Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Use of a Robotic Exoskeleton to Promote Walking Recovery After Stroke - Phase 2
Brief Summary: To determine the effect of using a robotic exoskeleton to allow walking practice after stroke, compared to usual physiotherapy care, on recovery of walking ability and secondary outcomes.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with infratentorial stroke
* Cognitively intact enough to understand and follow the instructions from the investigator

Exclusion Criteria:

* chronic neurological pathology
* orthopedic injuries
* femur lengths of less than 34cm
* severely limited range of lower extremity joint motion
* medical instability
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* ≥ 30-days post stroke
* Initial gait speed of \> 0.4 m/s and \< 0.8 m/s
* Adequate cognitive function (MMSE score \>17)
* Subject is willing to be randomized to the control group or the treatment group.
* Ability to sit unsupported for 30 seconds
* Ability to walk at least 10m with maximum 1 person assist,
* Ability to follow a three-step command
* Physician approval for patient participation
* Living in the community post-stroke with ability to travel to the intervention site to participate in the outpatient program and able to perform the home exercise program in the residential facility.
* Willing to carry wireless body sensors through the period of the study and to follow-up time period, post inpatient stroke, cardiac, pulmonary, or any other lower extremity physical rehabilitation
* ≥ 90 days post major orthopedic surgery (i.e. hip, knee, and/or ankle joint replacement)
* ≥ 6 months post coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or cardiac valve procedure
* Able and willing to give written consent and comply with study procedures, including follow-up visits
* Cannot not be participating in any other structured outpatient or home health physical therapy program

Exclusion Criteria:

* Serious cardiac conditions (hospitalization for myocardial infarction or heart surgery within 3 months, history of congestive heart failure, documented serious and unstable cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, angina or dyspnea at rest or during activities of daily living)
* Severe arthritis or orthopedic problems that limit passive ranges of motion (ROM) of lower extremity (knee flexion contracture of \> 10°, knee flexion ROM \< 90°, hip flexion contracture \> 25°, and ankle plantar flexion contracture \> 15
* Serious medical conditions including myocardial infarction or heart surgery within 3 months, history of congestive heart failure, documented serious and unstable cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, angina or dyspnea at rest or during activities of daily living, Severe hypertension, severe weight bearing pain, life expectancy less than one year
* Preexisting neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), dementia
* History of major head trauma, Lower extremity amputation, Non-healing ulcers of a lower extremity, Renal dialysis or end stage liver disease, Legal blindness or severe visual impairment, a history of significant psychiatric illness
* History of unexplained, recurring headaches, epilepsy/seizures/skull fractures or skull deficits
* Medications that lower seizure threshold
* History of concussion in last 6 months
* Subject is pregnant, nursing or planning a pregnancy
* Inability to travel 3 times per week for outpatient training programs
* Participating in another clinical trial that, according to the Principal Investigator, is likely to affect study outcome or confound results
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elderly adults

  1. Age: between 65 and 84 years
  2. elderly adults who had no neurological or musculoskeletal abnormalities affecting gait
  3. Ability to walk at least 10m regardless of assist devices
  4. High levels of physical performance (SPPB \> 7)
  5. Subject is willing to be randomized to the control group or the treatment group
* Stroke

  1. Age: between 50 and 84 years
  2. ≥ 3 months post stroke
  3. Ability to walk at least 10m regardless of assist devices
  4. Adequate gait function (FAC \> 3)
  5. Physician approval for patient participation
  6. Subject is willing to be randomized to the control group or the treatment group

Exclusion Criteria:

* Elderly adults

  1. History of any diseases (eg. lower extremity orthopedic diseases, neurologic disorders, cardiovascular disease, heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension that affect walking capacity, efficiency, and endurance)
  2. Severe visual impairment or dizziness that increases the risk of falls
* Stroke

  1. Serious cardiac conditions (hospitalization for myocardial infarction or heart surgery within 3 months, history of congestive heart failure, documented serious and unstable cardiac arrhythmias, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic stenosis, angina or dyspnea at rest or during activities of daily living)
  2. Advanced liver, kidney, cardiac, or pulmonary disease
  3. History of concussion in last 6 months
  4. History of unexplained, recurring headaches, epilepsy/seizures/skull fractures or skull deficits
  5. Preexisting neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), dementia
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Have been admitted to a hospital unit for stroke treatment
* Stroke within last 3 months
* One-sided hemiparesis
* 19 years or older
* Requires 2-person assist to walk
* Able to communicate and follow instructions
* Prescribed to receive physiotherapy care

Exclusion Criteria:

* Stroke of non-vascular origin (e.g. tumour, infection)
* Significant musculoskeletal or other neurological condition
* Co-morbidities that would preclude activity
* Pregnant
* Unable to walk prior to stroke
* \<60 inches or \>74 inches in height
* \>220 pounds in weight
* Joint contractures or spasticity that would limit safe use of the Ekso exoskeleton

Answer: D