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Question: What are the symptoms of alpha thalassemia major?

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Context 1: Thalassaemia minor | definition of Thalassaemia minor by Medical dictionary
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Thalassemia describes a group of inherited disorders characterized by reduced or absent amounts of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside the red blood cells  There are two basic groups of thalassemia disorders: alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia  These conditions cause varying degrees of anemia, which can range from insignificant to life threatening 
All types of thalassemias are considered quantitative diseases of hemoglobin, because the quantity of hemoglobin produced is reduced or absent  Usual adult hemoglobin is made up of three components: alpha globin, beta globin, and heme  Thalassemias are classified according to the globin that is affected, hence the names alpha and beta thalassemia  Although both classes of thalassemia affect the same protein, the alpha and beta thalassemias are distinct diseases that affect the body in different ways 
Beta thalassemia may be the most best-known type of thalassemia and is also called Cooley's anemia  It is caused by a change in the gene for the beta globin component of hemoglobin  Beta thalassemia causes variable anemia that can range from moderate to severe, depending in part on the exact genetic change underlying the disease  Beta thalassemia can be classified based on clinical symptoms  Beta thalassemia major usually causes severe anemia that can occur within months after birth  If left untreated, severe anemia can result in insufficient growth and development, as well as other common physical complications that can lead to a dramatically decreased life-expectancy  Fortunately, in developed countries beta thalassemia is usually identified by screening in the newborn period, before symptoms have developed  Children who are identified early can be started on ongoing blood transfusion therapy as needed  Although transfusion therapy prevents many of the complications of severe anemia, the body is unable to eliminate the excess iron contained in the transfused blood  Over time, the excess iron deposits in tissues and organs, resulting in damage and organ failure  Another medication must be administered to help the body eliminate the excess iron and prevent iron-over-load complications  Beta thalassemia intermedia describes the disease in individuals who have moderate anemia that only requires blood transfusions intermittently, if at all 
Alpha thalassemia is the result of changes in the genes for the alpha globin component of hemoglobin  There are two main types of alpha thalassemia disease: hemoglobin H disease and alpha thalassemia major  The two diseases are quite different from beta thalassemia as well as from one another  Individuals with hemoglobin H disease can experience events of hemolytic anemia—anemia caused by the rapid breakdown of the red blood cells  These events are thought to be triggered by various environmental causes, such as infection and/or exposure to certain chemicals  Hemoglobin H disease is in most cases milder than beta thalassemia  It does not generally require transfusion therapy  Alpha thalassemia major is a very serious disease that results in severe anemia that begins even before birth  Most affected babies do not survive to be born or die shortly after birth 
The thalassemias are among the most common genetic diseases worldwide  Both alpha and beta thalassemia have been described in individuals of almost every ancestry, but the conditions are more common among certain ethnic groups  Unaffected carriers of all types of thalassemia traits do not experience health problems  In fact, the thalassemia trait is protective against malaria, a disease caused by blood-borne parasites transmitted through mosquito bites  According to a widely accepted theory, most genetic changes—mutations—that cause thalassemia occurred multiple generations ago  Coincidentally, these mutations increased the likelihood that carriers would survive malaria infection  Survivors passed the mutation onto their offspring, and the trait became established throughout areas where malaria is common  As populations migrated, so did the thalassemia traits 
Beta thalassemia trait is seen most commonly in people with the following ancestry: Mediterranean (including North African, and particularly Italian and Greek), Middle Eastern, Indian, African, Chinese, and Southeast Asian (including Vietnamese, Laotian, Thai, Singaporean, Filipino, Cambodian, Malaysian, Burmese, and Indonesian)  Alpha-thalassemia trait is seen with increased frequency in the same ethnic groups  However, there are different types of alpha thalassemia traits within these populations  The frequency of hemoglobin H disease and alpha thalassemia major depends on the type of alpha thalassemia trait  The populations in which alpha thalassemia diseases are most common include Southeast Asians and Chinese (particularly Southern Chinese) 
It is difficult to obtain accurate prevalence figures for various types of thalassemia within different populations  This difficulty arises due to testing limitations in determining exact genetic diagnoses, as well as the fact that many studies have focused on small, biased hospital populations 
Two studies reflect prevalence figures that can be helpful counseling families and determining who to screen for beta thalassemia  Between the years of 1990 and 1996, the State of California screened more than 3 1 million infants born in the state for beta thalassemia  Approximately 1 in 114,000 infants had beta thalassemia major, with prevalence rates being highest among Asian Indians (about one in 4,000), Southeast Asians (about one in 10,000), and Middle Easterners (about one in 7,000)  Another type of beta thalassemia disease, E/beta thalassemia, was represented in approximately one in 110,000 births, all of which occurred in families of Southeast Asian ancestry  Among Southeast Asians, the prevalence of E/beta thalassemia was approximately one in 2,600 births  This is in keeping with the observation that hemoglobin E trait carrier rates are relatively high within the Southeast Asian population: 16% in a study of 768 immigrants to California, and up to 25% in some specific Southeast Asian populations such as Cambodians  While these California studies address some of the limitations of earlier population studies, the pattern observed in California is expected to be different in other areas of the United States and the world  For example, Italians are underrepresented in this population when compared to the population of the East Coast of the United States 
Determining prevalence figures for alpha thalassemia is even more difficult due to increased limitations in diagnostic testing  All types of alpha thalassemia disease are most common among people of Southeast Asian and Chinese descent, for reasons that become clearer with an understanding of the underlying genetics of alpha thalassemia  One study of 500 pregnant women in Northern Thailand estimated a frequency of one in 500 pregnancies affected by alpha thalassemia major, for example  Prevalence of alpha thalassemia disease is significantly lower in the United States primarily because of immigration patterns; although at least one state, California, has observed growing hemoglobin H disease incidence rates that are high enough to justify universal newborn screening for the condition 
Humans normally make several types of the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin  An individual's stage in development determines whether he or she makes primarily embryonic, fetal, or adult hemoglobins  All types of hemoglobin are made of three components: heme, alpha (or alpha-like) globin, and beta (or beta-like) globin  All types of thalassemia are caused by changes in either the alpha- or beta-globin gene  These changes cause little or no globin to be produced  The thalassemias are, therefore, considered quantitative hemoglobin diseases  All types of thalassemias are recessively inherited, meaning that a genetic change must be inherited from both the mother and the father  The severity of the disease is influenced by the exact thalassemia mutations inherited, as well as other genetic and environmental factors  There are rare exceptions, notably with beta thalassemia, where globin gene mutations exhibit a dominant pattern of inheritance in which only one gene needs to be altered in order to see disease expression  Scientists continue to study the causes  For instance, a new mutation for alpha-thalassemia was discovered for the first time among Iranian patients in 2004 
BETA-THALASSEMIA  Most individuals have two normal copies of the beta globin gene, which is located on chromosome 11 and makes the beta globin component of normal adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A  There are approximately 100 genetic mutations that have been described that cause beta thalassemia, designated as either beta0 or beta + mutations  No beta globin is produced with a beta0 mutation, and only a small fraction of the normal amount of beta globin is produced with a beta + mutation 
When an individual has one normal beta globin gene and one with a beta thalassemia mutation, he or she is said to carry the beta thalassemia trait  Beta thalassemia trait, like other hemoglobin traits, is protective against malaria infection  Trait status is generally thought not to cause health problems, although some women with beta thalassemia trait may have an increased tendency toward anemia during pregnancy 
When two members of a couple carry the beta thalassemia trait, there is a 25% chance that each of their children will inherit beta thalassemia disease by inheriting two beta thalassemia mutations, one from each parent  The clinical severity of the beta thalassemia disease—whether an individual has beta thalassemia intermedia or beta thalassemia major—will depend largely on whether the mutations inherited are beta0 thalassemia or beta + thalassemia mutations  Two beta0 mutations generally lead to beta thalassemia major, and two beta+ thalassemia mutations generally lead to beta thalassemia intermedia  Inheritance of one beta0 and one beta + thalassemia mutation tends to be less predictable 
Although relatively uncommon, there are other thalassemia-like mutations that can affect the beta globin gene  Hemoglobin E is the result of a substitution of a single nucleotide  This change results in a structurally altered hemoglobin that is produced in decreased amounts  Therefore, hemoglobin E is unique in that it is both a quantitative (i e  thalassemia-like) and qualitative trait  When co-inherited with a beta thalassemia trait, it causes a disease that is almost indistinguishable from beta thalassemia disease  Large deletions around and including the beta globin gene can lead to delta/beta thalassemia or hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH)  Interestingly, delta/beta thalassemia trait behaves very similarly to beta thalassemia trait in its clinical manifestations  However, HPFH trait does not tend to cause hemoglobin disease when co-inherited with a second thalassemia or other beta globin mutation 
ALPHA-THALASSEMIA  Most individuals have four normal copies of the alpha globin gene, two copies on each chromosome 16  These genes make the alpha globin component of normal adult hemoglobin, which is called hemoglobin A  Alpha globin is also a component of fetal hemoglobin and the other major adult hemoglobin called hemoglobin A2  Mutations of the alpha globin genes are usually deletions of the gene, resulting in absent production of alpha globin  Since there are four genes (instead of the usual two) to consider when looking at alpha globin gene inheritance, there are several alpha globin types that are possible 
Absence of one alpha globin gene leads to a condition known as silent alpha thalassemia trait  This condition causes no health problems and can be detected only by special genetic testing  Alpha thalassemia trait occurs when two alpha globin genes are missing  This can occur in two ways  The genes may be deleted from the same chromosome, causing the 'cis' type of alpha thalassemia trait  Alternately, they may be deleted from different chromosomes, causing the 'trans' type of alpha thalassemia trait  In both instances, there are no associated health problems, although the trait status may be detected by more routine blood screening 
Hemoglobin H disease results from the deletion of three alpha globin genes, such that there is only one functioning gene  Typically, this can occur when one parent carries the silent alpha thalassemia trait, and the other parent carries the 'cis' type of the alpha thalassemia trait  In this situation, there is a 25% chance for hemoglobin H disease in each of such a couple's children 
Hemoglobin H disease-like symptoms can also be a part of a unique condition called alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome  Alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome can be caused by a deletion of a significant amount of chromosome 16, affecting the alpha globin genes  This is usually not inherited, but rather occurs sporadically in the affected individual  Affected individuals have mild hemoglobin H disease, mild-to-moderate mental retardation, and characteristic facial features  This syndrome can also occur as a sex-linked form in which a mutation is inherited in a particular gene on the X-chromosome  This gene influences alpha globin production, as well as various other developmental processes  Individuals affected with this form of the syndrome tend to have more severe mental retardation, delayed development, nearly absent speech, characteristic facial features, and genital-urinary abnormalities  The remaining discussion will focus only on aspects of hemoglobin H disease 
