prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the Smile performer's birthday?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
He Comes Up Smiling
He Comes Up Smiling is a 1918 American comedy film produced by and starring Douglas Fairbanks and directed by Allan Dwan 
This film was based on a novel of the same title by Charles Sherman, which was adapted into a 1914 play of the same name by Byron Ongley and Emil Nyitray  Fairbanks starred in the play with Patricia Collinge as the female lead  This film "survives incomplete" 

Plot
As described in a film magazine, the principal duty of bank clerk Jerry Martin is to care for the bank president's pet canary  The bird escapes and Jerry starts in pursuit  In a chase that takes him far afield, Jerry meets a hobo and decides to give up his bank job  Baron Bean (Montana), another hobo, becomes his valet, but they desert Jerry when he is taking a bath and steal his clothes  He finds a suit belonging to William Batchelor (MacQuarrie), a broker who is cooling off at a pool, and with the broker's business cards he passes himself off as Batchelor  He meets John Bartlett (Campeau) and his daughter Billie (Daw) and promptly falls in love  Her father is also a stock broker who has been nicked by Batchelor  An attempt is made to corner the market while Jerry is being entertained, but he foils the plotters, falls heir to a fortune, and wins the love of Billie 

Cast
Douglas Fairbanks as Jerry Martin
Marjorie Daw as Billie Bartlett
Herbert Standing as Mike
Frank Campeau as John Bartlett
Bull Montana as Baron Bean
Albert MacQuarrie as William Batchelor
Kathleen Kirkham as Louise
Jay Dwiggins as General
William Elmer
Robert Cain

Preservation
The surviving reels of He Comes Up Smiling were preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2010 
Passage 2:
Spexy Beast
Spexy Beast is a stand-up comedy tour performed by British comedian Alan Carr  The tour was Carr's first to be performed in arena type venues, with extra dates being added in most territories due to popular demand 

Show incidents
During one of the shows in Brighton a female member of the audience, who was pregnant went into labour from laughing so much 
Tessa Lawson was watching the comic’s new Spexy Beast show when she felt the baby move and rushed to the toilet just before the interval 
When her waters broke, she was rushed to hospital and gave birth to a healthy girl later that evening  Carr later commented on the incident via Twitter stating,

"An audience member has gone into labour  Pass me a hot towel and tongs, I’m going in! Love to you and bump "

Tour dates
Passage 3:
Giuseppe Demachi
Giuseppe Demachi (9 June 1732 – 1791 or after) was a composer born in Alessandria, Italy   He served as a leading violinist in the city of his birth and later in the city of Geneva with the Concerto di Ginevra of the Societé de Musique   He also served in the employ of one Count Sannazzaro in the 1760s and 1770s at Casale Monferrato   Not much is known about his life or death   Other than the records of his birth in 1732, his next known appearance in history is in 1763 when he was listed as playing in Alessandria's orchestra   After 1777 he again falls into obscurity until his last verifiable appearance during some concerts in London in 1791   The date of his death is not known, but is believed to have been shortly after his performances in London 
Demachi is listed as a composer of a significant number of works, including four symphonie concertante, eighteen duo sonatas, fifty-six trio sonatas, a pair of orchestral overtures and six string quartets listed as "for orchestra "  One of his most famous works is the symphony Le campane di Roma (The Bells of Rome) 

Sources
Giuseppe Demachi at AllMusic
Free scores by Giuseppe Demachi at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Passage 4:
O Sorriso do Lagarto
O Sorriso do Lagarto (The Lizard's Smile) is a Brazilian television series that first aired on Rede Globo in 1991 

Cast
Tony Ramos - João Pedroso
Raul Cortez - Angelo Marcos
Maitê Proença - Ana Clara
Carlos Augusto Strazzer - Peçanha
José Lewgoy - Lúcio Nemésio
Lúcia Veríssimo - Bebel
Alexandre Frota - Tavinho
Claudio Mamberti - Cirino
Ana Paula Bouzas - Branca
Marcelo Picchi - Nando
Ana Beatriz Nogueira - Evangelina
Sofia Papo - Maria das Mercês
Pedro Paulo Rangel - Padre Monteirinho
Fábio Sabag - Bará
Chiquinho Brandão - Chico
Passage 5:
The House of Smiles
The House of Smiles (Italian: La casa del sorriso) is a 1991 Italian film directed by Marco Ferreri  It depicts a romance between an old man and an old woman inside a care home 
The film won the Golden Bear at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival 

Cast
Ingrid Thulin as Adelina
Dado Ruspoli as Andrea
Enzo Cannavale as Avvocato
María Mercader as Elvira
Lucia Vasini as Giovanna
Francesca Antonelli as Rosy
Elisabeth Kaza as Esmeralda
Nunzia Fumo
Fulvio Falzarano
Passage 6:
Maureen Payne
Maureen Payne was a South African cricketer who played as a slow left-arm orthodox bowler  She appeared in five Test matches for South Africa between 1960 and 1972, including captaining the side in their series against New Zealand  She played domestic cricket for Western Province 
Passage 7:
Just to See You Smile
"Just to See You Smile" is a song written by Mark Nesler and Tony Martin, and recorded by American country music artist Tim McGraw  It was released in August 1997 as the third single from McGraw's fourth studio album Everywhere  Having spent 42 weeks on the Billboard chart, it set what was then a record for being the longest-running single on the Billboard country chart since the inception of Nielsen SoundScan in 1990  It was also the longest chart run for any country single in the 1990s  The song was also released by Mitchell Tenpenny in 2018  No music video was made for this song 

Critical reception
Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, saying McGraw "plays his cards so close to his chest that upon first listen, you may only pick up on his unconditional love and selflessness toward the girl who’s been stringing him along for all these years "

Track listing
Single

Just To See You Smile 	3:34
Everywhere 	4:50

Chart performance
"Just to See You Smile" debuted in August 1997 and surged in November  It became McGraw's third consecutive No  1 single from Everywhere, spending six weeks atop the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in January and February 1998  It was also McGraw's second single to be declared by Billboard as the Number One country single of the year 

Chart history
Year-end charts
Certifications
Passage 8:
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare (bapt  26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor  He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist  He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard")  His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship  His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright  Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted 
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire  At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith  Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men  At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later  Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and whether the works attributed to him were written by others Shakespeare produced most of his known works between 1589 and 1613  His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the best works produced in these genres  He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, all considered to be among the finest works in the English language  In the last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) and collaborated with other playwrights 
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy in his lifetime  However, in 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that included 36 of his plays  Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, that hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but for all time" 

Life
Early life
Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning family  He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564  His date of birth is unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day  This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on the same date in 1616  He was the third of eight children, and the eldest surviving son Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home  Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar based upon Latin classical authors At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway  The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582  The next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the marriage  The ceremony may have been arranged in some haste since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read once instead of the usual three times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583  Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February 1585  Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 August 1596 

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592  The exception is the appearance of his name in the "complaints bill" of a law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589  Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years"  Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories  Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy  Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him  Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London  John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster  Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will  Little evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area 

London and theatrical career
It is not known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592  By then, he was sufficiently known in London to be attacked in print by the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit:

    there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country 
Scholars differ on the exact meaning of Greene's words, but most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits")  The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target  As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, rather than the more common "universal genius" Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre  Biographers suggest that his career may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks  After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned by a group of players, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading playing company in London  After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by the new King James I, and changed its name to the King's Men 

In 1599, a partnership of members of the company built their own theatre on the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe  In 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre  Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share of the parish tithes in Stratford Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages  Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright  The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603)  The absence of his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that his acting career was nearing its end  The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played  In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles  In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father  Later traditions maintain that he also played Adam in As You Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of that information Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his time between London and Stratford  In 1596, the year before he bought New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of St  Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames  He moved across the river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there  By 1604, he had moved north of the river again, to an area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses  There, he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear 

Later years and death
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death"  He was still working as an actor in London in 1608; in an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc "  However, it is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609  The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which meant there was often no acting work  Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time  Shakespeare continued to visit London during the years 1611–1614  In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary  In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall  After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613  His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of the King's Men  He retired in 1613, before the Globe Theatre burned down during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52  He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins by describing himself as being in "perfect health"  No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died  Half a century later, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted", not an impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton  Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room "

He was survived by his wife and two daughters  Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death  Shakespeare signed his last will and testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, his new son-in-law, Thomas Quiney was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, who had died during childbirth  Thomas was ordered by the church court to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first son of her body"  The Quineys had three children, all of whom died without marrying  The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line  Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his estate automatically  He did make a point, however, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation  Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance 

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death  The epitaph carved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church in 2008:
Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing  Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil  In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published  Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey 

Plays
Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly early and late in his career The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama  Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period  His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of weak or corrupt rule and have been interpreted as a justification for the origins of the Tudor dynasty  The early plays were influenced by the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca  The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it is related to a separate play of the same name and may have derived from a folk story  Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear to approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences 

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, give way in the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of his most acclaimed comedies  A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes  Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to modern audiences  The wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies  After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, parts 1 and 2, and Henry V  His characters become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of his mature work  This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar— based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama  According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of writing, began to infuse each other" 

In the early 17th century, Shakespeare wrote the so-called "problem plays" Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and All's Well That Ends Well and a number of his best known tragedies  Many critics believe that Shakespeare's greatest tragedies represent the peak of his art  The titular hero of one of Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, Hamlet, has probably been discussed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins "To be or not to be; that is the question"  Unlike the introverted Hamlet, whose fatal flaw is hesitation, the heroes of the tragedies that followed, Othello and King Lear, are undone by hasty errors of judgement  The plots of Shakespeare's tragedies often hinge on such fatal errors or flaws, which overturn order and destroy the hero and those he loves  In Othello, the villain Iago stokes Othello's sexual jealousy to the point where he murders the innocent wife who loves him  In King Lear, the old king commits the tragic error of giving up his powers, initiating the events which lead to the torture and blinding of the Earl of Gloucester and the murder of Lear's youngest daughter Cordelia  According to the critic Frank Kermode, "the play   offers neither its good characters nor its audience any relief from its cruelty"  In Macbeth, the shortest and most compressed of Shakespeare's tragedies, uncontrollable ambition incites Macbeth and his wife, Lady Macbeth, to murder the rightful king and usurp the throne until their own guilt destroys them in turn  In this play, Shakespeare adds a supernatural element to the tragic structure  His last major tragedies, Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus, contain some of Shakespeare's finest poetry and were considered his most successful tragedies by the poet and critic T  S  Eliot In his final period, Shakespeare turned to romance or tragicomedy and completed three more major plays: Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest, as well as the collaboration, Pericles, Prince of Tyre  Less bleak than the tragedies, these four plays are graver in tone than the comedies of the 1590s, but they end with reconciliation and the forgiveness of potentially tragic errors  Some commentators have seen this change in mood as evidence of a more serene view of life on Shakespeare's part, but it may merely reflect the theatrical fashion of the day  Shakespeare collaborated on two further surviving plays, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen, probably with John Fletcher 

Classification
Shakespeare's works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed according to their folio classification as comedies, histories, and tragedies  Two plays not included in the First Folio, The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre, are now accepted as part of the canon, with today's scholars agreeing that Shakespeare made major contributions to the writing of both  No Shakespearean poems were included in the First Folio 
In the late 19th century, Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances, and though many scholars prefer to call them tragicomedies, Dowden's term is often used  In 1896, Frederick S  Boas coined the term "problem plays" to describe four plays: All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida, and Hamlet  "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote  "We may, therefore, borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare's problem plays " The term, much debated and sometimes applied to other plays, remains in use, though Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy 

Performances
It is not clear for which companies Shakespeare wrote his early plays  The title page of the 1594 edition of Titus Andronicus reveals that the play had been acted by three different troupes  After the plagues of 1592–93, Shakespeare's plays were performed by his own company at The Theatre and the Curtain in Shoreditch, north of the Thames  Londoners flocked there to see the first part of Henry IV, Leonard Digges recording, "Let but Falstaff come, Hal, Poins, the rest     and you scarce shall have a room"  When the company found themselves in dispute with their landlord, they pulled The Theatre down and used the timbers to construct the Globe Theatre, the first playhouse built by actors for actors, on the south bank of the Thames at Southwark  The Globe opened in autumn 1599, with Julius Caesar one of the first plays staged  Most of Shakespeare's greatest post-1599 plays were written for the Globe, including Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear 

After the Lord Chamberlain's Men were renamed the King's Men in 1603, they entered a special relationship with the new King James  Although the performance records are patchy, the King's Men performed seven of Shakespeare's plays at court between 1 November 1604, and 31 October 1605, including two performances of The Merchant of Venice  After 1608, they performed at the indoor Blackfriars Theatre during the winter and the Globe during the summer  The indoor setting, combined with the Jacobean fashion for lavishly staged masques, allowed Shakespeare to introduce more elaborate stage devices  In Cymbeline, for example, Jupiter descends "in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle: he throws a thunderbolt  The ghosts fall on their knees "The actors in Shakespeare's company included the famous Richard Burbage, William Kempe, Henry Condell and John Heminges  Burbage played the leading role in the first performances of many of Shakespeare's plays, including Richard III, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear  The popular comic actor Will Kempe played the servant Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing, among other characters  He was replaced around 1600 by Robert Armin, who played roles such as Touchstone in As You Like It and the fool in King Lear  In 1613, Sir Henry Wotton recorded that Henry VIII "was set forth with many extraordinary circumstances of pomp and ceremony"  On 29 June, however, a cannon set fire to the thatch of the Globe and burned the theatre to the ground, an event which pinpoints the date of a Shakespeare play with rare precision 

Textual sources
In 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two of Shakespeare's friends from the King's Men, published the First Folio, a collected edition of Shakespeare's plays  It contained 36 texts, including 18 printed for the first time  The others had already appeared in quarto versions—flimsy books made from sheets of paper folded twice to make four leaves  No evidence suggests that Shakespeare approved these editions, which the First Folio describes as "stol'n and surreptitious copies" Alfred Pollard termed some of the pre-1623 versions as "bad quartos" because of their adapted, paraphrased or garbled texts, which may in places have been reconstructed from memory  Where several versions of a play survive, each differs from the other  The differences may stem from copying or printing errors, from notes by actors or audience members, or from Shakespeare's own papers  In some cases, for example, Hamlet, Troilus and Cressida, and Othello, Shakespeare could have revised the texts between the quarto and folio editions  In the case of King Lear, however, while most modern editions do conflate them, the 1623 folio version is so different from the 1608 quarto that the Oxford Shakespeare prints them both, arguing that they cannot be conflated without confusion 

Poems
In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on sexual themes, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece  He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton  In Venus and Adonis, an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin  Influenced by Ovid's Metamorphoses, the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust  Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare's lifetime  A third narrative poem, A Lover's Complaint, in which a young woman laments her seduction by a persuasive suitor, was printed in the first edition of the Sonnets in 1609  Most scholars now accept that Shakespeare wrote A Lover's Complaint  Critics consider that its fine qualities are marred by leaden effects  The Phoenix and the Turtle, printed in Robert Chester's 1601 Love's Martyr, mourns the deaths of the legendary phoenix and his lover, the faithful turtle dove  In 1599, two early drafts of sonnets 138 and 144 appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim, published under Shakespeare's name but without his permission 

Sonnets
Published in 1609, the Sonnets were the last of Shakespeare's non-dramatic works to be printed  Scholars are not certain when each of the 154 sonnets was composed, but evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets throughout his career for a private readership  Even before the two unauthorised sonnets appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeare's "sugred Sonnets among his private friends"  Few analysts believe that the published collection follows Shakespeare's intended sequence  He seems to have planned two contrasting series: one about uncontrollable lust for a married woman of dark complexion (the "dark lady"), and one about conflicted love for a fair young man (the "fair youth")  It remains unclear if these figures represent real individuals, or if the authorial "I" who addresses them represents Shakespeare himself, though Wordsworth believed that with the sonnets "Shakespeare unlocked his heart" 

The 1609 edition was dedicated to a "Mr  W H ", credited as "the only begetter" of the poems  It is not known whether this was written by Shakespeare himself or by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, whose initials appear at the foot of the dedication page; nor is it known who Mr  W H  was, despite numerous theories, or whether Shakespeare even authorised the publication  Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time 

Style
Shakespeare's first plays were written in the conventional style of the day  He wrote them in a stylised language that does not always spring naturally from the needs of the characters or the drama  The poetry depends on extended, sometimes elaborate metaphors and conceits, and the language is often rhetorical—written for actors to declaim rather than speak  The grand speeches in Titus Andronicus, in the view of some critics, often hold up the action, for example; and the verse in The Two Gentlemen of Verona has been described as stilted 

However, Shakespeare soon began to adapt the traditional styles to his own purposes  The opening soliloquy of Richard III has its roots in the self-declaration of Vice in medieval drama  At the same time, Richard's vivid self-awareness looks forward to the soliloquies of Shakespeare's mature plays  No single play marks a change from the traditional to the freer style  Shakespeare combined the two throughout his career, with Romeo and Juliet perhaps the best example of the mixing of the styles  By the time of Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night's Dream in the mid-1590s, Shakespeare had begun to write a more natural poetry  He increasingly tuned his metaphors and images to the needs of the drama itself 
Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter  In practice, this meant that his verse was usually unrhymed and consisted of ten syllables to a line, spoken with a stress on every second syllable  The blank verse of his early plays is quite different from that of his later ones  It is often beautiful, but its sentences tend to start, pause, and finish at the end of lines, with the risk of monotony  Once Shakespeare mastered traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and vary its flow  This technique releases the new power and flexibility of the poetry in plays such as Julius Caesar and Hamlet  Shakespeare uses it, for example, to convey the turmoil in Hamlet's mind:

After Hamlet, Shakespeare varied his poetic style further, particularly in the more emotional passages of the late tragedies  The literary critic A  C  Bradley described this style as "more concentrated, rapid, varied, and, in construction, less regular, not seldom twisted or elliptical"  In the last phase of his career, Shakespeare adopted many techniques to achieve these effects  These included run-on lines, irregular pauses and stops, and extreme variations in sentence structure and length  In Macbeth, for example, the language darts from one unrelated metaphor or simile to another: "was the hope drunk/ Wherein you dressed yourself?" (1 7 35–38); "    pity, like a naked new-born babe/ Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, hors'd/ Upon the sightless couriers of the air    " (1 7 21–25)  The listener is challenged to complete the sense  The late romances, with their shifts in time and surprising turns of plot, inspired a last poetic style in which long and short sentences are set against one another, clauses are piled up, subject and object are reversed, and words are omitted, creating an effect of spontaneity Shakespeare combined poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre  Like all playwrights of the time, he dramatised stories from sources such as Plutarch and Holinshed  He reshaped each plot to create several centres of interest and to show as many sides of a narrative to the audience as possible  This strength of design ensures that a Shakespeare play can survive translation, cutting, and wide interpretation without loss to its core drama  As Shakespeare's mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech  He preserved aspects of his earlier style in the later plays, however  In Shakespeare's late romances, he deliberately returned to a more artificial style, which emphasised the illusion of theatre 

