Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Seniors Health and Activity Research Program-Pilot
Brief Summary: The purpose of this pilot study is to develop and conduct well-designed trial to assess whether a multi-factorial intervention involving physical activity and cognitive training reduces the risk of significant cognitive decline in older individuals.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male/Female 55-90 years old.
* Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≤27
* Preserved Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (based on Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Sale)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Dementia (i.e., Mini-Mental Examination score \<24 or self-reported physician diagnosis)
* Major Depression (\>=16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale combined with clinical judgment by primary study physician)
* Other neurological or psychiatric disorders
* Recent history of severe cardiovascular conditions
* Significant orthopedic conditions
* Have blood pressure \>180/100 mmHg or \<100/60 mmHg
* Unable to comprehend questionnaire material/study procedures
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 26 or greater
* Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) score less than 5
* Independent living
* Normal or correct to normal vision and hearing

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of dementia
* Planned move from study area
* Inability to complete study activities
* Scores lower than inclusion criteria requirements
* Communication problems.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 70 to 85 years
* Summary score between 88 (80 for less than 8 years of education) and 95 on the Modified Mini-Mental Exam
* Sedentary lifestyle, i.e., not actively participating in a formal exercise program within the past 3 months (defined as 30 minutes or more of formal exercise at least once a week; brisk walks will be considered formal exercise, leisurely walks will not)
* Fluency in standard American English (to limit staffing and translation costs in this pilot)
* Willingness to be randomized to any of the four intervention conditions

Exclusion Criteria:

* Failure to provide the name of a personal physician
* Living in a nursing home; persons living in assisted or independent housing will not be excluded
* Unable to communicate because of severe hearing loss or speech disorder
* Severe visual impairment, which would preclude completion of the assessments and/or intervention
* Neurologic disease, e.g. Alzheimer's (or other types of dementia), stroke that required hospitalization, Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or prior diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
* Abnormal functioning based on the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (less than 30)
* Positive screen for MCI or dementia
* Scores greater than or equal to 1.5 standard deviations below normal on memory and non-memory domain tests (speed of processing, and verbal fluency)
* Severe rheumatologic or orthopedic diseases, e.g., awaiting joint replacement, active inflammatory disease
* Terminal illness with life expectancy less than 8 months, as determined by a physician
* Severe pulmonary disease, e.g., on home oxygen or chronic steroids
* Severe cardiac disease, including New York Health Association Class III or IV congestive heart failure, clinically significant aortic stenosis, history of cardiac arrest which required resuscitation, use of a cardiac defibrillator, or uncontrolled angina
* Other significant co-morbid disease that would impair ability to participate in the exercise-based intervention, e.g. renal failure on hemodialysis, severe or acute psychiatric disorder (e.g. bipolar disorder or major depression, schizophrenia), excessive alcohol use (more than 14 drinks per wk); persons with managed depression (on stable dosage for at least 3 months) will not be excluded
* Baseline Geriatric Depression Scale score greater than 6
* Other significant factors that may affect the ability for cognitive training, including a history of head trauma resulting in a loss of consciousness, current use of benzodiazepines, hypnotic or anticholinergic agents, and current use of cognitive enhancing prescription or investigational medications (e.g., donepezil, selegiline, tacrine)
* Member of household is already enrolled
* Lives distant from the study site or is planning to move out of the area in next 3 years or leave the area for more than 3 months during the next year
* History of participation in a cognitive program in the last 2 years (includes research studies involving memory training)
* Myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, or valve replacement within past 6 months
* Serious conduction disorder (e.g., 3rd degree heart block), uncontrolled arrhythmia
* Pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis within past 6 months
* Stroke, hip fracture, hip or knee replacement, or spinal surgery within past 4 months
* Receiving physical therapy for gait, balance, or other lower extremity training
* Severe hypertension, e.g., systolic blood pressure over 160 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure over 110 mmHg
* Other temporary intervening events, such as sick spouse, bereavement, or recent move
* Participation in another intervention trial; participation in an observational study may be permitted
* Inability to commit to intervention schedule requirements
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score 26 or greater
* Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) score less than 5
* Independent living
* Normal or correct to normal vision and hearing

Exclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of dementia
* Planned move from study area
* Inability to complete study activities
* Scores lower than inclusion criteria requirements Communication problems.

Answer: C