prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are the stability conditions for a solution of $-\Delta u = f(u)$?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: \section{Introduction and main results}


In this note we are interested in the existence versus non-existence of stable sub- and super-solutions of equations of the form
\begin{equation} \label{eq1}
-div( \omega_1(x) \nabla u ) = \omega_2(x) f(u) \qquad \mbox{in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$,}
\end{equation} where $f(u)$ is one of the following non-linearities: $e^u$,  $ u^p$ where $ p>1$ and $ -u^{-p}$ where $ p>0$   We assume that $ \omega_1(x)$ and $ \omega_2(x)$, which we call \emph{weights},  are smooth positive functions (we allow $ \omega_2$ to be zero at say a point) and which satisfy various growth conditions at $ \infty$     Recall that we say that a solution $ u $ of $ -\Delta u = f(u)$ in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ is stable provided
\[ \int f'(u) \psi^2 \le \int | \nabla \psi|^2, \qquad \forall \psi \in C_c^2,\] where $ C_c^2$ is the set of $ C^2$ functions defined on $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ with compact support   Note that the stability of $u$ is just saying that the second variation at $u$ of the energy associated with the equation is non-negative      In our setting this becomes:  We say a $C^2$ sub/super-solution $u$ of (\ref{eq1}) is \emph{stable} provided
\begin{equation} \label{stable}
\int \omega_2 f'(u) \psi^2 \le \int \omega_1 | \nabla \psi|^2 \qquad \forall \psi \in C_c^2 
\end{equation}
One should note that (\ref{eq1}) can be re-written as
\begin{equation*}
- \Delta u  + \nabla \gamma(x) \cdot \nabla u ={ \omega_2}/{\omega_1}\ f(u) \qquad \text{ in $ \mathbb{R}^N$},
\end{equation*}
where
$\gamma = - \log( \omega_1)$ and on occasion we shall take this point of view 


\begin{remark} \label{triv} Note that  if $ \omega_1$ has enough integrability then it is immediate that if $u$ is a stable solution  of (\ref{eq1}) we have $ \int \omega_2 f'(u) =0 $  (provided $f$ is increasing)    To see this let $ 0 \le \psi \le 1$ be supported in a ball of radius $2R$ centered at the origin ($B_{2R}$) with $ \psi =1$ on $ B_R$ and such that $  | \nabla \psi | \le \frac{C}{R}$ where $ C>0$ is independent of $ R$    Putting this $ \psi$ into $ (\ref{stable})$ one obtains
\[ \int_{B_R} \omega_2 f'(u) \le \frac{C}{R^2} \int_{R < |x| <2R} \omega_1,\] and so if the right hand side goes to zero as $ R \rightarrow \infty$ we have the desired result 

\end{remark}





The existence versus non-existence of stable solutions of  $ -\Delta u =  f(u)$ in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ or $ -\Delta u = g(x) f(u)$ in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ is now quite well understood, see  \cite{dancer1, farina1, egg, zz, f2, f3, wei, ces, e1, e2}   We remark that some of these results are examining the case where $ \Delta $ is replaced with $ \Delta_p$ (the $p$-Laplacian) and also in many cases the authors are interested in finite Morse index solutions or solutions which are stable outside a compact set 
  Much of the interest in these Liouville type theorems  stems from the fact that the non-existence of a stable solution is related to the existence of a priori estimates for stable solutions of a related equation on a bounded domain 




       In \cite{Ni}  equations similar to  $ -\Delta u = |x|^\alpha u^p$  where examined on the unit ball in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions   There it was shown that for $ \alpha >0$ that  one can obtain positive solutions for $ p $ supercritical with respect to Sobolev embedding and so one can view that the term $ |x|^\alpha$ is restoring some compactness       A similar feature happens for equations of the form
\[ -\Delta u = |x|^\alpha f(u) \qquad \mbox{in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$};\]    the value of $ \alpha$ can vastly alter the existence versus non-existence of a stable solution,  see \cite{e1, ces, e2, zz, egg} 

