Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Evaluating Clinic- and Community-Based Pain Self-Care Programs for Low-Income Hispanics on Opioids
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to conduct a parallel group, randomized trial of a chronic pain self-management program in clinic or community settings to educate and support low-income, Hispanic patients with chronic pain to adopt evidence-based pain self-care behaviors and activities.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Aged between 18 and 75
* Chronic low back pain greater than 6 months duration
* Score greater than 14% for disability on Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)
* Independently mobile (with or without aids), to be capable of participating in a rehabilitation programme

Exclusion Criteria:

* Primary pain area is not the lumbar spine (from T12-buttocks)
* Leg pain as the primary problem (nerve root compression or disc prolapse with true radicular pain/radiculopathy, lateral recess/central or spinal stenosis with primary leg pain)
* \<6 months post lumbar spine or lower limb or abdominal surgery
* Pain relieving procedures such as injection based therapy (e.g epidurals) and day case procedures (e.g rhizotomy) in the last 3 months
* Pregnancy
* Rheumatologic/inflammatory disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis, lupus, scheuermann's disease)
* Progressive neurological disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis (MS), parkinson's disease (PD), motor neuron disease (MND)
* Unstable cardiac conditions
* Red flag disorders like malignancy/cancer, acute traumas like fracture (\<6 months ago) or infection, spinal cord compression/cauda equina
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Answer Yes to the following:

   * Have you had low back pain constantly or on most days for the last 3 months?
   * Has your back pain caused you to seek medical care?
2. Low back pain is classified from category 1 (back pain that does not radiate) through category 3 (back pain that radiates beyond the knee, but without neurological signs) on the Classification System of the Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders.
3. Report elevated levels of kinesiophobia.
4. Report no health conditions that may restrict movement or preclude safe participation.

Exclusion Criteria:

Individuals must not:

1. Have a personal history of the following neurological disorders: Alzheimer's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's, Stroke
2. Have a personal history of the following cardiorespiratory disorders: Congestive heart failure, Heart attack in past 24 months
3. Have a personal history of the following musculoskeletal disorders: Rheumatoid Arthritis, pathologic fractures of the spine, avascular necrosis or osteonecrosis, severe osteoarthritis.
4. Have a personal history of spine surgery or a hip arthroplasty
5. Have active cancer or recent, unexplained weight loss
6. Report being blind
7. Report being pregnant
8. Report current or pending litigation related to back pain
9. Currently be taking narcotic medication
10. Score in the clinically significant range for substance abuse (Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) \> 6), alcohol abuse (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) \> 4), or depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) \> 16).
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male and female between 18 and 65 years old.
* Primary complaint of LBP experienced at least over the previous 3-month duration.
* Ability to read/understand English or Hausa language.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous history of thoracic spine or lumbosacral spine surgery.
* Any neurological findings indicating radiculopathy.
* Evidence of serious spine pathology (e.g. tumor, infection, fracture, spinal stenosis, inflammatory disease).
* Unstable or severe disabling chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.
* History of serious psychological or psychiatric illness.
* Current pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Active patient in two study primary care clinics or HIV clinic in same system
* Prescribed OAs \>2 mos in the past year
* Back/lower extremity pain
* English or Spanish speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unstable comorbidity
* Cardiovascular/pulmonary disease that prevents exercise
* Cancer-related pain
* Significant mental health disorder
* Alcohol or drug abuse
* Inability to walk unassisted for at least one block
* Inability to provide consent (e.g., dementia)
* Residing more than 10 miles from clinic (poor transportation)
* Patients who are unable or unwilling to attend clinic- or community-based sessions

Answer: D