Legacy
Influence
Shakespeare's work has made a significant and lasting impression on later theatre and literature  In particular, he expanded the dramatic potential of characterisation, plot, language, and genre  Until Romeo and Juliet, for example, romance had not been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy  Soliloquies had been used mainly to convey information about characters or events, but Shakespeare used them to explore characters' minds  His work heavily influenced later poetry  The Romantic poets attempted to revive Shakespearean verse drama, though with little success  Critic George Steiner described all English verse dramas from Coleridge to Tennyson as "feeble variations on Shakespearean themes " John Milton, considered by many to be the most important English poet after Shakespeare, wrote in tribute: "Thou in our wonder and astonishment/ Has built thyself a live-long monument "Shakespeare influenced novelists such as Thomas Hardy, William Faulkner, and Charles Dickens  The American novelist Herman Melville's soliloquies owe much to Shakespeare; his Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick is a classic tragic hero, inspired by King Lear  Scholars have identified 20,000 pieces of music linked to Shakespeare's works  These include three operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Macbeth, Otello and Falstaff, whose critical standing compares with that of the source plays  Shakespeare has also inspired many painters, including the Romantics and the Pre-Raphaelites, while William Hogarth's 1745 painting of actor David Garrick playing Richard III was decisive in establishing the genre of theatrical portraiture in Britain  The Swiss Romantic artist Henry Fuseli, a friend of William Blake, even translated Macbeth into German  The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud drew on Shakespearean psychology, in particular, that of Hamlet, for his theories of human nature  Shakespeare has been a rich source for filmmakers; Akira Kurosawa adapted Macbeth and King Lear as Throne of Blood and Ran, respectively  Other examples of Shakespeare on film include Max Reinhardt's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Laurence Olivier's Hamlet and Al Pacino's documentary Looking For Richard  Orson Welles, a lifelong lover of Shakespeare, directed and starred in films of Macbeth and Othello, and Chimes at Midnight, in which he plays John Falstaff, which Welles himself called his best work In Shakespeare's day, English grammar, spelling, and pronunciation were less standardised than they are now, and his use of language helped shape modern English  Samuel Johnson quoted him more often than any other author in his A Dictionary of the English Language, the first serious work of its type  Expressions such as "with bated breath" (Merchant of Venice) and "a foregone conclusion" (Othello) have found their way into everyday English speech Shakespeare's influence extends far beyond his native England and the English language  His reception in Germany was particularly significant; as early as the 18th century Shakespeare was widely translated and popularised in Germany, and gradually became a "classic of the German Weimar era;" Christoph Martin Wieland was the first to produce complete translations of Shakespeare's plays in any language  Actor and theatre director Simon Callow writes, "this master, this titan, this genius, so profoundly British and so effortlessly universal, each different culture – German, Italian, Russian – was obliged to respond to the Shakespearean example; for the most part, they embraced it, and him, with joyous abandon, as the possibilities of language and character in action that he celebrated liberated writers across the continent  Some of the most deeply affecting productions of Shakespeare have been non-English, and non-European  He is that unique writer: he has something for everyone "According to Guinness World Records, Shakespeare remains the world's best-selling playwright, with sales of his plays and poetry believed to have achieved in excess of four billion copies in the almost 400 years since his death  He is also the third most translated author in history 

Critical reputation
Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, but he received a large amount of praise  In 1598, the cleric and author Francis Meres singled him out from a group of English playwrights as "the most excellent" in both comedy and tragedy  The authors of the Parnassus plays at St John's College, Cambridge, numbered him with Chaucer, Gower, and Spenser  In the First Folio, Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the "Soul of the age, the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage", although he had remarked elsewhere that "Shakespeare wanted art" (lacked skill) Between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the end of the 17th century, classical ideas were in vogue  As a result, critics of the time mostly rated Shakespeare below John Fletcher and Ben Jonson  Thomas Rymer, for example, condemned Shakespeare for mixing the comic with the tragic  Nevertheless, poet and critic John Dryden rated Shakespeare highly, saying of Jonson, "I admire him, but I love Shakespeare"  He also famously remarked that Shakespeare "was naturally learned; he needed not the spectacles of books to read nature; he looked inwards, and found her there " For several decades, Rymer's view held sway  But during the 18th century, critics began to respond to Shakespeare on his own terms and, like Dryden, to acclaim what they termed his natural genius  A series of scholarly editions of his work, notably those of Samuel Johnson in 1765 and Edmond Malone in 1790, added to his growing reputation  By 1800, he was firmly enshrined as the national poet, and described as the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard")  In the 18th and 19th centuries, his reputation also spread abroad  Among those who championed him were the writers Voltaire, Goethe, Stendhal, and Victor Hugo 

During the Romantic era, Shakespeare was praised by the poet and literary philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and the critic August Wilhelm Schlegel translated his plays in the spirit of German Romanticism  In the 19th century, critical admiration for Shakespeare's genius often bordered on adulation  "This King Shakespeare," the essayist Thomas Carlyle wrote in 1840, "does not he shine, in crowned sovereignty, over us all, as the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest of rallying signs; indestructible"  The Victorians produced his plays as lavish spectacles on a grand scale  The playwright and critic George Bernard Shaw mocked the cult of Shakespeare worship as "bardolatry", claiming that the new naturalism of Ibsen's plays had made Shakespeare obsolete The modernist revolution in the arts during the early 20th century, far from discarding Shakespeare, eagerly enlisted his work in the service of the avant-garde  The Expressionists in Germany and the Futurists in Moscow mounted productions of his plays  Marxist playwright and director Bertolt Brecht devised an epic theatre under the influence of Shakespeare  The poet and critic T  S  Eliot argued against Shaw that Shakespeare's "primitiveness" in fact made him truly modern  Eliot, along with G  Wilson Knight and the school of New Criticism, led a movement towards a closer reading of Shakespeare's imagery  In the 1950s, a wave of new critical approaches replaced modernism and paved the way for post-modern studies of Shakespeare  By the 1980s, Shakespeare studies were open to movements such as structuralism, feminism, New Historicism, African-American studies, and queer studies  Comparing Shakespeare's accomplishments to those of leading figures in philosophy and theology, Harold Bloom wrote, "Shakespeare was larger than Plato and than St  Augustine  He encloses us because we see with his fundamental perceptions "

Speculation
Authorship
Around 230 years after Shakespeare's death, doubts began to be expressed about the authorship of the works attributed to him  Proposed alternative candidates include Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford  Several "group theories" have also been proposed  All but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a fringe theory, with only a small minority of academics who believe that there is reason to question the traditional attribution, but interest in the subject, particularly the Oxfordian theory of Shakespeare authorship, continues into the 21st century 

Religion
Shakespeare conformed to the official state religion, but his private views on religion have been the subject of debate  Shakespeare's will uses a Protestant formula, and he was a confirmed member of the Church of England, where he was married, his children were baptised, and where he is buried  Some scholars claim that members of Shakespeare's family were Catholics, at a time when practising Catholicism in England was against the law  Shakespeare's mother, Mary Arden, certainly came from a pious Catholic family  The strongest evidence might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by his father, John Shakespeare, found in 1757 in the rafters of his former house in Henley Street  However, the document is now lost and scholars differ as to its authenticity  In 1591, the authorities reported that John Shakespeare had missed church "for fear of process for debt", a common Catholic excuse  In 1606, the name of William's daughter Susanna appears on a list of those who failed to attend Easter communion in Stratford  Other authors argue that there is a lack of evidence about Shakespeare's religious beliefs  Scholars find evidence both for and against Shakespeare's Catholicism, Protestantism, or lack of belief in his plays, but the truth may be impossible to prove 

Sexuality
Few details of Shakespeare's sexuality are known  At 18, he married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway, who was pregnant  Susanna, the first of their three children, was born six months later on 26 May 1583  Over the centuries, some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical, and point to them as evidence of his love for a young man  Others read the same passages as the expression of intense friendship rather than romantic love  The 26 so-called "Dark Lady" sonnets, addressed to a married woman, are taken as evidence of heterosexual liaisons 

Portraiture
No written contemporary description of Shakespeare's physical appearance survives, and no evidence suggests that he ever commissioned a portrait, so the Droeshout engraving, which Ben Jonson approved of as a good likeness, and his Stratford monument provide perhaps the best evidence of his appearance  From the 18th century, the desire for authentic Shakespeare portraits fuelled claims that various surviving pictures depicted Shakespeare  That demand also led to the production of several fake portraits, as well as misattributions, repaintings, and relabelling of portraits of other people 

See also
Outline of William Shakespeare
English Renaissance theatre
Spelling of Shakespeare's name
World Shakespeare Bibliography
Passage 9:
Giovanni Cifolelli
Giovanni Cifolelli was an Italian mandolin virtuoso and dramatic composer whose date and place of birth are unknown  In 1764 he made his appearance in Paris as a mandolin virtuoso and was highly esteemed, both as a performer and teacher  He published his Method for the mandolin while residing in Paris, which met with great success throughout France, being the most popular of its period 
His chief works were the operas L'Italienne and Pierre et Lucette, the former being an opera bouffe in one act (with the storyline or libretto by Nicolas-Étienne Framery)  These works were commissioned by the Comedie Italienne, Paris, and were produced at this theatre successfully, in 1770 and 1774  Several of the songs and duets in Pierre and Lucette were exceedingly popular in France, and they were republished in Paris in 1775 and 1780 

Works
L'Italienne  : comédie en 1 acte, mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1770)
Pierre et Lucette, comédie en deux actes et en prose mêlée d'ariettes (Paris, 1774)
Airs détachés de Perin et Lucette, comédie en deux actes, mêlées d'ariettes par M  Davesne (Paris, 1775)
Ariette nouvelle avec accompagnement de deux violons et basse
Non, laisse moi, laisse moi, Lucas  Duo (1775)
Passage 10:
Smile (James Cottriall song)
"Smile" is a song by English musician James Cottriall, from his second studio album Love Is Louder  It was released in Austria as a digital download on 11 November 2011  It entered the Austrian Singles Chart at number 48, and has peaked to number 12 

Track listing
Digital download"Smile" – 3:55

Chart performance
Release history
Passage 11:
Please Smile Again
"Please Smile Again" is Namie Amuro's 17th solo single on the Avex Trax label  Although the single "Think of Me / No More Tears" (2001) was slated to be released in December, it was pushed back until the next year making "Please Smile Again" the last single to precede her 4th studio album, Break the Rules (2000)  It was certified gold for 200,000 copies shipped to stores 

Commercial tie-in
"Please Smile Again" was used in commercials for Meiji Fran products  "Cross Over" was used in cell phone MM TU-KA commercials  Amuro appeared in both ad campaigns 

Track listing
"Please Smile Again (TK original mix)" (Tetsuya Komuro) – 4:46
"Cross Over (TK original mix)" (Tetsuya Komuro) – 4:43
"Please Smile Again (Jamaster A Mix)" (Remixed by Alex Baboo & Groovy Cat) – 6:37
"Please Smile Again (TV mix)" (Tetsuya Komuro) – 4:45
"Please Smile Again (a cappella)" (Tetsuya Komuro) – 4:35

Personnel
Namie Amuro – vocals, background vocals
Tetsuya Komuro – synthesizer, keyboard
Ken Kimura – guitar

Production
Producer – Tetsuya Komuro
Arranger – Tetsuya Komuro
Mixing – Tetsuya Komuro
Remixing & additional production – Alex Baboo & Groovy Cat
Synthesizer programming – Akihisa Murakami, Toshihide Iwasa

Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
Passage 12:
Barry Manilow discography
Barry Manilow is an American singer–songwriter, musician, arranger, producer, and conductor  His discography consists of 31 studio albums, 6 live albums, 17 compilation albums, and 57 singles (15 #1's)  Signed to his first recording contract in 1969 by Tony Orlando, after writing, singing, and recording hit jingles for business corporations in the mid and late 1960s, Manilow released his first solo album, Barry Manilow, in 1973  He is best known for such recordings as "Mandy", "Can't Smile Without You", and "Copacabana (At the Copa)"  To date, he has sold more than 85 million records worldwide, making him one of the best selling recording artists of all time 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Soundtracks
Singles
Passage 13:
India and weapons of mass destruction
India possesses nuclear weapons and previously developed chemical weapons  Although India has not released any official statements about the size of its nuclear arsenal, recent estimates suggest that India has 164 nuclear weapons and has produced enough weapons-grade plutonium for up to 200 nuclear weapons  In 1999, India was estimated to have 800 kilograms (1,800 lb) of separated reactor-grade plutonium, with a total amount of 8,300 kilograms (18,300 lb) of civilian plutonium, enough for approximately 1,000 nuclear weapons  India has conducted nuclear weapons tests in a pair of series namely Pokhran I and Pokhran II India is a member of three multilateral export control regimes — the Missile Technology Control Regime, Wassenaar Arrangement and Australia Group  It has signed and ratified the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention  India is also a subscribing state to the Hague Code of Conduct  India has signed neither the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty nor the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, considering both to be flawed and discriminatory  India previously possessed chemical weapons, but voluntarily destroyed its entire stockpile in 2009 — one of the seven countries to meet the OPCW extended deadline India maintains a "no first use" nuclear policy and has developed a nuclear triad capability as a part of its "Minimum Credible Deterrence" doctrine 

Biological weapons
India has ratified the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and pledges to abide by its obligations  There is no clear evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that directly points toward an offensive BW program  India does possess the scientific capability and infrastructure to launch an offensive BW program  In terms of delivery, India also possesses the capability to produce aerosols and has numerous potential delivery systems ranging from crop dusters to sophisticated ballistic missiles No information exists in the public domain suggesting interest by the Indian government in delivery of biological agents by these or any other means  To reiterate the latter point, in October 2002, the then President A  P  J  Abdul Kalam asserted that "India will not make biological weapons  It is cruel to human beings" 

Chemical weapons
In 1992,  India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), becoming one of the original signatories of the CWC in 1993, and ratified it on 2 September 1996  According to India's ex-Army Chief General Sundarji, a country having the capability of making nuclear weapons does not need to have chemical weapons, since the dread of chemical weapons could be created only in those countries that do not have nuclear weapons  Others suggested that the fact that India has found chemical weapons dispensable highlighted its confidence in the conventional weapons system at its command 
In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons (1,045 tonnes of sulphur mustard)  By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame  India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention  With this India has become third country after South Korea and Albania to do so  This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations 
India has an advanced commercial chemical industry, and produces the bulk of its own chemicals for domestic consumption  It is also widely acknowledged that India has an extensive civilian chemical and pharmaceutical industry and annually exports considerable quantities of chemicals to countries such as the United Kingdom, United States and Taiwan 

Nuclear weapons
As early as 26 June 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru, soon to be India's first Prime Minister, announced: As long as the world is constituted as it is, every country will have to devise and use the latest devices for its protection  I have no doubt India will develop her scientific researches and I hope Indian scientists will use the atomic force for constructive purposes  But if India is threatened, she will inevitably try to defend herself by all means at her disposal 
Nehru pursued a policy of formally foregoing nuclear weapons while at the same time constructing a civilian nuclear energy program, and by extension the capability to make a nuclear bomb  This policy was motivated by a conventional weapons superiority over its rivals Pakistan and China  India built its first research reactor in 1956 and its first plutonium reprocessing plant by 1964  India's nuclear programme can trace its origins to March 1944 and its three-stage efforts in technology were established by Homi Jehangir Bhabha when he founded the nuclear research centre, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research India's loss to China in a brief Himalayan border war in October 1962, provided the New Delhi government impetus for developing nuclear weapons as a means of deterring potential Chinese aggression   By 1964 India was in a position to develop nuclear weapons  Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri opposed developing nuclear weapons but fell under intense political pressure, including elements within the ruling Indian National Congress  India was also unable to obtain security guarantees from either the United States or the Soviet Union  As a result, Shastri announced that India would pursue the capability of what it called "peaceful nuclear explosions" that could be weaponized in the future India first tested a nuclear device in 1974 (code-named "Smiling Buddha"), under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi as a peaceful nuclear explosion  The test used plutonium produced in the Canadian-supplied CIRUS reactor, and raised concerns that nuclear technology supplied for peaceful purposes could be diverted to weapons purposes   This also stimulated the early work of the Nuclear Suppliers Group  During the 1970s and the 1980s Prime Ministers Indira Gandhi, Morarji Desai, and Rajiv Gandhi opposed weaponizing its nuclear program beyond PNE's and theoretical research  In 1982, Indira Gandhi refused to allow the Defence Research and Development Organisation to develop active nuclear weapons, but also approved the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme that would develop missiles to deliver a nuclear warhead if India developed one  India also supported international nuclear non-proliferation and arms control efforts The situation changed again in the late 1980s after the 1987 Brasstacks crisis and the beginning of the Pakistani nuclear weapons program  In 1989, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi gave Defense Secretary Naresh Chandra approval to develop the bomb  Chandra continued the program through successive governments in the 1990s after Gandhi lost power in the 1989 general election  India most likely completed weaponized nuclear warheads around 1994  India performed further nuclear tests in 1998 (code-named "Operation Shakti") under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee  In 1998, as a response to the continuing tests, the United States and Japan imposed sanctions on India, which have since been lifted 

Neutron bombs
R Chidambaram, who headed India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests, said in a 1999 interview with the Press Trust of India that India is capable of producing a neutron bomb 

India's no-first-use policy
India has a declared nuclear no-first-use policy and is in the process of developing a nuclear doctrine based on "credible minimum deterrence " In August 1999, the Indian government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of "retaliation only"  The document also maintains that India "will not be the first to initiate a nuclear first strike, but will respond with punitive retaliation should deterrence fail" and that decisions to authorise the use of nuclear weapons would be made by the Prime Minister or his 'designated successor(s)'  According to the NRDC, despite the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan in 2001–2002, India remained committed to its nuclear no-first-use policy 
India's Strategic Nuclear Command was formally established in 2003, with an Indian Air Force officer, Air Marshal Tej Mohan Asthana, as the Commander-in-Chief  The joint services SNC is the custodian of all of India's nuclear weapons, missiles and assets  It is also responsible for executing all aspects of India's nuclear policy  However, the civil leadership, in the form of the CCS (Cabinet Committee on Security) is the only body authorised to order a nuclear strike against another offending strike  The National Security Advisor Shivshankar Menon reiterated a policy of "no first use" against nuclear weapon states and "non use against non-nuclear weapon states" in a speech on the occasion of Golden Jubilee celebrations of National Defence College in New Delhi on 21 October 2010, a doctrine Menon said reflected India's "strategic culture, with its emphasis on minimal deterrence  In April 2013 Shyam Saran, convener of the National Security Advisory Board, affirmed that regardless of the size of a nuclear attack against India, be it a miniaturised version or a "big" missile, India will retaliate massively to inflict unacceptable damage In 2016, Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar questioned the no first use policy, asking why India should "bind" itself when it is a "responsible nuclear power"  Later he clarified that this was his personal opinion  Defence Minister Rajnath Singh in 2019 said that in the future, India's no first use policy might change depending upon the "circumstances"  In a January 2022 statement, however, the Ministry of External Affairs reiterated India's doctrine of "maintaining a credible minimum deterrence based on a No First Use posture and non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear weapon states" 

Indian nuclear triad
Air-launched nuclear weapons
Nuclear-armed fighter-bombers were India's first and only nuclear-capable strike force until 2003, when the country's first land-based nuclear ballistic missiles were fielded In addition to their ground-attack role, it is believed that the Dassault Mirage 2000s and SEPECAT Jaguars of the Indian Air Force are able to provide a secondary nuclear-strike role  The SEPECAT Jaguar was designed to be able to carry and deploy nuclear weapons and the Indian Air Force has identified the jet as being capable of delivering Indian nuclear weapons  The most likely delivery method would be the use of bombs that are free-falling and unguided Three airbases with four squadrons of Mirage 2000H (about 16 aircraft with 16 bombs from 1st and 7th squadrons of the 40th Wing at Maharajpur Air Force Station) and Jaguar IS/IB (about 32 aircraft with 32 bombs from one squadron each at Ambala Air Force Station and Gorakhpur Air Force Station) aircraft, are believed to be assigned the nuclear strike role 

Land-based ballistic missiles
The estimated 68 nuclear warheads of land-based nuclear weapons of India are under the control of and deployed by the Strategic Forces Command, using a variety of both vehicles and launching silos  They currently consist of six different types of ballistic missiles, the Agni-I, the Agni-II, Agni-III, Agni-IV, Agni-V, Agni-P and the Army's variant of the Prithvi missile family – the Prithvi-I  However, the Prithvi missiles are less useful for delivering nuclear weapons because they have a shorter range and must be deployed very close to the India–Pakistan border  Additional variants of the Agni missile series have recently been inducted including the most recent, the Agni-IV and the Agni-V, which is currently being deployed  Agni-VI is also under development, with an estimated range of 8,000–12,000 km and features such as Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) or Maneuverable reentry vehicles (MARVs) 

Sea-based ballistic missiles
The Indian Navy has developed two sea-based delivery systems for nuclear weapons, completing Indian ambitions for a nuclear triad, which may have been deployed in 2015 

The first is a submarine-launched system consisting of at least four 6,000 tonne (nuclear-powered) ballistic missile submarines of the Arihant class  The first vessel, INS Arihant, was commissioned in August 2016  She is the first nuclear-powered submarine to be built by India  A CIA report claimed that Russia provided technological aid to the naval nuclear propulsion program  The submarines will be armed with up to 12 Sagarika (K-15) missiles armed with nuclear warheads  Sagarika is a submarine-launched ballistic missile with a range of 700 km  This missile has a length of 8 5 meters, weighs seven tonnes and can carry a pay load of up to 500 kg  Sagarika has already been test-fired from an underwater pontoon, but now DRDO is planning a full-fledged test of the missile from a submarine and for this purpose may use the services of the Russian Navy  India's DRDO is also working on a submarine-launched ballistic missile version of the Agni-III missile, known as the Agni-III SL  According to Indian defence sources, the Agni-III SL will have a range of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi)  The new missile will complement the older and less capable Sagarika submarine-launched ballistic missiles  However, the Arihant class ballistic missile submarines will be only capable of carrying a maximum of four Agni-III SL 
The second is a ship-launched system based around the short range ship-launched Dhanush ballistic missile (a variant of the Prithvi missile)  It has a range of around 300 km  In the year 2000 the missile was test-fired from INS Subhadra (a Sukanya class patrol craft)  INS Subhadra was modified for the test and the missile was launched from the reinforced helicopter deck  The results were considered partially successful  In 2004, the missile was again tested from INS Subhadra and this time the results were reported successful  In December 2005 the missile was tested again, but this time from the destroyer INS Rajput  The test was a success with the missile hitting the land based target 

