Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: A Single-blind, Randomized, Parallel Design Study to Assess the Effectiveness of SMS Reminders in Improving ART Adherence Among Adolescents Living With HIV in Nigeria (STARTA Trial-Adolescents)
Brief Summary: The non-maintenance of ART adherence is a major barrier to the achievement of optimal treatment outcomes among adolescents living with HIV. ART adherence is a challenge among adolescents living with HIV because of lack of appropriate information, their unique emotional state and lifestyles but the most commonly quoted challenge to adherence is forgetting to take antiretroviral drugs. There is evidence to suggest that short message service (SMS) reminder- interventions may enhance drug compliance among adolescents living with other chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes. Available literature underscores the need for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of effective interventions to promote ART adherence among adolescents with HIV.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of interactive and tailored SMS reminders on ART adherence among adolescents (15-19 years) living with HIV in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study hypothesizes that the use of personal mobile phones and SMS reminders for the improvement of ART adherence among adolescents living with HIV are feasible, acceptable, and effective.

A single-blind, parallel-design (ratio 1:1), and multi-center RCT of 230 adolescent living with HIV who are non-adherent to medications will be conducted over a one-year period in Southwest Nigeria. All the participants will receive routine adherence counseling during clinic visits and one SMS reminder each for follow-up appointments 48 hours and 24 hours before the follow-up visit date. The intervention group will also receive daily ART adherence reminder SMS. Participants will be assessed at baseline and during follow-up visits at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 weeks after the baseline. Baseline assessment of participants will include socio-demographic characteristics; HIV/AIDS risk behaviour assessment, Alcohol and Drug abuse assessment, Client Satisfaction Survey, ART adherence assessment, CD4count and viral load assessments. ART adherence and client satisfaction will be assessed at each follow-up visit while CD4count and viral load assessments will be done at baseline and at 20th week.

It is possible that tailored SMS reminders will mitigate the barrier of forgetfulness in ART-adherence and lead to improved drug compliance, viral suppression, and quality of life among adolescents living with HIV.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* HIV seropositivity
* Being on ART for at least three month
* Age 15 to 19 years as at last birthday
* Use of personal mobile phone
* Poor adherence to ART

Exclusion Criteria:

Adolescents who are too ill to require hospital admission will be excluded from the study.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Must have and use a mobile phone
* Enrolled at one of the following clinics: CESFAM El Roble or CESFAM Juan Pablo II.
* Must not have had a Pap test within 3 years or more from recruitment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Women who have ever had the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
* Women with a mental or physical disability that inhibits them from understanding the implications of the study or being able to reach the health clinic for an exam.
* Women that are considering relocating within the next year.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* \>/= 18 years
* Smoked \>/= 100 cigarettes in a lifetime
* English speaking
* Currently smoking 5 or more cigarettes per day
* Willing to make a quit attempt within 1 week of enrollment
* HIV positive

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of medical condition that precludes the use of nicotine replacement therapy
* Current use of smoking cessation medications
* Pregnant or nursing
* Enrolled in another smoking cessation study
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Have a confirmed pregnancy,
* English speaking,
* 18-55 years of age,
* Are in the preparation stage of change and willing to set a quit date within 30 days and before 35 weeks gestation,
* Have a cellular phone that is capable of receiving text messages, and be willing to pay for any related fees for testing.
* Willing and able to commit to the visit schedule

Exclusion Criteria:

* Gestational age \> 35 weeks at quit date
* If subjects are in the pre-contemplative or contemplative stages of change or have already received 30 minute pharmacy education targeted for the quit date in this pregnancy.

Answer: A