Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Phase III Comparative, Open-label, Randomised, Multi-centre Study to Assess the Efficacy of Pyronaridine Artesunate (180:60mg) Versus Mefloquine (250mg) Plus Artesunate (100mg) in Children & Adult Patients With Acute Falciparum Malaria
Brief Summary: The primary objective of this phase III clinical study is to compare the efficacy and safety of the fixed combination of pyronaridine artesunate (Pyramax®, PA) with that of the combination of mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) in children and adults with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria in South East Asia, India and Africa.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Children \>5yrs and adults presenting with acute falciparum malaria (N=40) to Pailin hospital will be eligible for inclusion in this study provided that

  * They or their parents/guardians give fully informed consent.
  * They are not pregnant.
  * They have not received antimalarial drugs in the previous 48 hours.
  * P.falciparum parasitaemia exceeds 10,000/uL

Exclusion Criteria:

* Mixed infection (such as vivax malaria), history of allergy to artesunate or mefloquine, any sign of severe disease according to WHO criteria
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female patients ≤12 years of age.
2. Body weight ≥ 5 kg and \< 25 kg with no clinical evidence of severe malnutrition (defined as a child whose weight-for-height is below -3 standard deviations or \<70% of the median of the NCHS/WHO normalised reference values).
3. Presence of acute uncomplicated P. falciparum mono-infection confirmed by:

   1. Fever, as defined by axillary temperature ≥37.5°C or oral/tympanic/rectal temperature ≥38°C, or documented history of fever in the previous 24 hours and,
   2. Positive microscopy of P. falciparum with parasite density between 1,000 and 200,000 asexual parasite count/µl of blood.
4. Written informed consent, in accordance with local practice, provided by parent/guardian. If the parent/guardian is unable to write, witnessed consent is permitted according to local ethical considerations. Where possible, patient assent will be sought.
5. Ability to swallow whole volume of liquid in which medication is suspended.
6. Female patients of child-bearing potential must be neither pregnant (as demonstrated by a negative pregnancy test) nor lactating, and must be willing to take measures to not become pregnant during the study period.
7. Ability and willingness to participate based on information given to parent or guardian and access to health facility. The patient is to comply with all scheduled follow up visits until D42.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with signs and symptoms of severe/complicated malaria requiring parenteral treatment according to the World Health Organization Criteria 2000 \[Attachment 3\].
2. Mixed Plasmodium infection.
3. Severe vomiting, defined as \>3 times in the 24 hours prior to inclusion in the study or inability to tolerate oral treatment, or severe diarrhoea defined as ≥3 watery stools per day.
4. Known history or evidence of clinically significant disorders such as cardiovascular (including arrhythmia, QTc interval ≥450 milliseconds), respiratory (including active tuberculosis), history of jaundice, hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, immunological (including active HIV-AIDS), neurological (including auditory), endocrine, infectious, malignancy, psychiatric, history of convulsions or other abnormality (including recent head trauma).
5. Presence of significant anaemia, as defined by Hb \<8 g/dL.
6. Presence of febrile conditions caused by diseases other than malaria.
7. Known history of hypersensitivity, allergic or adverse reactions to pyronaridine, lumefantrine or artesunate or other artemisinins.
8. Patients with known disturbances of electrolytes balance, e.g. hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia.
9. Use of any other antimalarial agent within 2 weeks prior to start of the study as evidenced by reported patient history.
10. Pregnant or breastfeeding.
11. Patients taking any drug which is metabolised by the cytochrome enzyme CYP2D6 (flecainide, metoprol, imipramine, amitriptyline, clomipramine).
12. Received an investigational drug within the past 4 weeks.
13. Known active Hepatitis A IgM (HAV-IgM), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or Hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab).
14. Known positive for HIV antibody.
15. Liver function tests \[ASAT/ALAT levels\] \>2.5 times upper limit of normal range.
16. Known significant renal impairment as indicated by serum creatinine of \>1.4 mg/dL.
17. Previous participation in any clinical study with pyronaridine artesunate.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Male or female patients between the age of 3 and 60 years, inclusive.
2. Body weight between 20 kg and 90 kg with no clinical evidence of severe malnutrition.
3. Presence of acute uncomplicated P. vivax mono-infection confirmed by:

   * Fever, as defined by axillary/tympanic temperature ≥37.5°C or oral/rectal temperature ≥38°C, or history of fever in the previous 24 hours (history of fever must be documented) and,
   * Positive microscopy of P. vivax with parasite density ≥250/ mcL of blood (including at least 50% of asexual parasites).
4. Written informed consent, in accordance with local practice, provided by patient and/or parent/guardian/spouse. If the patient is unable to write, witnessed consent is permitted according to local ethical considerations.
5. Ability to swallow oral medication.
6. Ability and willingness to participate based on information given to patient or parent or guardian and access to health facility.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Presence of a mixed Plasmodium infection.
2. Presence of other clinical condition requiring hospitalization.
3. Presence of significant anaemia, as defined by Hb \<8 g/dL.
4. Known history or evidence of clinically significant disorders such as cardiovascular (including arrhythmia, QTc interval ≥450 msec), respiratory (including active tuberculosis), hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, immunological (including active HIV-AIDS), neurological (including auditory), endocrine, infectious, malignancy, psychiatric or other abnormality (including recent head trauma).
5. Known history of hypersensitivity, allergic or adverse reactions to pyronaridine, chloroquine or artesunate or other artemisinins.
6. Known history of hypersensitivity, allergic or adverse reactions to chloroquine, primaquine and related agents.
7. Known active Hepatitis A IgM (HAV-IgM), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or Hepatitis C antibody (HCV Ab).
8. Known seropositive HIV antibody.
9. Have received any antimalarial treatment in the preceding 2 weeks, as determined by history and, whenever feasible, by screening test.
10. Have received antibacterial with known antimalarial activity in the preceding 2 weeks.
11. Have received any investigational drug within the past 4 weeks.
12. Liver function tests (AST/ALT levels) \>2.5 times the upper limit of normal range.
13. Known significant renal impairment as indicated by serum creatinine levels of \>1.4 mg/dL.
14. Female patients of child-bearing potential must be neither pregnant (as demonstrated by a negative pregnancy test) nor lactating, and must be willing to take measures to not become pregnant during the study period.
15. Previous participation in the present clinical trial with PA.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female patients between the ages of 3 and 60 years, inclusive.
* Body weight between 20 kg and 90 kg with no clinical evidence of severe malnutrition.
* Presence of acute uncomplicated P. falciparum mono-infection confirmed by:

  1. Fever, as defined by axillary/tympanic temperature ≥37.5°C or oral/rectal temperature ≥38°C, or documented history of fever in the previous 24 hours and,
  2. Positive microscopy of P. falciparum with parasite density between 1,000 and 100,000 asexual parasite count/µl of blood
* Written informed consent provided by patient and/or parent/guardian/spouse.
* Ability to swallow oral medication.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with signs and symptoms of severe/complicated malaria requiring parenteral treatment according to the World Health Organization Criteria 2000.
* Mixed Plasmodium infection.
* Severe vomiting or severe diarrhoea.
* Known history or evidence of clinically significant disorders.
* Presence of significant anaemia, as defined by Hb \<8 g/dL.
* Presence of febrile conditions caused by diseases other than malaria.
* Known history of hypersensitivity, allergic or adverse reactions to pyronaridine, mefloquine or artesunate or other artemisinins.
* Use of any other antimalarial agent within 2 weeks prior to start of the study as evidenced by positive urine test.
* Female patients of child-bearing potential must be neither pregnant (as demonstrated by a negative pregnancy test) nor lactating, and must be willing to take measures to not become pregnant during the study period.
* Presence of significant renal or hepatic impairment.
* Receipt of an investigational drug within the past 4 weeks.
* Known active Hepatitis A IgM, Hepatitis B surface antigen or Hepatitis C antibody.
* Known seropositive HIV antibody.
* Previous participation in any clinical study with PA.

Answer: D