International response
India is not a signatory to either the NPT or the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), but did accede to the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in October 1963  Journalist, conspiracy theorist, and holocaust denier Gregory Douglas claims CIA officer Robert Crowley told him in an interview in 1993 that India's pursuit of the programme disturbed the United States and that the CIA assassinated Prime Minister Shastri and Homi Bhabha in 1966  India is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and four of its 17 nuclear reactors are subject to IAEA safeguards  India announced its lack of intention to accede to the NPT as late as 1997 by voting against the paragraph of a General Assembly Resolution which urged all non-signatories of the treaty to accede to it at the earliest possible date  India voted against the UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the CTBT, which was adopted on 10 September 1996  India objected to the lack of provision for universal nuclear disarmament "within a time-bound framework " India also demanded that the treaty ban laboratory simulations  In addition, India opposed the provision in Article XIV of the CTBT that requires India's ratification for the treaty to enter into force, which India argued was a violation of its sovereign right to choose whether it would sign the treaty  In early February 1997, Foreign Minister I  K  Gujral reiterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favors any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests "
In August 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved safeguards agreement with India under which the former will gradually gain access to India's civilian nuclear reactors  In September 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group granted India a waiver allowing it to access civilian nuclear technology and fuel from other countries  The implementation of this waiver makes India the only known country with nuclear weapons which is not a party to the NPT but is still allowed to carry out nuclear commerce with the rest of the world Since the implementation of the NSG waiver, India has signed nuclear deals with several countries including France, United States, Mongolia, Namibia,  Kazakhstan and Australia while the framework for similar deals with Canada and the United Kingdom are also being prepared 

Domestic legislation
India has a number of laws in whole or in partial measure that deal with the regulation of weapons of mass destruction  They include the Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act of 2005  In April 2022 a bill was tabled to amend the 2005 act to include the financing of proliferation 

See also
Weapons of mass destructionIndia–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement
Weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear Command Authority (India)Defence relatedIndian military satellites
Guided missiles of India
Indian Armed Forces
Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
Passage 14:
James Cottriall
James Cottriall (born 1 January 1986, in Stratford upon Avon, England) is an English musician, active predominantly, and living in Vienna, Austria  He became famous throughout Austria with the success of his first single, "Unbreakable", which spent twenty weeks in the Austrian top 40 charts in summer 2010  "Unbreakable" was nominated for the Song of the Year category at the 2010 Austrian music Amadeus Awards 

Background
Cottriall grew up in the countryside of Warwickshire, England, just outside Stratford-upon-Avon  He has two brothers, Ben Cottriall and Alex Cottriall  His father is a stamp dealer  His Mother has a degree from Warwick University  He studied German at King Edward VI School, Stratford-upon-Avon, and then at the University of Nottingham where part of the course required him to study for one year abroad in a German-speaking country  He chose to study at the University of Vienna in Austria  Following encouragement from fellow students and friends, he began to give performances of his songs in cafés and bars around Vienna, playing a combination of covers together with his own, newly composed songs  He was also a regular and notorious busker on the Kärntnerstraße, in Vienna's town centre  Following a measure of success, when his one year of study was completed, Cottriall chose to remain in Vienna to actively promote his music  On 29 December 2016 his first child, Lily Joy Cottriall was born in Los Angeles  After divorcing his ex- wife in California in 2018 James moved back to Vienna and became engaged to long-term girlfriend Jessica Garrison in 2021 

2010: Sincerely Me
Cottriall released his single, "Unbreakable", in Austria on 9 April 2010  It received generous airplay from almost every local and national Austrian radio station  It reached number 1 in the Ö3 Hörercharts (Most Requested by listeners charts for Austria) and remained in the Top 40 Charts for 20 weeks  The song was included on the Ö3 Greatest Hits vol  50 and AustroPop Forever vol  4 compilation albums  The song was accompanied by a promotional video of Cottriall with a fictional girlfriend going through an emotional break-up, with a concurrent sub-plot of him playing his guitar in an apartment with a broken water pipe gradually flooding the room, leaving him eventually submerged 
His follow-up single, "So Nice" was released on 6 August 2010 through Pop Pate Records/Edel  In contrast to the hurt and heartache of "Unbreakable", "So Nice" focuses on the positive aspects of love and relationships  It was produced by Gwenael Damman, bass guitarist for Christina Stürmer  Damman also produced Cottriall's first album, Sincerely Me, which was released in Austria 15 October 2010, also through Pop Pate/Edel  Drums were played by Klaus Pérez-Salado (also part of the Christina Stürmer band) and the piano and keyboards were played by Mark Royce 

2012: Love is Louder
In 2011, Cottriall recorded his fourth single "By Your Side" with the producer Doug Petty in Los Angeles, USA  This single reached No  24 in the Austrian Top 40 and stayed there for several weeks  Petty also produced Cottriall's second album, Love is Louder, which was released on 24 February 2012 and charted at No  10 
Further success was achieved with the song "Smile", which spent 16 weeks in the Austrian Top40, peaking at number 12  Two more songs from the album entered the charts: "Stand Up" and "One Wish" 
"One Wish" was used worldwide by Hollister and Abercrombie & Fitch in 2012  Cottriall's second album and its singles celebrated almost a year of chart success 

2015: Common Ground
Cottriall released his third studio album in June 2015 and its lead single "Givin' Up" enjoyed 31 weeks in the Austrian Most Requested Charts, 22 weeks in the AirPlay Charts and 8 weeks in the Top 40 Charts  Common Ground is nominated for Best Sound at the 2016 Amadeus Awards in Austria 

2021: Let's Talk
In September 2021 Cottriall released his latest album "Let's Talk" largely written throughout the various Coronavirus Lockdowns  The album consists of 11 songs recorded and produced between England, Los Angeles and Nashville  2 of the tracks on the album "Turn the Key" and "Fall On Me" were produced and recorded by Cottriall himself during the national lockdowns  The album launched at Calea Dinner Club in Vienna on the 9th September 2021 

Discography
Albums
Singles
Other charted songs
Context 2: Passage 1:
Randall Munroe
Randall Patrick Munroe (born October 17, 1984) is an American cartoonist, author, and engineer best known as the creator of the webcomic xkcd  Munroe has worked full-time on the comic since late 2006  In addition to publishing a book of the webcomic's strips, he has written four books: What If?, Thing Explainer, How To: Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems, and What If? 2 

Early life
Munroe was born in Easton, Pennsylvania, and his father has worked as an engineer and marketer  He has two younger siblings, including a brother named Doug, and was raised as a Quaker  He was a fan of comic strips in newspapers from an early age, starting off with Calvin and Hobbes  After graduating from the Chesterfield County Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill in Midlothian, Virginia, he graduated from Christopher Newport University in 2006 with a degree in physics 

Career
NASA
Munroe worked as a contract programmer and roboticist for NASA at the Langley Research Center, before and after his graduation with a physics degree  In late 2006, he left NASA and moved to Boston to focus on webcomics full time 

Webcomic
Munroe's webcomic, entitled xkcd, is primarily a stick figure comic  Its tagline describes it as "A webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math, and language" Munroe had originally used xkcd as an instant messaging screenname because he wanted a name without a meaning so he would not eventually grow tired of it  He registered the domain name, but left it idle until he started posting his drawings, perhaps in September 2005  The webcomic quickly became very popular, garnering up to 70 million hits a month by October 2007  Munroe has said, "I think the comic that's gotten me the most feedback is actually the one about the stoplights" Munroe now supports himself by the sale of xkcd-related merchandise, primarily thousands of t-shirts a month  He licenses his xkcd creations under the Creative Commons attribution-noncommercial 2 5, stating that it is not just about the free culture movement, but that it also makes good business sense In 2010, he published a collection of the comics  He has also toured the lecture circuit, giving speeches at places such as Google's Googleplex in Mountain View, California The popularity of the strip among science fiction fans resulted in Munroe being nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Fan Artist in 2011 and again in 2012  In 2014, he won the Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story for the xkcd strip "Time" 

Other projects
Munroe is the creator of the now defunct websites "The Funniest", "The Cutest", and "The Fairest", each of which presents users with two options and asks them to choose one over the other In January 2008, Munroe developed an open-source chat moderation script named "Robot9000"  Originally developed to moderate one of Munroe's xkcd-related Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channels, the software's algorithm attempts to prevent repetition in IRC channels by temporarily muting users who send messages that are identical to a message that has been sent to the channel before  If users continue to send unoriginal messages, Robot9000 mutes the user for a longer period, quadrupling for each unoriginal message the user sends to the channel  Shortly after Munroe's blog post about the script went live, 4chan administrator Christopher Poole adapted the script to moderate the site's experimental /r9k/ board  Twitch trialed R9K mode but it did not pass beta In October 2008, The New Yorker magazine online published an interview and "Cartoon Off" between Munroe and Farley Katz, in which each cartoonist drew a series of four humorous cartoons In early 2010, Munroe ran the xkcd Color Name Survey, in which participants were shown a series of RGB colors and asked to enter a suitable name for each specific color  Munroe wanted to identify colors which were given identical or highly similar names by a large number of survey participants, which would then serve as an approximate list of the most common colors rendered similarly across a range of computer monitors  Over 200,000 people eventually completed the survey, and Munroe published the resulting list of 954 named RGB web colors on the xkcd website  They have since been adopted as conventional color identifiers in various programming and markup languages, including Python and LaTeX 

What If?
Munroe has a blog entitled What If?, where he has answered questions sent in by fans of his comics  These questions are usually absurd and related to math or physics, and he explains them using both his knowledge and various academic sources  In 2014, he published a collection of some of the responses, as well as a few new ones and some rejected questions, in a book entitled What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  Starting in November 2019, Munroe began writing a monthly column in the New York Times titled Good Question, answering user-submitted questions in the same style as What If 
A sequel, What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions, was published in September 2022 

Radioactivity visualization
In response to concerns about the radioactivity released by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011, and to remedy what he described as "confusing" reporting on radiation levels in the media, Munroe created a radiation chart of comparative radiation exposure levels  The chart was rapidly adopted by print and online journalists in several countries, including being linked to by online writers for The Guardian, and The New York Times  As a result of requests for permission to reprint the chart and to translate it into Japanese, Munroe placed it in the public domain, but requested that his non-expert status be clearly stated in any reprinting Munroe published an xkcd-style comic on scientific publishing and open access in Science in October 2013 

Thing Explainer
Munroe's book Thing Explainer, announced in May 2015 and published later that year, explains concepts using only the 1,000 most common English words  The book's publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, saw these illustrations as potentially useful for textbooks, and announced in March 2016 that the next editions of their high-school-level chemistry, biology, and physics textbooks will include selected drawings and accompanying text from Thing Explainer 

How To
In February 2019, Munroe announced his next book, How To, which was released in September of that year  The book deals with everyday problems by using physics to find absurd, and generally extreme, solutions to them 

Influence
In September 2013, Munroe announced that a group of xkcd readers had submitted his name as a candidate for the renaming of asteroid (4942) 1987 DU6 to 4942 Munroe  The name was accepted by the International Astronomical Union 

Personal life
As of May 2008, Munroe lives in Somerville, Massachusetts In October 2010, Munroe's fiancée was diagnosed with stage three breast cancer; there had been no prior family history  The emotional effect of her illness was referenced in the comic panel "Emotion", published 18 months later in April 2012  In September 2011, he announced that they had married  In November 2012, he published a comic entitled "Two Years', and in December 2017, Munroe followed this with a comic entitled "Seven Years"  He revisited the subject in November 2020 in a comic entitled "Ten Years" His hobbies and interests include kite photography, in which cameras are attached to kites and photographs are then taken of the ground or buildings 

Publications
Publications by Munroe
xkcd: volume 0  Breadpig  2009  ISBN 9780615314464 
What If?: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  London: John Murray  2014  ISBN 9781848549579 
Thing Explainer  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt  2015  ISBN 9780544668256 
How To: Absurd Scientific Advice for Common Real-World Problems  John Murray  2019  ISBN 9780525537090 
What If? 2: Additional Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions  Riverhead Books  2022  ISBN 9780525537113 

Publications with contributions by Munroe
North, Ryan; Matthew, Bennardo; Malki, David (2010)  Machine of Death (PDF)  ISBN 9780982167120  Archived from the original on August 15, 2014 
Passage 2:
Aaron Spelling
Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 –  June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer and occasional actor  His productions included the TV series Family (1976–1980), Charlie's Angels (1976–1981), The Love Boat (1977–1986), Hart to Hart (1979–1984), Dynasty (1981–1989), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), Melrose Place (1992–1999), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006)  He also served as producer of The Mod Squad (1968–1973), The Rookies (1972–1976), and Sunset Beach (1997–1999) 
Through his production company Spelling Television, Spelling holds the record as the most prolific television producer in US television history, with 218 producer and executive producer credits  Forbes ranked him the 11th top-earning deceased celebrity in 2009 

Early life
Spelling was born in Dallas, Texas  He was the son of Pearl (née Wald) and David Spelling, Russian Jewish immigrants  His father worked as a tailor and changed his surname from Spurling to Spelling after emigrating to the United States  Spelling was the youngest of five children  He had three older brothers: Maxwell “Max” Seltzer (circa 1909–?), Sam Spelling (1916–2001) and Daniel Spelling (1921–2009) and an older half-sister, Becky Seltzer Giller (1910–1978) At the age of eight, Spelling psychosomatically lost the use of his legs due to trauma caused by constant anti-semitic bullying from his schoolmates, and was confined to bed for a year  He made a full recovery After attending Forest Avenue High School in Dallas, he served in the United States Army Air Corps as a pilot during World War II 
Spelling later graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1949, where he was a cheerleader 

Career
Spelling made his first appearance as an actor in a film as Harry Williams in Vicki, directed by Harry Horner, in 1953  That same year, he appeared in the TV series I Led Three Lives and Dragnet (six episodes, 1953–55)  Spelling appeared in episode 112 of I Love Lucy ("Tennessee Bound," season 4, 1955) and Alfred Hitchcock Presents ("Breakdown", 1955) , as Weed Pindle in Gunsmoke's season one, episode 35, "The Guitar" (1956); He continued to appear in films and TV (often uncredited) over 25 times by 1957, appearing briefly as an actor in 1963, 1995, and 1998 (all uncredited )Spelling sold his first script to Jane Wyman Presents in 1954  He guest-starred that same year as a dogcatcher in the premiere episode of the CBS situation comedy, Willy, starring June Havoc as a young lawyer in New Hampshire, who later relocates to New York City to represent a vaudeville troupe Two years later, Spelling gained experience as a producer and additional credits as a script writer working for Four Star Television on the series Zane Grey Theater, which aired between 1956 and 1961  Of the 149 episodes in that series, he wrote 20 of the teleplays and produced many others  Spelling produced Burke's Law while at Four Star   The show was the first success for Spelling and pioneered the multiple guest star format, later seen on The Love Boat and Fantasy Island  Thomas-Spelling Productions was a television production company formed by comedian Danny Thomas and producer Aaron Spelling on April 15, 1966, as a partnership with 24 properties  Thomas continued his existing partnership, T&L Productions, with Sheldon Leonard  The company adapted its name by July 18, 1966, when it announced the financial involvement of ABC with its first show, Range (later Rango), a half-hour comedy western starring Tim Conway and its rented space on Desilu Productions' Gower lot  ABC also picked up another show for a pilot, just in an outline treatment, in The Guns of Will Sonnett   Thomas-Spelling Productions' active operations ended with the last season of The Mod Squad in 1972   Spelling formed a new partnership with Leonard Goldberg, Spelling-Goldberg Productions 
Beginning in 1965, Spelling began producing successful television shows including The Mod Squad, The Rookies, Family, Charlie's Angels, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, Dynasty, Beverly Hills, 90210 (which starred his daughter Tori), Melrose Place, 7th Heaven, Charmed, Jane's House and Sunset Beach  Spelling founded Spelling Entertainment in 1965, alongside partnerships with comedian/actor Danny Thomas (Thomas-Spelling Productions, 1966–1972), and television/film producer Leonard Goldberg (Spelling-Goldberg Productions, 1972–1986) He produced the unsuccessful situation comedy The San Pedro Beach Bums in 1977 
In 2004, Spelling was portrayed in two television movies: Dan Castellaneta portrayed Spelling in Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Charlie's Angels, and Nicholas Hammond portrayed Spelling in television movie Dynasty: The Making of a Guilty Pleasure 

Personal life
Spelling married actress Carolyn Jones in 1953, in California when he was 30 and she was 23  They divorced in 1964  He briefly dated actress Jill Haworth when he was 42 and she was 19  Spelling married Candy Gene (née Marer) in 1968 when he was 45 and she was 23  The couple had daughter Tori in 1973 and son Randy in 1978 In 1988, Spelling bought the 6-acre (2 4 ha) property of Bing Crosby's former Los Angeles house  He demolished the property and built a 123-room home on the lot in 1991  Known as "The Manor", it has 56,500 square feet (5,250 m2) of floor space and as of 2006 was the largest single-family home in Los Angeles  Spelling's widow Candy listed the home for sale in 2008 for $150 million  Heiress Petra Ecclestone ultimately purchased the property for $85 million in 2011 through a brokered agreement that was developed by Brandon Davis, the brother of Jason Davis and grandson of wealthy industrialist, Marvin Davis In 1992, Candy, Spelling's second wife, commissioned pinball manufacturer Data East to produce a personalized table as a gift to Spelling  The game, a modified version of Data East's Lethal Weapon 3 table, has since appeared publicly at collector's expos 

Legacy and death
On September 15, 1978, Spelling was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6667 Hollywood Blvd  In 1996, he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame 
In 1983, he was accorded the NAACP Humanitarian Award for his monetary donation that permitted a 21-year-old's heart transplant operation In 2001, Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer On June 23, 2006, Spelling died at The Manor, his estate in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, from complications of a stroke he suffered five days prior  He also suffered from Alzheimer's disease  A private funeral was held several days later, and Spelling was entombed in a mausoleum in Culver City's Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery 
On August 27, 2006, Spelling was posthumously honored at the 58th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards by former employees Joan Collins, Stephen Collins, Heather Locklear, Farrah Fawcett, Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith 
7th Heaven's May 13, 2007, episode, the last before the series finale, was dedicated to Spelling  When 7th Heaven ended its run, it was touted by the network as being Spelling's longest-running series and the longest-running "family drama" in American television history 

Filmography
Spelling was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted 

Film
As writerAs an actor

Television
As writerAs an actorMiscellaneous crewSoundtrackAs directorThanks

Awards and nominations
See also
Norman Lear
David L  Wolper
Alan Landsburg
Passage 3:
Arman Arian
Arman Arian (Persian: آرمان آرین; born 1 September 1981) is an Iranian author, novelist and researcher, best known for his first trilogy, Persians and I (Persian:  پارسیان و من: کاخ اژدها)  He is the youngest winner of the annual “The Book of The Year of Iran”  In addition to many national awards, he received the honorary diploma in the 31st IBBY World Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark (2008) by the International Board on Books for Young People the highest recognition available to creators of children's books 
Although Arian is known as a children and young adults fantasy writer, he doesn't limit his genre to fantasy and also, his books are well received by wide range of readers from all age groups  Persians and I became the best-selling novel in the 19th Tehran International Book Fair, 2006 In his writings, Arman Arian has combined an affluent academic background in Cinema studies with an extensive knowledge of myths, religions and history “We need to look back to our cultural heritage to survive in the intricate modern life”, says this Iranian young author in an interview with Borna News in order to explain his intention to dig into Iranian ancient literature, history, mythical and epical stories 

