prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What hedge fund's collapse in 1998 highlighted the need for regulation of derivatives?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: Brooksley Elizabeth Born (born August 27, 1940) is an American attorney and former public official who, from August 26, 1996, to June 1, 1999, was chair of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the federal agency which oversees the U S  futures and commodity options markets  During her tenure on the CFTC, Born lobbied Congress and the President to give the CFTC oversight of off-exchange markets for derivatives, in addition to its role with respect to exchange-traded derivatives, but her warnings were ignored or dismissed, and her calls for reform resisted by other regulators <ref name="nytimes">Goodman, Peter S  The Reckoning - Taking Hard New Look at a Greenspan Legacy, The New York Times, October 9, 2008 </ref> Born resigned as chairperson on June 1, 1999, shortly after Congress passed legislation prohibiting her agency from regulating derivatives 

In 2009, Born received the John F  Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award, along with Sheila Bair of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, in recognition of the "political courage she demonstrated in sounding early warnings about conditions that contributed" to the 2007-08 financial crisis 

Early life and education
Born graduated from Abraham Lincoln High School (San Francisco, California) at the age of 16  She then attended Stanford University, where she majored in English and was graduated with the class of 1961   She initially wanted to become a doctor, but a guidance counsellor at Stanford advised her against medicine, so she majored in English literature instead 

She then attended Stanford Law School, one of only seven women in her class   She was the first female student ever to be named president of the Stanford Law Review  She received the "Outstanding Senior" award and graduated as valedictorian of the class of 1964 

Legal career
Immediately after law school Born was selected as a law clerk to judge Henry Edgerton of the U S  Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit  It was during this time that she met her first husband, Jacob C  Landau, who was a journalist covering the Federal courts at the time  Following her clerkship, she became an associate at the Washington, D C -based international law firm of Arnold & Porter  Born was attracted to Arnold & Porter because it was one of the few major law firms to have a woman partner at that time, Carolyn Agger, who was the head of the tax practice  Born took a two-year leave of absence from Arnold & Porter to accompany her first husband to Boston, where he had received a fellowship  During that time she worked as a research assistant to law professor Alan Dershowitz 

Born's early career at Arnold & Porter focused on international trade law, in which she represented a number of Swiss industries and the government of Switzerland  She developed a practice representing clients in numerous complex litigation and arbitration cases involving financial market transactions  Among her high-profile cases was the matter of the Hunt Brothers attempt to corner the market in silver in the 1970s  She made partner at Arnold & Porter, after moving to a three-day schedule to help raise her second child, and eventually rose to be the head of the firm's derivatives practice 

Born was among the first female attorneys to systematically address inequities regarding how the laws treated women  Born and another female lawyer, Marna Tucker, taught what is considered to have been the first "Women and the Law" course at Catholic University’s Columbus School of Law  The class exclusively concerned prejudicial treatment of women under the laws of the United States, past and present   Born and Tucker were surprised to discover that there was no textbook on the issue at the time   Born is also one of the co-founders of the National Women's Law Center  Born also helped rewrite the American Bar Association rules to make it possible for more women and minorities to sit on federal bench 

During her long legal career, and into her retirement, Born did much pro bono and other types of volunteer work  She was active in the American Bar Association, the largest professional organization of lawyers in the United States   Initially Born was named a member of the governing council of the ABA's Individual Rights Section, eventually becoming chairperson   Born and Tucker founded the ABA Women's Caucus, the first organization of female lawyers in the ABA   She held several other senior positions in the ABA, including being named the first woman member of the ABA's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary   As a member of the Judiciary Committee, Born provided testimony and opinion on persons nominated for federal judgeships  In 1980 she was named chair of the committee   As chair of the committee, Born was invited to address the U S  Congress regarding the nomination of Judge Sandra Day O'Connor to the U S  Supreme Court 

In 1993, Born's name was floated as a possible candidate for Attorney General of the United States, but Janet Reno was nominated 

In July 2009, Nancy Pelosi appointed Brooksley Born as a commissioner to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) 