Alpha thalassemia major results from the deletion of all four alpha globin genes, such that there are no functioning alpha globin genes  This can occur when both parents carry the 'cis' type of the alpha thalassemia trait  In this situation, there is a 25% chance for alpha thalassemia major in each of such a couple's children 
Beta thalassemia major is characterized by severe anemia that can begin months after birth  In the United States and other developed countries beta thalassemia is identified and treated early and effectively  Therefore, the following discussion of symptoms applies primarily to affected individuals in the past and unfortunately in some underdeveloped countries now  If untreated, beta thalassemia major can lead to severe lethargy, paleness, and delays in growth and development  The body attempts to compensate by producing more blood, which is made inside the bones in the marrow  However, this is ineffective without the needed genetic instructions to make enough functioning hemoglobin  Instead, obvious bone expansion and changes occur that cause characteristic facial and other changes in appearance, as well as increased risk of fractures  Severe anemia taxes other organs in the body—such as the heart, spleen, and liver—which must work harder than usual  This can lead to heart failure, as well as enlargement and other problems of the liver and spleen  When untreated, beta thalassemia major generally results in childhood death, usually due to heart failure  In 2004, the first known heart attack associated with beta thalassemia major was reported  Fortunately, in developed countries diagnosis is usually made early, often before symptoms have begun  This allows for treatment with blood transfusion therapy, which can prevent most of the complications of the severe anemia caused by beta thalassemia major  Individuals with beta thalassemia intermedia have a more moderate anemia that may only require treatment with transfusion intermittently, such as when infections occur and stress the body  As a person with beta thalassemia intermedia gets older, however, the need for blood transfusions may increase to the point that they are required on a regular basis  When this occurs their disease becomes more similar to beta thalassemia major  Other genetic and environmental factors can influence the course of the disease as well  For example, co-inheritance of one or two alpha thalassemia mutations can tend to ameliorate some of the symptoms of beta thalassemia disease, which result in part from an imbalance in the amount of alpha- and beta-globin present in the red blood cells 
Hemoglobin h disease
Absence of three alpha globin genes causes an imbalance of alpha and beta globin proteins in the red blood cells  The excess beta globin proteins tend to come together to form hemoglobin H, which is unable to release oxygen to the tissues  In addition, hemoglobin H tends to precipitate out in the cells, causing damage to the red blood cell membrane  When affected individuals are exposed to certain drugs and chemicals known to make the membrane more fragile, the cells are thought to become vulnerable to breakdown in large numbers, a complication called hemolytic anemia  Fever and infection are also considered to be triggers of hemolytic anemia in hemoglobin H disease  This can result in fatigue, paleness, and a yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes called jaundice  Usually, the anemia is mild enough not to require treatment  Severe anemia events may require blood transfusion, however, and are usually accompanied by such other symptoms as dark feces or urine and abdominal or back pain  These events are uncommon in hemoglobin H disease, although they occur more frequently in a more serious type of hemoglobin H disease called hemoglobin H/Constant Spring disease  Individuals effected with this type of hemoglobin H disease are also more likely to have enlargement of and other problems with the spleen 
Alpha thalassemia major
Because alpha globin is a necessary component of all major hemoglobins and some minor hemoglobins, absence of all functioning alpha globin genes leads to serious medical consequences that begin even before birth  Affected fetuses develop severe anemia as early as the first trimester of pregnancy  The placenta, heart, liver, spleen, and adrenal glands may all become enlarged  Fluid can begin collecting throughout the body as early as the start of the second trimester, causing damage to developing tissues and organs  Growth retardation is also common  Affected fetuses usually miscarry or die shortly after birth  In addition, women carrying affected fetuses are at increased risk of developing complications of pregnancy and delivery  Up to 80% of such women develop toxemia, a disturbance of metabolism that can potentially lead to convulsions and coma  Other maternal complications include premature delivery and increased rates of delivery by cesarean section, as well as hemorrhage after delivery 
Thalassemia may be suspected if an individual shows signs that are suggestive of the disease  In all cases, however, laboratory diagnosis is essential to confirm the exact diagnosis and to allow for the provision of accurate genetic counseling about recurrence risks and testing options for parents and affected individuals  Screening is likewise recommended to determine trait status for individuals of high-risk ethnic groups 
The following tests are used to screen for thalassemia disease and/or trait:
hemoglobin electrophoresis with quantitative hemoglobin A2 and hemoglobin F
free erythrocyte-protoporphyrin (or ferritin or other studies of serum iron levels)
A complete blood count will identify low levels of hemoglobin, small red blood cells, and other red blood cell abnormalities that are characteristic of a thalassemia diagnosis  Since thalassemia trait can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from iron deficiency, tests to evaluate iron levels are important  A hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that can help identify the types and quantities of hemoglobin made by an individual  This test uses an electric field applied across a slab of gel-like material  Hemoglobins migrate through this gel at various rates and to specific locations, depending on their size, shape, and electrical charge  Isoelectric focusing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) use similar principles to separate hemoglobins and can be used instead of or in various combinations with hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine the types and quantities of hemoglobin present  Hemoglobin electrophoresis results are usually within the normal range for all types of alpha thalassemia  However, hemoglobin A2 levels and sometimes hemoglobin F levels are elevated when beta thalassemia disease or trait is present  Hemoglobin electrophoresis can also detect structurally abnormal hemoglobins that may be co-inherited with a thalassemia trait to cause thalassemia disease (i e , hemoglobin E) or other types of hemoglobin disease (i e , sickle hemoglobin)  Sometimes DNA testing is needed in addition to the above screening tests  This can be performed to help confirm the diagnosis and establish the exact genetic type of thalassemia 
Diagnosis of thalassemia can occur under various circumstances and at various ages  Several states offer thalassemia screening as part of the usual battery of blood tests done for newborns  This allows for early identification and treatment  Thalassemia can be identified before birth through the use of prenatal diagnosis  Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be offered as early as 10 weeks of pregnancy and involves removing a sample of the placenta made by the baby and testing the cells  CVS carries a risk of causing a miscarriage that is between 0 5%-1%  Amniocentesis is generally offered between 15 and 22 weeks of pregnancy, but can sometimes be offered earlier  Two to three tablespoons of the fluid surrounding the baby is removed  This fluid contains fetal cells that can be tested  The risk of miscarriage associated with amniocentesis ranges from 0 33-0 5%  Pregnant woman and couples may choose prenatal testing in order to prepare for the birth of a baby that may have thalassemia  Alternately, knowing the diagnosis during pregnancy allows for the option of pregnancy termination  Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a relatively new technique that involves in-vitro fertilization followed by genetic testing of one cell from each developing embryo  Only the embryos unaffected by sickle cell disease are transferred back into the uterus  PGD is currently available on a research basis only and is relatively expensive 
Individuals with beta thalassemia major receive regular blood transfusions, usually on a monthly basis  This helps prevent severe anemia and allows for more normal growth and development  Transfusion therapy does have limitations, however  Individuals can develop reactions to certain proteins in the blood—called a transfusion reaction  This can make locating appropriately matched donor blood more difficult  Although blood supplies in the United States are very safe, particularly relative to the past and to other areas of the world, there remains an increased risk of exposure to such blood-borne infections as hepatitis  Additionally, the body is not able to get rid of the excess iron that accompanies each transfusion  An additional medication called desferoxamine is administered, usually five nights per week over a period of several hours, using an automatic pump that can be used during sleep or taken anywhere the person goes  This medication is able to bind to the excess iron, which can then be eliminated through urine  If desferoxamine is not used regularly or is unavailable, iron overload can develop and cause tissue damage and organ damage and failure  The heart, liver, and endocrine organs are particularly vulnerable  Desferoxamine itself may rarely produce allergic or toxic side effects, including hearing damage  Signs of desferoxamine toxicity are screened for and generally develop in individuals who overuse the medication when body iron levels are sufficiently low  Overall, however, transfusion and desferoxamine therapy have increased the life expectancy of individuals with the most severe types of beta thalassemia major to the 4th or 5th decade  This can be expected to improve with time and increased developments in treatment, as well as for those with more mild forms of the disease 
New treatments offer additional options for some individuals with beta thalassemia major  There are various medications that target the production of red blood cells (i e  erythropoeitin) or fetal hemoglobin (i e  hydroxyurea and butyrate)  Their effectiveness in ameliorating the severity of beta thalassemia is currently being investigated  Another promising new treatment is bone marrow transplantation, in which the bone marrow of an affected individual is replaced with the bone marrow of an unaffected donor  If successful, this treatment can provide a cure  However, there is an approximately 10-15% chance the procedure could be unsuccessful (i e  the thalassemia returns); result in complications (i e  graft-versus-host disease); or result in death  The risk for specific individuals depends on current health status, age, and other factors  Because of the risks involved and the fact that beta thalassemia is a treatable condition, transplant physicians require a brother or sister donor who has an identically matched tissue type, called HLA type  HLA type refers to the unique set of proteins present on each individual's cells, which allows the immune system to recognize "self" from "foreign " HLA type is genetically determined, so there is a 25% chance for two siblings to be a match  Transplant physicians and researchers are also investigating ways to improve the safety and effectiveness of bone marrow transplantation  Using newborn sibling umbilical cord blood—the blood from the placenta that is otherwise discarded after birth but contains cells that can go on to make bone marrow—seems to provide a safer and perhaps more effective source of donor cells  Donors and recipients may not have to be perfect HLA matches for a successful transplant using cord blood cells  Trials are also underway to determine the effectiveness of "partial transplants," in which a safer transplant procedure is used to replace only a percentage of the affected individual's bone marrow  Other possible treatments on the horizon may include gene therapy techniques aimed at increasing the amount of normal hemoglobin the body is able to make 
Hemoglobin H disease is a relatively mild form of thalassemia that may go unrecognized  It is not generally considered a condition that will reduce one's life expectancy  Education is an important part of managing the health of an individual with hemoglobin H disease  It is important to be able to recognize the signs of severe anemia that require medical attention  It is also important to be aware of the medications, chemicals, and other exposures to avoid due to the theoretical risk they pose of causing a severe anemia event  When severe anemia occurs, it is treated with blood transfusion therapy  For individuals with hemoglobin H disease, this is rarely required  For those with the hemoglobin H/Constant Spring form of the disease, the need for transfusions may be intermittent or ongoing, perhaps on a monthly basis and requiring desferoxamine treatment  Individuals with this more severe form of the disease may also have an increased chance of requiring removal of an enlarged and/or overactive spleen 