Awards
Winner of the annual prize by The Children's Book Council of Iran for the trilogy of "Ash vaz dang heh" as the best fiction book of the year, 2016 
Winner of the annual book prize of "Payvar" for the trilogy of "Ashvazdangheh", 2016,
Winner of the diploma of the first book prize of Mehdi Azar Yazdi for the trilogy of "Ash vaz dang heh", 2016
The board of appreciation in “the Millennium Festival of Ferdowsi” For young researchers in Ferdowsi's Shaahname by the Youth Institute of Tehran's Municipality  2010 
Winner of the honorary diploma in the 31st IBBY World Congress in Copenhagen, Denmark by the International Board on Books for Young people 2008, for the book the Persians and I
The annual prize of “The Book of The Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran” was featured as the youngest recipient of this prestigious prize since its establishment in 1955, 2005 
The annual prize of -“Mehrgan e Adab” for writers and publishers, 2005

List of books
Patash Khoargar 2,(Persian:پَتَش خوآرگر 2: مردی از تبار اژدها), Ofogh publishing house, 2016
Writing about Writing, (نوشتن درباره نوشتن), Moaj publishing house, 2016
Shahnamag:Myths Six volumes,(Persian:شاهنامَگ: اسطوره ها), Chekke publishing house, 2015
Patash Khoargar 1,(Persian:پَتَش خوآرگر۱: حماسه سرآغاز), Ofogh publishing house, 2015
Ash vaz dang heh 2: Invincible Demons,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 2), Moaj publishing house, 2014
Ash vaz dang heh 3: Emancipatory Epic,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 3), Moaj publishing house, 2013
Shadowy light (Persian: تاریک روشنا), Ghatreh Publication House, 2014
Ancient Future3: The First Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
Ancient Future2: The First Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
Ancient Future1: The Last Night Story (Persian: آینده کهن), Safran Publication House, 2013
The book of spell(Persian: افسون نامه), Iranban publishing house, 2011
The nightmare of the dark garden(Persian: کابوس باغ سیاه), Iranban publishing house, 2011
The encyclopedia of the Avesta’s dramatic elements(Persian:دانشنامه تصویری و نمایشی اوستا), Moaj publishing house, 2011
The Book of Wisdom (Persian: صد پند هزار بار شنیده), Iranban publishing house, 2012
The quiet hubbub, a collection of thoughts and articles (Persian: غوغای خموش ), Moaj publishing house, 2011
The dream of the white garden(Persian: رویای باغ سپید), Iranban publishing house, 2010
The guide to storytelling for computer games(Persian:راهنمای بازی نامه نویسی ), Co-authored, The National Computer game organization, 2010 
Sepit maan: the story of Zoroaster's life (Persian: سپیتمان), Iranban publishing house, 2009
Ash vaz dang heh 4:God, The World, and Thoughts: Ash vaz dang heh's Six-Thousand-Year-Old Manuscripts  (Persian: اشوزدنگهه 4), Moaj publishing house, 2009
Ash vaz dang heh 1: the myth now,(Persian: اشوزدنگهه 1), Moaj publishing house, 2008
Bitter Earrings: a collection of short stories(Persian: گوشواره تلخ), Moaj publishing house, 2007  Bitter Earring is published in Turkish (Turkish: Acı Küpe)by Demavand Publication House, 2015
The Trilogy of the Persians and I(Persian: سه گانه پارسیان و من), Moaj publishing house, 2006 
Persians and I: the resurrection begins(Persian: پارسیان و من، رستاخیز فرا می رسد), Moaj publishing house, 2005
Persians and I: the secret of the bird mountain (Persian: پارسیان و من، راز کوه پرنده)),  Moaj publishing house, 2004
Persians and I: Azh dahak Fortress(Persian: کاخ اژدها), Moaj publishing house, 2003

Computer games and script
Ario: The little hero: An animated serial, produced by Saba & paarsima corporations, 2007  It participated in the 27th International Children Film Festival under the name of Legend of the Jewels Land, 2013 

Other activities
Conducting the "Creative Writing Workshop" in Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, 2014
He teaches the first professional workshop of scenario writing held by Iran National Foundation of Computer Game, 2010 
Conducting and teaching in a "Myths and Legends" workshop, 2009
He was a juror of the 1st International Tehran Game Expo and Festival, 2011
He was the judge in the First NoGhalam (Persian:نوقلم) amateur Story-writing Competition, 2009 
Passage 4:
Living Out Loud
Living Out Loud is a 1998 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Richard LaGravenese and set in New York City, starring Holly Hunter, Danny DeVito, Queen Latifah, Martin Donovan, and Elias Koteas 

Plot
Judith Moore had what she thought was a perfect marriage, with both her and her husband studying to be doctors  But after she puts her studies on hold to find a job and support them, many years pass until suddenly he leaves Judith to be with another doctor  Depressed, she holes up in her apartment, where the middle-aged Pat Francato serves as a building superintendent and elevator operator  He is as lonely as she is, beset with gambling problems, and Judith and Pat make a connection  Yet what he wishes to pursue as a romantic relationship, Judith sees only as a friendship  Her friend Liz Bailey, who sings at a nightclub, makes attempts to improve Judith's love life as well as her own 

Cast
Holly Hunter as Judith Moore
Danny DeVito as Pat Francato
Queen Latifah as Liz Bailey
Martin Donovan as Robert Nelson
Elias Koteas as The Kisser
Richard Schiff as Philly Francato
Mariangela Pino as Donna
Suzanne Shepherd as Mary
Eddie Cibrian as The Masseur
Tamlyn Tomita as Mrs  Nelson
Carmit Bachar as Dancer

Reception
Living Out Loud received mixed reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 59% rating based on 34 reviews  The site's consensus states: "Unoriginal, with one-dimensional characters " On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 64% based on reviews from 24 critics  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three and a half stars and wrote that he enjoyed that the movie provided "the comfort of these lives flowing briefly in the same stream  The sense that the unexpected was free to enter the story, and would not be shouldered aside by the demands of conventional plotting "  Ebert gave particular praise to writer and director Richard LaGravenese, who he wrote is "more interested in characters and dialogue than in shaping everything into a conventional story   He aims for the kind of bittersweet open ends that life itself so often supplies; he doesn't hammer his square pegs into round holes " Mark Caro of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film a positive review, but noted that the "story also has a tendency to wander, which enhances the slice-of-life feel but at the expense of the movie feeling fully formed "  The New York Times critic Janet Maslin was less favorable, writing that LaGravenese "has borrowed from Chekhov the soul-baring introspection that can be so ineffable on the page or stage yet becomes so damply sensitive and dramatically vague on the screen" and, in describing some of the "wild flights of fancy springing from Judith's imagination," observed that "free-spirited as the film hopes to be, it can't easily reconcile such flamboyant departures with an otherwise static pace " Maslin credited Latifah as the film's "one big saving grace," and also offered praise for DeVito for "turning Pat into a three-dimensional figure and singing They Can't Take That Away from Me with brio on the nightclub's amateur night "
Passage 5:
A Kid for Two Farthings
A Kid for Two Farthings may refer to:

A Kid for Two Farthings (novel)
A Kid for Two Farthings (film)
Passage 6:
Dan Mirvish
Dan Mirvish is an American filmmaker and author, best known as the co-founder of the Slamdance Film Festival and co-creator of the Martin Eisenstadt hoax during the 2008 Presidential election 

Early life and education
Mirvish was born to a Jewish family in Omaha, the son of Linda  and Sidney Mirvish  His father was a prominent cancer researcher at the University of Nebraska Medical Center  In 1985, Mirvish graduated from Omaha Central High School  He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Washington University in St  Louis  After school, he worked as a freelance journalist and as a speechwriter for Tom Harkin, U S  Senator from Iowa before taking a sabbatical to travel around the world  He then returned to California to complete his education in film at the University of Southern California film school 

Career
In 1994, while still in school, he released his first feature film entitled Omaha as his master’s thesis for and then founded the Slamdance Film Festival in Park City, Utah after the film was not accepted at the Sundance Film Festival In 2004, Mirvish spearheaded the effort to get the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences to reactivate their Best Original Musical Oscar category  In a controversial move, the Academy canceled the category after Mirvish and others submitted the requisite number of films, including two by Mirvish In 2009, he co-authored the satirical novel I Am Martin Eisenstadt: One Man's (Wildly Inappropriate) Adventures with the Last Republicans published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 978-0-86547-914-2 Mirvish directed the film Between Us, based on the play of the same name by Joe Hortua  The four-person drama stars Taye Diggs, Melissa George, David Harbour and Julia Stiles   The original play premiered at Manhattan Theatre Club, and Hortua and Mirvish co-wrote the screenplay adaptation   The film version won the grand jury prize at the 2012 Bahamas International Film Festival, and was the Closing Night Film at the 50th Annual Gijón International Film Festival in Spain  The film had its world premiere at the Oldenburg International Film Festival, and also screened at such festivals as Athens International Film Festival, the Hamptons, Woodstock Film Festival, Slamdance Film Festival, Napa Valley Film Festival, and Whistler Film Festival In 2016, Mirvish wrote the nonfiction book The Cheerful Subversive's Guide to Independent Filmmaking  The phrase "cheerful subversive" comes from a New York Times article describing the original Slamdance filmmakers In 2016, Mirvish directed the feature film Bernard and Huey written by Oscar/Pulitzer/Obie-winner Jules Feiffer Mirvish directed the feature film 18½ which had its world premiere at the 2021 Woodstock Film Festival  The film had its international premiere at the São Paulo International Film Festival The film had its European premiere at the Gijón International Film Festival  The film won the Stubbornly Independent Award at the Tallgrass Film Festival in 2021 Mirvish is widely credited as the discoverer of the Hathaway effect, which indicates that when actress Anne Hathaway is in the news, the share price for Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway increases He was also a speechwriter for Senator Tom Harkin of Iowa 

Filmography
18½ (2021)
Bernard and Huey (2017)
Between Us (2012)
The Last Republican (2008)
Sheldon (2007)
The Few & the Proud (2007)
Half Empty (2006)
A Message from the President of Iran (2006)
Open House (2004)
Omaha (1994)
Passage 7:
Growing Up American
Growing Up American: How Vietnamese Children Adapt to Life in the United States, by Min Zhou and Carl L  Bankston III is one of the most influential books on the Vietnamese American experience  Published in 1998 by the Russell Sage Foundation, it is widely used in college classes on international migration, contemporary American history, and Asian Studies  The book emphasizes the role of Vietnamese communities in promoting the adaptation of Vietnamese American young people  
One of the unique characteristics of the book is its combination of a general history of the growth and nature of Vietnamese American communities around the United States with an in-depth study of one specific Vietnamese community, on the eastern edge of New Orleans, Louisiana 

Organization of the book
Chapter 1 traces the history of Vietnamese settlement in the United States, giving special attention to how the process of refugee resettlement and popular opinions of the American public have influenced Vietnamese American children  Chapter 2 gives a description of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the U S  Vietnamese population and describes the social and economic challenges facing the Vietnamese  Chapter 3 offers examples of how families and surrounding ethnic communities can serve as sources of social capital for young people  Chapter 4 discusses the patterns of social and kinship relations in Vietnamese ethnic communities  Here, Zhou and Bankston develop their theory that ethnic social relations can serve as a form of social capital for young people growing up in immigrant communities  Chapter 5 examines how Vietnamese language abilities promote the adaptation of young Vietnamese to American society by connecting them to the supports of their families and communities  Chapter 6 considers Vietnamese American adaptation to American schools and argues that generally high levels of school performance are products of tightly integrated ethnic communities  Chapter 7 examines bicultural conflict and gender role issues faced by Vietnamese growing up in the United States  Chapter 8 discusses peer group associations and problems of juvenile delinquency  It provides evidence that young people who follow delinquent patterns tend to be those who assimilate to the youth culture of Vietnamese and other subgroups, rather than remain bound within their ethnic communities  Chapter 9 gives a general summary and offers conclusions of relevance to the study of immigrant and minority groups in the United States 

Critical reception
Growing Up American has received widespread critical praise  Writing in the journal Social Forces, reviewer Jiannbin Shiao described the analysis of delinquency in the Vietnamese community as “contestable but refreshingly bold” and described it as “a fine contribution to the sociology of education, social stratification, social demography, Asian American Studies, and, one hopes, also U S  urban policy ” In the International Migration Review, Kimberly Goyette praised the book for “…elaborat[ing] a detailed and elegant framework for conceptualizing the relationship between children and their various environments and also the relationship between these environments ” Kelly Chong, reviewing the book for the American Journal of Sociology, observed “this comprehensive investigation of the adaptation process of second generation Vietnamese in the United States fills an important gap in the study of contemporary “new” immigrants and the second generation assimilation experience ”
In addition to the praise, though, reviewers have also had some reservations  In particular, critics have questioned the generalizability of the books findings to other ethnic groups and they have suggested the book may be too optimistic in its account of the future of young Vietnamese Americans  Critics of more radical orientations have often objected the authors’ acceptance of American society and the focus on adapting to that society  For example, Karin Aguilar-San Juan, in the book Little Saigons: Staying Vietnamese in America, accuses Zhou and Bankston of ignoring the processes of racialization and systemic racism in encouraging Asian immigrant achievement while frustrating black American achievement 

Awards
1999 Thomas and Znaniecki Award, Outstanding Book in International Migration, American Sociological Association
2000 Distinguished Book Award, Mid-South Sociological Association

See also
Asian American
Diaspora studies
List of U S  cities with large Vietnamese American populations
List of Vietnamese Americans
Little Saigon
Overseas Vietnamese
Refugees
Vietnamese people

External links
Article title
Article title
http://tulane edu/liberal-arts/sociology/carlbankston cfm
http://www eric ed gov/PDFS/ED439180 pdf
http://blogs bauer uh edu/vietDiaspora/contributors-5/
Passage 8:
The Loud House
The Loud House is an American animated television series created by Chris Savino that premiered on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016  The series revolves around the chaotic everyday life of a boy named Lincoln Loud, who is the middle child and only son in a large family of 11 children  It is set in a fictional town in southeastern Michigan called Royal Woods, based on Savino's hometown of Royal Oak  The series was pitched to the network in 2013 as a two-minute short film entered in the annual Animated Shorts Program  It entered production the following year  The series is based on Savino's own childhood growing up in a large family, and its animation is largely influenced by newspaper comic strips 
Since its debut, the series has gained high ratings, becoming the top-rated children's animated series on American television within its first month on the air  The series has received considerable media attention and nominations at both the 28th and the 29th GLAAD Media Awards for its inclusion of Howard and Harold McBride, two supporting characters who are an interracial gay married couple  Their introduction into the series was reported in the news as being historic and caused a ratings surge  In May 2017, the characters of Lincoln Loud and Clyde McBride were featured on the front cover of Variety as an example of diverse characters in children's television As of May 2023, seven seasons of the series have been broadcast  The series has spawned a multimedia franchise, including the spin-off series The Casagrandes, which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film that was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series The Really Loud House that premiered in November 2022  Additionally, a second live-action television film is in development, set to premiere in fall 2023 

Premise
Lincoln Loud is the only boy and the middle child in a family of eleven children residing in the fictional town of Royal Woods, Michigan  He has ten sisters with distinctive personalities consisting of bossy eldest child Lori, ditzy fashionista Leni, musician Luna, comedian Luan, athletic Lynn Jr , gloomy poetic goth Lucy, polar opposite twins Lana and Lola, child genius Lisa, and baby Lily  Lincoln occasionally breaks the fourth wall to explain to the viewers the chaotic conditions and sibling relationships of the household, and continually devises plans to make his life in the Loud House better 
During the first four seasons, Lori, Leni, Luna, and Luan were in high school, Lynn was in middle school, and Lincoln, Lucy, Lana, Lola, and Lisa were in elementary school  In the fifth season, the Loud siblings aged up a year with Lori going to Fairway University, Lincoln going to middle school, and Lily going to preschool 

Episodes
Production
Development
The Loud House was created by Chris Savino for Nickelodeon  Savino based the series on his own experiences growing up in a large family  Early in development, the Loud family was going to be composed of rabbits, but this was terminated when an executive, Jenna Boyd, asked Savino to make them human  The idea of the Loud family being rabbits became used as Lincoln's dream in the Season 3 episode "White Hare"  He pitched the idea to Nickelodeon in 2013 as a 2+1⁄2-minute short for their annual Animated Shorts Program  In June 2014, Nickelodeon announced that The Loud House had been picked up for a season of 13 episodes  The episode order was later increased to 26  On May 25, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been picked up for a second season of 14 episodes later increased to 26  On October 19, 2016, the series had been picked up for a third season of 26 episodes  Savino has cited Peanuts and Polly and Her Pals as influences on the show's characterizations and animation  Newspaper comic strips are also influences on the show's background art 
Episodes are produced at Nickelodeon Animation Studio in Burbank, California, USA and animated by Canadian studio Jam Filled Entertainment 

Savino's firing
On October 17, 2017, Cartoon Brew reported that Chris Savino was suspended from the studio due to allegations of sexual harassment, the report noting that rumors of Savino's behavior have existed for "at least a decade " On October 19, a Nickelodeon spokesperson confirmed that Savino had been fired from the studio, and that the series will continue production without him  Six days later on October 23, Savino spoke for the first time since his firing saying he said he was "deeply sorry" for his actions  Alongside the announcement of the series being greenlit for a fourth season, it was revealed that story editor Michael Rubiner had now been named executive producer and showrunner  On May 30, 2018, Savino was suspended from The Animation Guild, IATSE Local 839, for one year 

Broadcast
The series debuted on Nickelodeon on May 2, 2016, with new episodes premiering every weekday that month
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rockin' You Tonight
Rockin' You Tonight is the second studio album by American country music artist Blaine Larsen  Released in 2006 on BNA Records (in association with Giantslayer Records), the album produced two singles for Larsen on the Hot Country Songs charts: "I Don't Know What She Said" and "Spoken Like a Man", which respectively reached number 24 and number 42  Also included is a cover of Mac Davis's "Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me", as well as "I'm in Love with a Married Woman", which was previously recorded and released as a single by Mark Chesnutt from his 2002 self-titled album  "Let Alone You" was later recorded by Easton Corbin on his eponymous debut album in 2010 

Track listing
Personnel
Eddie Bayers - drums, percussion
Spady Brannan - bass guitar
Perry Coleman - background vocals
Mickey Jack Cones - background vocals
J T  Corenflos - baritone guitar, electric guitar
Stuart Duncan - fiddle, mandolin
Kevin "Swine" Grantt - bass guitar
Tommy Harden - drums, percussion
Blaine Larsen - lead vocals
Chris Leuzinger - baritone guitar, electric guitar
Bill McDermott - electric guitar
Brent Mason - electric guitar
Jimmy Nichols - accordion, Hammond organ, piano, synthesizer horns, Wurlitzer
Danny Parks - electric guitar
Biff Watson - acoustic guitar, nylon string guitar, hi-string guitar
Gretchen Wilson - duet vocals on "Lips of a Bottle"
Lonnie Wilson - drums, percussion
Glenn Worf - bass guitar

Chart performance
Album
Passage 2:
Saturday Night Footy
In Australia, Saturday Night Footy (formerly as Saturday Night Football) is the broadcasting of Australian Football League (AFL) Saturday night matches on television  Saturday Night Footy is generally considered to be one of the biggest stages and generates publicity for the clubs involved  It is for this reason that clubs involved generally want to perform at their best to avoid large-scale criticism from the media  The Seven Network has held the primary broadcast rights for the AFL since the start of the 2012 season 
The commentary team is led by Basil Zempilas, Cameron Ling, Luke Darcy and Matthew Richardson  Samantha Lane provides reports during the match and also features as a reporter during the pre-match segment, which runs for 45 minutes (or one hour for matches played in Adelaide or Perth) before the match is played  Dr  Peter Larkins provides injury updates during and after the feature match  The show begins at 6:30pm every Saturday night, immediately following Seven News in most markets 
The pre-match show, titled The Kick, is anchored by Darcy and runs for one hour in the lead-up to the feature match  This portion of the telecast includes, among others, segments such as: interviews with players and the coaches involved in the feature match, going behind the scenes of a team's training session, and featuring various celebrity guests  Rachael Finch, Lleyton Hewitt and Redfoo, among others, have featured as guests on Saturday Night Footy The post-match show, anchored by Darcy, reviews the match in detail and includes interviews with the players and coaches from both sides  The team also crosses to Sam McClure, at Footy Central, to recap the rest of the day's matches, and also to provide injury and player updates from those matches 
The original Saturday Night Footy telecast may not air into some states, as the current broadcasting contract requires the local teams to be televised into their respective states (for example, Saturday night matches involving the Brisbane Lions must be televised into Queensland)  The pre-match show may also be omitted from the schedule if a local team's match being played in the twilight timeslot (i e  4:35 pm) is televised and overlaps into the 6:30pm timeslot 
During Seven's exclusively live broadcast of the AFL Grand Final as part of the 2012-2016 Broadcast Deal, the Saturday Night Footy team host both the pre-match show and the post-match show 
In 2018, James Brayshaw will join the Saturday Night Footy team 

