Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Treatment of Antipsychotic-associated Obesity With a GLP-1 Analogue
Brief Summary: To examine if 3 months of treatment with a GLP-1 (glucagon-like-peptide-1) analogue can induce weight loss in obese, non-diabetic patients with a diagnosis within the schizophrenic spectrum.

The investigators will also examine possible associations between GLP-1 treatment and peripheral metabolic parameters such as change in body fat and HbA1c. Moreover, the GLP-1 analogue treatment will be associated with the effects/changes on cognition and subjective quality of life. Possible cerebral effects (pro-cognitive) of the GLP-1 analogue treatment will associated and correlated with changes in the brain, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* You must have been diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
* You must be able to visit the doctor's office once every two weeks for three months, then once every four weeks for the next three months with a possible bi-weekly visit during the fifth month
* If you are currently taking a medication for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, you have been taking it for at least 30 days without any changes
* If you are a female, you must have a negative pregnancy test and be using an effective method of contraception

Exclusion Criteria:

* You have a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, diabetes, very high triglyceride level (fasting triglycerides greater than or equal to 500 mg/dL), recent heart attack, stroke, uncontrolled seizures, serious infection, unstable heart disease (such as ischemic heart disease or congestive heart failure), an uncorrected narrow angle glaucoma or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
* You have diseases of the intestinal tract, lungs, liver, kidney, nervous or endocrine systems, or blood
* You have a diagnosis of an eating disorder
* You have a history of Parkinson's Disease or any related disorders
* You are allergic to sulfa drugs or any of the medications involved in this study
B: Inclusion Criteria:

phase 1

* fulfilled DSM-IV criteria of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
* 18-65 year of age
* receiving clozapine for at least 6 months.

phase 2 are those in phase 1 and met the following

* overweight and obese (BMI ≧ 24)
* one or more metabolic dysregulation, such as abdominal obesity (waist circumference \> 90 cm, in men and \> 80 cm, in women
* fasting hypertriglyceridemia, (≥ 150 mg/dL)
* low fasting HDL levels (\< 40 mg/dL in men and \< 50 mg/dL in women)
* high blood pressure (≥ 130/ ≥ 85 mm Hg or current treatment with antihypertensive medication).

The exclusion criteria are the following:

* current use of hypoglycemic or hypolipidemic agents
* FPG levels ≥ 126 mg/dL
* women who are pregnant
* known allergy or contraindicated to metformin (including Creatine\>1.4 ng/dl abnormal liver function test; chronic cardiopulmonary insufficiency).

Exclusion Criteria:

phase 2

* current use of hypoglycemic or hypolipidemic agents
* FPG levels ≥ 126 mg/dL
* women who are pregnant
* known allergy or contraindicated to metformin (including Creatine\>1.4 ng/dl abnormal liver function test
* chronic cardiopulmonary insufficiency).
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Age: 18 - 65 years
* Diagnosis of the schizophrenia spectrum (ICD-10: F20.x, F25.x)both in-patients and out-patients will be included
* Current and unchanged treatment with at least one antipsychotic drug (FGA and/or SGA and/or depot treatment)
* BMI ≥30 kg/m2
* HbA1c \< 6,5 %

Exclusion Criteria:

* Substance dependence (ICD-10: F1x.2 (apart from nicotine addiction F17.2))
* Diabetes or HbA1c ≥6.5%
* Contraindications to MRI (metal implants, pacemakers, severe claustrophobia, ≥150 kg (max. bed weight in the MRI scanner))
* Previous head trauma with a loss of consciousness for more than 5 minutes
* Pregnancy (screened by urine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),lactation or no acceptance to use effective contraception during the intervention period
* Severe somatic disease, including inflammatory bowel disease and chronic ketoacidosis
* Allergy to exenatide
* Coercive measures according the Danish Law of Psychiatry
* conditions that according to sponsor are not congruous with participation in the study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Inclusion Criteria are:

  1. DSM-IV diagnosis of Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
  2. Age: 18-64
  3. Regular half pack a day smokers
  4. Score of at least 4 on the Nicotine Dependency Test

     Exclusion Criteria:

     Exclusion Criteria are:

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  1. Seizure disorders, other Neurologic illnesses, or a family history of seizures
  2. A medical condition that could manifest psychiatrically
  3. Currently experiencing a depressive episode
  4. Active substance abuse
  5. Currently receiving bupropion
  6. Pregnant women
  7. Children (\<18 years of age)
  8. Two consecutive sodium levels of 130 mmol/L or less

Answer: C