Anemia — A blood condition in which the level of hemoglobin or the number of red blood cells falls below normal values  Common symptoms include paleness, fatigue, and shortness of breath 
Bilirubin — A yellow pigment that is the end result of hemoglobin breakdown  This pigment is metabolized in the liver and excreted from the body through the bile  Bloodstream levels are normally low; however, extensive red cell destruction leads to excessive bilirubin formation and jaundice 
Bone marrow — A spongy tissue located in the hollow centers of certain bones, such as the skull and hip bones  Bone marrow is the site of blood cell generation 
Bone marrow transplantation — A medical procedure used to treat some diseases that arise from defective blood cell formation in the bone marrow  Healthy bone marrow is extracted from a donor to replace the marrow in an ailing individual  Proteins on the surface of bone marrow cells must be identical or very closely matched between a donor and the recipient 
Desferoxamine — The primary drug used in iron chelation therapy  It aids in counteracting the life-threatening buildup of iron in the body associated with long-term blood transfusions 
Globin — One of the component protein molecules found in hemoglobin  Normal adult hemoglobin has a pair each of alpha-globin and beta-globin molecules 
Heme — The iron-containing molecule in hemoglobin that serves as the site for oxygen binding 
Hemoglobin — Protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells 
Hemoglobin A — Normal adult hemoglobin that contains a heme molecule, two alpha-globin molecules, and two beta-globin molecules 
Hemoglobin electrophoresis — A laboratory test that separates molecules based on their size, shape, or electrical charge 
Hepatomegaly — An abnormally large liver 
HLA type — Refers to the unique set of proteins called human leukocyte antigens  These proteins are present on each individual's cell and allow the immune system to recognize 'self' from 'foreign'  HLA type is particularly important in organ and tissue transplantation 
Hydroxyurea — A drug that has been shown to induce production of fetal hemoglobin  Fetal hemoglobin has a pair of gamma-globin molecules in place of the typical beta-globins of adult hemoglobin  Higher-than-normal levels of fetal hemoglobin can ameliorate some of the symptoms of thalassemia 
Iron overload — A side effect of frequent blood transfusions in which the body accumulates abnormally high levels of iron  Iron deposits can form in organs, particularly the heart, and cause life-threatening damage 
Jaundice — Yellowing of the skin or eyes due to excess of bilirubin in the blood 
Mutation — A permanent change in the genetic material that may alter a trait or characteristic of an individual, or manifest as disease, and can be transmitted to offspring 
Placenta — The organ responsible for oxygen and nutrition exchange between a pregnant mother and her developing baby 
Red blood cell — Hemoglobin-containing blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues  In the tissues, the red blood cells exchange their oxygen for carbon dioxide, which is brought back to the lungs to be exhaled 
Screening — Process through which carriers of a trait may be identified within a population 
Splenomegaly — Enlargement of the spleen 
Because alpha thalassemia major is most often a condition that is fatal in the prenatal or newborn period, treatment has previously been focused on identifying affected pregnancies in order to provide appropriate management to reduce potential maternal complications  Pregnancy termination provides one form of management  Increased prenatal surveillance and early treatment of maternal complications is an approach that is appropriate for mothers who wish to continue their pregnancy with the knowledge that the baby will most likely not survive  In recent years, there have been a handful of infants with this condition who have survived long-term  Most of these infants received experimental treatment including transfusions before birth, early delivery, and even bone marrow transplantation before birth, although the latter procedure has not yet been successful  For those infants that survive to delivery, there seems to be an increased risk of developmental problems and physical effects, particularly heart and genital malformations  Otherwise, their medical outlook is similar to a child with beta thalassemia major, with the important exception that ongoing, life-long blood transfusions begin right at birth 
As discussed above, the prognosis for individuals with the most serious types of thalassemia has improved drastically in the last several years following recent medical advances in transfusion, chemo-, and transplantation therapy  Advances continue and promise to improve the life expectancy and quality of life further for affected individuals 
"First Known Heart Attack Associated With Beta-thalassemia Major Reported " Heart Disease Weekly February 22, 2004: 10 
"Novel Alpha-thalassemia Mutations Identified " Hematology Week January 26, 2004: 19 
Children's Blood Foundation  333 East 38th St , Room 830, New York, NY 10016-2745  (212) 297-4336  cfg@nyh med cornell edu 
Cooley's Anemia Foundation, Inc  129-09 26th Ave  #203, Flushing, NY 11354  (800) 522-7222 or (718) 321-2873  http://www thalassemia org 
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation  1275 Mamaroneck Ave , White Plains, NY 10605  (888) 663-4637  resourcecenter@modimes org  http://www modimes org 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute  PO Box 30105, Bethseda, MD 20824-0105  (301) 592-8573  nhlbiinfo@rover nhlbi nih gov  http://www nhlbi nih gov 
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)  PO Box 8923, New Fairfield, CT 06812-8923  (203) 746-6518 or (800) 999-6673  Fax: (203) 746-6481  http://www rarediseases org 
Bojanowski J  "Alpha Thalassemia Major: The Possibility of Long-Term Survival " Pamphlet from the Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center  (1999) 
Children's Hospital Oakland, Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center website  http://www thalassemia com 
Cooley's Anemia Foundation, Inc  website  http://www thalassemia org/gohome html 
Joint Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders website  http://cancer mgh harvard edu/medOnc/sickle htm 
[thal″ah-se´me-ah]
a heterogeneous group of hereditary hemolytic anemias marked by a decreased rate of synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains, classified according to the chain involved (α, β, δ); the two major categories are α- and β-thalassemia 
α-thalassemia (alpha-thalassemia) that caused by diminished synthesis of alpha chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is incompatible with life, the stillborn infant displaying severe hydrops fetalis  The heterozygous form may be asymptomatic or marked by mild anemia 
β-thalassemia (beta-thalassemia) that caused by diminished synthesis of beta chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is called t  major and the heterozygous form is called t  minor 
thalassemia ma´jor the homozygous form of β-thalassemia, in which hemoglobin A is completely absent; it appears in the newborn period and is marked by hemolytic, hypochromic, microcytic anemia; hepatosplenomegaly; skeletal deformation; mongoloid facies; and cardiac enlargement 
thalassemia mi´nor the heterozygous form of β-thalassemia; it is usually asymptomatic, but there may be mild anemia 
sickle cell–thalassemia a hereditary anemia involving simultaneous heterozygosity for hemoglobin S and thalassemia 
thal·as·se·mi·a
, thalassanemia (thal'ă-sē'mē-ă, thă-las-ă-nē'mē-ă),
Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism in which there is impaired synthesis of one or more of the polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist, and the corresponding clinical picture may vary from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia 
[G  thalassa, the sea, + haima, blood]
/thal·as·se·mia/ (thal″ah-se´me-ah) a heterogeneous group of hereditary hemolytic anemias marked by a decreased rate of synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains, classified according to the chain involved (α, β, δ); the two major categories are α- and β-thalassemia 
α-thalassemia that caused by diminished synthesis of alpha chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is incompatible with life, the stillborn infant displaying severe hydrops fetalis  The heterozygous form may be asymptomatic or marked by mild anemia 
β-thalassemia that caused by diminished synthesis of beta chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is called t  major and the heterozygous form is called t  minor 
thalassemia ma´jor the homozygous form of &#x03B2;, in which hemoglobin A is completely absent; it appears in the newborn period and is marked by hemolytic, hypochromic, microcytic anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal deformation, mongoloid facies, and cardiac enlargement 
thalassemia mi´nor the heterozygous form of &#x03B2;, usually asymptomatic, although there is sometimes mild anemia 
(thăl′ə-sē′mē-ə)
An inherited form of anemia occurring chiefly among people of Mediterranean descent, caused by faulty synthesis of part of the hemoglobin molecule  Also called Mediterranean anemia 
thal′as·se′mic adj 
[thal′əsē′mē·ə]
Etymology: Gk, thalassa, sea, a + haima, without blood
production and hemolytic anemia characterized by microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells  Thalassemia is caused by inherited deficiency of alpha- or beta-globin synthesis  See also hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis 
Beta thalassemia, clinical thalassemia, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, thalassemia major Hematology A group of genetic diseases by underproduction of hemoglobin due to mutations in the beta globin gene, which is more common in Mediterraneans Heredity Parents are carriers–heterozygotes; one in 4 children is homozygous for the mutation and thus has full-blown disease Clinical See Anemia  Cf Sickle cell anemia 
α-thalassemia
Hemoglobin Barts Hematology An inherited condition caused by a defect in the synthesis of the Hb α chain; Hb Barts hemoglobinopathy is characterized by the presence of 4 gamma chains; it is more common in southeast Asians; the most severe form of alpha thalassemia causes stillbirth due to hydrops fetalis Heredity Parents are carriers–heterozygotes; one in 4 children is homozygous for the mutation and thus has full-blown disease Clinical Pallor, fatiguability, FTT, fever, infections, diarrhea Management Transfusions
Thalassemia major Hematology A hemoglobinopathy caused by a defect in the synthesis of Hb β chain Clinical Pallor, fatigability, FTT, fever due to infections, diarrhea, bone deformities, hepatosplenomegaly Management Transfusions, but iron overload can damage the heart, liver, and endocrine systems, ergo iron chelation–early use of deferiprone, deferoxamine ↓ transfusion-related iron overload and may protect against DM, cardiac disease, early death
δ-thalassemia
Hematology A condition characterized by a defect of Hb A2–α2δ2; because Hb A2 comprises only 3% of the circulating Hb, even its complete absence; δ-thalassemia has little clinical or hematologic impact
γ-thalassemia
Hematology A condition characterized by a defect of gamma–γ Hb chains found in Hb F–α2γ2; because Hb F is present primarily in the fetus and newborns, it is rarely seen outside of the neonatal period, but may cause transient neonatal hemolytic anemia 
, thalassanemia (thal'ă-sē'mē-ă, -ă-să-nē'mē-ă)
Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism in which there is impaired synthesis of one or more of the polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist, and the corresponding clinical picture may vary from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia  People of Mediterranean, extraction are more often affected than others by this type of anemia 
Synonym(s): thalassaemia, thalassanaemia 
Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism with impaired synthesis of one or more polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist 
<a href="https://medical-dictionary thefreedictionary com/Thalassaemia+minor">thalassemia</a>
Barts hemoglobin
beta hemoglobinopathy
beta-delta thalassemia
beta-thalassaemia
Bite Cell
black gallstone
I know of a couple, totally unrelated and unbeknownst to them, who are silent carriers of Thalassaemia minor 
Pakistan: Genetic factor: All in the genes
But, unfortunately, when one person with thalassaemia minor carrier happens to marry another with the same diagnosis, there is a strong possibility that their child would be thalassaemia major, as happened in the case of Taneja 
' My life depends upon a monthly blood transfusion '
0] thalassaemia demonstrates variable severity, ranging from a condition similar to [beta] thalassaemia minor to something approaching thalassaemia major 
A retrospective review of homozygous haemoglobin E patients
Thal, Alan P 
thalame
thalamencephalic
thalamencephalon
thalamic
thalamic fasciculus
thalamic nucleus
thalamic pain syndrome
thalamic peduncle
thalamic radiation
thalamo-
thalamocoele
thalamocortical
thalamocortical fibers
thalamogeniculate artery
thalamolenticular
thalamoperforating artery
thalamostriate radiation
thalamotuberal artery