See also
Friday Night Football (AFL)
Passage 3:
Lopez Tonight
Lopez Tonight is an American late-night television talk show that was hosted by the comedian George Lopez  The hour-long program premiered on November 9, 2009, on cable network TBS   Lopez was the first Mexican-American to host a late-night talk show on an English-language network in the United States  The show featured audience interaction using a high-energy format  The program aired Monday through Thursday at midnight Eastern and Pacific, immediately following Conan  On August 10, 2011, TBS announced that Lopez Tonight would be canceled  The final episode aired the following night 

History
Phillip Kent, the chief executive of TBS, announced in March 2009 that George Lopez had signed a contract to host his own late-night talk show on TBS in November of that year  During interviews, Lopez said that he would bring the change to late-night television and that he wants the show to reach a diverse audience  He also stated that he would become the first Hispanic American to host a late-night talk show  The show debuted on November 9, 2009, with guests Kobe Bryant and Eva Longoria, as well as a special appearance from Ellen DeGeneres and a musical performance from Carlos Santana 

Arrival of Conan O'Brien and cancellation
The 2010 Tonight Show conflict resulted in Conan O'Brien's departure from NBC and The Tonight Show  Jay Leno returned to The Tonight Show, abandoning his prime time experiment, The Jay Leno Show  As a part of his severance deal, O'Brien was given a $32-million payout, a $12-million payout for his show's staff, and the ability to pursue options on other channels after September 1, 2010 
Hours before O'Brien's Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour, O'Brien officially announced he had signed with TBS to create his own late-night talk show at 11:00 pm beginning in November 2010, thus pushing Lopez Tonight back to midnight  O'Brien was hesitant at first, saying he didn't want to do that to Lopez after what NBC had done to him, but Lopez himself called him and persuaded him to take the job  On the April 12 edition of Lopez Tonight, George addressed the situation by saying, "I was on Team Coco, now I'm on Team Loco!" 
However, the move caused a steep decline in ratings  On August 10, 2011, TBS canceled Lopez Tonight effective at the end of the week  O'Brien said of the announcement on his show, taping just hours after it was confirmed:

"I want to take one second right now and talk about something serious  Today, not long ago—a couple of hours ago—it was announced that TBS is not renewing George Lopez's show for a third season  I have very strong feelings about this, and I wanted to talk about it  Had it not been for George being so incredibly supportive of me a year and a half ago, I would not have come to TBS and we would not be doing this show right now  I owe that man a lot, and frankly, it makes me very sad that TBS and George could not work this out  I really like being a part of a late-night lineup with George, and I wish that this could've continued  So, tonight, all of our thoughts are with George and his entire staff and crew  We understand, believe me, how hard this is for all of you, and we wish you all the best "

Format
The show followed the established six-piece format established by the likes of Steve Allen and Johnny Carson  The first segment included a monologue by Lopez, sometimes accompanied by several one-liners, or several brief comedy sketches  Most episodes also included a second segment, immediately after the monologue, with a full comedy sketch  An interview with either one or two guests followed, as well as a musical or comedy performance 

Recurring segments
Sketches introduced on the show include Bullet Wound or Not a Bullet Wound, a stereotypical game show similar to Jay Leno's "Jaywalking" where guests must answer seemingly racist questions, Creepy Little White Girl in which a horrific little girl appears on the stage to deliver bad news, The Jersey Shore Presents, a mocking piece where cast members of Jersey Shore star in hit movies, Sweet Tweets where Lopez answers questions submitted from Twitter, WWE Superstars Karoake where many WWE Superstars performed karaoke songs, Justin Bieber's Memories a segment that mocks Justin Bieber and his childhood, and "Eric Estrada" where colored lights flash and various guests, including Benjamin Bratt and Jon Cryer come out of the double doors in a California Highway Patrol motorcycle uniform 

Timeline
November 9, 2009 — Lopez Tonight debuts with guests Eva Longoria and Kobe Bryant as well as a special appearance by Ellen DeGeneres, and a musical performance from Carlos Santana, who performed "Oye Como Va" 
November 12, 2009 — Comedian Larry David appears on the show and takes a DNA test revealing his results to be 63 percent European and 37 percent Native American 
November 25, 2009 — George officially announces that Arsenio Hall would become the permanent guest host of Lopez Tonight 
December 15, 2009 — A special reunion episode, featuring the main cast of George Lopez  Musical guests War performed "Low Rider", the theme song to the former show as well as Lopez Tonight 
January 18, 2010 — Jennifer Lopez performs the opening monologue for Lopez Tonight, addressing the 2010 Tonight Show conflict, beginning with "Welcome to Lopez Tonight, where nobody gets fired"!
April 1, 2010 — As part of an April Fool's Day joke, musician Usher corrected Lopez after incorrectly stating he had two kids, saying that he had three, and went on to say that how upset he was when people didn't get their facts straight, however Usher revealed it to be a joke and that he did indeed have two kids 
April 12, 2010 — George Lopez announces that beginning in November 2010, Conan O'Brien will officially join TBS for his own late-night talk show which will push Lopez Tonight back one hour from 11:00 pm to midnight 
June 24, 2010 – Lopez Tonight celebrates its 100th episode, with guests Kobe Bryant and Louis C K  with special appearances from Arsenio Hall, Clint Eastwood, Tom Cruise, Donald Trump, Russell Brand, and Eddie Van Halen  At the end of the show, George alongside his band performed the Van Halen song "Panama" 
August 18, 2010 – George Lopez bets Bow Wow $25,000 to charity that the Los Angeles Lakers would beat the Miami Heat on Christmas Day 
October 19, 2010 – The cast of Jackass 3D appears on the show 
November 3, 2010 – Conan O'Brien officially appears on the show promoting his new talk show, Conan, which moves Lopez Tonight to midnight 
November 4, 2010 – Lopez Tonight celebrates its last show in the 11:00PM time slot as it prepares to move to 12:00AM in order for the arrival of Conan  Guests on the show were Andy Richter, Bret Michaels, and a musical performance from Good Charlotte 
November 8, 2010 – Lopez Tonight airs its first show in the midnight time slot  The show features many changes including a new opening sequence as well as a new set  Guests on the show included Janet Jackson, Antoine Dodson, and a musical performance from Rooney 
August 10, 2011 – Lopez Tonight is canceled by TBS with the series finale airing August 12, 2011 
August 15, 2011 – Repeats of The Office filled in the former Lopez Tonight timeslot after several weeks of his show repeats 
August 18, 2011 – The official TBS Lopez Tonight website was taken down and currently redirects the site to tbs com 

Production
Studio and set design
The show was taped at Warner Bros  Studios in Burbank, California, near The Ellen DeGeneres Show studio  The stage layout followed a street-party theme  The show differed from many other late-night talk shows, most notably for not featuring a desk or background of the city in which the show is taped 

House band
Lopez Tonight's house band was Michael Bearden and the Ese Vato's, who are famous for performances with Michael Jackson and Shakira  The band consisted of leader and keyboard player Michael Bearden, guitarist Tommy Organ, bass player Alex Al, percussionist Lenny Castro, trumpeter Bill Churchville, drummer Robin DiMaggio, and saxophonist Sean Holt  As in common talk show format, Michael Bearden and the Ese Vato's would perform the show's opening and closing theme, bumpers into and out of commercial breaks  The show's opening theme was "Lowrider" by the band War, which was also the theme song for George Lopez 

Reception
The show has been critically panned  Metacritic scored the show with a 39/100 based on six reviews  
Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe claims "Lopez has a full-throated energy and a weakness for sophomoric guy humor that can be grating, especially since his show will air Monday through Thursday nights " The New York Times says "Mr  Lopez said he was 'bringing change to late-night TV,' but the only significant change was a coarsening of the already crass atmosphere "

See also
List of Lopez Tonight episodes
Passage 4:
I Don't Want This Night to End
"I Don't Want This Night to End" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan  It was released in September 2011 as the second single from his album Tailgates & Tanlines  The song, written by Bryan, Rhett Akins, Dallas Davidson and Ben Hayslip, is a "guy meets girl" love story 
The song received positive reviews from critics who praised the simplistic writing and catchy chorus  "I Don't Want This Night to End" peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, giving Bryan his third number-one country music hit in both charts and starting a streak of eighteen consecutive number one hits for him  This streak ended in 2019 when "What Makes You Country" peaked at number 7 on Hot Country Songs, and number 2 on Country Airplay  It also charted at number 22 on the Hot 100 chart, the same position as his previous single "Country Girl (Shake It for Me)"  The song was certified 4× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 2,730,000 copies in the United States as of August 2015  The song achieved minor chart success in Canada, peaking at number 48 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart  It also garnered a Platinum certification from Music Canada, selling over 80,000 copies in that country 
The accompanying music video was directed by Shaun Silva and features actress Cameron Richardson as Bryan's love interest 

Content
Bryan told The Boot that the song is about "a guy meeting a girl, and it's the first night that they're hanging out  It's a magical night and he doesn't want it to end  It's got a big fun chorus in it " He co-wrote the song with Rhett Akins, Dallas Davidson, and Ben Hayslip, collectively known as The Peach Pickers  After Hayslip provided the title, Bryan began playing a melody on a guitar  Hayslip then said that his publisher, Randy Gaston, recommended that he write "a song that talks about putting your hands up in the chorus" The song is set in the key of A minor and has a moderate tempo of approximately 112 beats per minute  The verses use a chord pattern of Am-G-Fsus2 three times, with a C-G-F pattern twice on the chorus followed by the original pattern of Am-G-Fsus2 twice  It ends on the Fsus2 chord 

Critical reception
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song four stars out of five, calling the chorus "pretty memorable" and saying that the writers "did a nice job of not over-thinking things " Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song three and a half stars of five, writing that the chorus is "infectious and sing-a-long ready" and the song is "strong, well-written" and "sounds great on the radio, just like it will in concerts "Billboard and American Songwriter ranked "I Don't Want This Night to End" at number four and number one, respectively, on their lists of the 10 greatest Luke Bryan songs 

Music video
The music video was directed by Shaun Silva and premiered on November 8, 2011  Bryan portrays a country music star who falls for a new girl (played by actress Cameron Richardson) while he is home from the road  The video is a prequel to the music video for "Drunk On You" which was later released as a single 

Commercial performance
"I Don't Want This Night to End" debuted at number 44 on the U S  Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of September 17, 2011  It debuted at number 90 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of October 15, 2011  The song was certified five times platinum by the RIAA on August 3, 2020  As of August 2015, the song has sold 2,730,000 copies in the US It debuted at number 80 on Canadian Hot 100 chart for the week of November 5, 2011 

Charts and certifications
Passage 5:
Home Alone Tonight
"Home Alone Tonight" is a song recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan as a duet with Karen Fairchild of American country music group Little Big Town for his fifth studio album, Kill the Lights (2015)  Upon the release of the album, the song entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at number 33 on the strength of digital downloads  It was serviced to American country radio on November 23, 2015 as the album's third official single  The song was written by Jody Stevens, Cole Taylor, Jaida Dreyer and Tommy Cecil 

Live performances
Bryan and Fairchild performed the song live at the 2015 American Music Awards 

Content
The song is a mid-tempo ballad in which a man and woman meet in a bar and plot revenge on their former lovers together 

Critical reception
An uncredited review from Taste of Country was favorable, stating that it "features more progressive production than 'Strip It Down,' but isn’t quite as edgy as 'Kick the Dust Up ' One would hardly call the arrangement organic, but that fits the mood  The two spontaneous lovers promise they won’t regret what’s to come, even though both know it’s not true  It’s an inevitability that many will relate to "

Commercial performance
The song debuted at number 33 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated of August 29, 2015, the week the album was released, selling 13,000 copies in its first week  It debuted at number 55 on the Country Airplay chart dated of November 14, 2015 in anticipation of its official release  After Bryan and Fairchild performed the song on the 2015 American Music Awards, it debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated of December 12, 2015, selling 16,000 copies  It became Bryan's thirteenth consecutive (and fifteenth overall) number one country music single on the Country Airplay chart dated of February 13, 2016  The song has sold 441,000 copies in the US as of April 2016 

Charts
Certifications
Passage 6:
Eliza Biscaccianti
Eliza Biscaccianti (1824 – July 1896) was an American operatic soprano from Boston, Massachusetts  Born Eliza Ostinelli, she was the daughter of pianist Sophia Hewitt Ostinelli, the only woman to have ever been employed as an organist and accompanist by Boston's Handel and Haydn Society and the second musician ever to perform the work of Beethoven in Boston, and Louis Ostinelli, a native of Italy who became a second violinist with, and later a conductor of, the Handel and Haydn Society  Her uncle was composer John Hill Hewitt and her grandfather was conductor, composer and music publisher James Hewitt She was nicknamed "The American Thrush" 

Musical training, marriage and singing career
From 1842 to 1847 Biscaccianti studied singing in Italy, most notably with Giuditta Pasta  She made her professional opera debut at Teatro Lirico in Milan in May 1847 as Elvira in Ernani  While in Italy she married the Italian cellist Count Alessandro Biscaccianti  They returned to the United States in late 1847 when Biscaccianti was offered a contract at the Astor Opera House in New York City  She made her debut at the Astor opera house as Amina in La sonnambula  She was later heard that season in the title role of Lucia di Lammermoor After the Astor Place Riot in 1849, she returned to her native city of Boston where she was lauded for her opera performances  She then toured to San Francisco in 1852 where she was one of the star performers in the fledgling opera scene in that city during 
Madame Biscaccianti received from a large and highly intelligent audience, on the occasion of her re-appearance, last evening, one of the most flattering welcomes that we have ever seen bestowed upon a public favorite  It was her first concert in several weeks, and she had barely recovered from an illness which still left its enfeebling effects upon her frame; but her voice was strong, pure and exquisitely flexible, and her spirits buoyant and animated  She sang with a degree of fervor and expression that called for the most enthusiastic testimonials, in the forms of plaudits, "bravos" and bouquets, from a delighted auditory  Her execution, too, was brilliant and artistic; and we see no reason to change the opinion we expressed many months since, after one of the fair Signora's 'Benevolent Concerts'; that the strength and purity of her tones and her brilliancy of style and execution continually increase, and her increasing success is manifest at every concert given by Madam B  in this city 
According to Verdi historian, George Martin:
Because she had been born in Boston of a New England mother, Biscaccianti was known popularly as "The American Thrush," but she had studied in Europe and sung in Paris, Milan, St  Petersburg, and London, founding a claim to be the first American to sing opera in Europe  In the ten months that she remained in California she sang at least seventy recitals, thirty-five in San Francisco, thirteen in Sacramento, seven in Stockton, and the balance in smaller towns 
In 1853 Biscaccianti performed in operas in South America, including in Lima, Peru  After retiring from the stage she taught singing in Milan  In her elder years she lived in a home for artists in Paris that was supported by a foundation in memory of Rossini 

Death
By the time of her death in 1896, according to Ammer, Biscaccianti was impoverished  She died, aged 72, at the Rossini Foundation Home for Musicians in Paris 

Notes
Passage 7:
Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight
"Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, from his 1972 album One Man Dog  
The song has been included on three of Taylor's greatest-hits collection albums: Greatest Hits (1976), Classic Songs (1987) and The Best of James Taylor (2003)  Taylor re-recorded the song for the 2001 Michael Brecker album Nearness of You: The Ballad Book; this rendition won Taylor the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance in 2002 

Personnel
James Taylor – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Danny Kortchmar – electric guitar
Craig Doerge – piano
Lee Sklar – bass guitar
Russ Kunkel – drums, congas
Michael Brecker – tenor saxophone

Reception
Billboard described "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" as a "ballad beauty " Record World called it a "superb lilting ballad featuring stunning Peter Asher production work and a terrific saxophone finale "  AllMusic reviewer Bill Janovitz wrote that the song is "a stunning example of the Tin Pan Alley-type of jazzy romantic ballad", and that the song's lyrics, about "a betrayed lover who allows his lonely heart to control his head", were unusual in that songs on that theme were usually performed by female artists  Berwyn Life critic Steve Sparacio said that it "is simply one of the most beautiful ballads in existence "

Chart performance
It was released as the lead single from the album, and peaked at No  14 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100, reaching its peak position on January 13, 1973   It also reached No  3 Easy Listening  In Canada, the song reached No  18 on the Pop Singles chart and No  7 AC 

Covers and samples
The song has been recorded by the following artists:

Johnny Mathis, on Me and Mrs  Jones (1973)
Liza Minnelli, on The Singer (1973), her best-selling album
The Isley Brothers, on their platinum-selling album 3 + 3 (1973)  This version was done in 12/8 time, with a rhythm and blues feel 
Nancy Wilson, on Come Get to This (1975)
Isaac Hayes, on For the Sake of Love (1978), in a 7-minute, funk-infused version with a long instrumental introduction  The instrumental portion has been sampled in songs including "You Keep Leading Me On" by Mona Lisa (1996), "Rhyme No More" by Jay-Z (1997), "It's All Mo' Thug" by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (1997) and "Lovin You (On My Mind)" by Slim Thug featuring Z-Ro (2013) 
Mary MacGregor, on    In Your Eyes (1978)
Scottish band Wet Wet Wet on their debut album Popped in Souled Out (1987)
Brazilian jazz-bossa nova singer Kenia recorded and released her own revival in 1987 
Oleta Adams, on Evolution (1992)
Michael Brecker, on Nearness of You: The Ballad Book (2001)
Eric Clapton, on Reptile (2001)
Joe Cocker, on Heart & Soul (2005)
Euge Groove, on Livin’ Large (2004)
David Sanborn featuring Lizz Wright on Closer (2005)
Diane Schuur on Schuur Fire (2005)
Jazz saxophonist Boney James, on Send One Your Love (2009)  Vocals were by Quinn, in a style similar to the Isley Brothers' version  It was released as a single, and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance in 2010, losing to Beyoncé's cover of "At Last" 
Garth Brooks, on The Melting Pot album of the compilation box set Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences (2013)
Jazz singer and bassist Kristin Korb on the album What If (2021)

Other cover versions
"Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" has also been performed live by artists including George Benson, Pat Metheny, and Earth, Wind & Fire 
Passage 8:
Silly Love Songs (Glee)
"Silly Love Songs" is the twelfth episode of the second season of the American musical television series Glee, and the thirty-fourth overall  The Valentine's Day-themed episode was written by series creator Ryan Murphy, directed by Tate Donovan, and premiered on Fox on February 8, 2011  In this episode, Director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) assigns the McKinley High School glee club to perform love songs in honor of Valentine's Day  Club member Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) sets up a kissing booth for the occasion, to take advantage of his rising popularity and raise money for the club  At the Dalton Academy, Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) and the Dalton Academy Warblers make plans to perform a musical number outside of the campus, and Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) confesses his love for Blaine 
"Silly Love Songs" was met with critical acclaim, with much of the praise stemming from the character development and the musical performances



ground_truth: 1 January 1986

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is the author of Growing Up this nationality of the creator MacGruder and Loud?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The first trailer for the series premiered on March 13, 2016  The series also aired on AFN Family 
Internationally, the series premiered in Israel and Italy on May 15  It premiered in Latin America, Brazil, Poland, Germany, France and Africa the following day  It began airing in Southeast Asia on May 20  Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland's Nickelodeon channels premiered the series on May 30  In Canada, YTV aired a sneak peek of the series on September 5, 2016, which was followed by an official premiere on September 6, 2016 The series premiered on May 15, 2016, in the Middle East and North Africa on Nickelodeon, dubbed in Gulf Arabic 
In India, the series premiered on Nick HD+ on May 18, 2020 

Home media
Reception
Critical
The Loud House has received positive reviews, specifically for its animation, voice acting, characterization, and the heartwarming themes of each episode  Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media praised the show's voice cast and thematic messages, writing that "kids will come to The Loud House for the laughs, but they'll return for the ensemble cast and the surprisingly heartwarming themes that dominate every story " Kevin Johnson of The A V  Club gave the series a B+, noting that "the female characters are defined by their traits, but never judged for them "It attracted negative attention from some fans and critics later on for its heavy amount of spin-offs and merchandising  Ryan Lewis of CBR com wrote that "Nickelodeon tried too hard to match SpongeBob's influence and immediately took to creating spin-offs, a Netflix movie, and countless merchandise  These efforts may have been justified had The Loud House not been written with one-note stock characters making up its main cast "

