Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effect of Increased Convective Clearance by On-line Hemodiafiltration on All Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: The Dutch Convective Transport Study (CONTRAST)
Brief Summary: The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of low flux hemodialysis with online hemodiafiltration on all cause mortality and a combination of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients treated by HD 2 or 3 times a week, for at least 2 months
* Patients able to understand the study procedures
* Patients willing to provide written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Current age \< 18 years
* Treatment by HDF or high flux HD in the preceding 6 months
* Severe incompliance (severe non-adherence to the dialysis procedure and accompanying prescriptions, especially frequency and duration of dialysis treatment and fluid restriction)
* Life expectancy \< 3 months due to non renal disease
* Participation in other clinical intervention trials evaluating cardiovascular outcome
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Men and women from any ethnic/racial group \< 65 years.
2. Treatment with CPD for 6 months and current treatment with APD for at least one month.
3. Hemoglobin of at least 11.0 g/dl.
4. Stable dose of erythropoietin treatment for at least the preceding three months.
5. Subjects with normal nutritional status to mild malnutrition:

   1. Serum albumin \> 3.3 g/dl
   2. Relative body weight of 90-120% of the NHANES II median body weight for a given height, age range, gender and frame size.
   3. A normalized protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (nPNA) \> 0.80 g/kg actual body weight/day at the time of screening.
6. D/P Cr between 0.48 and 0.81 on the PET performed at the time of the screen.
7. Total (renal + peritoneal) weekly Kt/V urea \> 1.70 and creatinine clearance \> 50 L/wk/1.73 m2.
8. No evidence of primary or secondary (viz., ischemic, neuropathic) myopathy

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of active cancer other than basal cell carcinoma.
2. Symptomatic severe ischemic heart disease, uncontrolled severe dysrhythmias, uncontrolled congestive heart failure, poorly controlled hypertension, severe musculoskeletal disease, arthritis or amputation of the lower extremities.
3. Insulin requiring diabetes mellitus.
4. Patients who received L-carnitine or anabolic hormones (other than erythropoietin) within the previous 6 months.
5. Use of CaCO3 as phosphate binder.
6. Severe lung or liver disease, uncontrolled asthma, active vasculitis.
7. Severe chronic infection or any other acute or chronic inflammatory or catabolic illnesses (e.g., active tuberculosis, AIDS, osteomyelitis).
8. Psychosis, inability to give informed consent, evidence that patient will not comply with study protocol.
9. Alcohol or other recreational drug abuse.
10. Pregnancy (rare in CPD patients).
11. Patients who are physically and/or psychologically incapable of undergoing the protocol.

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C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or female subjects with end-stage renal failure aged 50-80 years, who have received regular haemodialysis treatment for at least 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

* Subjects will have no underlying condition that is expected to limit survival to less than 1 year and is also unrelated to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Subjects should not have received a statin therapy within the past 6 months
D: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with end stage renal disease requiring chronic renal replacement therapy
2. Age 13 years or greater
3. Achieved mean eKt/V of \> 1.0 on at least two baseline sessions
4. Weight 30 kg or greater

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Residual renal urea clearance \> 3 mL/min per 35 L.
2. Expectation that native kidneys will recover
3. Vascular access being used for HD is a non-tunneled catheter
4. Inability to come for in-center 6 days a week, including inability to arrange adequate transportation
5. History of poor adherence to thrice weekly HD
6. Medical conditions that would prevent the subject from performing the cardiac MRI procedure (e.g., inability to remain still for the procedure, a metallic object in the body, including cardiac pacemaker, inner ear (cochlear) implant, brain aneurysm clips, mechanical heart valves, recently placed artificial joints, and older vascular stents)
7. Unable to verbally communicate in English or Spanish
8. Requires HD \> 3 times per week due to medical co-morbidity (such as, but not limited to: systemic oxalosis, or requiring total parenteral nutrition). Occasional ultrafiltration on a fourth day per week is not an exclusion criterion.
9. Currently on daily or nocturnal HD, or less than 3 months since the subject discontinued daily or nocturnal HD
10. Scheduled for living donor kidney transplant, change to peritoneal dialysis, home HD, or plans to relocate to another center within the next 14 months
11. Expected geographic unavailability at a participating HD unit for \> 2 consecutive weeks or \> 4 weeks total during the next 14 months (excluding unavailability due to hospitalizations) (frequent HD subjects who leave for vacation may resort back to conventional HD during these time periods)
12. Less than 3 months since the patient returned to HD after acute rejection resulting in allograft failure
13. Currently in acute or chronic care hospital
14. Life expectancy \< 6 months
15. A medical history that might limit the subject's ability to take trial treatments for the 12 month duration of the study, including: currently receiving chemo or radiotherapy for a malignant neoplastic disease other than localized non-melanoma skin cancer, active systemic infection (including tuberculosis, disseminated fungal infection, active AIDS but not HIV, and cirrhosis with encephalopathy)
16. Current pregnancy, or actively planning to become pregnant in the next 12 months
17. Contraindication to heparin, including allergy or heparin induced thrombocytopenia
18. Current use of investigational drugs or participation in another clinical trial that contradicts or interferes with the therapies or measured outcomes in this trial
19. Unable or unwilling to follow the study protocol for any reason (including mental incompetence)
20. Unable or unwilling to provide informed consent or sign IRB-approved consent form

Answer: A