Born and the OTC derivatives market
Born was appointed to the CFTC on April 15, 1994, by President Bill Clinton  Due to litigation against Bankers Trust Company by Procter and Gamble and other corporate clients, Born and her team at the CFTC sought comments on the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives, a first step in the process of writing CFTC regulations to supplement the existing regulations of the Federal Reserve System,  the Options Clearing Corporation, and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners  Born was particularly concerned about swaps, financial instruments that are traded over the counter between banks, insurance companies or other funds or companies, and thus have no transparency except to the two counterparties and the counterparties' regulators, if any   CFTC regulation was strenuously opposed by Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, and by Treasury Secretaries Robert Rubin and Lawrence Summers  On May 7, 1998, former SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt joined Rubin and Greenspan in objecting to the issuance of the CFTC's concept release  Their response dismissed Born's analysis and focused on the hypothetical possibility that CFTC regulation of swaps and other OTC derivative instruments could create a "legal uncertainty" regarding such financial instruments,  hypothetically reducing the value of the instruments  They argued that the imposition of regulatory costs would "stifle financial innovation" and encourage financial capital to transfer its  transactions offshore  The disagreement between Born and the Executive Office's top economic policy advisors has been described not only as a classic Washington turf war, but also a war of ideologies,  insofar as it is possible to argue that Born's actions were consistent with Keynesian and neoclassical economics while Greenspan, Rubin, Levitt, and Summers consistently espoused neoliberal, and neoconservative policies 

In 1998, a trillion-dollar hedge fund called Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) was near collapse   Using mathematical models to calculate debt risk, LTCM used derivatives to leverage $5 billion into more than $1 trillion, doing business with fifteen of Wall Street's largest financial institutions   The derivative transactions were not regulated, nor were investors able to evaluate LTCM's exposures   Born stated, "I thought that LTCM was exactly what I had been worried about"   In the last weekend of September 1998, the President's working group was told that the entire American economy hung in the balance   After intervention by the Federal Reserve, the crisis was averted   In congressional hearings into the crisis, Greenspan acknowledged that language had been introduced into an agriculture bill that would prevent CFTC from regulating the derivatives which were at the center of the crisis that threatened the US economy   U S  Representative Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) asked "How many more failures do you think we'd have to have before some regulation in this area might be appropriate?"  In response, Greenspan brushed aside the substance of Born's warnings with the simple assertion that "the degree of supervision of regulation of the over-the-counter derivatives market is quite adequate to maintain a degree of stability in the system"  Born's warning was that there wasn't any regulation of them   Born's chief of staff, Michael Greenberger summed up Greenspan's position this way: "Greenspan didn't believe that fraud was something that needed to be enforced, and he assumed she probably did  And of course, she did "  Under heavy pressure from the financial lobby, legislation prohibiting regulation of derivatives by Born's agency was passed by the Congress   Born resigned on June 1, 1999 

The derivatives market continued to grow yearly throughout both terms of George W  Bush's administration  On September 15, 2008, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers forced a broad recognition of a financial crisis in both the US and world capital markets   As Lehman Brothers' failure temporarily reduced financial capital's confidence, a number of newspaper articles and television programs suggested that the failure's possible causes included the conflict between the CFTC and the other regulators Faiola, Anthony, Nakashima, Ellen and Drew, Jill  The Crash: Risk and Regulation - What Went Wrong, The Washington Post, October 15, 2008 

Born declined to publicly comment on the unfolding 2008 crisis until March 2009, when she said: "The market grew so enormously, with so little oversight and regulation, that it made the financial crisis much deeper and more pervasive than it otherwise would have been " She also lamented the influence of Wall Street lobbyists on the process and the refusal of regulators to discuss even modest reforms 

An October 2009 Frontline documentary titled "The Warning"  described Born's thwarted efforts to regulate and bring transparency to the derivatives market, and the continuing opposition thereto  The program concluded with an excerpted interview with Born sounding another warning: "I think we will have continuing danger from these markets and that we will have repeats of the financial crisis -- may differ in details but there will be significant financial downturns and disasters attributed to this regulatory gap, over and over, until we learn from experience "

In 2009 Born, along with Sheila Bair of the FDIC, was awarded the John F  Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award in recognition of the "political courage she demonstrated in sounding early warnings about conditions that contributed" to the 2007-08 financial crisis   According to Caroline Kennedy, "Brooksley Born recognized that the financial security of all Americans was being put at risk by the greed, negligence and opposition of  powerful and well connected interests     The catastrophic financial events of recent months have  proved them [Born and Sheila Bair] right "  One member of the President's working group had a change of heart about Brooksley Born   SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt stated "I've come to know her as one of the most capable, dedicated, intelligent and committed public servants that I have ever come to know", adding that "I could have done much better  I could have made a difference" in response to her warnings 

In 2010, a documentary film Inside Job further alleged that derivatives regulation was ineffective from the Clinton administration on  Along with fellow whistleblower, former IMF Chief Economist Raghuram Rajan, who was also scorned by the economic establishment, Brooksley Born was cited as one of the authorities arguing that financial derivatives increase economic risk 

 Personal life 
Born is married to Alexander E  Bennett (also retired from Arnold & Porter)   She has five adult children - two from a previous marriage to Jacob Landau and three stepchildren  Notably, Born was named a partner at Arnold & Porter while working part-time so she could raise her two young children   When both of her children were school-age, Born returned to practice full-time 