LGBTQIA+ representation
The characters of Howard and Harold McBride have received praise for being a positive representation of an interracial gay married couple  They are the first married gay couple to be featured in a Nicktoon  Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair stated that The Loud House "handles the topic [of same-sex marriage] in exactly the right way   this kind of casual representation in children's programming is a milestone " De Elizabeth of Teen Vogue wrote, "The best part is that the show doesn't treat these characters any differently, or even introduce them with a heavy asterisk about their marital status " The Frisky's Tai Gooden mentioned that "kids who have two dads (or moms) will be more than thrilled to see a family they can identify with on TV " Time reported that "people are thrilled about Nickelodeon's decision" to include a gay couple  Some conservative groups, by contrast, have criticized the introduction of the characters  The One Million Moms division of the American Family Association objected to scenes featuring the McBride parents and unsuccessfully pushed for the episode in which they first appeared to be edited to exclude the couple, saying that "Nickelodeon should stick to entertaining instead of pushing an agenda " The Kenya Film Classification Board also called for the suspension of the series on pay television service DStv, saying that the animated series "promotes the Lesbian, Gay and Transgender agenda "
Kenya's film and classification board (KFCB) has called for the suspension of several US-produced children's programs running on channels provided by TV company MultiChoice  The board said the cartoons featured "disturbing content glorifying homosexual behavior" which was not suitable for children 
The animation programs are The Loud House, The Legend of Korra, and Hey Arnold, which run on the Nickelodeon channel, and Clarence, Steven Universe, and Adventure Time which air on Cartoon Network 
   

It's wasn't immediately clear if the supposedly offending Nickelodeon episodes ever aired in Kenya  Viacom Africa, which licenses the Nickelodeon shows said last July it would not be airing such shows in South Africa and the rest of sub Saharan Africa 

Ratings
The Loud House became the number-one children's animated series on television within its first month on the air  Throughout May 2016, it received an average of 68% more viewers in its target audience of children aged 6–11 than broadcasts on Nickelodeon in May of the previous year  As of June 2016, it was Nickelodeon's highest-rated program, beating SpongeBob SquarePants with an average Nielsen rating of 4 9 among the 2–11 demographic at the time The Los Angeles Times cited The Loud House as a major factor in maintaining Nickelodeon's position as the highest-rated children's network in summer 2016  During the show's fourth week of premieres, Cyma Zarghami announced that it was continuing to draw more viewers than any other program on the channel The show's highest-rated episode, with 2 28 million viewers upon its premiere, is "Two Boys and a Baby"  This was the first episode to air after it was announced that Howard and Harold McBride would be debuting on the program  The first episode of The Loud House shown at prime time, "11 Louds a Leapin'", was the seventh most-viewed telecast across all U S  households on November 25, 2016 

Awards and nominations
The Loud House's portrayal of interracial gay married couple Howard and Harold McBride led the series to be nominated for Outstanding Individual Episode at the 28th GLAAD Media Awards and for Outstanding Kids & Family Programming at the 29th, 31st and 32nd GLAAD Media Awards  The series has also been nominated for Favorite Cartoon at the Kids' Choice Awards every year since 2017 

Franchise
The Loud House has spawned a multimedia franchise, including several video game, graphic novel, and book series adaptations, the spin-off animated series The Casagrandes, which aired from October 2019 to September 2022, an animated feature film which was released on Netflix in August 2021, a live-action television film pilot that premiered in November 2021, and live-action series, The Really Loud House, that premiered in November 2022 

Graphic novel series
The series has spawned a graphic novel series by publisher Papercutz  The graphic novels are by either crew members or other incoming artists, and dive into the world of the show and the characters within  They are usually anthology comics, however, others are arranged on certain themes, while others have overarching storylines  The first graphic novel, There Will Be Chaos, was released on May 9, 2017  There are currently two series, a running series and a special series focusing on the seasons and certain holidays 

Running series
List current as of April 2023 

Seasonal/holiday series
Chapter book series
The series has also produced a series of chapter books with original stories, initially published by Random House before switching to Scholastic 

Podcast
Listen Out Loud
Nickelodeon and its YouTube channel have done a series of podcasts called Listen Out Loud, where each member of the Loud family does a podcast revolving around their topics 

"Meet the Loud Family" – The Loud siblings start their very first podcast, but they can't come up with a topic about it 
Luna Loud – Luna and her roadie Chunk give the listeners a virtual tour of Luna's home music studio (which is actually her and Luan's bedroom) where Luna talks about her musical instruments and her inspirations, but some of her instruments keep disturbing Bud Grouse 
Lola Loud – Lola does her podcast called "The Lowdown with Lola" where she starts dishing out the latest Loud family gossip much to the dismay of her siblings 
Leni Loud – With help from Lincoln as her producer, Leni gives the listeners a virtual tour of the Royal Woods Mall, where she shows her favorite stores and the different shopkeepers that she knows 
Luan Loud – Luan teaches her listeners the basics of playing pranks on anyone  She demonstrates a few on some of her siblings much to their annoyance  But little does Luan know that she might get pranked right back 
Lori Loud – With Bobby on her phone helping out from Great Lakes City and Luna providing musical accompaniment, he and Lori talk about how they first met and eventually started dating  However, they over-romanticize the details on their first date so Luan and Lynn Jr  chime in and tell them what really happened and how they had spied on them during the date to make sure that Bobby was good for Lori 
Lincoln Loud – Lincoln and Clyde give the listeners a virtual tour of their treehouse  When their hammock goes missing, Lincoln and Clyde become Ace Savvy and One-Eyed Jack to find out who stole it  While Lincoln suspects that it's one of his sisters, they soon discover that the culprit is someone they'd least suspect 
Lynn Loud Jr  – Lynn Jr  leads the listeners in her own at-home workout, arguing that gym memberships are expensive and mentioning how some gyms tend to ban people from bringing spicy submarine sandwiches into the sauna  During every single part of the workout, Lynn causes fitness-type chaos in the house which annoys her family 
Lana Loud – Lana teaches the listeners how to handle and take care of vehicles  Using the family van Vanzilla as an example, Lana gets some more help from her faithful frog Hops, her parents (Lynn Sr  and Rita), and two of her sisters, Lori and Leni, as they are the ones who drive Vanzilla 
Lucy Loud – Lucy talks about the five main features of the Royal Woods Cemetery with the help of Lincoln since Luan was unavailable  Though they soon find evidence that there is a ghost in the area 
Rita Loud – Rita discusses what she does at her dentist job as she runs the dental office while Dr  Feinstein is away at Cavity Con  While she does the dental work on Lola, Lori, and a reluctant Lynn Loud Sr , Rita also has to deal with some malfunctioning equipment which leads to her calling Lana in to take care of them 
Lisa Loud – Lisa takes a break from solving her family's problems so that she can use her brainpower to solve the greater challenges of humankind by hosting a call-in called "Ask a Brainiac"  Though the people who call her up are Lynn Loud Sr , Luan, Rita, Lincoln, and Lynn with their respectful questions 
Lincoln & Clyde Review Gus' Games & Grub - Lincoln and Clyde work to review Gus's Games & Grub only to find it crowded  While working on reviewing the games, they have a hard time trying to get a table due to the different actions done by Lynn and Chandler 
Lola Loud's Pageant Tips - With the aid of her pageant coach Lincoln, Lola gives pageant tips to the listeners while preparing for the Little Miss Iron Ore pageant that Cheryl is helping out with  When Lola's ribbon for her ribbon dance routine goes missing, Lincoln works to find it as Lola suspects that Lindsey Sweetwater is responsible 
Lucy and the Morticians Club - Lucy and the Morticians Club (consisting of Haiku, Persephone, Boris, Dante, and Morpheus) hold a séance to speak to Royal Woods Elementary School's mascot Ricky the Rooster  They try to hold it at different locations like the Royal Woods Cemetery where the groundskeeper Hank is dealing with owls, Lucy's home where the antics of Lynn and Lana disrupt it, and Boris's house where his home decorating mother tries to treat them  When it comes to attempting a séance at Royal Woods Elementary School, Principal Huggins allows it since he still misses Ricky 
Clyde's Explosive Cooking Problems - Clyde visits Lynn's Table to find out how to run a restaurant from Lynn Loud Sr  as Clyde works as his sous chef for the day  It becomes difficult for Clyde in the kitchen during the lunch rush as Kotaro mentions that it's the weekend of the Rattlesnake Roundup where some of the guests are from the Poconos  While also dealing with Scoots' demands, Clyde does some table service to Mr  Grouse and Flip 
Lana Loud Rescues Animals - As mentioned two podcasts ago, Lana is volunteering at the Royal Woods Animal Shelter  She is assisted by Sam Sharp who is working as the head volunteer as Lana learns about its Adoption Day  They work to find pets for every one of its visitors like Rocket the German Pinscher, Feline Dion the tabby, and Captain Ron the cockatoo  While Sam goes to pick up lunch, Lana makes efforts to sell pets to possible adopters like Mayor Davis, Cheryl, and Dante 
Luan Loud Teaches Comedy - Luan and Mr  Coconuts teach a comedy workshop at the Royal Woods Community Center, though Luan gets nervous when she finds that Benny is the co-teacher alongside his marionette, Mrs  Appleblossom  After setting up the classroom, Luan and Benny get Leni, Flip, Boris, and Mrs  Bernardo who arrived on a horse named Hamlet after finishing her directing debut for Sunset Canyon's afternoon dinner theater  Mr  Coconuts makes comments towards the students that cause them to leave one by one 

Films
Feature film
On March 28, 2017, Paramount Pictures' president Marc Evans announced a film based on the series, that was originally set for a February 7, 2020 theatrical release  However, in January 2019, Paramount removed the film from their schedule for unknown reasons  On February 5, 2019, it was announced that the film would instead be produced for a release on Netflix  On January 12, 2021, it was reconfirmed that the film would release on Netflix within the same year, with the film's plot focusing on the Loud family traveling to Scotland, where they discover that they are part of Scottish royalty  In April 2021, it was revealed that the film would be released in summer 2021  On June 10, 2021, Netflix announced the film would be released on August 20, 2021 

Television films
A live-action film based on the series, titled A Loud House Christmas, premiered on Nickelodeon on November 26, 2021  The film was first announced on February 19, 2020, originally titled The Loud House: A Very Loud Christmas!, and was set to premiere in late 2020  The film depicts Lincoln and Clyde working to preserve the Christmas traditions when the Loud sisters plan to have their Christmas plans elsewhere  Filming took place in Atlanta in mid-2021  On March 18, 2021, it was announced that Wolfgang Schaeffer and Jahzir Bruno were cast as Lincoln and Clyde, respectively  On August 23, 2021, other cast members of the film were announced, including Lexi Janicek as Lisa, Ella and Mia Allan as Lola and Lana, Aubin Bradley as Lucy, Morgan McGill as Lynn, Catherine Ashmore Bradley as Luan, Sophia Woodward as Luna, Dora Dolphin as Leni, Lexi DiBenedetto as Lori, Charlotte Ann Tucker as Lily, Brian Stepanek reprising his regular series voice role as Lynn Loud Sr , and Muretta Moss as Rita Loud In April 2023, a live-action Halloween movie titled A Really Haunted Loud House was announced 

Spin-off
A spin-off, entitled The Casagrandes, was put into development by Nickelodeon in March 2018  It features Bobby and Ronnie Anne Santiago as well as their extended Casagrande family living in Great Lakes City  On May 7, 2019, it was revealed that Eugenio Derbez, Ken Jeong, and Melissa Joan Hart had joined the cast as Bobby and Ronnie Anne's father Dr  Arturo Santiago and new neighbors Stanley and Rebecca Chang, respectively  The series premiered on October 14, 2019  On February 17, 2022, the series was reported to be cancelled, with its characters set to make more appearances in The Loud House  The series concluded September 30, 2022 

Live-action series
On March 24, 2022, a live-action series of The Loud House was originally announced for Paramount+  The main cast members of A Loud House Christmas reprise their roles for the series, including Wolfgang Schaeffer as Lincoln and Jahzir Bruno as Clyde  Filming for the series began in Albuquerque, New Mexico in June 2022  In September 2022, it was announced that the series, entitled The Really Loud House, would premiere on Nickelodeon in November 2022  On October 5, 2022, it was announced that the series would premiere on November 3, 2022  The show was renewed for a second season in April 2023 

Games
A mobile game based on the series called The Loud House: Ultimate Treehouse was released on September 20, 2018, for iOS and Android  The Loud House: Outta Control was released on Apple Arcade on February 14, 2020  In the game, the siblings try to get through to their goals without running into each other Lincoln, Lucy, and Clyde appear as playable characters, with the rest of Lincoln's sisters appearing as unlockable pit crew characters, in the 2020 racing video game Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix  Lincoln, Lucy and Clyde return in the 2022 sequel Nickelodeon Kart Racers 3: Slime Speedway, with Bentley Griffin, Jessica DiCicco, and Jaeden White reprising their roles from the show Lincoln and Lucy are also playable in the 2021 title Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl; a patch to the game added voice acting with their roles being reprised by Bentley Griffin and Jessica DiCicco 
Passage 9:
MacGruder and Loud
MacGruder and Loud is an American crime drama from Aaron Spelling Productions that aired on ABC from January 20 to April 30, 1985 

Premise
The series stars John Getz and Kathryn Harrold as married police officers Malcolm MacGruder and Jenny Loud in a Los Angeles Police Department-styled police agency (where strict anti-fraternization policies were in effect)  They fought a battle every day to keep it a closely guarded secret from their boss, Sgt  Hanson (played by veteran actor Lee de Broux) Malcolm and Jenny lived in a duplex-type apartment complex where there was a secret door behind the grandfather clock in her apartment, where Malcolm could sneak in and enjoy her company 

Cast
John Getz as Det  Malcolm MacGruder
Kathryn Harrold as Det  Jenny Loud MacGruder
Ted Ross as Det  Sgt  Debbin
Frank McCarthy as Sgt  Myhrum

Episodes
Production
This was one of the few failures from Aaron Spelling's production company in its history, since it was picked by ABC to debut right after the Super Bowl in 1985 and was heavily promoted  during the game  The promotion resulted in high ratings at first, but the series was cancelled three months into its run  The ratings decline was blamed on ABC's repeated changing of the show's timeslot before settling on Monday nights at 10:00 p m , known as "the graveyard slot"  It ranked 36th out of 77 shows with a 14 9 rating and a 23 share Because of the frequent commercials during the Super Bowl, the following night Johnny Carson asked rhetorically during his monologue on The Tonight Show, "Did you see that new show, 'Frequent and Loud'?"The series was rushed into production by ABC in order to capitalize on the popularity of another crime drama at that time, Cagney & Lacey (which aired on CBS) 
Passage 10:
The Weight of the Nation
The Weight of the Nation is a four-part documentary series produced by American cable television network HBO  Addressing the growing obesity epidemic in the United States, it was first aired in May 2012  The documentary series included collaboration with National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Institute of Medicine  The series was produced by John Hoffman The scientific commentators featured in the documentary include Francis Collins, Samuel Klein, Rudolph Leibel, Robert Lustig, and Kelly D  Brownell 

Content
The series consists of four approximately hour-long films:

Consequences
Choices
Children in Crisis
Challenges
Passage 11:
List of Italian musical terms used in English
Many musical terms are in Italian because, in Europe, the vast majority of the most important early composers from the Renaissance to the Baroque period were Italian  That period is when numerous musical indications were used extensively for the first time 

Italian terms and English translations
Musical instruments
Voices
Tempo
Dynamics – volume
Moods
Musical expression (general)
Patterns within the musical score
Directions
Techniques
Roles
Criticism
Musical direction and staging
See also
Musical terminology
Sheet music
Passage 12:
Scorpion Swamp
Scorpion Swamp is a single-player adventuring gamebook written by Steve Jackson (the American game designer, as opposed to the series co-creator), illustrated by Duncan Smith and originally published in 1984 by Puffin Books  It forms part of Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone's Fighting Fantasy series  It is the 8th in the series in the original Puffin series (ISBN 0-14-031829-1)  It was the first Fighting Fantasy book to be written by an author other than the co-creators of the series 

Rules
Story
Scorpion Swamp is a fantasy scenario  Having acquired a magical Brass Ring (which detects evil and always indicates which direction is north) from a mysterious old woman, the player enters the notorious Scorpion Swamp 
Gameplay differed from previous titles in several ways:

The story allows the player to choose one of three quests: the patrons of said quests being either good (locate a rare plant for the wizard Selator), evil (acquire the amulets of animal/insect avatars for the wizard Grimslade) or neutral (map a trade route for the trader Poomchukker) respectively 
Gameplay has a non-linear design, allowing "free roaming": the player may explore the swamp at will and return to locations previously visited 
The game design employed a grid system of locations to explore  Whereas in previous titles choosing an option to follow a point of the compass was nebulous and backtracking almost impossible, in this title each location was equidistant from all others and options only led in the four primary compass directions  On entering a location, the player was asked if they had visited previously, and instructed accordingly  This format was an innovation for Fighting Fantasy 
The 400th reference does not contain an ending to the adventure 
Passage 13:
Liliana Mumy
Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress  Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in Cheaper by the Dozen and its sequel, as well as  Lucy Miller in the second and third films of The Santa Clause trilogy 
In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the Lilo & Stitch franchise as well as Twinkle in Higglytown Heroes  For Cartoon Network, she has voiced Panini in Chowder  For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in Catscratch, Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of Winx Club, and Leni Loud in The Loud House 

Personal life
Mumy was born in San Marcos, California, the daughter of Eileen Joy Mumy (née Davis), a childbirth educator, and former child star Bill Mumy  She is the younger sister of former child actor Seth Mumy  She graduated from Laurel Hall School in North Hollywood, California and attended Campbell Hall School  She left there and graduated from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California in 2012 
Liliana appeared with her father, Bill Mumy, in the Twilight Zone revival series' episode "It's Still a Good Life" 

Career
Mumy has appeared in several motion pictures  Her most notable film appearances are in Cheaper by the Dozen, Cheaper by the Dozen 2, The Santa Clause 2, as well as The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause  In 2002, Mumy played Audrey Fremont, the daughter of her father Bill's character Anthony, in a sequel to the classic The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life" called "It's Still a Good Life" 
Mumy provided the voice of Mertle Edmonds (Lilo Pelekai's rival) in Stitch! The Movie, Lilo & Stitch: The Series, Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch, and Leroy & Stitch, and voicing a character with a smaller role on American Dragon: Jake Long as Haley's rival at school  She is also the voice of Twinkle on Higglytown Heroes and the voice of Human Kimberly on Nickelodeon's Catscratch  Lesser roles included TV appearances playing Rachael/Rachel in six episodes on My Wife and Kids from 2002 to 2004 as well as young Donna on That '70s Show and guest starring in Scrubs as a girl at her birthday party (whose face J D  daydreams of shoving into her cake)  She also voiced Panini in the cartoon Chowder, airing on Cartoon Network and played Lula in The Cleaner in 2008  She also voiced a feisty, fashionable, pink-loving, golden retriever puppy named Rosebud in the Disney movies Snow Buddies, Space Buddies, and Santa Buddies  In June 2012, Mumy started voice work as 'Beth' in Bravest Warriors, an animated series created by Pendleton Ward, produced by Frederator Studios for their channel, Cartoon Hangover, a premium content partner of YouTube  Mumy also provided the voice of Roxy on Nickelodeon's Winx Club and Leni Loud on Nickelodeon's The Loud House 

Filmography
Television
Films
Passage 14:
A Perfect Sky
"A Perfect Sky" is Bonnie Pink's twenty-fifth single and first from the album Thinking Out Loud  The single was released under the Warner Music Japan label on June 28, 2006 

Track listing
A Perfect Sky
Free
Interlude -Siesta-
A Perfect Sky (Instrumental)


== Oricon Sales Chart ==
Passage 15:
Loud Planes Fly Low
Loud Planes Fly Low is the fifth album by the American band The Rosebuds, released in 2011 on Merge Records 

Track listing
Passage 16:
Ilyasah Shabazz
Ilyasah Shabazz (born July 22, 1962) is an American author, most notably of a memoir, Growing Up X, community organizer, social activist, and motivational speaker, and the third daughter of Malcolm X and Betty Shabazz 