We now come to our main results and for this we need to define a few quantities:

\begin{eqnarray*}
I_G&:=& R^{-4t-2} \int_{ R < |x|<2R} \frac{ \omega_1^{2t+1}}{\omega_2^{2t}}dx , \\
 J_G&:=& R^{-2t-1} \int_{R < |x| <2R} \frac{| \nabla \omega_1|^{2t+1} }{\omega_2^{2t}} dx  ,\\I_L&:=& R^\frac{-2(2t+p-1)}{p-1}  \int_{R<|x|<2R }{ \left(   \frac{w_1^{p+2t-1}}{w_2^{2t}}    \right)^{\frac{1}{p-1} }  }  dx,\\ J_L&:= &R^{-\frac{p+2t-1}{p-1} }  \int_{R<|x|<2R }{ \left(   \frac{|\nabla w_1|^{p+2t-1}}{w_2^{2t}}     \right)^{\frac{1}{p-1} }  }  dx,\\
I_M  &:=&   R^{-2\frac{p+2t+1}{p+1} }  \int_{R<|x|<2R }{ \left(   \frac{w_1^{p+2t+1}}{w_2^{2t}}    \right)^{\frac{1}{p+1} }  } \ dx, \\
J_M  &:= &  R^{-\frac{p+2t+1}{p+1} }  \int_{R<|x|<2R }{ \left(   \frac{|\nabla w_1|^{p+2t+1}}{w_2^{2t}}     \right)^{\frac{1}{p+1} }  }  dx 
\end{eqnarray*}


The three equations we examine are
\[ -div( \omega_1 \nabla u ) = \omega_2 e^u \qquad \mbox{ in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ } \quad  (G), \]
\[  -div( \omega_1 \nabla u ) = \omega_2 u^p \qquad \mbox{ in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ } \quad  (L), \]
\[ -div( \omega_1 \nabla u ) = - \omega_2 u^{-p} \qquad \mbox{ in $ {\mathbb{R}}^N$ } \quad  (M),\]  and where we restrict $(L)$ to the case $ p>1$ and $(M)$ to $ p>0$     By solution we always mean a $C^2$ solution    We now come to our main results in terms of abstract $ \omega_1 $ and $ \omega_2$     We remark that our approach to non-existence of stable solutions is the approach due to Farina, see \cite{f2,f3,farina1} 

\begin{thm} \label{main_non_exist} \begin{enumerate}


\item   There is no  stable sub-solution of $(G)$ if $ I_G, J_G \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$   for some   $0<t<2$ 
 \item    There is no positive   stable sub-solution (super-solution) of $(L)$  if  $ I_L,J_L \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$   for some   $p- \sqrt{p(p-1)}   < t<p+\sqrt{p(p-1)} $  ($0<t<\frac{1}{2}$) 
\item   There is no positive   stable super-solution of (M) if  $ I_M,J_M \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$  for some $0<t<p+\sqrt{p(p+1)}$ 

\end{enumerate}

\end{thm}     If we assume that $ \omega_1$ has some monotonicity we can do  better    We will assume that the monotonicity conditions is satisfied for big $x$  but really all ones needs is for it to be satisfied on a suitable sequence of annuli 

\begin{thm} \label{mono}  \begin{enumerate} \item There is no  stable sub-solution of $(G)$ with $  \nabla \omega_1(x) \cdot  x \le 0$ for big $x$ if  $ I_G \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$   for some   $0<t<2$ 

\item There is no positive  stable sub-solution of  $(L)$ provided  $  I_L \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$ for either:
\begin{itemize}
\item  some $  1 \le t < p + \sqrt{p(p-1)}$ and $  \nabla \omega_1(x) \cdot x \le 0$ for big $x$,  or  \\

\item some $ p - \sqrt{p(p-1)} < t \le 1$ and $ \nabla \omega_1(x) \cdot x \ge 0$ for big $ x$ 
\end{itemize}
 There is no positive super-solution of $(L)$ provided $ I_L \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$ for some $ 0 < t < \frac{1}{2}$ and $ \nabla \omega_1(x) \cdot x \le 0$ for big $x$ 



\item  There is no positive stable super-solution of $(M)$ provided  $ I_M \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$  for some  $0<t<p+\sqrt{p(p+1)}$ 