References

External links
Attorney profile at Arnold & Porter
Brooksley Born (2009 Winner) of the Profiles in Courage Award, with acceptance speech transcript and NECN video

Profile at MarketsWiki
Speeches and statements
"Testimony Of Brooksley Born Chairperson of the CFTC Concerning The Over-The-Counter Derivatives Market", before the House Committee On Banking And Financial Services, July 24, 1998 
"The Lessons of Long Term Capital Management L P ", Remarks of Brooksley Born, Chairperson of the CFTC, Chicago-Kent-IIT Commodities Law Institute, Chicago, Illinois, October 15, 1998 
 Interview: Brooksley Born for "PBS Frontline: The Warning", PBS, (streaming VIDEO 1 hour), October 20, 2009 
Articles
Manuel Roig-Franzia  "Credit Crisis Cassandra:Brooksley Born's Unheeded Warning Is a Rueful Echo 10 Years On", The Washington Post, May 26, 2009
 Taibbi, Matt  "The Great American Bubble Machine", Rolling Stone'', July 9–23, 2009

1940 births
American women lawyers
Arnold & Porter people
Clinton administration personnel
Columbus School of Law faculty
Commodity Futures Trading Commission personnel
Heads of United States federal agencies
Lawyers from San Francisco
Living people
Stanford Law School alumni
21st-century American women

