Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Comparison of Dialysis Strategies in Critically Ill Patients With Acute Renal Failure on the Intensive Care Unit
Brief Summary: The goal of the present study is the comparison of different dialysis strategies in critically ill patients with acute renal failure on the intensive care unit. Patients are treated with either continuous dialysis or hemofiltration. Outcome measures are death, restitution of renal function, days on ICU, hemodynamic stability, dialysis efficiency.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

All of the following criteria must be fulfilled to be included in the observational study (first stage):

* Adults (\>18 years)
* Hospitalized in a study ICU.
* Evidence of acute kidney injury compatible with the diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis in a context of ischemic or toxic aggression and who receive (or received for the same episode) invasive mechanical ventilation and/or catecholamine infusion.
* Acute kidney injury stage 3 of KDIGO classification defined by at least one of the following criteria: serum creatinine concentration of more than 4 mg/dl (354 µmol/liter) or greater than 3 times the baseline creatinine level, anuria (urine output of 100 ml/day or less) for more than 12 hours, oliguria (urine output below 0.3 ml/kg/h or below 500 ml/day) for more than 24 hours.

To be randomized (randomization stage), supplemental criteria must be fulfilled. These criteria can appear either immediately after inclusion in the observational stage, or during the follow-up of the patient in the observational stage, in the absence of any non-inclusion criteria (listed below) at the time of randomization:

* Oliguria/anuria (urine output \<0.3 ml/kg/h or \<500 ml/day) for more than 72 hours or serum urea concentration comprised between 40 and 50 mmol/l.
* Affiliation to a social security regime

Exclusion Criteria:

* Severity criteria mandating immediate RRT initiation (Table 1)
* Serum urea level \> 50 mmol/l
* Severe chronic renal failure (defined by a creatinine clearance \< 30 ml/min)
* Patients with inclusion criteria already present for more than 24 hours (to avoid delayed inclusions)
* AKI caused by urinary tract obstruction or renal vessel obstruction or tumour lysis syndrome or thrombotic microangiopathy or acute glomerulopathy
* Poisoning by a dialyzable agent
* Child C liver cirrhosis
* Cardiac arrest without awakening
* Moribund state (patient likely to die within 24h)
* Patient having already received RRT for the current episode of AKI
* Renal transplant
* Treatment limitation (withholding or withdrawal)
* Previous inclusion in this study
* Subject deprived of freedom, subject under a legal protective measure
* Pregnant or breastfeeding woman
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients 18 years or older
* Written informed consent
* No pre-existing dialysis dependency

Exclusion Criteria:

* Minors / children
* No consent
* Severe electrolyte disturbances which necessitates special dialysis therapy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. The treating clinician believes that the patient requires CRRT for acute renal failure.
2. The clinician is uncertain about the balance of benefits and risks likely to be conferred by treatment with higher intensity or lower intensity CRRT.
3. The treating clinicians anticipate treating the patient with CRRT for at least 72 hours.
4. Informed consent has been obtained
5. The patient fulfils ONE of the following clinical criteria for initiating CRRT:

   * Oliguria (urine output \< 100ml/6hr) that has been unresponsive to fluid resuscitation measures.
   * Hyperkalemia (\[K+\] \> 6.5 mmol/L).
   * Severe acidemia (pH \< 7.2).
   * Urea \> 25 mmol/liter.
   * Creatinine \>300 micromol/L in the setting of ARF.
   * Clinically significant organ oedema in the setting of ARF (eg: lung).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patient age is \<18 years.
2. Death is imminent (\<24 hours).
3. There is a strong likelihood that the study treatment would not be continued in accordance with the study protocol.
4. The patient has been treated with CRRT or other dialysis previously during the same hospital admission.
5. The patient was on maintenance dialysis prior to the current hospitalisation.
6. The patient's body weight is \<60 kg or \>100kg.
7. Any other major illness that, in the investigator's judgment, will substantially increase the risk associated with the subject's participation in this study.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* adults (\>17 years)
* having acute renal failure: serum creatinine \> 2 mg/dl
* being in need for chronic renal replacement therapy (the decision to treat conservatively or to start RRT was at the discretion of the attending physician, taking into account the rules of good clinical practice in this field)

Exclusion Criteria:

* patients with known pre-existing chronic renal disease, defined as a serum creatinine above 1.5 mg/dl or with clearly reduced kidney size on ultrasound were excluded.

Answer: B