Thalassaemia minor
thalassaemiaor Cooley's disease
thalassemic facies
thalasso-
Thalassobacter
Thalassobacter utilis
thalassoplankton
thalassoposia
thalidomide neuropathy
Thalidomider
thallium poisoning
Thalarctos
THALAS
Thalasaemia
Thalassaemia Association of Malaysia
thalassaemia major
Thalassaemias
thalassaemic
thalassanaemia
Thalassemia Action Group
Thalassemia Clinical Research Network
thalassemia syndrome
Context 2: Sowing the Seeds of Future Research: Data Sharing, Citation and Reuse in Archaeobotany
Reading: Sowing the Seeds of Future Research: Data Sharing, Citation and Reuse in Archaeobotany
University of Oxford, GB
Lisa is a post-doctoral research fellow at All Souls College, University of Oxford  Her publications include the co-authored volume The Rural Economy of Roman Britain (Britannia Monographs, 2017)  Her research interests are focussed on agricultural practices in the later prehistoric and Roman period and the utilisation of archaeobotanical data to investigate human-plant relationships 
The practices of data sharing, data citation and data reuse are all crucial aspects of the reproducibility of archaeological research  This article builds on the small number of studies reviewing data sharing and citation practices in archaeology, focussing on the data-rich sub-discipline of archaeobotany  Archaeobotany is a sub-discipline built on the time-intensive collection of data on archaeological plant remains, in order to investigate crop choice, crop husbandry, diet, vegetation and a wide range of other past human-plant relationships  Within archaeobotany, the level and form of data sharing is currently unknown  This article first reviews the form of data shared and the method of data sharing in 239 articles across 16 journals which present primary plant macrofossil studies  Second, it assesses data-citation in meta-analysis studies in 107 articles across 20 journals  Third, it assesses data reuse practices in archaeobotany, before exploring how these research practices can be improved to benefit the rigour and reuse of archaeobotanical research 
Keywords: Archaeobotany, Data reuse, Data sharing, Open science
How to Cite: Lodwick, L , 2019  Sowing the Seeds of Future Research: Data Sharing, Citation and Reuse in Archaeobotany  Open Quaternary, 5(1), p 7  DOI: http://doi org/10 5334/oq 62
Accepted on 29 May 2019 Submitted on 25 Mar 2019
Archaeology is a discipline built on the production and analysis of quantitative data pertaining to past human behaviour  As each archaeological deposit is a unique occurrence, ensuring that the data resulting from excavation and analysis are preserved and accessible is crucially important  Currently, there is a general perception of a low level of data sharing and reuse  Such a low level of data availability would prevent the assessment of research findings and the reuse of data in meta-analysis (Kansa & Kansa 2013; Moore & Richards 2015)  As observed across scientific disciplines, there is a major problem in the reproduction of scientific findings, commonly known as the ‘replication crisis’ (Costello et al  2013)  A range of intersecting debates contribute to this, including access to academic findings (open access), open data, access to software and access to methodologies, which can be broadly grouped as open science practices  Without these, the way that scientific findings can be verified and built upon is impaired  Questions of reproducibility have been raised in recent years in archaeology, with considerations of a range of practices which can improve the reproducibility of findings, and a recent call for the application of open science principles to archaeology (Marwick et al  2017)  Discussion has so far focussed on access to grey literature (Evans 2015), data sharing (Atici et al  2013), data citation practices (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018) and computational reproducibility (Marwick 2017), with a focus on lithics, zooarchaeological evidence, and archaeological site reports 
Quantitative assessments of current levels of data sharing, data citation and reuse remain limited in archaeology  The focus of evaluation has been on the uptake of large-scale digital archives for the preservation and dissemination of digital data, such as the Archaeology Data Service (ADS), utilised by developer-led and research projects, and recommended for use by many research funders in the UK (Richards 2002; Wright and Richards 2018)  Much less focus has been paid to the data-sharing practices of individuals or small-groups of university-based researchers who may be disseminating their research largely through journal articles  Recent work on the availability of data on lithics assemblages found a low level of data sharing (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018) and there are perceptions of low levels of data reuse (Huggett 2018; Kintigh et al  2018)  Within zooarchaeology numerous studies have explored issues of data sharing and reuse (Kansa & Kansa 2013, 2014), and the sub-discipline is seen as one of the most advanced areas of archaeology in regards to open science (Cooper & Green 2016: 273)  Beyond zooarchaeology, however, explicit discussion has remained limited 
This paper assesses data sharing and reuse practices in archaeology through the case study of archaeobotany – a long established sub-discipline within archaeology which has well-established principles of data recording  Archaeobotany is an interesting case study for data sharing in archaeology as it straddles the division of archaeology between scientific and more traditional techniques  Quantitative data on archaeological plant remains are also of interest to a range of other fields, including ecology, environmental studies, biology and earth sciences  The key issues of data sharing and data reuse (Atici et al  2013) have been touched upon in archaeobotany over the past decade within broader discussions on data quality (Van der Veen, Livarda & Hill 2007; Van der Veen, Hill & Livarda 2013)  These earlier studies focussed on the quality and availability of archaeobotanical data from developer-funded excavations in Britain and Cultural Resource Management in North America (Vanderwarker et al  2016: 156)  However, no discussion of data-sharing and reuse in academic archaeobotany occurred  A recent review of digital methods in archaeobotany is the notable exception, with discussions of the challenges and methods of data sharing (Warinner & d’Alpoim Guedes 2014) 
Currently, we have no evidence for the levels of data sharing and reuse within archaeobotany  This article provides the first quantitative assessment of 1) data publication in recent archaeobotanical journal articles 2) data citation in recent archaeobotanical meta-analysis 3) the reuse of archaeobotanical datasets, in order to assess whether practices need to change and how such changes can take place 
2  Data Publication and Re-use Practices in Archaeobotany
2 1  History of data production and publication
Archaeobotanical data falls within the category of observational data in archaeology (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018)  Archaeobotanical data is considered as the quantitative assessment of plant macrofossils present within a sample from a discrete archaeological context, which can include species identification, plant part, levels of identification (cf  – confer or “compares to”), and a range of quantification methods including count, minimum number of individuals, levels of abundance and weight (Popper 1988)  Archaeobotanical data is usually entered into a two-way data table organised by sample number  Alongside the counts of individual taxa, other information is also necessary to interpret archaeobotanical data, including sample volume, flot volume, charcoal volume, flot weight, level of preservation, sample number, context number, feature number, feature type and period  Beyond taxonomic identifications, a range of other types of data are increasingly gathered on individual plant macrofossils (morphometric measurements, isotopic values, aDNA) 
Archaeobotanical training places a strong emphasis on recording data on a sample-by-sample basis (Jacomet & Kreuz 1999: 138–139; Jones & Charles 2009; Pearsall 2016: 97–107)  Time-consuming methodologies utilised in the pursuit of accurate sample-level data recording include sub-sampling and splitting samples into size fractions and counting a statistically useful number of items per sample (Van der Veen & Fieller 1982)  The creation of sample-level data means analysis is often undertaken on the basis of individual samples, for instance the assessment of crop-processing stages and weed ecological evidence for crop husbandry practices  The analysis of sample level data also enables archaeobotanical finds to be integrated alongside contextual evidence from archaeological sites  Requirements for the publication of this data are in place in some archaeological guidelines, for instance current Historic England guidelines for archaeological practice in England (Campbell, Moffett & Straker 2011: 8) 
From the earliest archaeobotanical reports, such as Reid’s work at Roman Silchester, the sample from which plant remains were recovered was noted (Lodwick 2017a), but often results were reported as a list of taxa, or long catalogues of detailed botanical descriptions with seed counts, such as Knörzer’s work at Neuss (Knörzer 1970)  Early systematic archaeobotanical reports displayed data within in-text tables, for example Jones’s work at Ashville (Jones 1978) and the two-way data table has been the standard form of reporting archaeobotanical data ever since  Often data tables are presented within book chapters or appendices, but the financial, space and time constraints of book publishing are limiting  Furthermore, there is the perception that specialist data was not necessary for publication (Barker 2001)  Hence, alternative methods of the dissemination of specialist archaeological data were pursued in the later twentieth century 
From the 1980s, archaeobotanical data tables were often consigned to microfiche following a Council for British Archaeology and Department of Environment report (Moore & Richards 2015: 31), with the example of the excavation of Roman Colchester where the contents of all archaeobotanical samples were available on microfiche (Murphy 1992)  An alternative in the 2000s was providing data tables on CD Rom as seen, for instance, in the CD accompanying the study of a Roman farmstead in the Upper Thames Valley (Robinson 2007) or the One Poultry excavations in London (Hill and Rowsome 2011)  Meanwhile, the inception of the Archaeology Data Service, a digital repository for heritage data, in 1996 meant archaeological datasets were increasingly digitally archived, for instance the data from the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Project (Foreman 2018) or a recent large-scale research excavation at Silchester (University of Reading 2018)  In these cases, archaeobotanical data is available to download as a  csv file 
Whilst the data publication strategy of large excavations was shifting, the availability of data from post-excavation assessment reports has remained challenging  So-called ‘grey literature’ results from the initial evaluation stage of developer-funded investigations and accompanying post-excavation assessment often contain a semi-quantitative evaluation of archaeobotanical samples on a scale of abundance  Whilst paper reports were initially deposited with county Historic Environment Records, a process of digitisation focussing on the Roman period has meant many pdfs are now available through the ADS (Allen et al  2018), whilst born-digital reports are now deposited through OASIS (Online AccesS to the Index of archaeological investigationS), as part of the reporting process (Evans 2015), althought the extent to which specialist appendices are included is variable 
These varying ‘publication’ strategies means archaeobotanical data is often available somewhere for recent developer-funded excavations and large-scale developer-funded excavations, even if much of this data is as a printed table or  pdf file (Evans 2015; Evans and Moore 2014)  However, academic journals are typically perceived as the most high-status publication venue for archaeobotanical data, and a crucial publication venue for academics in order to comply with institutional requirements and the norms of career progression  Aside from the problem of access to pay-walled journals by those without institutional subscriptions to all journals, the publication of primary data alongside research articles faces various problems, from the outright lack of inclusion of data, to problematic curation of supplementary data and a lack of peer review of data (Costello et al  2013; Warinner and d’Alpoim Guedes 2014: 155; Whitlock, 2011)  The extent of these problems for archaeobotany is currently unknown  Given the growth in archaeobotanical data production as methodologies are introduced into many new regions and periods over the last decade, it is vital that we know whether the mass of new data being produced is made available and is being reused 
Recent important advances within archaeobotanical data sharing have focussed on the construction of the ARBODAT database, developed by Angela Kreuz at the Kommission für Archäologische Landesforschung in Hessen  The database is used by a range of researchers in Germany, the Czech Republic, France and England (Kreuz & Schäfer 2002)  Data sharing enabled by the use of this database has facilitated research on Neolithic agriculture in Austria, Bulgaria and Germany (Kreuz et al  2005), and Bronze Age agriculture in Europe (Stika and Heiss 2012)  The use of this database makes data integration between specialists easier due to the shared data structure and metadata description, but often the primary archaeobotanical data is not made publicly available 