Context 3: Rokebye, Ralph of Yorks, arm  Gloucester Hall, matric  9 Nov , 1582, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1585  See Foster's Inns of Court Register 
Rokebye, Ralph of Herts (? Yorks), gent  Broadgates Hall, matric  entry 28 Feb , 1589-90, aged 14  See pedigree in Foster's Yorkshire Collection 
Rokeby, William (brother of Sir Richard, treasurer of Ireland, son of John, of Thundercliffe Grange, Yorks), fellow of King's Hall, Cambridge, D Can L ; rector of Sandal 1487, and of Halifax, Yorks, 1502, rector of Fakenham, Norfolk, 1496, chancellor of Ireland 1498, and 1515, bishop of Meath, and privy councillor 1507, archbishop of Dublin 1512, archdeacon of Surrey 1520, until his death 29 Nov , 1521  See Ath  ii  717; Cotton, i  25; & Lansdowne MS  979, ff  4, 6 
Rolfe, Augustine (Rolfus) M A  from Queen's Coll , Cambridge, 1595; incorporated 10 July, 1599 
Rolf, Richard B A  from Emanuel Coll , Cambridge, 1584-5 (incorporated 11 July, 1585); M A  1588  See Foster's Graduati Cantab 
Rolfe, William cler  fil  New Coll , matric  10 March, 1656-7, B A  1660, fellow, M A  14 Jan , 1663-4; rector of Brampton 1668, and of Stoke Bruern, Northants, 1676, until his death, buried (at Stoke Bruern) 6 Sept , 1693  See Baker's Northants, i  86 
Rolfe, William s  William, of Stoke-Bruern, Northants, cler  Brasenose Coll  7 July, 1688, aged 16; student of Inner Temple 1692, buried in the Temple church 1 March, 1692-3  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rolle, Denis youngest son John, of Steventon, Devon, equitis  Exeter Coll , matric  15 Feb , 1666-7, aged 17; brother of John same date 
Rolle, Denis s  D , of Heanton, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll  matric  24 Oct , 1687, aged 17; B A  1691, M A  1694 (as Denys), rector of Merton, Devon, 1696  See Samuel 1687, & Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rolle, (Sir) Henry of Devon, arm  fil  Broadgates Hall, matric  14 June, 1594, aged 18; student of Middle Temple 1597 (as son and heir of Henry, of Steventon, Devon, esq ), knighted 23 July, 1603, died in 1617  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rolle, Henry of Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  20 March, 1606-7, aged 17; bar -at-law, Inner Temple, 1618, bencher 1633 (2s  Robert, of Heanton, Devon), M P  Callington 1621-2, 1624-5, Truro 1625-1626, 1628-9, serjeant-at-law 1640, recorder of Dorchester 1636, a judge of king's bench 1645, chief justice of upper bench 1648-55, died 30 July, 1656, buried in Shapwick church, Somerset; brother of Samuel 1605  See Ath  iii  416; & Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rolle, Henry s  Alex , of Tavistock, Devon, gent  Christ Church, matric  23 March, 1696-7, aged 17 
Rolle, John of Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  30 May, 1589, aged 15; B A  8 Feb , 1592-3, M A  25 May, 1596 
Rolle, John 1s  John, of Steventon, Devon, equitis  Exeter Coll , matric  15 Feb , 1666-7, aged 18; of Bicton, Devon; died in his father's lifetime, buried at Bicton 22 April, 1689; brother of Denis 1667, and father of Denis 1698 
Rolle, Richard s  Richard, of Cookeburye, Devon, gent  New Inn Hall, matric  26 Sept , 1634, aged 18; B A  from Jesus Coll , Cambridge, 1638, incorporated from Gloucester Hall 17 Dec , 1639, M A  2 July, 1642, rector of Sheviocke, Cornwall, 1656; father of the next-named  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolle, Richard s  R , of Sheviock, Cornwall, cler  St  Alban Hall, matric  3 July, 1674, aged 17; B A  1678 