\end{enumerate}

\end{thm}


\begin{cor}  \label{thing}  Suppose $ \omega_1 \le C  \omega_2$  for big $ x$, $ \omega_2 \in L^\infty$,  $ \nabla \omega_1(x) \cdot  x \le 0$ for big $ x$ 
\begin{enumerate} \item There is no stable sub-solution of $(G)$ if $ N \le 9$ 

\item  There is no positive stable sub-solution of $(L)$ if  $$N<2+\frac{4}{p-1} \left( p+\sqrt{p(p-1)}  \right) $$

\item  There is no positive stable super-solution of $(M)$ if $$N<2+\frac{4}{p+1} \left( p+\sqrt{p(p+1)}  \right) $$

\end{enumerate}

\end{cor}


If one takes $ \omega_1=\omega_2=1$ in the above corollary, the results obtained for $(G)$ and  $(L)$,  and for some values of $p$ in $(M)$, are optimal, see \cite{f2,f3,zz} 





We now drop all monotonicity conditions on $ \omega_1$ 

\begin{cor} \label{po} Suppose  $ \omega_1 \le C \omega_2$ for big $x$, $ \omega_2 \in L^\infty$, $ | \nabla \omega_1| \le C \omega_2$ for big $x$ 
\begin{enumerate} \item  There is no stable sub-solution of $(G)$ if $ N \le 4$ 

\item  There is no positive stable sub-solution of $(L)$ if $$N<1+\frac{2}{p-1} \left( p+\sqrt{p(p-1)}  \right) $$

\item There is no positive super-solution of $(M)$ if $$N<1+\frac{2}{p+1} \left( p+\sqrt{p(p+1)}  \right) $$

\end{enumerate}

\end{cor}

Some of the conditions on $ \omega_i$ in Corollary \ref{po} seem somewhat artificial   If we shift over to the advection equation (and we take $ \omega_1=\omega_2$  for simplicity)
\[ -\Delta u + \nabla \gamma \cdot \nabla u = f(u), \] the conditions on $ \gamma$ become: $ \gamma$ is bounded from below and has a bounded gradient 



In what follows we examine the case where $ \omega_1(x) = (|x|^2 +1)^\frac{\alpha}{2}$ and $ \omega_2(x)= g(x) (|x|^2 +1)^\frac{\beta}{2}$,  where $ g(x) $ is positive except at say a point, smooth and where $ \lim_{|x| \rightarrow \infty} g(x) = C \in (0,\infty)$      For this class of weights we can essentially obtain optimal results 


\begin{thm} \label{alpha_beta}   Take $ \omega_1 $ and $ \omega_2$ as above 
\begin{enumerate}

\item If $ N+ \alpha - 2 <0$ then there is no stable sub-solution for $(G)$, $(L)$ (here we require it to be positive) and in the case of $(M)$ there is no positive  stable  super-solution  This case is the trivial case, see Remark \ref{triv}   \\



\textbf{Assumption:} For the remaining cases we assume that $ N + \alpha -2 > 0$ 

  \item If  $N+\alpha-2<4(\beta-\alpha+2)$ then there is no  stable sub-solution for $ (G)$ 

\item If $N+\alpha-2<\frac{ 2(\beta-\alpha+2)   }{p-1} \left( p+\sqrt{p(p-1)}  \right)$ then there is  no positive stable sub-solution of $(L)$ 

\item If $N+\alpha-2<\frac{2(\beta-\alpha+2)   }{p+1} \left( p+\sqrt{p(p+1)}  \right)$ then there is no positive stable super-solution of $(M)$ 

\item Further more 2,3,4 are optimal in the sense if $ N + \alpha -2 > 0$ and the remaining inequality is not satisfied (and in addition we assume we don't have equality in the inequality) then we can find a suitable function $ g(x)$ which satisfies the above properties and a stable sub/super-solution $u$ for the appropriate equation 

\end{enumerate}

\end{thm}

\begin{remark}  Many of the above results can be extended to the case of equality in either the $ N + \alpha - 2 \ge 0$ and also the other inequality which depends on the equation we are  examining   We omit the details because one cannot prove the results in a unified way 

