical examination of the infant, including SCORAD assessment to determine the severity of atopic dermatitis, at each study visit (at entry and one month and three months thereafter).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis
* age 4 we - 18 mo

Exclusion Criteria:

* skin infection or severe infection at the time of enrollment
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age between 1 year old and 18 years old,
2. AD cases fulfill the diagnostic criteria by Hannifin and Rajka.
3. Atopy as shown by at least one positive skin test (weal size ≧ 3mm) or one positive MAST (RAST) (IgE ≧ 0.7 kU/L) test to any common food or environmental allergens.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Systematic corticosteroid, immunosuppressive therapy, or antimycotics treatment during the 4 weeks, antihistamines, and singulair during the 7 days before enrollment
2. Probiotic preparations used within 2 weeks before entering the study
3. Use of antibiotics now or other oral medications that will interfere the results
4. If they had immune deficiency disease or other major medical problems
5. If they had participated in another clinical study during the past month.
6. Subjects are undergoing desensitization therapy within 3 months prior to the screening period.
7. Subjects have participated investigational drug trial within 4 weeks before entering this study.
8. Subjects are pregnant, lactating or planning to become pregnant.
9. Subjects with any other serious diseases considered by the investigator that could interfere with the performance of SCORAD score result.
10. Subjects who is lack of physical integrity of gastrointestinal tract, or malabsorption syndrome, or inability to take oral medication.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant women with atopic disease, which was determined with atopic history, elevated total IgE \> 100 kU/l and positive specific IgE

Exclusion Criteria:

* Multiple pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* History of at least 3 episodes of wheezing bronchitis,
* First degree relative with history of allergic disease

Exclusion Criteria:

* Congenital malformations,
* Immunologic or oncologic systemic disorders,
* Current antibiotic therapy,
* Prior exposure to probiotics; and
* Known intolerances towards ingredients of the probiotics (LGG, microcristalline cellulose, gelatine, magnesiumstearate, titandioxide).

Answer: A