Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as an Adjunct to Exercise Training in Stable COPD
Brief Summary: Skeletal muscle dysfunction impairs exercise capacity, quality of life and prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The purpose of this prospective randomized controlled study was to evaluate effects of Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) plus quadriceps muscle training (NMES group) and sham NMES plus quadriceps muscle training (control group) on muscle function, exercise capacity, health related quality of life, activities of daily living, and self-efficacy in patients with COPD who are eligible and able to participate in endurance training.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* COPD
* FEV1 \< 60% predicted value and FEV1/ FVC \< 70%
* 6-minute walking distance \< 400 m

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients suffering from cardiovascular, neurological, skeletal muscle, or any other condition that could alter their capacity to perform the exercise test
* Patients taking systemic corticosteroids on a daily basis (patients having received systemic steroids for the treatment of up to two exacerbations in the preceding year and those on inhaled steroids will be allowed)
* Patients with room air PaO2 \< 60 mm Hg will be excluded.
B: Inclusion Criteria:

* (1) Male or female ≥ 21 and ≤ 80 years of age.
* (2) Current HF symptoms consistent with NYHA class III-IV.
* (3) On stable HF pharmacological therapy for at least one month prior to data collection.
* (4) Left ventricular ejection fraction \< 45% documented within 3 months of enrollment (obtained from subjects medical records).
* (5) No planned elective surgery or pacemaker implantation at the time of study initiation.
* (6) Hgb \> 8.0 within 1 month of enrollment (obtained from subjects medical records).
* (7) Willingness to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

* (1) Inability to provide written informed consent.
* (2) Inability to walk on a treadmill.
* (3) Hemodynamically significant valvular heart disease.
* (4) Unstable angina.
* (5) Acute myocardial infarction within the previous 3 months.
* (6) Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
* (7) HF known to be secondary to pericardial disease or uncorrected valvular disease.
* (8) Chronic oxygen therapy.
* (9) Participation in another clinical trial within the past 30 days.
* (10) Participation in a regular exercise within the previous 6 months.
* (11) Previous implantation of a cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator.
* (12) Pregnancy.
* (13) Resting systolic blood pressure \> 200 mmHg.
* (14) Failure to demonstrate the ability to operate the EMS unit.
* (15) Failure to be compliant with at least 75% of the EMS training sessions.
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* being 35-75 years of age
* being eligible to participate in endurance trainin
* no acute exacerbation in last month, no change in drugs and no usage of antibiotics in last three weeks

Exclusion Criteria:

* medical conditions which could place patient at risk during neuromuscular electrical stimulation and exercise training (orthophedic and neuromuscular disorders, metal implants in the lower limbs, advanced heart failure, aortic stenosis, deep venous thrombosis a cardiac pacemaker, \>50 mmHg pulmonary artery pressure and/or an acute exacerbation of symtomps in the preceeding four weeks)
* being unable to understand the questionnaires and unable to cooparate.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* All participants must be female
* Subjects must have radiographic osteoarthritis of grade 2 severity according to the Kellgren and Lawrence scale on the posterior-anterior semi-flexed view with definite osteophytes present in the medial and not lateral compartment.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous adverse reaction to electrical stimulation
* Inability to ambulate without the use of an assistive device (i.e cane, walker)
* Patients who have undergone a total knee arthroplasty
* Patients who have torn any knee ligament (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL)
* Enrollees who have a demand-type cardiac pacemaker or are pregnant
* History of tibial osteotomy surgery
* Significant peripheral or central nervous system disease
* Concurrent clinically active arthritis of the hip, ankle, hindfoot or midfoot in either limb
* Concurrent bilateral radiographic evidence of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis
* Enrollees who are concurrently undergoing physical therapy for pain or OA
* Enrollees who are taking Cox-2 inhibitors or are receiving corticosteroid injections
* Subjects will be allowed to take buffered aspirin and naproxen sodium while enrolled in the study
* Enrollees who have a body mass index of greater than 40 (morbidly obese)
* Enrollees who have a CAR \> .95 (e.g. patients whose quadriceps are uninhibited)
* Enrollees who have previously undergone quadriceps NMES therapy

Answer: C