\end{remark}






















In showing that an explicit solution is stable we will need the   weighted Hardy inequality given in \cite{craig} 
\begin{lemma} \label{Har}
Suppose $ E>0$ is a smooth function   Then one has
\[ (\tau-\frac{1}{2})^2 \int E^{2\tau-2} | \nabla E|^2 \phi^2 + (\frac{1}{2}-\tau) \int (-\Delta E) E^{2\tau-1} \phi^2 \le \int E^{2\tau} | \nabla \phi|^2,\] for all $ \phi \in C_c^\infty({\mathbb{R}}^N)$ and $ \tau \in {\mathbb{R}}$ 
\end{lemma}  By picking an appropriate function $E$ this gives,

\begin{cor} \label{Hardy}
For all $ \phi \in C_c^\infty$ and $ t , \alpha \in {\mathbb{R}}$  We have
  \begin{eqnarray*}
\int (1+|x|^2)^\frac{\alpha}{2} |\nabla\phi|^2 &\ge& (t+\frac{\alpha}{2})^2 \int |x|^2 (1+|x|^2)^{-2+\frac{\alpha}{2}}\phi^2\\
&&+(t+\frac{\alpha}{2})\int  (N-2(t+1)   \frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2}) (1+|x|^2)^{-1+\frac{\alpha} {2}} \phi^2 
\end{eqnarray*}
 \end{cor}























\section{Proof of main results}

\textbf{ Proof of Theorem \ref{main_non_exist} }   (1)  Suppose $ u$ is a stable sub-solution of $(G)$ with $ I_G,J_G \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$ and  let $ 0 \le \phi \le 1$ denote a smooth compactly supported function   Put $ \psi:= e^{tu} \phi$ into (\ref{stable}), where $ 0 <t<2$, to arrive at
\begin{eqnarray*}
\int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1)u} \phi^2 &\le & t^2 \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} | \nabla u|^2 \phi^2 \\
&& +\int \omega_1 e^{2tu}|\nabla \phi|^2 + 2 t \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \phi \nabla u \cdot \nabla \phi 
\end{eqnarray*}  Now multiply $(G)$ by $ e^{2tu} \phi^2$ and integrate by parts to arrive at
\[ 2t \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} | \nabla u|^2 \phi^2 \le \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^2 - 2 \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \phi \nabla u \cdot \nabla \phi,\]
and now if one equates like terms they arrive at
\begin{eqnarray} \label{start}
\frac{(2-t)}{2} \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^2  & \le & \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \left( | \nabla \phi |^2 - \frac{ \Delta \phi}{2} \right) dx \nonumber \\
&& - \frac{1}{2} \int e^{2tu} \phi \nabla \omega_1 \cdot \nabla \phi 
\end{eqnarray}   Now substitute $ \phi^m$ into this inequality for $ \phi$ where $ m $ is a big integer to obtain
\begin{eqnarray} \label{start_1}
\frac{(2-t)}{2} \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^{2m}  & \le & C_m \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-2}  \left( | \nabla \phi |^2 + \phi |\Delta \phi|  \right) dx \nonumber \\
&& - D_m \int e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-1} \nabla \omega_1 \cdot \nabla \phi
\end{eqnarray} where $ C_m$ and $ D_m$ are positive constants just depending on $m$    We now estimate the  terms on the right but we mention that when ones assume the appropriate monotonicity on $ \omega_1$ it is the last integral on the right which one is able to drop 