Early life
Shabazz was born in Brooklyn, New York, on July 22, 1962  She was named after Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, the religious and Black nationalist group to which her parents belonged  Shabazz is of African-American, African-Grenadian, English and Scottish descent  
In February 1965, when she was two years old, Shabazz was present, with her mother and sisters, at the assassination of her father  She says she has no memory of the event Shabazz had an apolitical upbringing in a racially integrated neighborhood in Mount Vernon, New York  Her family never took part in demonstrations or attended rallies  Together with her sisters, she joined Jack and Jill, a social club for the children of well-off African Americans  She considered an acting career, though her mother was not supportive  Her mother instead took interest in trying to keep her father's presence alive, and baked her cookies, which she would break a piece off to give the impression that her father had eaten it before she arrived Concerning her father, Shabazz told an interviewer, "My mother always talked about our father, her husband, but     she didn't talk about these things that defined my father as the icon " To learn about her father, Shabazz read his autobiography as a college student, and enrolled in a class to learn more Shabazz was a student at Hackley School  After high school, she attended State University of New York at New Paltz  When she arrived, other African-American students expected her to be a firebrand  They had already elected her an officer of the Black Student Union After graduating, Shabazz earned a master's degree in Education and Human Resource Development from Fordham University 

Career
Shabazz worked for the city of Mount Vernon for more than a dozen years, serving at different times as Director of Public Relations, Director of Public Affairs and Special Events, and Director of Cultural Affairs Shabazz wrote Growing Up X, her memoir of her childhood and her personal views on her father, in 2002  It was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Nonfiction  A devout Muslim, she made the pilgrimage to Mecca, the hajj, in 2006 as her father had in 1964 and her mother did in 1965 In 2014, Shabazz wrote Malcolm Little: The Boy Who Grew Up to Become Malcolm X, a children's book about her father's childhood  It was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Children's  The following year, she wrote a young-adult novel, X, about the same subject  The book was among the ten finalists considered for the National Book Award for Young People's Literature and it won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work, Youth/Teens  It also won honors from the Coretta Scott King Awards and the Walter Dean Myers Awards for Outstanding Children's Literature and was named as a 2016 Bank Street Children's Book Committee's Best Book of the Year  Her middle-grade novel about her mother's childhood, Betty Before X, was published in January 2018 alongside co-author Renée Watson  It was one of the 2019 Bank Street Children's Book Committee Best Books of the Year and received an "Outstanding Merit" recognitionShabazz is a trustee for the Malcolm X and Dr  Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center, the Malcolm X Foundation, and the Harlem Symphony Orchestra  As of 2017, she is an adjunct professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice 

Personal life
Shabazz is a longtime resident of Southern Westchester  She grew up in Mount Vernon and presently lives in New Rochelle 

Bibliography
with Kim McLarin (2002)  Growing Up X: A Memoir by the Daughter of Malcolm X  New York: One World  ISBN 978-0-345-44495-0 
——— (2014)  Malcolm Little: The Boy Who Grew Up to Become Malcolm X  Illustrated by A G  Ford  New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers  ISBN 978-1-4424-1216-3 
Boyd, Herb; ———, eds  (2014)  The Diary of Malcolm X: 1964  Chicago: Third World Press  ISBN 978-0-88378-351-1 
with Kekla Magoon (2015)  X: A Novel  Somerville, Mass : Candlewick Press  ISBN 978-0-763-66967-6 
with Renée Watson (2018)  Betty Before X  New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux  ISBN 978-0-374-30610-6 
with Tiffany D  Jackson (2021)  The Awakening of Malcolm X  Farrar, Straus and Giroux  ISBN 9780374313296 
Context 3:  Melissa Maerz of the Los Angeles Times, Emily VanDerWerff of The A V  Club, and Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post all deemed the storyline as entertaining, while Joel Keller of the TV Squad went on to call the episode "the best episode of the season " The episode features cover versions of six songs, including a cover of "P Y T " by Michael Jackson and "My Funny Valentine" from the musical Babes in Arms  Many of the covers and performances were met with positive reception from critics and fans alike, with much of the praise going to the Glee covers of "Fat Bottomed Girls" by Queen and "Silly Love Songs" by Paul McCartney, respectively  All songs with the exception of "My Funny Valentine" were released as singles and made available for digital download 
Upon its initial airing, the episode was watched by just under 11 58 million American viewers, and it garnered a 4 6/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic  Both the total viewership and ratings were significantly down from the previous episode, "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", which aired immediately after the Super Bowl 

Plot
Glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) gives New Directions a love song assignment  Having fallen for the group's newest member Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink), Puck (Mark Salling) serenades her with Queen's "Fat Bottomed Girls"  Lauren finds his song choice insulting and stands him up on a pre-Valentine's date, but eventually agrees to spend Valentine's Day with him as friends 

Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) and Mike Chang (Harry Shum Jr ) celebrate their respective relationships by performing Michael Jackson's "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)" for their girlfriends, Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris) and Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz)  Tina later begins to sing "My Funny Valentine" to Mike, but is too overcome with emotion, and begins to cry while continuing to sing 
Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith) sets up a kissing booth, to take advantage of his popularity in the hope of kissing his ex-girlfriend Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron)  He also wants to donate the proceeds to the glee club  Quinn initially refuses to buy a kiss from Finn, but does so at the insistence of her boyfriend Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet), who is suspicious of their relationship  The kiss further re-ignites Finn and Quinn's feelings for one another, and they begin an affair  Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), angry for having recently had her bad behavior highlighted by the other club members, conspires to give them mono and reveal Quinn's infidelity  Finn's most recent ex-girlfriend Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) is dismayed by his renewed feelings for Quinn, but resolves to concentrate on her career instead of romance, and leads the female New Directions members in a performance of Katy Perry's "Firework" 
At Dalton Academy, a private school attended by former New Directions member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), the object of his affection Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) announces his intention to sing a love song to his crush  Kurt believes that Blaine has feelings for him, so is disappointed when his crush turns out to be Jeremiah (Alexander Nifong), the assistant manager at a local Gap store  The Dalton Academy Warblers accompany Blaine as he serenades Jeremiah with Robin Thicke's "When I Get You Alone"  Jeremiah is subsequently fired and rebuffs Blaine  Kurt confesses his feelings to Blaine, who tells Kurt that he cares for him but is terrible at romance, and does not want to risk damaging their friendship  The episode ends with New Directions assembled at Breadstix, a local restaurant, where the Warblers perform the titular "Silly Love Songs" 

Production
"Silly Love Songs" was first announced by Glee co-creator Ryan Murphy in an interview with a German journalist  The name of the episode and its airdate were announced shortly after the announcement of the show getting a short-term hiatus due to various cast members contracting the flu  Inspiration for the episode may be partially related to a lobbying effort by Paul McCartney to have covers of songs by The Beatles incorporated into Glee  In an interview with various reporters at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards, Murphy revealed that he received a mixtape that was sent from McCartney, who is reportedly a fan of the series  Recurring characters who appear in this episode include glee club members Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr ), Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet), and Lauren Zizes (Ashley Fink), football coach Shannon Beiste (Dot-Marie Jones), and Blaine Anderson (Darren Criss) the lead singer of the Dalton Academy Warblers "Silly Love Songs" features cover versions of six songs: Katy Perry's "Firework", Queen's "Fat Bottomed Girls", Michael Jackson's "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)", "My Funny Valentine" from the musical Babes in Arms, "When I Get You Alone" by Robin Thicke, and "Silly Love Songs" by Paul McCartney and his band Wings  This was the fourth time a song by Katy Perry was used in a Glee episode, with the previous covers being "I Kissed a Girl" in the pilot, "Teenage Dream" on the episode "Never Been Kissed" and "California Gurls" on the previous episode "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle"  All songs with the exception of "My Funny Valentine" were released as singles and made available for digital download  All five singles were included on Glee soundtrack albums: "Firework", "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)", and "Fat Bottomed Girls" were featured in the sixth soundtrack album, Glee: The Music, Volume 5, while "Silly Love Songs" and "When I Get You Alone" were featured on the seventh, Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers 

Reception
Ratings
"Silly Love Songs" was originally broadcast in the United States on Fox on February 8, 2011  It received just under 11 58 million American viewers upon its initial airing, despite airing simultaneously with NCIS on CBS, The Biggest Loser on NBC, No Ordinary Family on ABC, and One Tree Hill on The CW  It garnered a 4 6/13 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, the highest rating of the night  This episode's total viewership and ratings were significantly down from the previous episode, "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", which was watched by over 26 8 million American viewers and received an 11 1/29 rating/share in the 18–49 demographic In Canada, where it also aired on February 8, 2011, the episode was watched by over 2 08 million viewers  It ranked number ten in the most-watched television programs of the week  The total viewership slightly declined from the previous episode, which attained 2 16 million viewers, as well as being the ninth most-watched television program of the week  In Australia, where the episode aired on February 21, 2011, it was viewed by 921,000 viewers upon its initial airing  It was the eleventh most-watched program on the night  The episode's total viewership declined at a marginal rate from the previous episode, which drew 1 13 million viewers, and was the fourth most-watched program of the night and the most-watched in the 18–49 demographic  It placed tenth in the weekly viewership rankings  In the UK, the episode was watched by 2 629 million viewers (2 233 million on E4, and 396,000 on E4+1), becoming the most-watched show on E4 and E4 +1 for the week, and the most-watched show on cable for the week 

Critical response
"Silly Love Songs" was met with critical acclaim from many television critics upon its initial airing  Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone gave a very positive review of the episode, and wrote, "This was our favorite type of Glee episode  Though we enjoy over-the-top spectacles [   ], the show's real cleverness shines when they take songs from across the board and fit them into a cohesive storyline  Sue Sylvester didn't make an appearance and—dare we say it—we didn't even miss her " Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle enjoyed the episode, going on to write, "I thought it was a strong showing, if a little disjointed  Well, at least it was honest  If this show is one thing, it's disjointed  It's part of its spazzy appeal " Melissa Maerz of the Los Angeles Times gave the episode a positive review: "On Tuesday night, Glee wasn’t only back at its usual time, it was back to doing what it does best: giving us entertaining [   ] storylines involving characters we care about who sing songs that emerge organically and advance the story  It was like a perfect heart-shaped bubble of an episode reminding the show’s fans about all the things we’ve missed about the show these last couple of months "Robert Canning of IGN also gave the episode a positive review, and opined, "With the dissing of glee club temporarily put on hold, Glee the series was able to have a little fun with Tuesday night's episode  And fun it was, with the gang of New Directions taking on Valentine's Day, with flirting, kissing and, of course, singing  Without the bullying, this was a much lighter episode of Glee, and the results gave way to a lot more laughs and story development " He went on to praise Ashley Fink's performance as Lauren Zizes, and said of Puck's falling in love with Lauren, "I can't decide if I want to root for this couple, but I certainly know I'm going to be rooting for Lauren " Canning ultimately gave the episode an 8 5 out of 10  Wyndham Wyeth of Paste went on to praise the episode for its depiction of relationships in high school, as well as the backing vocals for Salling's performance of "Fat Bottomed Girls" by Queen  Emily VanDerWerff of The A V  Club gave the episode a positive review and a grade of "A−": "'Silly Love Songs' is a fine example of the show at what's very nearly its absolute best  There's nothing too heady here, but if the show has one tone that it's nailed almost completely consistently, it's the feeling of teenage romance, the sense that the person you're in love with is the only person you will ever be in love with [   ] followed almost immediately by the crippling feeling of heartbreak, of losing that person too soon  Teenage life moves fast and is filled with heightened emotions  And like most musicals, Glee has always been at its best when it embraces those two sides of its characters' lives  As such, 'Silly Love Songs', which is pretty much just an excuse to play around with the show's many romantic pairings among its glee club characters, is a lot of fun without trying all that hard " In conclusion of her review, she wrote, "The best episodes play that elation and devastation off of each other  The worst episodes flounder about for some sort of emotional foothold  But when Glee just tells small, sweet stories about these kids and the ways they're trying to cope with being in high school when they know they're meant for bigger things, it can be terrific  Tonight was one of those episodes, and tonight's episode was terrific  Here's to a good February sweeps "

Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4 6 out of 5 stars, and went on to describe the episode as "A funny, touching, entertaining Glee episode that didn't feature a single line from Sue Sylvester? I never thought I'd see the day  But that's exactly what transpired on 'Silly Love Songs', as the show stopped feeling like a Public Service Announcement for a week and actually focused on well-paced, well-written relationship developments among its core characters " Joel Keller of TV Squad gave the episode a positive review, and wrote, "'Silly Love Songs' strikes an interesting contrast to Sunday night's post-Super Bowl episode in that tonight was more about the kids and where they are in their stories than about big production numbers and Sue's cartoon evilness  It was also the funniest episode of the season, in no small part because we got some insight into the lives of two New Directions members we rarely get to hang out with for any length of time: Santana and Lauren " James Poniewozik of Time Magazine praised the storyline and the musical performances of the episode  However, Soraya Roberts of the Daily News gave the episode a negative review: "This show sometimes sounds like it was written by a PIT, prime idiot TV writer  It's almost as bad as Tina breaking down into tears for no reason while singing 'My Funny Valentine' to Mike and Blaine attempting to channel Frank Sinatra while singing Paul McCartney's 'Silly Love Songs' in the middle of Breadsticks " Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post praised the storyline, calling it cohesive 

Musical performances
The musical covers and performances for the episode were mostly well received by critics and fans alike  Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly stated that her favorite was "Silly Love Songs" by Paul McCartney, performed by the Warblers  In a review of the performance, she wrote, "This is much more Warbler-esque than 'When I Get You Alone'  I had also been worried we wouldn't get our weekly dose of dorky Warbler dance moves  Plus, major points for the blink-and-you'll-miss-it moment when Blaine sang the love 'won't come at all' line to Santana  It was probably my personal biggest laugh-out-loud moment of the episode " She gave the performance an "A"  She also praised Puck's performance of "Fat Bottomed Girls", and opined, "In general, I'm in love with Mark Salling's voice  He's right up there with Artie [   ] in my book  And this song was smothered in awesome sauce  Bonus points for Puck's sort-of-feminine head bob, Brittany's background groovin', the club's reactions to him singing to Lauren, and Mr  Schu's mild eye-roll " She went on to give the performance an "A−"  Kristin Coachman of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer was a bit more critical of Puck's cover of the song: "This week Mark Salling [   ] is singing Queen's 'Fat Bottomed Girls'  I know this song fits in with Puck's storyline for the episode, but I feel like the song was in the wrong key for him  At times it sounded like he was straining to hit the higher notes  Because of this, I have to wonder if the backing vocals are purposely drowning his voice out  It seems depending on the song selection for him, Salling's vocal performances continue to be very hit or miss this season "Tina's cover of "My Funny Valentine" stirred mixed emotions in Gonzalez  She criticized the ending: "When she started sobbing, it got weird  Then weirder  Then downright uncomfortable " However, she liked the earlier part of the performance, and wrote, "It was übersweet when Tina started getting choked up during her song, because let's face it, it happens  You can love someone so much it hurts  If she would have continued the song with a mild lump in her throat, I think I might have gotten choked up with her "Rachel's cover of "Firework" by Katy Perry was reviewed negatively by Coachman  She wrote, "I'm not loving Michele’s vocals on this track  It was like they wanted to purposely make her sound like Katy Perry  As much as I really like Katy Perry, Michele has more of a tremendous voice  There are parts where I thought she sounded really great, but for the most part this song just wasn't my cup of tea  Michele has such a beautiful voice; I wish she was given songs that would allow her to showcase it to her advantage " Katie Morgan of Billboard gave a positive review of the Warblers' performance of "Silly Love Songs", writing, "Not only do they sound great [   ], but the song brings a sugary sweet end to a super-saccharine episode " The Marquee Blog at CNN gave the music numbers a positive review  A notable segment reads: "I just loved seeing The Warblers get their groove on amidst the jeans and cotton T-shirts  And Kurt was super gracious trying to be supportive of Blaine, in spite of his own feelings  I also totally loved the music [   ] and overall this was one of my favorite episodes this season  Brett Berk of Vanity Fair praised Salling's performance of "Fat Bottomed Girls", as well as the casts' performances of "P Y T " by Michael Jackson and "When I get You Alone" by Robin Thicke  Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone gave Salling's performance a positive review  She wrote, "We were thoroughly entertained by Puck's attempt to win newbie Lauren Zizes over with his tribute to her larger figure  Only in Puck's world would Queen's raucous song qualify as a serenade—and our horror-turned-amusement was mirrored on his fellow New Directions' faces  Puck is no Freddie Mercury, but he handles the melody well and makes up for lack of range with swagger "

Chart history
All five of the cover versions released as singles debuted on the Billboard Hot 100, and appeared on other musical charts  With these new Hot 100 debuts, plus the debut the same week of "She's Not There" from the prior episode "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle", which had aired two days before "Silly Love Songs", the Glee Cast passed Elvis Presley's record of 108 singles on the Hot 100, reaching 113 singles  The cast had nine songs on the Hot 100 that week, a new record for them  The show's rendition of "Firework" debuted at number thirty-four; it was at number thirty-five on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100  The other four songs from this episode on the Hot 100 were "Silly Love Songs" at number forty-five, which also made number fifty-four on the Canadian Hot 100, "When I Get You Alone" at number forty-seven, which also made number sixty-one on the Canadian Hot 100, "Fat Bottomed Girls" at number fifty-six, which also made number fifty on the Canadian Hot 100, and "P Y T  (Pretty Young Thing)" at number fifty-eight, which also made number sixty-nine on the Canadian Hot 100 
Passage 9:
Up All Night (Matt Willis song)
"Up All Night" is the debut solo single by English musician Matt Willis  It was released as a single on 22 May 2006 and appears on his debut album, Don't Let It Go to Waste  The song is about how Willis keeps thinking of a girl, and as a result cannot sleep at night  It debuted at number 52 on the UK Singles Chart on download sales alone  The following week, it peaked at number seven after the physical release  It stayed in the UK chart for a total of four weeks 
The video for "Up All Night" features Willis in a house late at night and flashes back and forth between scenes of Willis having difficulty sleeping and Willis in the midst of a party  Willis's first televised performance of "Up All Night" took place on 7 May 2006 on Top of the Pops  He then performed the song again on the same show on 28 May 2006, three weeks since his TV debut 

Track listings
CD2 contains a free beer mat, with images of a dragon on the front and Willis on the rear 

Charts
Passage 10:
I Don't Want to Go Back Alone
I Don't Want to Go Back Alone (Portuguese: Eu Não Quero Voltar Sozinho) is a 2010 Brazilian short film directed by Daniel Ribeiro  The short won the 2011 Iris Prize 
It was later expanded into Ribeiro's 2014 feature film The Way He Looks 

Plot
Leonardo "Leo" is a 15-year-old blind high school student with his one friend in class, Giovana, sitting next to him  Seated behind Leonardo is the new student Gabriel  After class Giovana invites Gabriel to walk home with herself and Leonardo; she customarily links arms with him for support even though his house is further from the school than hers  Later Giovana teases Leonardo about never confiding in her about romance and suggests he receive math tutoring from Gabriel 
Over time the three grow closer, walking home and playing games together  Leonardo becomes more self-conscious about appearance, asking questions about what he and Gabriel look like  Gabriel volunteers to take over escorting Leonardo so Giovana doesn't have to backtrack, though she possessively says that's not necessary  However, Leo happily agrees  A school project requires same-sex pairs, leading Leonardo to work with Gabriel instead of Giovana



ground_truth: Min Zhou

Carl L. Bankston

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who sings Home Alone Tonight with the singer of "I Don't Want This Night to End"?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  During a more serious conversation about his blindness, Gabriel points out Giovana's attraction to Leonardo, but Leonardo says he does not reciprocate  After school one day, Leo links arms with Gabriel rather than Giovana, much to Gabriel's surprise and Giovana's chagrin 
When they arrive at his house, Leonardo changes shirts in front of Gabriel, who is stunned before removing his own sweatshirt  Gabriel asks Leonardo where the bathroom is to brush his teeth, but Gabriel is standing in the doorway and sees Leonardo smelling his sweatshirt  However he does not mention this to Leo  The next day in class, Gabriel tells Leonardo he left his sweatshirt at Leonardo's house but must leave school early for a dentist's appointment, and so will collect it the next day  After the other students have left, Leonardo admits to Giovana he is in love with Gabriel 
Doubtful about the homosexual romance - and hurt because she has feelings for Leo as Gabriel suspected - Giovana does not provide a positive response before a sudden phone call summons her to her grandmother's birthday, leaving Leonardo to walk home alone with a white cane  At home, when he hears someone come into his room, he chastises Giovana for leaving him and expresses his doubts about confessing his love for Gabriel  However, the visitor is actually Gabriel himself, who smiles to himself at this unintended confession before silently kissing him on the lips, leaving with his sweatshirt  Later, Giovana arrives while apologizing for taking so long  Leonardo is left confused and, after feeling around his room, discovers the sweatshirt is gone  He smiles at the realization that Gabriel was the one who kissed him 