2 2  Meta-analysis in archaeobotany
Beyond the need to preserve information, a key reason for the formal sharing of archaeobotanical data is in its reuse to facilitate subsequent research  There has been a long-standing concern within archaeobotany with the need to aggregate datasets and identify temporal and spatial patterns  The palaeobotanist Clement Reid maintained his own database of Quaternary plant records in the late nineteenth century (Reid 1899), which formed the foundation of Godwin’s Quaternary database (Godwin 1975)  Mid-twentieth century studies of prehistoric plant use compiled lists of archaeobotanical materials incorporating full references and the location of the archive (Jessen & Helbaek 1944)  The International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany was itself founded in 1968 in part with the aim to compile archaeobotanical data, first realised through the publication of Progress in Old World Palaeoethnobotany (Van Zeist, Wasylikowa & Behre 1991), and subsequently through the publication of annual lists of new records of cultivated plants (Kroll 1997) 
To take England as an example, regional reviews produced by state heritage authorities have provided catalogues of archaeobotanical datasets in particular time periods and regions (e g  Murphy 1998)  When one archaeobotanist has undertaken the majority of study within a region, pieces of synthesis within books have provided a relatively comprehensive review, for instance in the Thames Valley, UK (Lambrick & Robinson 2009)  Over the last decade regional synthesis has occurred within several funded reviews which produced catalogues of sites with archaeobotanical data (Lodwick 2014; McKerracher 2018; Parks 2012) and a series of funded projects in France have enabled regional synthesis (Lepetz & Zech-Matterne 2017)  However, many of these reviews are not accompanied by an available underlying database, and draw upon reports which are themselves hard to access 
Through the 1990s and 2000s, a series of databases were constructed in order to collate data from sites in a particular region and facilitate synthetic research  However, these databases have all placed the role of data archiving onto later projects specifically funded to collate data, rather than sourcing datasets at the time of publication  Such a model is unsustainable, and is unlikely to result in all available datasets being compiled  The Archaeobotanical Computer Database (ABCD), published in 1996 in the first issue of Internet Archaeology, contained much of the archaeobotanical data from Britain available at the time of publication, largely at the level of individual samples  The database was compiled between 1989 and 1994 and is still accessible through the accompanying online journal publication (Tomlinson & Hall 1996)  The ABCD made major contributions to recent reviews of the Roman and Medieval periods (Van der Veen, Livarda & Hill 2008; Van der Veen, Hill & Livarda 2013)  However, the database could only be centrally updated, with the online resource remaining a static version, lacking much of the new data produced subsequent to the implementation of PPG16 in 1990  The ADEMNES database, created through a research project undertaken at the Universities of Freiburg and Tübingen, contains data from 533 eastern Mediterranean and Near Eastern sites (Riehl & Kümmel 2005)  Kroll has maintained the Archaeobotanical Literature Database to accompany the Vegetation History and Archaeobotany articles (Kroll 2005) now accessible as a database (Kirleis & Schmültz 2018)  Numerous other databases have collated archaeobotanical studies, including the COMPAG project (Fuller et al  2015), the Cultural Evolution of Neolithic Europe project (Colledge 2016), RADAR in the Netherlands (van Haaster and Brinkkemper 1995), BRAIN Botanical Records of Archaeobotany Italian Network (Mercuri et al  2015) and CZAD – Archaeobotanical database of Czech Republic (CZAD 2019) 
The majority of databases have a restricted regional coverage, whilst research-project driven period-specific databases provide overlapping content  Whilst there are a wide range of archaeobotanical databases available, few contain primary datasets (other than the ABCD) which can be downloaded as  csv files  Data which is most commonly available are bibliographic references per site, with some indications of mode of preservation, quantity of archaeobotanical data, and sometimes taxa present  The databases do not inter-relate to each other, and function primarily as bibliographic sources enabling researchers to find comparative sites or to identify published datasets which need to be re-tabulated prior to meta-analysis  The IWGP website curates a list of resources, but otherwise the resources are often disseminated through the archaeobotany jiscmail list 
Beyond the aim of cataloguing archaeobotanical data within a region and period, meta-analysis is often used in archaeobotany to identify spatial and chronological trends in a range of past human activities, for instance crop choice, crop husbandry practices, plant food consumption, the trade in luxury foods or the use of plants in ritual  Meta-analysis can be undertaken on the basis of simple presence/absence data per site, but in order for such analysis to be rigorous and comparable, sample-level data must be utilised  For instance, sample-level data is required for meta-studies, in order to identify high-quality samples of unmixed crops for weed ecology analysis (Bogaard 2004), to assess the importance of context in the evaluation of wild plant foods (Wallace et al  2019), or to use volumetric measurements as a proxy for scale (Lodwick 2017b)  The reuse of archaeobotanical data also extends to include datasets used as “controls” in commonly used forms of statistical analysis, for instance Jones’s weed data from Amorgos, Greece, which is utilised as a control group in discriminant analysis of crop-processing stage (Jones 1984), and ethnographic observations of crop items in different crop-processing stages (Jones 1990) 
2 3  Open data principles and solutions
Debates over issues of data publication and meta-analysis have been on-going across scientific disciplines over the last decade (Editors 2009), and have been summarised within principles of open science, as recently set out in relation to archaeology (Marwick et al  2017)  Open Data is one of the three core principles for promoting transparency in social science (Miguel et al  2014)  The FAIR principles, developed by representatives from academia, industry, funding agencies, industry and publishers, provide four principles which data sharing should meet for use by both humans and machines – Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reusability (Wilkinson et al  2016)  A recent report assessing the adoption and impact of FAIR principles across academia in the UK included archaeology as a case study (Allen and Hartland 2018: 46)  It reported how the ADS was often used to archive data, but that “The journal itself provides the “story” about the data, the layer that describes what the data is, how it was collected and what the author thinks it means ” The report also raises the problem that smaller projects may not have the funding to utilise the ADS, meaning that other repositories are utilised  Increasingly, archaeological data is made available through a wide range of data repositories (OSF, Mendeley Data, Zenodo, Open Context), university data repositories (e g  ORA-Data), or social networking sites for academics (Academia edu, ResearchGate)  More widely in archaeology, some have observed that archaeological data is rarely published (Kintigh et al  2014), and recent reviews have reported low levels of data sharing (Huggett 2018; Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018)  A closely related issue is that of data reuse  Responsible reuse of primary data encourages the sharing of primary data (Atici et al  2013), but levels of data reuse in archaeology are thought to remain low (Huggett 2018)  Principles for responsible data citation in archaeology have recently been developed summarising how datasets should be cited (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018) 
In order to assess the current status of data sharing, citation and data re-use in archaeobotany, a review was undertaken of the publication of primary data and the publication of meta-analysis in major archaeological journals over the last ten years, building on recent pilot studies within archaeology (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018)  The review of academic journals provided a contrast to recent assessments of archaeobotanical data deriving from developer-funded archaeology (Lodwick 2017c; Van der Veen, Hill & Livarda 2013)  Journal articles have been selected as the focus of this study as the provision of online supplementary materials in the majority of journals and the ability to insert hyperlinks to persistent identifiers (eg a DOI) to link to datasets available elsewhere should not limit the publication of data and references  Much archaeobotanical data is also published elsewhere, especially from projects not based in the university sector, that is commercial or community archaeology in the UK  Archaeobotanical datasets emanating from this research are more commonly published through monographs, county journal articles, and unpublished (or grey literature) reports, but these are beyond the scope of the current review 
All journal articles were included which represent the principle reporting of a new archaeobotanical assemblage  The selected journals fall within three groups  First, what is considered the specialist archaeobotanical journal (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany (VHA))  Second, archaeological science journals (Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, Environmental Archaeology, The Holocene, Journal of Archaeological Science (JAS), Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (JASR), Journal of Ethnobiology, Quaternary International, Journal of Wetland Archaeology), which can be considered as specialist sub-disciplinary journals which should be maintaining data-quality  Third, general archaeology journals (Antiquity, Journal of Field Archaeology, Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Journal of World Prehistory)  Finally, the broader cross-disciplinary journals PLoS One and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) were included  Published articles from the past ten years (2009–2018) have been analysed in order to assess the availability of plant macrofossil data  This ten-year period brackets the period where most archaeological journals have moved online and adopted supplementary materials 
Data citation in synthetic studies has been assessed in the same range of publications  The extent of data reuse ranges from the analysis of whole sample data to the presence/absence of individual crops  The location of a data citation has been assessed in the same range of publications, with the addition of journals where occasional research incorporating archaeobotanical data is featured (Britannia, Journal of Archaeological Research, Ethnobiology Letters, Medieval Archaeology, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, World Archaeology)  The underlying dataset for the analysis is available in Lodwick 2019 
4 1  Primary data sharing
Here, the location of primary archaeobotanical data, that is sample level counts of macroscopic plant remains, was assessed for 239 journal articles across 16 journals (Lodwick 2019 Table 1)  Figure 1 shows the results grouped by journal  Overall, only 56% of articles shared their primary data  In, Antiquity, JAS, JASR, PLOS One, Quaternary International and VHA, the highest proportion of publications did not include their primary data, that is to say that the sample-by-sample counts of plant macrofossils was not available  This level of data is comparable to the findings of other pilot studies in archaeology  Marwick and Pilaar Birch found a data sharing rate of 53% from 48 articles published in Journal of Archaeological Science in Feb – May 2017 (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018: 7), and confirm previous assertions that data is often withheld in archaeology (Kansa 2012: 499)  This is better than some disciplines, with a 9% data sharing rate on publication found across high impact journal science publications (n = 500) (Alsheikh-Ali et al  2011) and 13% in biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics (n = 4370) (Womack 2015), yet still indicates that nearly half of articles did not include primary data  Primary archaeobotanical data is more likely to be shared in archaeobotanical and archaeological science journals than general archaeology journals  However, within the primary archaeobotanical journal, VHA, 51% of articles do not include their primary data (Figure 1) 
Chart showing the location of primary archaeobotanical data by journal in primary archaeobotanical data publications 
