Please select the eligibility criteria that correspond to the clinical trial below.
Title: Effectiveness of Additional Trunk Exercises on Gait Performance: a Randomised Controlled Trial
Brief Summary: The aim of SWEAT² study is to further explore the effects of additional customized trunk exercises on clinical and biomechanical gait performance. Despite of the evidence demonstrating the importance of trunk control after stroke, studies about the effects of trunk rehabilitation on gait performance are inconsistent. The findings of this study might lead to new scientific insights in the importance of the trunk during gait rehabilitation in people suffering from stroke submitted to a rehabilitation hospital.


Options:
A: Inclusion Criteria:

* Between the ages of 40 - 85
* Had a stroke at least 12 months ago
* OR are a healthy adult who does not have a history of neurodegenerative disorders
* Have the ability to understand English

Exclusion Criteria:

* Contraindication to brain stimulation (such as a history of seizure or epilepsy)
* Contraindication to MRI (such as a pacemaker, metal in the eyes / brain or fear of enclosed spaces)
* Neurodegenerative disorder ( such as Parkinson disease, Alzheimers disease or Multiple Sclerosis)
* Contraindications to exercise
B: Inclusion criteria:

(1) All subjects must be between the ages of 18-90.

Exclusion criteria:

1. History of Major depression, as defined by Beck Depression scale 30;
2. Any substantial decrease in alertness, language comprehension, or attention that might interfere with understanding instructions for motor testing;
3. Contraindications to TMS

   * history of seizures
   * unexplained loss of consciousness
   * metal in the head
   * frequent or severe headaches or neck pain
   * implanted brain medical devices.
4. Contraindications to tDCS

   * metal in the head
   * implanted brain medical devices
5. Advanced liver, kidney, cardiac, or pulmonary disease;
6. A terminal medical diagnosis consistent with survival \< 1 year;
7. Coexistent major neurological or psychiatric disease (to decrease number of confounders);
8. A history of significant alcohol or drug abuse in the prior 6 months;
9. Subjects may not be actively enrolled in a separate intervention study targeting stroke recovery and any other clinical trials;
10. Subjects with global aphasia and deficits of comprehension
11. Pregnancy. Female subjects of child bearing potential will be asked to take a pregnancy test. If the pregnancy test is positive, the subject may not enroll in the study.
12. Use of neuropsychotropic medications \[healthy subjects only\]

Additional inclusion criteria for stroke subjects:

1. First-time clinical ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular events - evidenced by a radiological (or physician's) report
2. Weakness, defined as score of less than 55 (out of 66) on arm motor Fugl-Meyer (FM) scale
3. Stroke onset \>6 months prior to study enrollment .

Additional exclusion criteria for stroke subjects:

1. Subjects may not have already received TMS and/or tDCS stimulation for stroke;
2. History of epilepsy before stroke or episodes of seizures within the last six months;
C: Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients suffering from the consequences of a stroke in the medial cerebral artery, during the sub-acute phase (4-24 weeks after onset)
2. Age between 18-75 years
3. Hospitalised in rehabilitation Hospital Hof Ter Schelde
4. Capable of understanding and giving informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Cerebellum or brainstem lesions
2. Recently multiple lesions and older lesions which are manifested clinically.
3. History of severe substance abuse (alcohol, drugs, benzodiazepines)
4. Cardiac disease that in the opinion of the clinician precludes participation in the trial (severe dyspnea in rest, severe rhythm disturbances, etc)
5. History of epileptic insults, not caused by the stroke
6. Severe organic co morbidity
7. Psychiatric disorders or history of psychiatric disorders
8. Pace maker / internal defibrillator
9. Pregnancy
D: Inclusion Criteria:

* Haemorrhagic or ischaemic stroke diagnosis has to be confirmed by the consultant appointed at the rehabilitation centre on the basis of CT or MRI imaging
* Patients with a history of first stroke
* Stroke onset within five months
* Patients who are able to sit independently for 30 seconds on a stable surface
* Hospitalized in the rehabilitation hospital RevArte
* Written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* A score of 20 or higher on the Trunk Impairment Scale
* A score of 2 or lower on the Functional Ambulation Categories
* Patients suffering from other neurological and orthopaedic disorders that could influence motor performance and balance
* Patients not able to understand instructions

Answer: D