Cast
Ghilherme Lobo as Leonardo
Fabio Audi as Gabriel
Tess Amorim as Giovana

Awards and accolades
Feature film
In December 2012, the film's official Twitter announced that a feature film based on the short film, titled "Todas as Coisas mais Simples", which translates to "All of the Simplest Things", was in production, after over two years of fundraising and preparation of the script  Filming began and completed in early 2013  The film premiered in 2014 In September 2013, director Daniel Ribeiro, announced the final title would be "Hoje Eu Quero Voltar Sozinho", which translates to "Today I Want to Go Back Alone"  Ribeiro reported, "Throughout the development of the movie a new plot element arose: Leonardo's independence  It's a naturally common theme in any teen's life, but specially in Leonardo's as, being blind, he's often overprotected by those around him, and he wants to do some things on his own, without depending on others  Therefore, the original title was no longer valid, after all "going back alone" became one of the main character's objectives "
The official English title of the film is "The Way He Looks" 
Passage 11:
Jim Cornelison
James Cornelison (born June 20, 1964) is an American singer who sings "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "O Canada" at the beginning of home games for the Chicago Blackhawks, accompanied by organist Frank Pellico  Cornelison started singing the anthem for the Blackhawks part-time in 1996; he has been singing the national anthem for the Blackhawks full-time since 2007  Cornelison has sung "Back Home Again in Indiana" at the Indianapolis 500 since 2017  He has also performed the anthem before Chicago Bears home games at Soldier Field during the 2010–11 NFL playoffs, as well as the 2011 season opener against the Atlanta Falcons, which fell on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks  He also sang the National Anthem at the home opener of the 2019 season, the opening game of the 100th anniversary of the NFL 
Cornelison also sang at the 2015 NASCAR myAFibRisk com 400 race at Chicagoland Speedway  He performed the National Anthem at the Bears' 2016 home-opener against the Philadelphia Eagles  
He frequently sang the national anthem at the opening ceremonies for the Arlington International Festival of Racing at Arlington International Racecourse in the northwest suburbs of Chicago 
Cornelison graduated from Seattle Pacific University with degrees in music and psychology  He then went on to earn a master's degree in music from Indiana University in 1992  In 1995, he moved to Chicago and joined the Lyric Opera Center for American Artists 

Awards
Cornelison has won several awards for music, including:

The William Matheus Sullivan Foundation Award
First place in the American Opera Society of Chicago's 1997 Vocal Competition
The George London Foundation Encouragement Grant
Passage 12:
The Fox and the Hound
The Fox and the Hound is a 1981 American animated buddy drama film produced by Walt Disney Productions and loosely based on the 1967 novel of the same name by Daniel P  Mannix  The 24th Disney animated feature film, it tells the story of the unlikely friendship between a red fox named Tod and a hound dog named Copper  They struggle to preserve their friendship despite their emerging instincts and the surrounding social pressures demanding them to be adversaries, as they are enemies by nature  After Chief, Copper's mentor and guardian who is owned by the same hunter as him, is hit by a train while chasing Tod and seemingly almost dies, Copper assumes his role as a hunting dog and vows vengeance against Tod  Eventually, they fight each other, but in the end, Copper saves Tod after Tod saves him and his owner from a bear 
The film was directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, marking the directorial debuts of Berman and Rich  It was produced by Ron Miller, Wolfgang Reitherman, and Art Stevens  The ensemble voice cast consists of Mickey Rooney as Tod and Kurt Russell as Copper, respectively, with Pearl Bailey, Jack Albertson, Sandy Duncan, Jeanette Nolan, Pat Buttram, John Fiedler, John McIntire, Dick Bakalyan, Paul Winchell, Keith Mitchell, and Corey Feldman providing the voices of the other characters of the film  Mitchell and Feldman in particular voiced Young Tod and Young Copper  The instrumental musical score to the film was composed and conducted by Buddy Baker, with Walter Sheets performing the orchestration 
Walt Disney Productions first obtained the film rights to the novel by Daniel P  Mannix in 1967, however, actual development on the film would not occur until spring 1977  It marked the last involvement of the remaining members of Disney's Nine Old Men, which included Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston  Though they had involvement in early development of the film, it was ultimately handed over to a new generation of animators following the retirement of the old animators  As such, it was the first film for future directors including Tim Burton, Brad Bird, and John Lasseter  During production, its release was delayed by over six months following the abrupt departure of Don Bluth and his team of animators  Further concerns were raised over the handling of the scene in which Chief is hit by a train, which was originally planned to result in him dying  After debating the handling of the scene, the filmmakers decided to change the death into a non-fatal injury by which he merely suffers a broken leg 
The film was released to theaters on July 10, 1981, by Buena Vista Distribution  It was a financial success, becoming the 14th highest-grossing film of the year and earning $39 9 million in the United States  However, it received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the animation and voice acting of it, but believed that it was not groundbreaking enough  It was nominated for three awards, of which it won one  At the time of its release, it was the most expensive animated film produced to date, costing $12 million  It was re-released to theaters on March 25, 1988  An intermediate follow-up, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released directly-to-DVD on December 12, 2006 

Plot
After a young red fox is orphaned, Big Mama the owl and her friends, Dinky the finch and Boomer the woodpecker, arrange for him to be adopted by a kindly farmer named Widow Tweed, who names him Tod  Meanwhile, her neighbor, hunter Amos Slade, brings home a young hound puppy named Copper and introduces him to his hunting dog, Chief, who is at first annoyed by him, but then learns to love him  One day, Tod and Copper meet and become best friends, pledging eternal friendship  Amos grows frustrated at Copper for constantly wandering off to play, and places him on a leash  While playing with Copper outside his barrel, Tod accidentally awakens Chief  Amos and Chief chase him until they are stopped by Tweed  After an argument, Amos threatens to kill Tod if he trespasses on his property again  Hunting season comes and Amos takes Chief and Copper into the wilderness for the interim  Meanwhile, Big Mama, Dinky, and Boomer attempt to explain to Tod that Copper will soon become his enemy  However, he naively insists that they will remain friends forever 
The following spring, Tod and Copper reach adulthood  Copper returns as an expert hunting dog, who is expected to track down foxes  Late at night, Tod sneaks over to visit him  Their conversation awakens Chief, who alerts Amos  A chase ensues and Copper catches Tod, but lets him go while diverting Amos  Chief catches Tod as he attempts an escape on a railroad track, but an oncoming train strikes him, resulting in him falling into the river below and breaking his leg  Enraged by this, Copper and Amos blame Tod for the accident and vow vengeance  Realizing Tod is no longer safe with her, Tweed leaves him at a game reserve  After a disastrous night on his own in the woods, Big Mama introduces him to Vixey, a female fox who helps him adapt to life there 
Amos and Copper trespass into the reserve and hunt Tod and Vixey  The chase climaxes when they inadvertently provoke an attack from a giant bear  Amos trips and falls into one of his own traps, dropping his rifle slightly out of reach  Copper violently fights the bear, but is almost killed by it  Tod comes to his rescue and battles it until they both fall down a waterfall  As Copper approaches Tod as he lies wounded in the lake below, Amos appears, ready to shoot him  Copper positions himself in front of him to prevent Amos from doing so, refusing to move away  Amos, understanding Tod had saved their lives, lowers his rifle and leaves with Copper  Tod and Copper reconcile their friendship and share one last smile before parting  At home, Tweed nurses Amos back to health, much to his humiliation  As he lies down to take a nap, Copper smiles as he remembers the day when he first met Tod  At the same moment, Vixey joins Tod on top of a hill as they both look down on Amos' and Tweed's homes 

Voice cast
Mickey Rooney as Tod
Keith Mitchell as Young Tod
Kurt Russell as Copper
Corey Feldman as Young Copper
Pearl Bailey as Big Mama
Jack Albertson as Amos Slade
Sandy Duncan as Vixey
Jeanette Nolan as Widow Tweed
Pat Buttram as Chief
John Fiedler as The Porcupine
John McIntire as The Badger
Dick Bakalyan as Dinky
Paul Winchell as Boomer

Production
Development
In May 1967, shortly before the novel won the Dutton Animal Book Award, it was reported that Walt Disney Productions had obtained the film rights to it  In spring 1977, development began on the project after Wolfgang Reitherman had read the original novel and decided that it would make for a good animated feature as one of his sons had once owned a pet fox years before  The title was initially reported as The Fox and the Hounds, but the filmmakers dropped the plural as the story began to focus more and more on the two leads  Reitherman was the film's original director along with Art Stevens as codirector  A power struggle between the two directors and coproducer Ron Miller broke out over key sections of the film with Miller supporting the younger Stevens  Miller instructed Reitherman to surrender reins over to the junior personnel, but Reitherman resisted due to a lack of trust in the young animators In an earlier version of the film, Chief was slated to die as he did in the novel  However, the scene was modified to have him survive with a broken leg  Animator Ron Clements, who had briefly transitioned into the story department, protested, "Chief has to die  The picture doesn't work if he just breaks his leg  Copper doesn't have motivation to hate the fox " Likewise, younger members of the story team pleaded with Stevens to have him killed  He countered, "Geez, we never killed a main character in a Disney film and we're not starting now!" The younger crew members took the problem to upper management, who would also back Stevens  Ollie Johnston's test animation of Chief stomping around the house with his leg in a cast was eventually kept, and Randy Cartwright reanimated the scene where Copper finds his body and had him animate his eyes opening and closing so the audience knew that he was not dead Another fight erupted when Reitherman, in thinking the film lacked a strong second act, decided to add a musical sequence of two swooping cranes voiced by Phil Harris and Charo  These characters would sing a silly song titled "Scoobie-Doobie Doobie Doo, Let Your Body Turn to Goo" to Tod after he was dropped in the forest  Charo had recorded the song and several voice tracks which were storyboarded, and live-action reference footage was shot of her wearing a sweaty pink leotard  However, the scene was strongly disliked by studio personnel who felt the song was a distraction from the main plot, with Stevens stating, "We can't let that sequence in the movie! It's totally out of place!" He notified studio management and after many story conferences, the scene was removed  Reitherman later walked into his office, slumped in a chair, and said, "I dunno, Art, maybe this is a young man's medium " He later moved on to undeveloped projects such as Catfish Bend 

Animation
By late 1978, Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston, and Cliff Nordberg had completed their animation  Thomas had animated scenes of Tod and Copper using dialogue Larry Clemmons had written and recorded with the child actors  The film would mark the last one to have the involvement of Disney's Nine Old Men who had retired early during production, and animation was turned over to the next generation of directors and animators, which included John Lasseter, John Musker, Ron Clements, Glen Keane, Tim Burton, Brad Bird, Henry Selick, Chris Buck, Mike Gabriel, and Mark Dindal, all of whom would finalize the animation and complete the film's production  These animators had moved through the in-house animation training program, and would play an important role in the Disney Renaissance of the 1980s and 1990s However, the transition between the old guard and the new resulted in arguments over how to handle the film  Reitherman had his own ideas on the designs and layouts that should be used, but the newer team backed Stevens  Animator Don Bluth animated several scenes including of Widow Tweed milking her cow, Abigail, while his team worked on the rest of the sequence, and when she fires at Amos' automobile  Nevertheless, Bluth and the new animators felt that Reitherman was too stern and out of touch, and on his 42nd birthday, September 13, 1979, Bluth, along with Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, entered Ron Miller's office, and they turned in their resignations  Soon after, 13 more animators followed suit in turning in their resignations  Though Bluth and his team had animated substantial scenes, they asked not to receive screen credit With those animators now gone, Miller ordered all of the resigning animators off the studio lot by noon of that same day and would later push the film's release from Christmas 1980 to summer 1981  New animators were hired and promoted to fill the ranks  To compensate for the lack of experience of the new animators, much of the quality control would rely upon a network of veteran assistant animators  Four years after production started, the film was finished with approximately 360,000 drawings, 110,000 painted cels, and 1,100 painted backgrounds making up the finished product  A total of 180 people, including 24 animators, worked on the film 

Casting
Early into production, the principal characters such as Young Tod, Young Copper, Big Mama, and Amos Slade had already been cast  The supporting roles were filled by Disney voice regulars including Pat Buttram as Chief, Paul Winchell as Boomer, and Mickey Rooney, who had just finished filming Pete's Dragon (1977), as Adult Tod  Jeanette Nolan was the second choice for Widow Tweed after Helen Hayes turned down the role  The last role to be cast was Adult Copper  Jackie Cooper had auditioned for the role, but left the project when he demanded more money than the studio was willing to pay  While filming the Elvis (1979) television film, former Disney young actor Kurt Russell was cast following a reading that had impressed the filmmakers, and completed his dialogue in two recording sessions  The growling vocals for the bear were provided by sound effects artist Jimmy MacDonald 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album for the film was released in 1981 by Disneyland Records  It contains songs written by Stan Fidel, Jim Stafford, and Jeffrey Patch 

Track listing
Release
Box office
In its original release, the film grossed $39 9 million in domestic grosses, the highest for an animated film at the time from its initial release  Its distributor rentals were reported to be $14 2 million while its international rentals totaled $43 million  It was rereleased theatrically on March 25, 1988, where it grossed $23 5 million  It has had a lifetime gross of $63 5 million across its original release and reissue 

Home media
The film was first released on VHS on March 4, 1994, as the last entry in the Walt Disney Classics line  This release was placed into moratorium on April 30, 1995  On May 2, 2000, it was released on Region 1 DVD for the first time as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line, along with a simultaneous VHS re-issue as part of the same video line on the same day  This edition went into moratorium in January 2006  Soon after, a 25th anniversary special edition DVD was released on October 10, 2006 The film was released on Blu-ray on August 9, 2011, commemorating its 30th anniversary as part of a 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo pack that was bundled as a 2-movie Collection Edition featuring The Fox and the Hound 2 on the same Blu-ray Disc, as well as separate DVD versions of both films  Featuring a new digital restoration, the Blu-ray transfer presents the film for the first time in 1 66:1 widescreen and also features 5 1 DTS-HD Master Audio  The Fox and the Hound 2 is presented in 1 78:1 widescreen and features the same audio channel as the first film  A DVD-only edition of the 2-movie Collection, again featuring both films on separate discs, was also released on the same day 

Critical reception
Initial reviews
Vincent Canby of The New York Times claimed that the film "breaks no new ground whatsoever", while describing it as "a pretty, relentlessly cheery, old-fashioned sort of Disney cartoon feature, chock-full of bouncy songs of an upbeatness that is stickier than Krazy Glue and played by animals more anthropomorphic than the humans that occasionally appear " He further commented that the film "is rather overstuffed with whimsy and folksy dialogue  It also possesses a climax that could very well scare the daylights out of the smaller tykes in the audience, though all ends well  Parents who don't relish chaperoning their tykes to see the movie, but find they must anyway, can take heart in the knowledge that the running time is 83 minutes  That's about as short as you can get these days " Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times praised the animation, but criticized the story for playing it too safe  She acknowledged that the writers were "protecting us from important stuff: from rage, from pain, from loss  By these lies, done for our own good, of course, they also limit the growth that is possible " David Ansen of Newsweek stated, "Adults may wince at some of the sticky-sweet songs, but the movie is not intended for grownups "Richard Corliss of Time magazine praised the film for its intelligent story about prejudice  He argued that it shows that biased attitudes can poison even the deepest relationships, and its bittersweet ending delivers a powerful and important moral message to audiences  Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also praised it, saying, "For all of its familiar qualities, this movie marks something of a departure for the Disney studio, and its movement is in an interesting direction  The Fox and the Hound is one of those relatively rare Disney animated features that contains a useful lesson for its younger audiences  It's not just cute animals and frightening adventures and a happy ending; it's also a rather thoughtful meditation on how society determines our behavior "

Retrospective reviews
TV Guide gave the film four out of five stars, saying, "The animation here is better than average (veteran Disney animators Wolfgang Reitherman and Art Stevens supervised the talents of a new crop of artists that developed during a 10-year program at the studio), though not quite up to the quality of Disney Studios in its heyday  Still, this film has a lot of 'heart' and is wonderful entertainment for both kids and their parents  Listen for a number of favorites among the voices " Michael Scheinfeld of Common Sense Media gave its quality a rating of 4 out of 5 stars, stating, "It develops into a thoughtful examination of friendship and includes some mature themes, especially loss "In The Animated Movie Guide, Jerry Beck considered the film "average", though he praises the voice work of Pearl Bailey as Big Mama, and the extreme dedication to detail shown by animator Glen Keane in crafting the fight scene between Copper, Tod, and the bear  In his book The Disney Films, Leonard Maltin also notes that that scene received great praise in the animation world  However, he felt the film relied too much on "formula cuteness, formula comedy relief, and even formula characterizations"  Overall, he considered it "charming" stating that it is "warm, and brimming with personable characters" and that it "approaches the old Disney magic at times " Craig Butler from All Movie Guide stated that it was a "warm and amusing, if slightly dull, entry in the Disney animated canon " He also called it "conventional and generally predictable" with problems in pacing  However, he praised its climax and animation, as well as the ending  His final remark is that "Two of the directors, Richard Rich and Ted Berman, would next direct The Black Cauldron, a less successful but more ambitious project "Rob Humanick of Slant Magazine gave the film 31⁄2 out of five stars, noting that it was the transition point between the remaining original animators since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to the new generation, saying that "the results culled the best qualities of both groups " and that "The result is a work of both learned, assured poise and triumphant freshman determination, not far away (in style or quality) from other benchmark-status works, like the aforementioned Snow White or Pixar’s Toy Story " RL Shaffer of IGN wrote a rather mixed review, claiming that it "is just not as impressive as Disney's early work, or their late '80s/early '90s pictures " James Kendrick of Q Network Film Desk stated that it "is not one of the studio's best efforts, but nonetheless it remains a fascinating product of an era of upheaval as well as a meaningful statement about the nature of prejudice " Peter Canavense of Groucho Reviews stated that it "is sweet but a bit dull", nothing that "Overall, the picture is good-hearted and colorful, with an ending that carries a nice touch of ambiguity about the tussle of nature and nurture " John J  Puccio of Movie Metropolis claimed that it "is very sweet and no doubt a delight for children, but I found it quite slow and tedious "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 70% approval rating with an average rating of 6 5/10 based on 27 reviews  The website's consensus states that "The Fox and the Hound is a likeable, charming, unassuming effort that manages to transcend its thin, predictable plot " Metacritic gave it a score of 65 based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

Accolades
The film was awarded a Golden Screen Award (German: Goldene Leinwand) in 1982  In the same year, it was also nominated for a Young Artist Award and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film 

Comic adaptations
As well as adaptations of the film itself, comic strips featuring the characters also appeared in stories unconnected to it  Examples include The Lost Fawn, in which Copper uses his sense of smell to help Tod find a fawn who has gone astray;The Escape in which Tod and Vixey must save the Canada goose from the bobcat;The Chase, in which Copper must safeguard a sleepwalking Chief; and Feathered Friends, in which Dinky and Boomer must go to desperate lengths to save one of Widow Tweed's chickens from a coyote A comic adaptation of the film, drawn by Richard Moore, was published in newspapers as part of Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales  A comic-book titled The Fox and the Hound followed, with new adventures of the characters  From 1981 to 2007, a few Fox and the Hound Disney comics stories were produced in Italy, Netherlands, Brazil, France, and the United States 

Follow-up
An intermediate follow-up, The Fox and the Hound 2, was released directly-to-DVD on December 12, 2006  It takes place during Tod and Copper's youth, before the events of the later half of the first film  The story-line involves Copper being tempted to join a band of singing stray dogs called "The Singin' Strays", thus threatening his friendship with Tod  It was critically panned, with critics calling it a pale imitation of its predecessor 

See also
Foxes in popular culture, films and literature
The Belstone Fox, a 1973 British film with similar themes, based on David Rook's 1970 novel, The Ballad of the Belstone Fox

Notes



ground_truth: Karen Fairchild