Where primary data was not shared, the data which was available ranged from summary statistics, typically counts or frequencies, reported either by site, site phase, or feature group  Figure 2 summarises these results by year, showing that there is a gradient within articles not sharing their full ‘raw’ data, from those only provided sample counts on one aspect of the archaeobotanical assemblage, to those only presenting data graphically or within discussion  Beyond full data, the most common form of data shared is either summary counts per site or summary counts per feature or phase  Whilst this data does enable some level of reuse, the results of any sample-level data analysis presented within an article cannot be verified, and the data cannot be reused for crop-processing or weed ecology analysis which requires sample level data  Furthermore, such data would have been collected on a sample-by-sample basis, but this information is lost from the resulting publication 
Chart showing the form of archaeobotanical data shared by year in primary archaeobotanical data publications 
The forms in which data are made available vary across journals  The sharing of primary data within an article remains the most common data sharing form in archaeobotany (Figure 1)  Data tables in text require manual handling to extract data, in journals such as VHA, whilst in other journals in-text tables can be downloaded as  csv files  These however would not be citable as a separate dataset  Supplementary datasets are the third most common form of data sharing  Indeed, the use of electronic supplementary material has been advocated recently for by some journals, such as the Journal of Archaeological Science (Torrence, Martinón-Torres & Rehren 2015)  Microsoft Excel spreadsheets are the most common form of supplementary data, followed by  pdfs and then word documents (Figure 1)  Both  xlsx and  docx are proprietary file formats, and not recommended for long term archiving or open science principles  There is no indication of improvement over the last decade in the form of data sharing  In 2018, 50% of articles did not share their primary data, and where the data was shared, it was in proprietary forms ( docx,  xlsx) or those that do not easily facilitate data reuse ( pdf) (Figure 3) 
Chart showing the location of archaeobotanical data from 2009–2018 in primary archaeobotanical data publications 
Just one of the articles included in this review incorporated a dataset archived in a repository (Farahani 2018), in contrast to the substantial growth in data repositories across academic disciplines (Marcial & Hemminger 2010)  Other examples provide the underlying data for monograph publications, such as that of the archaeobotanical data from Gordion, Turkey (Marston 2017a, 2017b), Silchester, UK (Lodwick 2018; University of Reading 2018) and Vaihingen, Germany (Bogaard 2011a; Bogaard, 2011b) 
Several of the journals that have been assessed have research data policies  In the case of Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, sufficient papers have been surveyed to assess the impact of the research data policy on the availability of data  Figure 4 show the proportion of data sharing formats through time just for VHA (note the small sample size)  The introduction of a research data policy in 2016 encouraging data sharing in repositories has not resulted in any datasets being shared in that format  Of the 10 articles published in PLOS One after the introduction of a clear research data policy in 2014, 4 did not contain primary data  However, elsewhere, journals with no research data policy, such as Antiquity, has one of the lower levels of data sharing (Figure 1) 
Chart showing the location of primary archaeobotanical data in Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 
There are various reasons for why a primary dataset may be lacking  The option of providing supplementary datasets has been available in many of the journals here since before the start of the surveyed period (e g  Vegetation History and Archaeobotany in 2004), and so cannot be a reason for the absence of data publication in this journal while it may be a reason in other journals  Reasons suggested for a lack of data sharing within archaeology include technological limitations, and resistance amongst some archaeologists to making their data available due to cautions of exposing data to scrutiny, lost opportunities of analysis before others use it and loss of ‘capital’ of data (Moore & Richards 2015: 34–35)  Furthermore, control over how data tables is presented (taxa ordering, summary data presented) may also contribute to the preferential publishing of data within journal articles  Another factor to consider is the emphasis on the creation of new data through archaeological research (Huvila 2016)  The creation of a new archaeobotanical dataset through primary analysis is a key form of training in archaeobotany, and the perception of the value of the reuse of other previously published archaeobotanical journals may be low, hence not encouraging the sharing of well-documented datasets  Excellent exams of data reuse have resulted in influential studies (Bogaard 2004; Riehl 2008; Wallace et al  2019), and would hopefully encourage further data sharing in the future 
Given that there are numerous examples of meta-analysis which do take place in archaeobotany, it seems likely that the prevalent form of data sharing is through informal data sharing between individual specialists  However, this does not improve access to data in the long term, and is inefficient and time consuming, with large potential for data errors (Kansa & Kansa 2013), and relies on personal networks, which are likely to exclude some researchers  The absence of primary data in many archaeobotanical publications thus inhibits the verification of patterns observed within a dataset, and strongly limits the re-use potential of a dataset 
4 2  Data citation
One of the common arguments for increasing data sharing is an associated increase in the citation of the articles which have data available  Here, the data citation practices of meta-analyses of plant macrofossil data undertaken over the last decade have been reviewed  20 journals were consulted, including a wider range of period-specific journals, and 107 articles were assessed (Lodwick 2019 Table 2)  Data citation was assessed as ‘in text’ or ‘in table’ to refer to when the citation and the bibliographic reference were within the article, as ‘in supplementary data’ when the citation and reference were within the supplementary materials, and as ‘no citation’ when no citation and reference was provided 
21% of articles (n = 22) did not contain any citations to the underlying studies  16% (n = 17) contained citations within supplementary data files  50% of articles (n = 53) contained a citation within a table within the main article, and 14% (n = 15) contained citations within the main text  For the 21% of articles without data citations, the results of these studies could not be reproduced without consulting individual authors  The papers supplying the underlying data also received no credit for producing these datasets  Where articles contain citations within the main article (in text or table), full credit is provided to the underlying studies, a citation link is created through systems such as google scholar, and the study can be easily built upon in the future  Where the citation is provided within supplementary data, the original studies do receive attribution, but are not linked to so easily 
Through time, there is a steady decrease in the proportion of studies without citations to the underlying data, whereby of the 17 meta-analysis articles published in 2018, only one had no data citations  In comparison, in 2009, 3 out of 8 meta-analysis articles contained no data citation (Figure 6)  Overall this is a more positive outlook on the reuse of published data, but the consistent presence of articles lacking data citation indicates that improvements are needed  Reasons for a lack of data citation may include restrictions on word counts imposed by journals, a lack of technical knowledge in making large databases available, or the wish to hold on to a dataset to optimise usage  Considering the type of journal (Figure 5), levels of data citation are worse in general archaeology journals, with sub-disciplinary journals showing slightly better levels of data citation  In particular VHA has a lack of consistency in where data citations are located 
Chart showing the location of data citations in meta-analysis journal articles by journal type 
Chart showing the location of data citations in meta-analysis journal articles from 2009–2018 
4 3  Reuse of archived archaeobotanical datasets
The majority of data citations assessed in the previous section are to articles or book chapters rather than data-sets  The ADS currently hosts 66 data archives which have been tagged as containing plant macro data, deriving mainly from developer-funded excavations but also some research excavations  However, in some of these the plant macro data is contained within a pdf  As, the archiving of archaeobotanical datasets in data repositories is still at an early stage, the reuse of these datasets is assessed here on a case-by-case basis  The archaeobotanical dataset from the Neolithic site of Vaihingen, Germany (Bogaard 2011b) has not been cited on google scholar  Metrics are provided through the ADS, showing this dataset has been downloaded 56 times with 477 individual visits (as of 25/2/19)  The archaeobotanical dataset from Gordion by Marston has no citations on Google Scholar (Marston 2017b), neither does the Giza botanical database (Malleson & Miracle 2018), but these are both very recently archived datasets  In contrast, the Roman Rural Settlement Project dataset, which includes site-level archaeobotanical data, has received greater levels of use, with 12 citations in Google Scholar, over 40,000 file downloads, and over 35,000 visits (Allen et al  2018) and the archaeobotanical computer database (Tomlinson & Hall 1996) has been cited 44 times, and is the major dataset underpinning other highly-cited studies (Van der Veen, Livarda & Hill 2008; Van der Veen, Hill & Livarda 2013)  Whilst there is clearly precedence for the reuse of archaeobotanical databases, current data citation practices within archaeobotany do not yet appear to be formally citing individual datasets, meaning an assessment of the reuse of archived archaeobotanical datasets is challenging 
5  Steps Forward
This review of data sharing, citation, and reuse practices in archaeobotany has found medium levels of data sharing, good levels of data citation, but so far limited levels of reuse of archived data sets  This picture is similar across archaeology, in part attributed to the status of archaeology as a small-science, where data-sharing takes place ad-hoc (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018)  Here, recommendations are discussed for improving these data practices within archaeobotany, of applicability more widely in archaeology 
Clearly an important step is improving the sharing of plant macrofossil data  Given the reasonable small size of most archaeobotanical datasets (a  csv file < 1mb), and a lack of ethical conflicts, there seems to be few reasons why the majority of archaeobotanical data couldn’t be shared  In the case of developer-funded derived data, issues of commercial confidentiality could limit the sharing of data  A key stage is establishing why levels of data sharing are not higher  Issues within archaeobotany may include the conflict between having to publish results within excavation monographs, which may take some time to be published, and have limited visibility due to high purchase costs and no digital access, and the need to publish journal articles for career progression within academia  The production of an archaeobotanical dataset is very time-consuming, and interim publication on notable aspects of an assemblage may be considered as a necessary publication strategy  More broadly, one important aspect is issues of equity in access to digital archiving resources (Wright & Richards 2018), such as differential access to funds, training and knowledge  A recent study in Sweden found that we need to know concerns, needs, and wishes of archaeologists in order to improve preservation of archaeological data (Huvila 2016), especially when control of ones data may be linked to perceptions of job security  In order to make improvements in data sharing and reuse across archaeology, we need improved training in data sharing and the reuse of data in higher education (Touchon & McCoy 2016; Cook et al  2018), improved training in data management (Faniel et al  2018), and crucially, the necessary software skills to make the reuse of archived datasets attainable (Kansa & Kansa 2014: 91)  Examples of good practice in archaeobotany are the Vaihingen and Gordion datasets which demonstrate how datasets can be archived in data repositories to accompany a monograph (Bogaard 2011b; Marston 2017b), whilst Farahani (2018) provides an excellent example of a journal article, where the primary data is supplied as a  csv in a cited data repository along with the R script for the analysis 
In tandem with the need to encourage authors to share their data, is the need for journals to create and implement research data policies  Given the existence of research data policies in many of the journals included here, this reflects other findings of the poor enforcement of data policies by journals (Marwick & Pilaar Birch 2018), supporting arguments that journals should not be relied upon to make data accessible, and data should instead by deposited in digital repositries  In order to implement change in data sharing, there is a role to play for learned societies and academic organisation in lobbying funding bodies, prioritising data sharing in research projects  A key step is through journal editorial boards, and the enforcement of any pre-existing research data policies (Nosek et al  2015)  Revi



