Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Children and Adolescents With Dental Anxiety - Randomized Controlled Study of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to determine whether cognitive behaviour therapy is effective in the treatment of children and adolescents with dental anxiety. Our hypothesis is that children and adolescents who have been offered CBT shows significant better performance on outcome measures compared with patients in control group who have received treatment as usual.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* The patient and parents agree to participate in the research project
* A primary diagnosis of specific phobia (dental anxiety or needle phobia) can be established according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th. Edition.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The diagnostic interview shows that other psychiatric or developmentally related diagnoses should be consider as the primary diagnosis
* The patient undergoing psychiatric examination and/or psychotherapy
* The patient has no dental treatment needs or the dental treatment needs are of an emergency nature.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children from Eastern \& Southern Norway will be included if they fulfill the diagnostic criteria for SM

Exclusion Criteria:

* Children with SM and mental retardation with IQ below 50.
* Children with SM and psychosis or pervasive developmental disorders with the exception of Asperger syndrome and PDD Nos (DSM-IV)
* Children with SM who receive an active treatment for SM in the CAMHS
* Children with SM who are medicated for social anxiety.
* Children with SM where the parents do not understand Norwegian.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* ASD
* Anxiety (not necessary diagnosed)

Exclusion Criteria:

* IQ under 70
* Not meeting diagnostic criteria for primary anxiety diagnosis on ADIS
* Active psychosis
* Untreated ADHD
* Families not able to follow program
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Outpatient children with an autism spectrum disorder (see #2 below) between the ages 11-16 years.
2. Meets criteria for a diagnosis of autism, Asperger syndrome (AS), or PDD-NOS using scores from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale.
3. Meets DSM-IV criteria for a diagnosis of one of the following anxiety disorders: separation anxiety disorder (SAD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia, or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) as determined by the ADIS-IV-C/P (with CSR 4) and all available information.
4. Minimum score of 13 on the PARS Severity Scale; this score indicates clinically significant anxiety symptom severity (RUPP, 2002) and has been used in recent major clinical trials (e.g., Walkup et al., 2008).
5. Child has a Full Scale and Verbal Comprehension IQ \> 80 as assessed on a commonly used IQ test.
6. Subjects with co-morbid depression, ADHD, tic disorder or disruptive behavior disorders will be acceptable as long as the anxiety disorder is primary (i.e., most impairing/distressing).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Receiving concurrent psychotherapy, social skills training, or behavioral interventions (e.g., applied behavior analysis). Families will have the option of discontinuing such services to enroll in the study.
2. New Treatments: Initiation of an antidepressant within 12 weeks before study enrollment or an antipsychotic 6 weeks before study enrollment. No new alternative medications, nutritionals or therapeutic diets within 6 weeks of study enrollment.
3. Established Treatment changes: Any change in established psychotropic medication (e.g., antidepressants, anxiolytics) within 8 weeks before study enrollment (6 weeks for antipsychotic). Alternative medications that might have behavioral effects must be stable for 6 weeks prior to the study baseline assessment. Any medications that the adolescent is on must remain stable during treatment. If a potential participant is taking psychotropic medication at the time of the phone evaluation or the first in-person study assessment and wishes to discontinue this medication to enter the study, the patient will be asked to discuss this option with their prescribing physician to determine whether medication discontinuation would be safe and in the adolescent's best interest. In addition, we will obtain the patient's written consent to contact their treating clinician to determine the appropriateness of study participation. We will not influence the decision patients make with their prescribing physician. All pharmacotherapy recommendations will be made in consultation with Dr. Murphy.
4. (a) Current clinically significant suicidality or (b) individuals who have engaged in suicidal behaviors within 6 months will be excluded and referred for appropriate clinical intervention.
5. Lifetime DSM-IV bipolar, schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders; or Substance abuse in past 6 months.
6. Unwillingness of parents to make the commitment to accompany their child for multiple study visits.
7. Presence of a significant and/or unstable medical illness which might lead to hospitalization during the study.

Answer: A