Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Intravenous Lidocaine for Effective Pain Relief After Posterior Lumbar Spinal Fusion: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study
Brief Summary: This prospective randomized study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of intravenous lidocaine injection on the relief of pain in patients undergoing 1-level posterior lumbar fusion.

A total of 54 patients will be randomized into one of two groups (group C or group I) based on Excel number generation.

Patients in group C will receive received normal saline intravenous injection, and patients in group I will receive an intravenous bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine followed by a continuous lidocaine infusion of 2 mg/kg/hr.

Visual analogue scale pain scores, fentanyl consumption and the frequency at which patients pushed the button (FPB) of a patient-controlled analgesia system will be recorded at 4, 12, 24, 48 hours postoperatively.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* 1-level posterior lumbar fusion

Exclusion Criteria:

* mental change
* allergy to local anesthetics
* chronic analgesics user
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Informed consent
* Scheduled for colon tumor resection.
* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical classification classes I, II, and III.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Age \<18 or \>75 years
* Allergy to local anesthetics
* Severe cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction within 6 months, profoundly decreased left ventricular function (ejection fraction \<40%), or high-grade arrhythmias) or liver disease (known AST or ALT or bilirubin \>2.5 times the upper limit of normal)
* Systemic corticosteroid use
* Chronic use of opiates
* Unwillingness or contraindication to epidural analgesia.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients undergoing elective total abdominal hysterectomy at The Ottawa Hospital and able to give informed consent.

Plus:

1. Age 30-69 inclusive;
2. ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) class I or II patient: (I - healthy with no systemic disease, II - systemic disease with no functional limitation);
3. Body Mass Index (BMI) of 18.5-30.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients undergoing elective total abdominal hysterectomy at The Ottawa Hospital and unable to give informed consent., unable to provide informed consent, or unable to use patient controlled analgesia.

Plus:

1. Patients under age 30 or over age 70;
2. ASA III, IV and V class patients (III - systemic disease causing functional impairment; IV - systemic disease that is a constant threat to life; V - not expected to survive with or without surgery);
3. Obese patients (BMI\>30) or undernourished (BMI\<18.5) (9);
4. Unable to use patient controlled analgesia;
5. Any history of liver dysfunction;
6. Renal insufficiency defined as a creatinine clearance \<50mL/min as calculated using the Cockroft-Gault formula (11);
7. History of seizure disorder;
8. Hypersensitivity or allergy to amide type local anesthetics;
9. Hypersensitivity or allergy to any of the following opiods: morphine, hydromorphone, meperidine, fentanyl;
10. Any chronic pain syndromes or opioid use greater than once per week.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery for colorectal cancer.
* Age \> 18 years.
* Informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Allergy to local anesthetics.
* Severe cardiovascular, hepatic, or renal diseases.
* Pregnant or lactating patients.
* Emergency surgery.
* American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class IV

Answer: A