Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Do Elastic Abdominal Binders Reduce Post Operative Pain and Blood Loss?
Brief Summary: This is a pilot study investigating the use of abdominal binders after cesarean sections. The researchers are testing whether elastic abdominal binders improve postoperative pain control and reduce postoperative blood loss. Blood loss and pain control are both concerns after giving birth. It is hoped that the use of an abdominal binder after giving birth will provide a non-pharmacologic way to to reduce blood loss and manage pain.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Cesarean section at term (at least 39 weeks gestation) scheduled in advance
* Singleton gestation confirmed by ultrasound in the current pregnancy
* Body mass index 20-40 kg/m2 (at first prenatal visit or pre-pregnancy)
* None of these pregnancy complications in the current pregnancy:

  1. bleeding disorder or use of anticoagulants other than low-dose heparin
  2. abnormal placenta (placenta previa or accrete)
  3. Preoperative hemoglobin less than 10 mg/dL
  4. Chorioamnionitis (intrauterine infection)
* No chronic pain syndrome (defined as participating in formal chronic pain management within the past year)
* Able to read English and understand spoken English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Onset of labor prior to time when the cesarean was scheduled
* Complications during performance of cesarean or discovered during cesarean:

  1. placenta accreta, increta, or percreta
  2. vasa previa
  3. cesarean hysterectomy required for severe hemorrhage
  4. organ damage during cesarean (cystotomy, enterotomy, ureteral injury)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 18 to 45 years
* Female
* Undergoing lower transverse cesarean delivery or cesarean delivery with bilateral tubal ligation.
* Pfannenstiel Skin incision
* Consent to the study and willing to comply with study methods

Exclusion Criteria:

* • Subjects who have any implanted metallic leads, wires, or systems (e.g. pacemaker, implantable cardioverterdefibrillator)

  * Patients undergoing additional procedures at the time of their cesarean delivery such as cesarean hysterectomy or myomectomy.
  * Patients with vertical skin or uterine incisions.
  * Patients who forget to, or decide not to, replace PEMF device
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 years or older
* full term singleton pregnancy
* undergoing elective cesarean delivery

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who have refused, are unable to give or have withdrawn consent
* Patients unable to communicate fluently in English
* Patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of 3 or greater
* Patients with chronic pain, or neuropathic analgesic drugs
* Patients in use of antidepressant and psychotropic drugs
* Patients with a history of opioid or intravenous drug abuse
* Patients with known allergy or contra-indication to any other drugs used in this trial
* Patients who have refused spinal anesthesia, or those in whom it is contra-indicated
* Patients with a history of previous cesarean delivery and persistent pain
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Women undergoing cesarean section for any indication

Exclusion Criteria:

* unable to give consent

Answer: A