\begin{eqnarray*}
\int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-2} | \nabla \phi|^2 & = & \int \omega_2^\frac{2t}{2t+1} e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-2}  \frac{ \omega_1 }{\omega_2^\frac{2t}{2t+1}} | \nabla \phi|^2  \\
& \le &  \left( \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^{(2m-2) \frac{(2t+1)}{2t}} dx \right)^\frac{2t}{2t+1}\\ &&\left( \int \frac{ \omega_1 ^{2t+1}}{\omega_2^{2t}} | \nabla \phi |^{2(2t+1)} \right)^\frac{1}{2t+1} 
\end{eqnarray*}
Now, for fixed $ 0 <t<2$ we can take $ m $ big enough so $ (2m-2) \frac{(2t+1)}{2t} \ge 2m $ and since $ 0 \le \phi \le 1$ this allows us to replace the power on $ \phi$ in the first term on the right with $2m$   and hence we obtain
 \begin{equation} \label{three}
 \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-2} | \nabla \phi|^2  \le \left( \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^{2m} dx \right)^\frac{2t}{2t+1} \left( \int \frac{ \omega_1 ^{2t+1}}{\omega_2^{2t}} | \nabla \phi |^{2(2t+1)} \right)^\frac{1}{2t+1} 
 \end{equation}    We now take the test functions $ \phi$ to be such that $ 0 \le  \phi \le 1$ with $ \phi $ supported in the ball $ B_{2R}$ with $ \phi = 1 $ on $ B_R$ and $ | \nabla \phi | \le \frac{C}{R}$ where $ C>0$ is independent of $ R$    Putting this choice of $ \phi$ we obtain
 \begin{equation} \label{four}
 \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-2} | \nabla \phi |^2 \le \left( \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1)u} \phi^{2m} \right)^\frac{2t}{2t+1} I_G^\frac{1}{2t+1} 
 \end{equation}  One similarly shows that
 \[ \int \omega_1 e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-1} | \Delta \phi| \le \left( \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1)u} \phi^{2m} \right)^\frac{2t}{2t+1} I_G^\frac{1}{2t+1} \]
 So, combining the results we obtain

 \begin{eqnarray} \label{last} \nonumber \frac{(2-t)}{2} \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^{2m} &\le& C_m \left( \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^{2m} dx \right)^\frac{2t}{2t+1} I_G^\frac{1}{2t+1}\\
 &&- D_m \int e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-1}  \nabla \omega_1 \cdot \nabla \phi 
 \end{eqnarray}
 We now estimate this last term   A similar argument using H\"{o}lder's inequality shows that
 \[ \int e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-1} | \nabla \omega_1| | \nabla \phi| \le \left(  \int \omega_2 \phi^{2m} e^{(2t+1) u} dx \right)^\frac{2t}{2t+1} J_G^\frac{1}{2t+1}  \] Combining the results gives that
\begin{equation} \label{last}
(2-t) \left( \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} \phi^{2m} dx \right)^\frac{1}{2t+1} \le I_G^\frac{1}{2t+1} + J_G^\frac{1}{2t+1},
\end{equation} and now we send $ R \rightarrow \infty$ and use the fact that $ I_G, J_G \rightarrow 0$ as $ R \rightarrow \infty$ to see that
\[ \int \omega_2 e^{(2t+1) u} =0, \] which is clearly a contradiction    Hence there is no stable sub-solution of $(G)$ 

(2)    Suppose that $u >0$ is a stable sub-solution (super-solution) of $(L)$   Then a similar calculation as in (1) shows that for  $ p - \sqrt{p(p-1)} <t < p + \sqrt{p(p-1)}$,  $( 0 <t<\frac{1}{2})$ one has

\begin{eqnarray}   \label{shit}
(p  -\frac{t^2}{2t-1}   )\int \omega_2 u^{2t+p-1} \phi^{2m} & \le & D_m \int \omega_1 u^{2t} \phi^{2(m-1)} (|\nabla\phi|^2  +\phi |\Delta \phi |) \nonumber \\
&& +C_m \frac{(1-t)}{2(2t-1)} \int u^{2t} \phi^{2m-1}\nabla \omega_1 \cdot  \nabla \phi 
 \end{eqnarray}    One now applies H\"{o}lder's argument as in (1) but the terms $ I_L$ and $J_L$ will appear on the right hand side of the resulting
 equation       This shift from a sub-solution to a super-solution depending on whether $ t >\frac{1}{2}$ or $ t < \frac{1}{2}$ is a result from the sign change of $ 2t-1$ at $ t = \frac{1}{2}$    We leave the details for the reader 


(3)   This case is also similar to (1) and (2) 