Rolle, Robert (Rooles or Roales) fellow New Coll  1551-60 from Mark Lane, city of London, B A  26 June, 1555, M A  26 July, 1560, B D  22 Jan , 1572-3, D D  June, 1585, a teacher in Westminster school; perhaps canon of Combe (4) in Wells, 1574, and rector of Stoke Climsland, Devon, 1574  See O H S  i  345; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolle, Samuel s  Denis, of Great Torrington, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  16 July, 1687, aged 18, B A  1691; bar -at-law Middle Temple 1697; M P  Barnstaple 1705, died 1747; see Denis 1687  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rolle, William B C L  14 July, 1528; perhaps vicar of Yarncombe, Devon, 1536  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rolles, Gabriel (Rooles) B A  from St  John's Coll , Cambridge, 1610-11, M A  1614; incorporated 13 July, 1619, rector of East Locking, Berks, 1620, as Rolle  See Foster's Graduati Cantab 
Rolles, Richard gent  Jesus Coll , matric  1 March, 1632-3, B A  next day, M A  15 Oct , 1635; perhaps created B D  20 Dec  1642, "ex regis gratia," rector of Wavendon, Bucks, and of Witham, Essex, 1646, by the Westminster assembly  See Add  MS  15,670, p  70 
Rolles, William s  Richard, of Lewknor, Oxon, gent  St  John's Coll , matrie  12 March, 1637-8, aged 17, B A  9 Nov , 1641, M A  6 July, 1644; B D  from Jesus Coll  12 Sept , 1661, rector of Wheatfield, Oxon, 1660, and of Chalfont St  Giles, Bucks, 1662  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolles, William created M A  from Exeter Coll  14 April, 1648 
Rolleston, Simon created M A  31 Aug , 1636 
Rolleston, Thomas of Devon, gent  Wadham Coll , matric  12 May, 1620, aged 16 
Rollinson, Francis 1584  See Rallinson 
Rollinson, William s  "Jose," of London, gent  St  John's Coll , matric  7 March, 1694-5, aged 15; perhaps brother of John Rawlinson, of New Coll  1692  See page 1236 
Rolt, Edward youngest son of Tho , of London, equitis  Merton Coll , matric  7 Nov , 1701, aged 15; of Sacomb, Herts, and Chippenham, Wilts, student of Lincoln's Inn, 1702, M P  St  Mawes 1713, Grantham 1715-22, Chippenham 1722; died 22 Dec , 1722; his father knighted 1 Oct , 1682, and died 9 Sept , 1710  See Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary 
Rolte, George s  Thomas, of St  Margarets par  Darenth, Kent, pleb  St  Alban Hall, matric  17 June, 1631, aged 18; B A  20 June, 1631, M A  29 April, 1634, incorporated at Cambridge 1639 
Romane, Edmund pleb  Balliol Coll , matric  20 Feb , 1627-8, aged 18; B A  next day, M A  3 June, 1630 
Romaine, Matthew pleb  Balliol Coll , matric  10 June, 1630, B A  same day, M A  14 May, 1633, vicar of Stoke Gaylard, Dorset, 1639; father of the next  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Romayne, Thomas s  Matth , of Stoke Gaylard, Dorset, minister  Wadham Coll , matric  17 July, 1669, aged 17; B A  from Hart Hall 1673, "the intruded" rector of Stoke Gaylard 1675  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Romayne, William (Ronayne) gent  Trinity Coll , matric  31 July, 1671, aged 16 
Rome, Harcourt s  William, of London, p p  Brasenose Coll , matric  13 Dec , 1672, aged 17 
Rome, William s  G  (? "Gul "), of Northampton (city), pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  11 Dec



ground_truth: Long Term Capital Management (LTCM).

