Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Hip Fracture Evaluation With Alternatives of Total Hip Arthroplasty Versus Hemi-Arthroplasty: A Multi-Centre Randomized Trial Comparing Total Hip Arthroplasty and Hemi-Arthroplasty on Secondary Procedures and Quality of Life in Patients With Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures
Brief Summary: Each year, hip fracture, an injury that can impair independence and quality of life, occurs in about 280,000 Americans and 36,000 Canadians. By the year 2040, the annual healthcare costs associated with hip fractures are expected to reach $9.8 billion in the United States and $650 million in Canada. It is important to have in place optimal practice guidelines for the surgical handling of this injury. One type of hip fracture, called a displaced femoral neck fracture, is often treated with a hip replacement surgery. Patients undergoing a hip replacement may receive either a total hip replacement, in which the head of the femur and the hip joint socket are replaced, or a partial hip replacement, in which only the head of the femur is replaced. This study will compare the two different hip replacement procedures to determine which one results in better outcomes after surgery in adults aged 50 and older.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Adult men or women aged 50 years and old (with no upper age limit)
* Fracture of the femoral neck, as confirmed with either anteroposterior or lateral hip radiographs, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Displaced fracture that is not, in the judgment of the attending surgeon, optimally managed by reduction and internal fixation
* Operative treatment is planned within 72 hours of the patient being medically cleared for surgery
* Patient was ambulatory prior to the fracture, though they may have used an aid such as a cane or a walker
* Anticipated medical optimization for arthroplasty of the hip
* Provision of informed consent by patient or proxy
* Low energy fracture (defined as a fall from standing height), with no other trauma
* Assurance from site that surgeons with expertise in both total hip arthroplasty and hemi-arthroplasty are available to perform surgery (Note: Surgeons do not need to be experts in both techniques)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not suitable for hemi-arthroplasty (i.e., inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, pathologic fractures (secondary to cancer), or severe osteoarthritis of the hip)
* Associated major injuries of the lower extremity (e.g., ipsilateral or contralateral fractures of the foot, ankle, tibia, fibula, knee, or femur; dislocations of the ankle, knee, or hip; or femoral head defects or fracture)
* Retained hardware around the affected hip that will interfere with arthroplasty
* Infection around the hip (soft tissue or bone)
* Bone metabolism disorder except osteoporosis (e.g., Paget's disease, renal osteodystrophy, osteomalacia)
* Patients with a previous history of frank dementia that would interfere with the assessment of primary outcome (e.g., secondary procedures at 2 years).
* Likely problems, in the judgment of the investigators, with maintaining follow-up (e.g., no fixed address, plans to move out of town in the next year, or intellectually challenged and without adequate family support)
* Enrolled in another ongoing drug or surgical intervention trial
* Patients whose fracture occurred as a result of violence.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* Displaced femoral neck fracture
* Age 60 or above
* Able to walk (any aids allowed)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Anesthesiologically unfit for arthroplasty surgery
* Previous symptomatic hip pathology (i.e. arthritis)
* Pathological fracture
* Delay of more than 96 hours from injury to treatment
* Not living in hospital area
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Fracture of femoral neck
* Operative treatment within 4 days for displaced fractures
* Operative treatment within 7 days for nondisplaced fractures
* Ambulatory before the injury
* Low energy trauma, such as falls from a sitting or standing position
* No other major trauma

Exclusion Criteria:

* Unsuited for both surgical treatments
* Associated major injuries of the lower extremities
* Retained hardware around the hip
* Infection around the hip
* Bone metabolic disorder (except for osteoporosis)
* Moderate or severe cognitive impairment
* Parkinson's disease or dementia
* Unable to complete the 2-year follow-up
D: Inclusion Criteria:

Patients \>75 years old who were diagnosed with impacted femoral neck fracture with confirmation of mutual embedding and close combination of the fracture ends by CT or MRI scanning(including Garden 1 and 2 and varus impacted FNF) were eligible for the inclusion.

Exclusion Criteria:

Patients \<75 years old, pathological fracture, nonimpacted or displaced fracture, unable to walk previously, avascular necrosis of femoral head, previous symptomatic hip pathology (such as arthritis), infection, a history of fracture in the studied hip, deformity of lower limb.

Answer: A