\hfill $ \Box$

 \textbf{Proof of Theorem \ref{mono} }   (1)   Again we suppose there is a stable sub-solution $u$ of $(G)$   Our starting point  is (\ref{start_1}) and we wish to be able to drop the term
 \[ - D_m \int e^{2tu} \phi^{2m-1} \nabla \omega_1 \cdot \nabla \phi, \] from (\ref{start_1})     We can choose $ \phi$ as in the proof of Theorem \ref{main_non_exist} but also such that $ \nabla \phi(x) = - C(x) x$ where $ C(x) \ge 0$      So if we assume that $ \nabla \omega_1 \cdot x \le 0$ for big $x$ then we see that this last term is non-positive and hence we can drop the term   The the proof is as before but now we only require that $ \lim_{R \rightarrow \infty} I_G=0$ 

 (2)      Suppose that $ u >0$ is a stable sub-solution of $(L)$  and so (\ref{shit}) holds for all $  p - \sqrt{p(p-1)} <t< p + \sqrt{p(p-1)}$    Now we wish to use monotonicity to drop the term from (\ref{shit}) involving the term $ \nabla \omega_1 \cdot \nabla \phi$       $ \phi$ is chosen the same as in (1)  but here one notes that the co-efficient for this term changes sign at $ t=1$ and hence by restriction $t$ to the appropriate side of 1 (along with the above condition on $t$ and $\omega_1$) we can drop the last term depending on which monotonicity we have and hence to obtain a contraction we only require that $ \lim_{R \rightarrow \infty} I_L =0$    The result for the non-existence of a stable super-solution is similar be here one restricts $ 0 < t < \frac{1}{2}$ 


(3)   The proof here is similar to (1) and (2) and we omit the details 




 \hfill $\Box$













\textbf{Proof of Corollary \ref{thing} }   We suppose  that $ \omega_1 \le C  \omega_2$  for big $ x$, $ \omega_2 \in L^\infty$,  $ \nabla \omega_1(x) \cdot  x \le 0$ for big $ x$      \\
(1)     Since $ \nabla \omega_1 \cdot x \le 0$ for big $x$ we can apply Theorem \ref{mono} to show the non-existence of a stable solution to $(G)$    Note that  with the above assumptions on $ \omega_i$ we have that
\[ I_G \le \frac{C R^N}{R^{4t+2}} \]  For $ N \le 9$  we can take $ 0 <t<2$  but close enough to $2$ so the right hand side goes to zero as $ R \rightarrow \infty$ 

Both (2) and (3) also follow directly from applying Theorem \ref{mono}    Note that one can say more about (2) by taking the multiple cases as listed in Theorem \ref{mono} but we have choice to leave this to the reader 


\hfill $ \Box$


\textbf{Proof of Corollary \ref{po} }   Since we have no monotonicity conditions now we will need both $I$ and $J$ to go to zero to show the non-existence of a stable solution    Again the results are obtained immediately by applying Theorem \ref{main_non_exist}  and we prefer to omit the details 


\hfill $\Box$
















\textbf{Proof of Theorem \ref{alpha_beta} }  (1)   If $ N + \alpha -2 <0$ then using Remark \ref{triv}  one easily sees there is no stable sub-solution of $(G)$ and $(L)$ (positive for $(L)$) or a positive stable super-solution of $(M)$    So we now assume that $ N + \alpha -2 > 0$      Note that the monotonicity of $ \omega_1$ changes when $ \alpha $ changes sign and hence one would think that we need to consider separate cases if we hope to utilize the monotonicity results    But a computation shows that in fact $ I$ and $J$ are just multiples of each other in all three cases so it suffices to show, say, that $ \lim_{R \rightarrow \infty} I =0$  \\
(2)    Note that for $ R >1$ one has
\begin{eqnarray*}
I_G & \le  & \frac{C}{R^{4t+2}} \int_{R <|x| < 2R} |x|^{ \alpha (2t+1) - 2t \beta} \\
& \le  &  \frac{C}{R^{4t+2}}  R^{N + \alpha (2t+1) - 2t \beta},
\end{eqnarray*} and so to show the non-existence we want to find some $ 0 <t<2$ such that
$  4t+2 > N  + \alpha(2t+1) - 2 t \beta$,   which is equivalent to  $ 2t ( \beta - \alpha +2) > (N + \alpha -2)$     Now recall that we are assuming that $ 0 < N + \alpha -2 < 4 ( \beta - \alpha +2) $ and hence we have the desired result by taking $  t <2$ but sufficiently close 
The proof of the non-existence results for
(3) and (4) are similar and we omit the details    \\
(5)   We now assume that $N+\alpha-2>0$   In showing the existence of stable sub/super-solutions we need to consider  $ \beta - \alpha + 2 <0$ and $ \beta - \alpha +2 >0$ separately 

