Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Doripenem Compared With Imipenem-Cilastatin in the Treatment of Subjects With Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to show that doripenem is as effective as imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients suffering from nosocomial pneumonia or ventilator-associated pneumonia
* Female patients must be postmenopausal for at least 1 year, surgically sterile, or practicing an effective method of birth control, before entry and throughout the study, and have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test at the screening

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known or suspected hypersensitivity to any related antibiotic medications
* Any known or suspected condition or concurrent treatment that would be contraindicated by the prescribing information
* Treatment with any investigational drug within 30 days before enrollment
* Prior enrollment to this study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male of female aged 3 months to \< 18 years with a body weight of at least 5 kg
* Diagnosis of either hospital-acquired pneumonia or community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization and administration of IV antibiotic therapy
* New or progressive imaging findings consistent with bacterial pneumonia
* Requirement for IV antibacterial treatment for pneumonia
* Other inclusion criteria may apply

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known resistance of the causative pathogen to ceftobiprole or IV standard-of-care cephalosporin treatment (± vancomycin)
* On mechanical ventilation
* Chest trauma with severe lung contusion or flail chest
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome
* Empyema or lung abscess
* Anatomical bronchial obstruction
* Active or currently treated pulmonary tuberculosis
* Atypical bacterial pneumonia, or viral pneumonia without bacterial superinfection, or need for antibiotic coverage with a macrolide
* Pertussis, chemical pneumonitis, or cystic fibrosis
* Severe immunodeficiency
* Significant laboratory abnormalities including: Hematocrit \<20%; absolute neutrophil count \<0.5x10⁹/L; platelet count \<50x10⁹/L; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, or bilirubin \>5 times the age-specific upper limit of normal;
* Creatinine clearance \<50 mL/min/1.73 m²
* Use of systemic antimicrobial therapy for more than 24 hours in the 48 hours before randomization
* History of a previous clinically-relevant hypersensitivity or serious adverse reaction to beta lactam antibiotics or to vancomycin
* Poorly controlled seizure disorder
* Other exclusion criteria may apply
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult inpatients
* Clinically significant, microbiological-documented infection caused by carbapenem-resistant and colistin-susceptible Gram-negative bacteria and identified according to CDC criteria- blood stream infections, hospital acquired pneumonia, ventilator associated pneumonia, and urinary tract infections
* Patient recruitment will occur only after microbiological documentation and susceptibility testing. Patients will be included within 96 hours of the time the index culture was taken (typically within 48 hours of isolate identification), regardless of the antibiotic treatment administered during this time period.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous inclusion in the trial. Patients will be included in the RCT only once for the first identified episode of infection
* Pregnant women
* Epilepsy or prior seizures
* Known allergy to colistin or a carbapenem
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients must have new or worsening radiographic infiltrates consistent with ventilator-associated pneumonia that was not related to cardiac or other disease processes
* Have at least 1 of the following: fever (core body temperature greater than 39.0°C); hypothermia (core body temperature of less than 35.0°C); leukocytosis (increased WBC count); and leukopenia (decreased WBC count)
* Have developed ventilator-associated pneumonia and have been on mechanical ventilation for more than or equal to 48 hours and on mechanical ventilation at the time that study medication is assigned
* Have been hospitalized or been in a chronic care facility for consecutive 5 days or more within the last 90 days
* Have a baseline Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) more than or equal to 6 and an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score more than 8 and less than 35

Exclusion Criteria:

* Have received antibiotics for this episode of ventilator-associated pneumonia for more than 24 hours before study medication administration
* Known presence at baseline of only methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Stenotrophomonas infection
* Acute respiratory distress syndrome
* Has any of the following conditions: chest trauma with severe lung bruising or loss of stability of the thoracic cage following a fracture of the sternum, ribs, or both, increased amounts of fluid in the lung cavities requiring drainage or pus in the cavity
* Has active seizure disorder within the last 2 years or brain injury such that imipenem cilastatin would not be administered to the patient in usual practice
* Has lung cancer within the last 2 years, chronic bronchitis with an increase in severity within the last 30 days, chronic enlargement of the bronchi or bronchioles related to inflammatory disease or obstruction, lung abscess(s), anatomical bronchial obstruction, respiratory tuberculosis on treatment, suspected atypical pneumonia, chemical pneumonitis, cystic fibrosis, congestive heart failure, severe burns to greater than 15% of the body, evidence of severe and chronic liver disease

Answer: D