Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Prophylaxis Against Thromboembolic Disease Following Orthopaedic Surgeries on Extremities
Brief Summary: The purpose of this research is to find a better way to prevent the post operative development of clots in the deep veins of the legs (also called Deep Vein Thrombosis or DVT). DVT causes redness, swelling, and pain in the involved leg(s). Long-term complications may include permanent swelling and pain of the leg(s), and even skin ulcers around the ankle. If clots form in a leg after surgery, and break off, they can move to the lungs and block the pulmonary artery (also called Pulmonary Emboli or PE). With PE there can be chest pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, heart failure, and occasionally death.

Doctors have studied ways to reduce these complications. These studies led to the development of drugs which interfere with your body's clotting processes. However, it is still unclear which drug and which drug schedule is best. This study will evaluate two of the standard FDA approved drugs using different dosing schedules.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Confirmed acute symptomatic Pulmonary Embolism (PE) with or without concomitant Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
* Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* Legal lower age limitations (country specific)
* Thrombectomy, insertion of a caval filter, or use of a fibrinolytic agent to treat the current episode of PE
* Other indication for VKA than PE/DVT
* More than 36 hours pre-randomization treatment with therapeutic dosages of (LMW)heparin or initiation of VKA treatment prior to randomization
* Participation in another pharmacotherapeutic study within the prior 30 days
* Creatinine clearance \<10 mL/min, severe hepatic disease, or bacterial endocarditis
* Life expectancy \<3 months
* Active bleeding or high risk for bleeding
* Uncontrolled hypertension: systolic blood pressure \>180 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure \>110 mm Hg
* Pregnancy or childbearing potential without proper contraceptive measures or women who are breastfeeding
* Any other contraindication listed in the labeling of warfarin, acenocoumarol, unfractionated heparin, enoxaparin, or tinzaparin
B: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Planned for elective arthroplasty for knee and hip disease.
2. Over 20 years of age.
3. Normal baseline platelet count, prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times.
4. Signed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Surgery for acute fracture (\< 4 weeks), septic joint, or extraction arthroplasty.
2. Patients with personal history of TED, or documented hypercoagulation disease.
3. Increased risk of hemorrhage, as from active gastric ulcer, or bleeding diathesis; or persistent intestinal or urinary tract bleed within the last year.
4. Hemorrhagic stroke; brain, spinal, or ophthalmologic surgery in previous 6 months.
5. Liver enzymes or bilirubin greater than 2 x normal.
6. Decreased renal function with GFR \< 30ml/min. (24-27)
7. Cancer in last 1 year, other than localized cancers of the skin.
8. Requires chronic anticoagulation with warfarin or heparins.
9. Requires chronic platelet function suppressive therapy for coronary or peripheral artery stents..
10. Prior adverse reaction to any of the study drugs.
11. Pregnancy
12. Uncontrolled hypertension
C: Inclusion Criteria:

* Non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF)
* Indication for long-term Vitamin-K antagonist (VKA) therapy based on the presence of previous ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA) or systemic embolism and/or at least two of the following risk factors: hypertension requiring drug treatment, moderately or severely impaired left ventricular function and/or congestive heart failure, age \> or = 75 years, diabetes mellitus.

Main exclusion Criteria:

* Indication for VKA other than AF
* Stroke or TIA within previous 5 days
* Transient AF caused by a reversible disorder
* Planned major surgery/trauma or cardioversion within 30 days
* INR \> 3 at baseline
* Active bleeding or high risk of bleeding
* Uncontrolled hypertension
* Pregnancy or childbearing potential without proper contraceptive measures or breast feeding.
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients with SRI or MiRI undergoing orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients who are on hemodialysis or are scheduled to undergo hemodialysis during the study period
* Patients who are at a significantly high risk for bleeding or thromboembolism
* Patients who are receiving another antithrombotic therapy and are unable to suspend the therapy
* Patients who have evidence of hepatic function test abnormalities

Answer: B