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the scaling form for the alternative order parameter O?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: \section*{Dynamical Behaviour of $O$ in Lattice Gases}

The dynamical behaviour of the anisotropic order parameter  $m$ [see Eq ~\eqref{eq:def-m} in the Letter] following a quench to the critical point is well described by
the Gaussian theory for all the three lattice gas models studied, $i e ,$ driven lattice gas with either constant (IDLG) or random (RDLG) infinite drive and equilibrium lattice gas (LG)  In other words, in the short-time regime, $m \sim t^{1/2}$ [see Eq  \eqref{eq:mt}] and the Binder cumulant $g$ of the lowest transverse mode [defined in Eq  \eqref{eq:binder}] is zero in this regime  The alternative order parameter $O,$ however, distinguishes between the driven (IDLG, RDLG) and the equilibrium (LG) lattice gases  

In order to understand  this, we first write the phenomenological scaling form for $O$,  analogous to Eq  \eqref{eq:scalingass} in  the Letter,
\begin{eqnarray}
O (t, L_{\parallel} ; S_\Delta) = L_{\parallel}^{-\beta/[\nu(1+\Delta)]} \tilde f_O (t/L_{\parallel}^{z/(1+\Delta)} ; S_\Delta) \quad
\label{eq:Oscalingass}
\end{eqnarray}
We already remarked that, in the LG, this scaling form is not compatible with the prediction $O \sim t^{1/8}  L_{\parallel}^{-1/2}$ of the Gaussian theory   However, following Ref  \cite{AS2002}, it can be argued that, at short times, the only dependence of $O$ on the system size $L_{\parallel}$ is of the form $O \sim L_\parallel^{-1/2}$ which is very well confirmed by numerical simulations  Accordingly,  the generic behaviour of $O$ can be assumed to be
\begin{eqnarray}
O \sim t^{\alpha} L_\parallel^{-1/2}, \label{eq:O}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha$ is a phenomenological exponent to be determined  This, along with Eq  \eqref{eq:Oscalingass}, implies $\tilde f_O(x) \sim x^{\alpha} $ Comparing the finite-size behaviour in Eq ~\eqref{eq:O} with Eq ~\eqref{eq:Oscalingass} one actually infers,
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha &=& \frac{1+ \Delta -2 \beta/\nu}{2 \, (4- \eta)}  \label{eq:alpha}
\end{eqnarray}
This equation, together with the hyperscaling relation $\Delta - 2 \beta/\nu= - \eta$ in two spatial dimensions, shows that the prediction $\alpha = 1/8$ of the Gaussian theory [see Eq  \eqref{eq:Ot}] can be obtained only when $\eta=0,$ which is the case for the IDLG (exactly) and the RDLG (approximately) but not for the LG  

On the other hand,  Eq ~\eqref{eq:alpha} predicts $\alpha = 1/10$ upon substituting the values of the critical exponents corresponding to the Ising  universality class (LG)  This is consistent with the numerical simulation results presented in the main text, see Fig  \ref{fig:ising}(b) therein 

\begin{figure}[th]
\vspace*{0 2 cm}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[width=10 cm]{ /compare_binder pdf}

\caption{Comparison between the temporal evolution of the Binder cumulants $g$ corresponding to the $12^{th}$ transverse mode, $i e ,$ with $n_\perp =12,$ in the LG (lowest curve), IDLG and RDLG (two upper curves) on a $32 \times 32$ lattice  \label{fig:b}}
 \label{fig:binder}
\end{figure}


The emergence of this new value $1/10$ of the exponent $\alpha$ must be traced back to the non-Gaussian nature of higher fluctuating modes in the LG  In fact, even though the lowest mode behaves identically in all the three models we considered,  characterized by the same behaviour of $m$, higher modes show a significant difference in the non-driven case   


To illustrate this, we measured the Binder cumulants of higher modes which is defined  analogously to Eq ~(11), using transverse modes other than the first, i e , with $\mu=\tilde \sigma(0,2 \pi n_\bot/L_\bot)$ and $n_\bot>1 $  
 Figure \ref{fig:b} compares the same for all the three lattice gases for the mode with $n_\perp =12$ on a $32 \times 32$ lattice  Clearly, the curve corresponding to the LG (lowest, blue) departs from Gaussian behaviour $g=0$ (in practice, $e g ,$ $|g| \lesssim 0 005,$ corresponding to the shaded gray area) much earlier than it does for the IDLG  or RDLG (two upper curves, red and green respectively) 

Accordingly, the different dynamical behaviour of $O$, which involves a sum over all modes, can be attributed to the non-Gaussian nature of the higher modes in the LG  
Such a departure is not entirely surprising  In fact, for higher modes, mesoscopic descriptions such as the ones in Eqs  \eqref{eq:L-DLG} or \eqref{eq:g_evol} are not expected to hold, while the anisotropy at the microscopic level could be the mechanism leading to the Gaussianity of higher modes in the driven models 


