Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of a Sensorimotor Training on Postural Control and Pain: A Parallel, Single-blinded Randomised Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: This study evaluates the effects of additional sensorimotor training (proprioceptive postural training, PPT) to conventional therapy in the treatment of chronic low-back pain. Half of the participants will receive instructed treadmill training as an active comparator against PPT. All participants receive conventional physiotherapy as prescribed by their treating medical doctors. It is expected that the PPT group will improve in postural control, proprioceptive, as well as pain and function outcomes to a significantly greater extent than the active control group.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with musculoskeletal low back pain (non-specific low back pain)
* Age ≥ 18 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* Known or suspected neurological diseases or lesions
* Traumatic injury of musculoskeletal system (fractures, tumours)
* Spinal pathologies (e.g., tumour, infection, fracture, and inflammatory disease)
* Previous spinal surgery
* Presence of any contraindication to exercise (fracture or cardiovascular limitations)
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Men and women
* Age 25-55 years old
* Chronic / recurrent low back pain (over 3 months)
* With or without radiation

Exclusion Criteria:

* Rheumatoid disease
* Tumors
* Fibromyalgia
* Back surgery
* Road / work accidents
* Non Hebrew speaking
* Pregnancy
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* a history of chronic LBP with or without recurrences for a minimum of 12 months;
* between 21 - 55 years of age;
* able to stand and walk without assistance;
* have an Oswestry Disability Score of 19% or higher AND/OR less than an 8 on one activity reported on the Patient Specific Functional Scale,

Exclusion Criteria:

* any major structural spinal deformity including scoliosis, kyphosis, or stenosis;
* spinal fracture or dislocation;
* osteoporosis;
* ankylosing spondylitis;
* rheumatoid arthritis;
* disc herniation with corroborating clinical signs and symptoms;
* serious spinal complications such as tumor or infection;
* previous spinal surgery;
* frank neurological loss, i.e., weakness and sensory loss;
* pain or paresthesia below the knee;
* etiology of LBP other than the lumbar spine, e.g., hip joint;
* history of neurological disease which required hospitalization;
* active treatment for cancer;
* history of unresolved cancer;
* pregnancy or less than 6 months post-partum or less than 6 months post weaning;
* magnified symptom-behavior;
* worker's compensation or disability case;
* in litigation for the LBP problem;
* have a BMI ≥ 30.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects of both genders between 18 and 65 years of age with chronic non-specific LBP (pain for more than 3 months) with a pain intensity of at least 3 points measured by a 0-10 points pain numerical rating scale
* Subjects must be able to stand and walk independently
* Subjects must be able to read in Portuguese

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects with any contraindication to physical exercise according to the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine
* Subjects with severe depression (measured by depression, anxiety and stress scale - DASS)
* Subjects with serious spinal pathologies (fractures, tumors, and inflammatory pathologies such as ankylosing spondylitis), nerve root compromise (disc herniation and spondylolisthesis with neurological compromise, spinal stenosis, and others), serious cardiorespiratory diseases, previous back surgery or pregnancy.
* Subjects that cannot be classified into any of the five categories of the Movement System Impairment model upon initial assessment

Answer: A