Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Physical Activity for Older Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain: PACe-LBP
Brief Summary: Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is one of the most common and disabling conditions among US military Veterans. Although physical activity can improve cLBP outcomes, the majority of Veterans with cLBP are inactive. Therefore the VA is in need of effective programs that can help older Veterans with cLBP to increase their physical activity and improve associated outcomes. This is particularly relevant for older Veterans with cLBP who are at greater risk for functional limitations. The proposed project will be a pilot study of a telephone-based physical activity program or physical activity combined with cognitive behavioral pain management for older adult Veterans with cLBP. Older Veterans are of particular interest because prior studies of physical activity for cLBP have not addressed this vulnerable patient group. This study will also inform the VA about whether certain patients with cLBP, who have greater pain sensitivity, may benefit from other treatment to supplement a physical activity program.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients diagnosed with lower back pain with a pain score of 4 or higher on DVPRS for 3 months
* Male or female
* Age 18-68\*
* Able to read and understand English
* Understands language, and able to report current pain levels and recall events
* DEERS-Eligible, Military healthcare beneficiary

Exclusion Criteria:

* Provider has advised against mild to moderate exercise
* Patient unable to sit on the floor for two minutes or unable to stand independently
* Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Auto Immune disease-related pain, other chronic medical conditions (i.e. advanced diabetic neuropathies) that preclude consent
* Patients with severe TBI
* Practiced Yoga within 6 months
* Pre-surgical candidates for back surgery within 3 months
* Back surgery within the past year
* Pregnancy\*\*; females will be asked to self-report
* Undergoing Medical Evaluation Board to determine discharge
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Self-report having had lower back pain on most days for greater than three months.
2. Can complete a 10 second semi-tandem stand and walk 8' in 6.0 seconds.
3. Report they are not satisfied with their current state of functional ability, based on reporting "dissatisfied" with at least one aspect of physical function on the Satisfaction with Physical Function Scale.
4. Can safely participate in the intervention based upon the physical therapist baseline examination and clinical expertise.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. unilateral or bilateral sciatica that physical therapist determines could make the study intervention unsafe or inappropriate; isolated coccyx pain (based on self-report at screener);
2. dementia or other significant cognitive impairment;
3. movement or motor neuron disorders (e.g., Parkinson's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis);
4. rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, or other systemic rheumatic disease;
5. hospitalization for a stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or coronary artery revascularization in the past 3 months;
6. significant hearing impairment (must be able to talk on the telephone);
7. psychosis or current, uncontrolled substance abuse disorder;
8. any other health conditions determined by the study team to be contraindications to performing mild to moderate home exercises.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects of both genders between 18 and 65 years of age with chronic non-specific LBP (pain for more than 3 months) with a pain intensity of at least 3 points measured by a 0-10 points pain numerical rating scale
* Subjects must be able to stand and walk independently
* Subjects must be able to read in Portuguese

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with any contraindication to physical exercise according to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine
* Subjects with severe depression (measured by depression, anxiety and stress scale - DASS)
* Subjects with serious spinal pathologies (fractures, tumors, and inflammatory pathologies such as ankylosing spondylitis), nerve root compromise (disc herniation and spondylolisthesis with neurological compromise, spinal stenosis, and others), serious cardiorespiratory diseases, previous back surgery or pregnancy.
* Subjects that cannot be classified into any of the five categories of the Movement System Impairment model upon initial assessment
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* age 18-56 years
* present employment at the company
* at least one criteria out the following qualified for the study:

  * nonspecific LBP with the duration of 2 weeks or more
  * radiating, present low back pain
  * recurrent LBP (2 or more episodes per year)
  * work absence because of LBP
* included subjects also responded having low back pain during preceding week prior to the questionnaire (VAS ≥ 10 mm, Visual Analogue Scale 0-100 mm)

According to pain level, patients were later divided into two separate RCT's, "mild": VAS 10mm - 34mm, "moderate": VAS 35mm or more.

Exclusion Criteria:

* retirement
* acute nerve root compression symptoms
* malignant tumor
* recent fracture
* severe osteoporosis
* other specific disease preventing participation in the follow-up

Answer: B