Context 3: , 1684, aged 16 
Romney, Joseph B A  from Emanuel Coll , Cambridge, 1610-11, M A  1614; incorporated 8 July, 1614, student of Inner Temple 1610, as of London, gent  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rone, John s  Randolph, of Hanmer, Flints, pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  10 Oct , 1634, aged 18; D D  Trinity Coll , Dublin, 25 Jan , 1666 (as Roane), vicar of Hanmer, Flints, 1644, ejected same year, dean of Clogher 1667, bishop of Killaloe 1675, until his death 5 Sept , 1692  See Cotton's Fasti Ecc  Hib  i  467 
Rone, William of New Coll  1661  See Roane 
Roode, Edward (or Rode) B A  21 July, 1522, M A  26 Nov , 1534; perhaps canon of Southwell 1561-73 
Roode, Edward cler  fil  Merton Coll , matric  22 Nov , 1650; Eton postmaster 1649, fellow 1651, B A  2 March, 1651-2, M A  14 Dec , 1655; incorporated at Cambridge 1657, and LL D  1671; vicar of Gamlingay, co  Cambridge, rector of one moiety 1661, and of the other 1677; died at Cambridge 1689  See Burrows, 525; & O H S  iv  292 
Roode, Onesiphorus s  Edward, of Thame, Oxon, sacerd  New Inn Hall, matric  27 Oct , 1637, aged 16, B A  1 July, 1641; incorporated at Cambridge 1645; chaplain to the house of lords after the expulsion of the bishops; minister of New chapel, Tuttle-Fields, Westminster, 1648, until ejected in 1660  See Calamy, i  195 
Rood, Richard M A  from Pembroke Coll  5 Dec , 1634 
Rooke, John s  Tho , of Broadwell, co  Gloucester, pleb  Pembroke Coll , matric  1 March, 1683-4, aged 17; brother of Thomas 1693 
Rooke, John s  Tho , of Whitchurch, Wilts, gent  Balliol Coll , matric  14 Jan , 1713-14, aged 17 
Rooke, Nicholas s  Arthur, of Totnes, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  10 March, 1670-1, aged 16; B A  1674, M A  1677, rector of Dartington, Devon, 1679  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rooke, Robert "ser " Oriel Coll , matric  1 April, 1656, B A  1659 
Rooke, Robert s  R , p p  St  Alban Hall, matric  30 March, 1677, aged 17 
Rooke, Thomas pleb  Christ Church, matric  3 May, 1659 
Rooke, William (Roock) of Dorset, pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  entry under date 20 March, 1578-9, aged 19; B A  from St  Alban Hall 30 Jan , 1582-3, M A  9 May, 1586 
Rooke, William of Dorset, gent  New Coll , matric  12 July, 1605, aged 18; B A  21 Feb , 1608-9, chaplain, M A  16 Dec , 1611, rector of North Cheriton, Somerset, 1618  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rooke, William s  J , of Workington, Cumberland, p p  Queen's Coll , matric  22 Oct , 1669, aged 17; B A  1674, M A  1677, B D  1690, vicar of Plumstead, Kent, 1691, and rector of Hadley, Hants, 1695  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rookes, Christopher (Rokys or Rokkis) B A  8 July, 1522, M A  1 July, 1527, B D  supd  Oct , 1540; principal of Magdalen Hall 1529-32, vicar of Stanstead Abbots, Herts, 1534  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rookes, Jonas B A  from Magdalen Hall 24 April, 1599, M A  11 Feb , 1601-2 (2s  William, of Roydes Hall); vicar of Penistone, Yorks, 1619, see Foster's Index Eccl ; styled fellow and bursar of University Coll  in Foster's Yorkshire Collection, possibly brother of the next-named 
Rookes, Robert of Yorks, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  14 May, 1602, aged 19; possibly brother of the last-named 
Ro(o)kes, William demy Magdalen Coll  1544, B A  supd  1551, fellow 1552-71, M A  27 April, 1556, B Med  supd  24 April, 1561  See Bloxam, iv  99 
Rookes, William s  William, of Rhodes Hall, Yorks, gent  University Coll , matric  30 June, 1665, aged 16; died at Oxford in 1667 
Roope, Ambrose s  A , of Dartmouth Parva, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  15 March, 1671-2, aged 16 
Roope, George s  Ant , of Bradford, Wilts, gent  Hart Hall, matric  10 Oct , 1702, aged 15 
Roope, John s  Nicholas, of Dartmouth, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  17 Nov , 1637, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1638  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Roope, Nicholas of Devon, gent  Broadgates Hall, matric  6 Feb , 1606-7, aged 18; B A  6 Nov , 1610; probably father of the last-named 
Rooper, Thomas s  T , of London, gent  Trinity Coll , matric  9 July, 1699, aged 16; B A  1703, M A  19 Feb , 1705-6, as Roper 
Rooper, William of St  Alban Hall 1667  See Roper 
Roos, Brian D Can L  or doctor of decrees of the university of Valentia; incorporated 3 Feb , 1510-11; died 1529, buried in the church of Chelray  See Fasti, i  31 
Root, Isaac pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  2 July, 1658, admitted to Merchant Taylors' school 1649 (only son of Isaac, merchant taylor); born in Trinity parish 20 Aug , 1641  See Robinson, i  193 
Roots, Richard s  Tho , of Tunbridge, Kent, gent  St  John's Coll , matric  26 Dec , 1689, aged 15; demy Magdalen Coll  1690-1702, B A  1693, M A  1696, rector of Chilmarck, Wilts, 1702-27, canon of Sarum 1722, rector and vicar of Bishopstone, Wilts, 1728; brother of William 1699  See Rawl  iii  447, and xix  90; Bloxam, vi  111; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roots, Thomas of Sussex, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  entry 17 Nov , 1581, aged 13; B A  supd  1 July, 1584, bar -at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1594  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rootes, Thomas s  William, of Tunbridge, Kent, pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  31 Jan , 1628-9, aged 23; B A  12 Feb , 1628-9, vicar of Long Stanton All Saints, co  Cambridge, 1630  See Add  MSS  15,669-70; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Rootes, Thomas pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  2 July, 1658; B A  1661, M A  1666; possibly father of Richard 1689, and William 1699 
Roots, William s  Tho , of Tunbridge, Kent, gent



