Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Improving Health Outcomes for New Mothers and Babies
Brief Summary: Because adherence to postnatal care guidelines across the United States (U.S.) is poor, newborns and mothers often are placed at undue risk for adverse medical and social outcomes. This study aims to evaluate an alternative model of care and improve healthcare delivery to and reduce health disparities for "well" newborns and mothers after hospital discharge by using single postnatal home nurse visits. The principal investigator has previously shown a reduction in poor outcomes for infants who receive a home visit after discharge when studied retrospectively. The proposed research will build on the previous study and prospectively evaluate the impact of a single home nursing visit on morbidities and health disparities for newborns and mothers in a randomized, controlled trial involving 1154 mother/infant breastfeeding dyads. Home visits should guarantee detailed assessment during an at-risk period of infancy and motherhood, where medical and social problems can be recognized, anticipated, and/or treated, and can bridge the gap between hospital care and primary care. The investigators' program, The Nurses for Infants Through Teaching and Assessment after the NurserY (NITTANY) Initiative, also will consider the cost-effectiveness of home visitation compared with guidelines-adherent outpatient clinic care.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Delivered at Barnes-Jewish Hospital
* Receiving postpartum care at resident clinic

Exclusion Criteria:

* Received LARC, sterilization, or hysterectomy
* Abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal death
* Non-English speaking
* Unable to comply with follow-up
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Postpartum women 15-49 years
* Present with infant for a 2-month WBV at the UIC CYC or PCAC
* Receive healthcare at UIC
* Speak English or Spanish

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant
* \< 15 years or \> 49 years of age
* Receive healthcare outside the UIC system
* Do not speak English or Spanish
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* at least 18 years of age
* delivered vaginally a healthy, full-term (at least 37 weeks gestation) baby
* received prenatal care services at the VCUMCV OB clinic
* speak English
* provide informed consent for study participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

* cognitive impairment, psychiatric instability, or language barriers that limit their ability to provide informed consent
* surgically sterilized
* have complicated deliveries that require extended hospital stays
* need early follow-up to monitor their conditions
* any problems with infants such as preterm birth, admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), congenital malformations or respiratory problems that would require frequent clinic visits or prolonged hospital admissions for the infants.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Full term or late pre-term infant (\> 34 0/7 weeks gestational age) discharged from the newborn nursery
* Feeding human milk (breast milk) during the maternity/newborn stay with intent to continue to breastfeed after discharge
* English speaking mother
* Singleton or twin infant

Exclusion Criteria:

* Premature infant \< 34 weeks gestational age
* Exclusively formula fed infant during nursery stay
* Complicated maternity/nursery stay requiring \> 2 night stay after a vaginal delivery or \> 4 night stay after a cesarean section
* A nursery course with atypical complications (e.g. a work-up for ambiguous genitalia)
* Infant with hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy during the nursery stay
* Any major maternal morbidities and/or pre-existing condition that would effect postpartum care such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, lupus, etc.
* Previous maternal participation in the NITTANY trial
* Residence outside of the coverage area for the Visiting Nurses Association (VNA) of Central Pennsylvania
* Family with no active telephone number (home or cellular)
* Infant being put up for adoption
* Non-English speaking mother
* Family requiring a home visit due to Social Work or other staff request/order
* Triplets or higher order gestation

Answer: D