ground_truth: Severe anemia that begins even before birth.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are some reasons for the lack of data sharing in archaeobotany?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 4: \section{INTRODUCTION}
The Tevatron Collider Run II started in March 2002 and is expected
to continue until the end of this decade  The Tevatron and the 
two detectors, CDF and D\O, have been performing  well in 2004,
each experiment is collecting data at the rate 
of $\approx$10 pb$^{-1}$ per week 
The total  luminosity accumulated by August 2004 is $\approx$500 pb$^{-1}$
per detector 
The rich physics program includes the
production and precision measurement of properties of  standard model (SM)
objects, as well as searches for phenomena beyond standard model 
In this brief review we focus on areas of most interest 
to the lattice community  We present
new results on the top quark mass
and their implication for the mass of the SM Higgs boson, 
on searches for the SM Higgs boson, on evidence for the $X(3872)$ state, 
on searches for pentaquarks, and on $b$ hadron properties 
All Run II results presented here are preliminary  

\section{TOP QUARK MASS}

The experiments CDF and D\O\ published several direct  measurements of
the top quark pole mass, $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$, 
based on Run I data (1992-1996) 
The ``lepton $+$ jets'' channel yields the most precise determination of
$\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$  Recently, the
D\O\ collaboration published a new measurement~\cite{Mtop1-D0-l+j-new},
based on a powerful analysis technique yielding  greatly improved precision 
The differential probability 
that the measured variables in any event correspond to the signal
is calculated as a function of $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$  
The maximum in the product of the individual event probabilities 
provides the best estimate of $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$ 
The critical differences from previous analyses 
in the lepton $+$ jets decay channel lie in 
the assignment of more 
weight to events that are well measured or more likely to correspond to  
$t \bar t$ signal, 
and  the handling of the combinations of final-state objects
(lepton, jets, and imbalance in transverse momentum) 
and their identification with
top-quark decay products in an event  
The new combined value for the top-quark mass from Run I is 
$\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}  =  178 0\pm4 3~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 

In Run II, both collaborations  have been exploring several different techniques 
for $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$
measurements  The best single CDF result comes from a dynamic likelihood method
(DLM)  The method is similar to
the technique used in Ref ~\cite{Mtop1-D0-l+j-new} 
The result is $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}} = 177 8^{+4 5}_{-5 0} (stat) \pm  6 2 (syst) ~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
The joint likelihood of the selected events is shown in Fig  ~\ref{fig:cdf_tml}  
The Run II goal is a 1\% uncertainty on $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$  




\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-5mm}
\includegraphics[height=5 8cm,width=8 1cm]  {data_22ev_likelihood eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{The joint likelihood of top candidates(CDF) }
\label{fig:cdf_tml}
\end{figure}




\section{SEARCH FOR SM HIGGS BOSON}


The constraints on the SM Higgs ($H$)  boson  mass from
published  measurements, updated to include the new D\O\ top mass
measurement~\cite{Mtop1-D0-l+j-new}, are
$M_H = 117 ^{+67}_{-45}~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$, $M_H < 251~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ at 95\% C L 
The  new most likely  value of $M_H$
is above the experimentally excluded range,
and sufficiently low for $H$ to be observed at the Tevatron 


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-5mm}
\includegraphics[height=7 5cm,width=7 8cm]  {d0_wbb_fig_3_err eps}
\vspace*{-1 1cm}
\caption{Distribution of the dijet
invariant mass for $W+2 b$-tagged jets  events,
compared to the expectation (D\O)  
}
\label{fig:d0_wbb_2tag}
\end{figure}



D\O\  has conducted a search for $H$ at $M_H < 140~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
in the production channel  
$p \bar{p} \rightarrow WH \rightarrow  e \nu b \bar{b}$  
The experimental signature of  $WH \rightarrow e \nu b \bar{b}$
is a final state with 
one high $p_T$ electron, two  $b$ jets, and
large missing transverse energy  resulting from
the undetected neutrino 
The dominant backgrounds to $WH$ production
are  $W b \bar{b}$, $t \bar{t}$ and single-top production 
The distribution 
of the dijet mass for events with two $b$-tagged jets is shown in
Fig ~\ref{fig:d0_wbb_2tag}  
Also shown is the  expected contribution ($0 06$ events)  
from the $b \bar{b}$ decay of a
SM Higgs boson with $M_H =$ 115 $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
No events are observed in the  dijet mass window of 85--135  $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
D\O\ sets a limit on the cross section
for $\sigma( p\bar{p} \rightarrow WH) \times B(H \rightarrow b \bar{b}) $
of 9 0 pb at the 95\% C L ,  for a 115  $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ Higgs boson 
The results for mass points 105, 125, and 135 $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$
 are 11 0, 9 1 and 12 2 pb,  respectively 



\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\includegraphics[height=0 33\textheight,width=8 0cm]{whww_aps04_bw eps}

\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{95\% limits on the $H$ production (CDF) }
\label{fig:cdf_whww}
\end{figure}


CDF  has done  a similar search, allowing either an  electron or a muon  
in the final state   Both groups have also searched for $H$ produced in
gluon-gluon fusion, with subsequent decay to a pair of $W$ bosons 
The CDF results for both channels  are shown in Fig ~\ref{fig:cdf_whww}  



\section{THE STATE X(3872)}


\begin{figure}[htb]

\includegraphics[height=8 0cm,width=7 5cm]  {X3872cdfPRL1FullM eps}
\vspace*{-1cm}
\caption{The $X(3872)$ signal (CDF) }
\label{fig:cdf_x}
\end{figure}




 The existence of the $X(3872)$ state discovered by 
the Belle Collaboration~\cite{Belle-X}
 has been confirmed 
 in $p \bar{p}$ collisions by  CDF~\cite{cdf-X} (see Fig ~\ref{fig:cdf_x})
and D\O~\cite{d0-X} 
 It is still unclear whether this particle is a $c\bar{c}$ state,
 or a more complex object   When the data are separated according to
production and decay variables, D\O\  finds no significant
differences between the $X(3872)$ and
the $c \bar{c}$ state $\psi(2S)$ 
CDF has analysed the ``lifetime'' distribution of the $X(3872)$ events in order to
quantify what fraction of this state arises from decay of $B$ hadrons, as opposed to
those produced promptly  The authors find that for the selected samples
28 3$\pm$1 0$(stat)\pm$0 7$(syst)$\% of $\psi(2S)$ candidates are from $b$ decays,
whereas 16 1$\pm$4 9$(stat)\pm$2 0$(syst)$\% of $X$ mesons arise from such decays 