ground_truth: O(t, L_{\parallel}; S_\Delta) = L_{\parallel}^{-\beta/[\nu(1+\Delta)]} \tilde f_O(t/L_{\parallel}^{z/(1+\Delta)}; S_\Delta).

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was Ralph Rokebye's brother?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  Christ Church, matric  16 March, 1698-9, aged 18; B A  1704; clerk Magdalen Coll  1705-11, M A  1707, rector of Little Berkhampstead, Herts, 1714; brother of Richard 1689  See Bloxam, ii  85; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roper, Francis s  Robert, of Trimdon, co  Durham, gent  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  16 Dec , 1661, aged 18; probably identical with Francis, son of Robert, of Kelloe, co  Durham, farmer, was admitted sizar of St  John's Coll , Cambridge, 21 Sept , 1658, aged 16; fellow, B A  1662-3, M A  1666, B D  1673, vicar of Waterbeach, co  Cambridge, 1678, canon of Ely 1686-90, rector of Northwold, Norfolk, 1687, died 13 April, 1719  See Mayor, 138; Surtees' Durham, i  107; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roper, John (or Rooper) demy Magdalen Coll , from Berks, M A  fellow, 1483, D D  disp  27 June, 1506, (first) Margaret professor of divinity, 1500, vice-chancellor of the university 1505, and 1511, principal of Salesurry and George Hall, rector of Witney, Oxon, 1493, vicar of St  Mary's church, Oxford, canon of Cardinal Coll  1532; died May, 1534  See Ath  i  76; & Landsowne MS  979, f  118 
Roper, John B A  disp  4 July, 1512 
Roper, Thomas of Trinity Coll  1699  See Rooper 
Roper, Philip of Kent, arm  Gloucester Hall, matric  7 Sept , 1588, aged 15 (subscribes Rooper) 
Roper, William (subscribes Rooper) of co  Hereford, militis fil  St  Alban Hall, matric  entry dated 5 June, 1607, aged 13; probably of Malmains, Kent, 2nd son of Sir Christopher Roper, afterwards 2nd baron Teynham  See Foster's Peerage 
Roscarrock, Henry of Cornwall, arm  Hart Hall, matric  entry under date 17 Dec , 1576, aged 21; probably son of Thomas, of Roscarrock, and brother of the next, and of Richard 1581 
Roscarrock, John B A  11 Feb , 1576-7; perhaps from Exeter Coll  (and 1s  Thomas, of Roscarrock, Cornwall); died 24 Nov , 1608; brother of Henry and Richard  See O H S  xii  65 
Roscarrock, Nicolas (Roiscariot) B A  supd  3 May, 1568, student Inner Temple 1571, as of Roscarrock, Cornwall  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Roscarrock, Richard of Cornwall, arm  Broadgates Hall, matric  entry under date circa 1581, aged 19; student of Middle Temple 1583 (as 3s  Thomas, of Roscarrock, Cornwall, esq ), brother of Henry and John  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rosdell, Christopher of Yorks, pleb  St  Edmund Hall, matric  entry under date 22 Dec , 1576, aged 22, B A  4 July, 1576; rector of St  Bennet Sherehog, London, 1579, and vicar of Somerton, Somerset, 1582  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Christopher s  John, of Marlow, Bucks, gent  Christ Church, matric  13 Feb , 1622-3, aged 21, B A  same day; rector of Hutton, Essex, 1642  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, Christopher s  Giles, of Lynn Regis, Norfolk, gent  Lincoln Coll , matric  8 July, 1670, aged 15; student of Gray's Inn, 1673  See Foster's Gray's Inn Register 
Rose, Gilbert Augustinian Canon, B D  supd  22 May, 1512, and supd  12 Dec , 1519, for incorporation as D D 
Rose, Henry "ser " Lincoln Coll , matric  22 July, 1658, B A  16 Jan , 1660-1, fellow 1662 from Pirton, Oxon, M A  1663 (incorporated at Cambridge 1688), B D  1672; minister of All Saints, Oxford, but running much into debt, and marrying beneath himself, left his fellowship and church about 1674, retired to London, and at length to Ireland  See Ath  iv  561 
Rose, Hugh s  "Dav  Ni " (Nigg 4to ), of Ross, Scotland, p p  (subs  pleb )  Balliol Coll , matric  3 April, 1707, aged 20; B A  1709 
Rose, John B A  8 June, 1519, fellow Merton Coll  1523, M A  31 March, 1525; one of these names vicar of Shoreham, Kent, 1536  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, John of co  Leicester, pleb  Merton Coll , matric  24 Nov , 1581, aged 21 
Rose, John s  Jeremy, of Swell, co  Gloucester, pleb  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  12 Dec , 1623, aged 15; B A  4 July, 1626 
Rose, John s  Rich , of Halberton, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  14 May, 1688, aged 17 
Rose, John s  J , of West Derby, co  Lancaster, pleb  University Coll , matric  7 March, 1712-13, aged 18, B A  1716; rector of Bilborough, Notts, 1722  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Jonathan s  Th , of Mickleton, co  Gloucester, pleb  St  Alban Hall, matric  16 May, 1677, aged 18; B A  9 Feb , 1680-1 
Rose, Joseph s  Thomas, of Sturminster Newton, Dorset, pleb  Oriel Coll , matric  12 Dec , 1623, aged 19 
Rose, Richard B A  from Exeter Coll  14 June, 1621; perhaps student of Middle Temple 1622 (as son and heir of John, of Lyme, Dorset, gent ), and M P  Lyme Regis April-May, 1640, 1640 (l p ), till his death after 1648  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg  & Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary 
Rose, Richard arm  Exeter Coll , matric  29 March, 1656; student of Lincoln's Inn 1659, as 4s  Richard, of Wootton Fitzwarren, Dorset, esq  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rose, Richard s  Richard, of Monks Kirby, co  Warwick, pleb  Magdalen Coll , matric  3 May, 1672, aged 16 (as Rosse); chorister 1670-6  See Bloxam, i  95 
Rose, Richard s  R(ichard), of Wyng, Bucks, gent  Trinity Coll , matric  7 May, 1680, aged 16; bar -at-law, Inner Temple, 1699  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rose, Stephen of co  Gloucester, pleb  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  21 Jan , 1619-20, aged 16; B A  13 Nov , 1621, M A  2 July, 1625, vicar of Aldermaston 1627, and rector of Barkham 1633, and of Arborfield, Berks, 1640, and perhaps of Hartley Mawditt, Hants, 1652  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, Stephen "ser " Lincoln Coll , matric  19 Nov , 1650 
Rose, Stephen "servi  fil " Magdalen Coll , matric  19 Nov , 1650 (subscribes "serv ") 
Rose, Stephen "ser " Magdalen Coll , subscribed 23 Nov , 1655; B A  from Wadham Coll  1659, vicar of Cold Overton, co  Leicester, 1662-3, and rector of Woolhampton, Berks, 1667-95, father of Temple  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Temple s  Step , of Woolhampton, Berks, cler  Trinity Coll , matric  29 March, 1693, aged 17, B A  1696 
Rose, Thomas Minorite, B D  22 June, 1509 
Rose, Thomas of Herts, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  10 Oct , 1589, aged 15 
Rose, Thomas s  Seth, of Telscombe, Sussex, sacerd  Oriel Coll , matric  5 June, 1640, aged 18; his father rector of Telscombe 1604, etc  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Thomas s  Edw , 



ground_truth: Sir Richard.