Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Virtual Reality Intervention for Stroke Rehabilitation
Brief Summary: In Israel approximately 16,000 people have a stroke each year. Most of these people suffer from weakness or paralysis of half of their body which leads to difficulties performing basic activities of daily life (BADL) such as dressing and walking. Due to the stroke, these individuals need to undergo intensive rehabilitation. After rehabilitation, physical activity has been strongly recommended to maintain their functional level which was achieved during rehabilitation. In addition regular physical activity can prevent secondary condition However, recent findings suggest that people with stroke do not perform enough physical activity with their upper and lower extremities.

The use of Virtual Reality (VR) for rehabilitation has been found to have potential for encouraging active purposeful movement. Many researchers have assessed the feasibility \& usability of different VR systems and environments for individuals with stroke. Costly VR systems in addition to off-the-shelf video game consoles (e.g. Sony PlayStation EyeToy, Nintendo Wii) have been found to have great potential to encourage active purposeful movement. However, to date, only a limited number of studies have investigated the effectiveness of VR therapy post-stroke.

Since physical activity is important after stroke and the fact that individuals with stroke are not participating sufficiently in physical activity, I suggest to carry out this study.

The overall aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of using novel technology of VR therapy to promote the participation in daily physical activity of individuals with stroke. A 'Community based' VR program will be compared to a traditional therapy program in promoting daily physical activity of the lower and upper extremities.

It is hypothesized that the VR intervention will be more efficient than the traditional therapy in promoting physical activity (walking and use of the weak upper extremity).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke
* age ≥18;
* Functional Ambulation Classification (FAC) ≥3
* Barthel Index ≥45

Exclusion Criteria:

* Cognitive impairment (Mini Mental State Examination ≤24)
* Unstable cardiovascular disease (acute heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, unstable angina and uncontrolled arrhythmias)
* Alcohol or other toxic substances abuse
* Decompensated psychiatric disorders that prevented from following a group session
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke
* within 1 month of discharge from hospital
* able to stand up from a chair with or without gait aid and walk at least 5 metres
* able to understand 2-step commands

Exclusion Criteria:

* Have other neurological problems besides stroke or medically unstable.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects aged 40 years or older.
* Patients with a clinical diagnosis of stroke; symptoms lasting 24 hours or more.
* Computed tomography (CT)-scan of the brain must either show a new infarct or be normal. Patients only with infarcts without clinical symptoms cannot be included.
* Inclusion shall take place before day 90 after stroke onset.
* Informed consent after verbal and written information.
* The patient must be able to walk either unaided or with a cane or a walker.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are unable to understand the information, or who cannot cooperate, are excluded.
* Patients confined to a wheelchair or bed.
* CT-scanning showing intracranial haemorrhage or focal pathology other than infarction, cerebral atrophy, or leucoaraiosis.
* Modified Rankin score of 4 or 5 before the actual stroke.
* Serious medical disease such as AIDS, metastatic cancer, or abnormalities that the investigator feels may compromise the patient's successful participation in the trial.
* Earlier randomisation in this trial.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Individuals who have sustained a stroke at least 6 months prior to the study.
2. Are living in the community.
3. Are not receiving rehabilitation treatments.
4. Are experiencing difficulty using their legs and/or arms
5. Are able to walk 10 meters (with or without assistance)
6. Able to understand and follow simple instructions and to sign the informed consent form (assessed using MMSE score \< 20/30 points).
7. Are willing to commit to attend two treatment sessions per week for 3 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Have suffered in the past from epilepsy seizures
2. Have a neurological or orthopedic condition other than stroke that prevented independence in walking and BADL prior the stroke.
3. Have uncontrolled high blood pressure or unstable cardio-vascular condition (according to a letter from the family doctor).
4. Have vision deficits that cannot be corrected with glasses

Answer: D