\section{SEARCH FOR PENTAQUARKS}



\begin{figure}[htb]

\includegraphics[height=0 27\textheight,width=7 6cm]  {mpks_1stminbias eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}

\caption{Invariant mass distribution of an identified proton and a $K^0_s$ candidate  (CDF)
}
\label{fig:pqtheta}
\end{figure}



\begin{figure}[htb]

\vspace*{-0 9cm}
\includegraphics[height=0 25\textheight,width=8 0cm]  {CM_xicst_cc_1 eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{Invariant mass distribution of the $(\Xi^-,\pi^+)$ system  (CDF) 
}
\label{fig:pqxi}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-0 9cm}

\includegraphics[height=0 25\textheight,width=7 6cm]  {theta_note_dstp_dedx_pt eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{Mass of the ($D^{*+}\bar p$) system  The arrow indicates the position of 
the $\Theta_c$ state (CDF) }
\label{fig:pqthetac}
\end{figure}



Following reports of evidence for exotic
baryons containing five quarks (pentaquarks), CDF has analysed 
its data for evidence of the following pentaquarks:
$\Theta^+$ ($uud\bar d \bar s$), doubly strange states 
$\Xi_{3/2}$, charmed states $\Theta_c$, and, most recently, 
a state $(udus\bar b)$, dubbed $R^+_s$, through its weak decay to $(J/\psi, p)$  
With its excellent particle indentification and mass resolution,
CDF has a unique capability to search for  pentaquark states 
The signals of known states: $\phi$, $\Lambda$,
$\Lambda(1520)$, $K^*$, $\Xi$, 
compare favorably with those provided
by the authors of  the pentaquark evidence 
The group finds no evidence for pentaquark states, see Figs 
~\ref{fig:pqtheta},{\ref{fig:pqxi},\ref{fig:pqthetac} 
This can be interpreted as an indication that the pentaquark production 
in $p \bar p$ collisions is heavily suppressed compared to the conventional
hadron production, or as an evidence against the existence of pentaquarks 

\clearpage

\section{RECENT B PHYSICS RESULTS}


\subsection{Spectroscopy}

CDF has measured the mass of $b$ hadrons in exclusive $J/\psi$ channels 
The measurements of the $B_s$ and $\Lambda_b$ (Fig  \ref{fig:masslb})
masses are the current world's best \\

$m(B^+)$ = 5279 10$\pm$0 41$(stat)\pm$0 36$(syst)$,

$m(B^0)$ = 5279 63$\pm$0 53$(stat)\pm$0 33$(syst)$,

$m(B_s)$ = 5366 01$\pm$0 73$(stat)\pm$0 33$(syst)$,

$m(\Lambda_b)$ = 5619 7$\pm$1 2$(stat)\pm$1 2$(syst)$ MeV/$c^2$ \\


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1mm}
\includegraphics[height=0 30\textheight,width=7 5cm]  {lambdav1c eps}
\vspace*{-1cm}

\caption{The mass spectrum of $\Lambda_b$ candidates (CDF) }
\label{fig:masslb}
\end{figure}


D\O\ reports the first observation of the excited $B$ mesons 
$B_1$ and $B^*_2$ as two separate states in fully reconstructed
decays to $B^{(*)}\pi$  The mass of $B_1$ is measured to be
5724$\pm$4$\pm$7 MeV/c$^2$, and the mass difference $\Delta M$ between
$B^*_2$ and $B_1$ is 23 6$\pm$7 7$\pm$3 9 MeV/c$^2$
(Fig   \ref{fig:d0_bexc}) 

D\O\ observes semileptonic $B$ decays to narrow $D^{**}$ states,
the orbitally excited states  of the $D$ meson
seen as resonances in the $D^{*+}\pi^-$ invariant mass spectrum 
The $D^*$ mesons are reconstructed through the decay sequence 
$D^{*+} \rightarrow D^0\pi^+$, $D^0\rightarrow K^-\pi^+$ 
The invariant mass  of oppositely charged $(D^*,\pi)$ pairs
is shown in Fig   \ref{fig:d0_dstst} 
The mass peak between 2 4 and 2 5 GeV/$c^2$ can be interpreted as two merged 
narrow $D^{**}$ states, $D^0_1(2420)$ and $D^0_2(2460)$ 
The combined branching fraction is 
$ {\cal B}(B\rightarrow D^0_1,D^0_2)\cdot {\cal B}(D^0_1,D^0_2\rightarrow D^{*+}\pi^-)=(0 280\pm0 021(stat)\pm0 088(syst)$\%



ground_truth: Technological limitations, resistance to exposing data to scrutiny, and desire to hold onto data for personal use.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of the most active fan club?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3: Football Club Urartu (, translated Futbolayin Akumb Urartu), commonly known as Urartu, is an Armenian professional football team based in the capital Yerevan that currently plays in the Armenian Premier League  The club won the Armenian Cup three times, in 1992, 2007 and 2016  In 2013–2014, they won the Armenian Premier League for the first time in their history 

In early 2016, the Russia-based Armenian businessman Dzhevan Cheloyants became a co-owner of the club after purchasing the major part of the club shares  The club was known as FC Banants until 1 August 2019, when it was officially renamed FC Urartu 

History

Kotayk
Urartu FC were founded as FC Banants by Sarkis Israelyan on 21 January 1992 in the village of Kotayk, representing the Kotayk Province  He named the club after his native village of Banants (currently known as Bayan)  Between 1992 and 1995, the club was commonly referred to as Banants Kotayk  During the 1992 season, the club won the first Armenian Cup  At the end of the 1995 transitional season, Banants suffered a financial crisis  The club owners decided that it was better to merge the club with FC Kotayk of Abovyan, rather than disband it  In 2001, Banants demerged from FC Kotayk, and was moved from Abovyan to the capital Yerevan 

Yerevan

FC Banants was relocated to Yerevan in 2001  At the beginning of 2003, Banants merged with FC Spartak Yerevan, but was able to limit the name of the new merger to FC Banants  Spartak became Banants's youth academy and later changed the name to Banants-2  Because of the merger, Banants acquired many players from Spartak Yerevan, including Samvel Melkonyan  After the merger, Banants took a more serious approach and have finished highly in the league table ever since  The club managed to lift the Armenian Cup in 2007 
Experience is making way for youth for the 2008 and 2009 seasons  The departures of most of the experienced players have left the club's future to the youth  Along with two Ukrainian players, Ugandan international, Noah Kasule, has been signed 

The club headquarters are located on Jivani Street 2 of the Malatia-Sebastia District, Yerevan 

Domestic

European

Stadium

The construction of the Banants Stadium was launched in 2006 in the Malatia-Sebastia District of Yerevan, with the assistance of the FIFA goal programme  It was officially opened in 2008 with a capacity of 3,600 seats  Further developments were implemented later in 2011, when the playing pitch was modernized and the capacity of the stadium was increased up to 4,860 seats (2,760 at the northern stand, 1,500 at the southern stand and 600 at the western stand) 

Training centre/academy
Banants Training Centre is the club's academy base located in the Malatia-Sebastia District of Yerevan  In addition to the main stadium, the centre houses 3 full-size training pitches, mini football pitches as well as an indoor facility  The current technical director of the academy is the former Russian footballer Ilshat Faizulin 

Fans
The most active group of fans is the South West Ultras fan club, mainly composed of residents from several neighbourhoods within the Malatia-Sebastia District of Yerevan, since the club is a de facto representer of the district  Members of the fan club benefit from events organized by the club and many facilities of the Banants training centre, such as the mini football pitch, the club store and other entertainments 

Achievements
 Armenian Premier League
 Winner (1): 2013–14 
 Runner-up (5): 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2018 

 Armenian Cup
 Winner (3): 1992, 2007, 2016 
 Runner-up (6): 2003, 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2021–22

 Armenian Supercup
 Winner (1): 2014 
 Runner-up (5): 2004, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2016 

Current squad

Out on loan

Personnel

Technical staff

Management

Urartu-2

FC Banants' reserve squad play as FC Banants-2 in the Armenian First League  They play their home games at the training field with artificial turf of the Urartu Training Centre 

Managerial history
 Varuzhan Sukiasyan (1992–94)
 Poghos Galstyan (July 1, 1996 – June 30, 1998)
 Oganes Zanazanyan (2001–05)
 Ashot Barseghyan (2005–06)
 Nikolay Kiselyov (2006–07)
 Jan Poštulka (2007)
 Nikolay Kostov (July 1, 2007 – April 8, 2008)
 Nedelcho Matushev (April 8, 2008 – June 30, 2008)
 Kim Splidsboel (2008)
 Armen Gyulbudaghyants (Jan 1, 2009 – Dec 1, 2009)
 Ashot Barseghyan (interim) (2009)
 Stevica Kuzmanovski (Jan 1, 2010 – Dec 31, 2010)
 Rafael Nazaryan (Jan 1, 2011 – Jan 15, 2012)
 Volodymyr Pyatenko (Jan 17, 2013 – June 30, 2013)
 Zsolt Hornyák (July 1, 2013 – May 30, 2015)
 Aram Voskanyan (July 1, 2015 – Oct 11, 2015)
 Tito Ramallo (Oct 12, 2015 – Oct 3, 2016)
 Artur Voskanyan (Oct 3, 2016 – Aug 11, 2018)
 Ilshat Faizulin (Aug 12, 2018 –Nov 24, 2019)
 Aleksandr Grigoryan (Nov 25, 2019 –Mar 10, 2021)
 Robert Arzumanyan (10 March 2021–24 June 2022)
 Dmitri Gunko (27 June 2022–)

References

External links
 Official website 
 Banants at Weltfussball de  

 
Urartu
Urartu
Urartu
Urartu



ground_truth: South West Ultras fan club.