\begin{itemize} \item $(\beta - \alpha + 2 <0)$  Here we take $ u(x)=0$ in the case of $(G)$ and $ u=1$ in the case of $(L)$ and $(M)$  In addition we take $ g(x)=\E$   It is clear that in all cases $u$ is the appropriate sub or super-solution   The only thing one needs to check is the stability     In all cases this reduces to trying to show that we have
\[ \sigma \int       (1+|x|^2)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}  -1}    \phi^2 \le \int      (1+|x|^2)^{\frac{\alpha}{2}}   | \nabla\phi  |^2,\]  for all $ \phi \in C_c^\infty$ where  $ \sigma $ is some small positive constant; its either $ \E$ or $ p \E$ depending on which equation were are examining 
To show this we use the result from Corollary \ref{Hardy} and we drop a few positive terms to arrive at
\begin{equation*}
\int (1+|x|^2)^\frac{\alpha}{2} |\nabla\phi|^2\ge (t+\frac{\alpha}{2})\int \left (N-2(t+1)   \frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2}\right) (1+|x|^2)^{-1+\frac{\alpha} {2}}
\end{equation*} which holds for all $ \phi \in C_c^\infty$ and $ t,\alpha \in {\mathbb{R}}$ 
  Now, since $N+\alpha-2>0$, we can choose $t$ such that $-\frac{\alpha}{2}<t<\frac{n-2}{2}$   So, the integrand function in the right hand side is positive and since for small enough $\sigma$ we have
  \begin{equation*}
\sigma \le  (t+\frac{\alpha}{2})(N-2(t+1)   \frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2})  \ \ \ \text {for all} \ \ x\in \mathbb{R}^N
\end{equation*}
 we get stability 



\item ($\beta-\alpha+2>0$) In the case of $(G)$ we take   $u(x)=-\frac{\beta-\alpha+2}{2} \ln(1+|x|^2)$ and $g(x):= (\beta-\alpha+2)(N+(\alpha-2)\frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2})$  By a computation one sees that $u$ is a sub-solution of $(G)$ and hence we need now to only show the stability, which amounts to showing that
\begin{equation*}
\int \frac{g(x)\psi^2}{(1+|x|^{2   })^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}+1}}\le \int\frac{|\nabla\psi|^2}{    (1+|x|^2)^{-\frac{\alpha}{2}}     },
\end{equation*} for all $ \psi \in C_c^\infty$   To show this we use  Corollary \ref{Hardy}   So  we  need to choose an appropriate $t$ in   $-\frac{\alpha}{2}\le t\le\frac{N-2}{2}$  such that for all $x\in {\mathbb{R}}^N$ we have
 \begin{eqnarray*}
 (\beta-\alpha+2)\left(    N+  (\alpha-2)\frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2}\right)         &\le& (t+\frac{\alpha}{2})^2 \frac{ |x|^2 }{(1+|x|^2}\\
&&+(t+\frac{\alpha}{2}) \left(N-2(t+1)   \frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2}\right) 
\end{eqnarray*}
With a  simple calculation one sees we need just to have
   \begin{eqnarray*}
 (\beta-\alpha+2)&\le& (t+\frac{\alpha}{2}) \\
  (\beta-\alpha+2)     \left(    N+  \alpha-2\right)      &   \le&  (t+\frac{\alpha}{2}) \left(N-t-2+\frac{\alpha}{2}) \right) 
 \end{eqnarray*}     If one takes $ t= \frac{N-2}{2}$ in the case where $ N \neq 2$ and $ t $ close to zero in the case for $ N=2$ one easily sees the above inequalities both hold, after considering all the constraints on $ \alpha,\beta$ and $N$ 

 We now consider the case of $(L)$   Here one takes $g(x):=\frac {\beta-\alpha+2}{p-1}(    N+  (\alpha-2-\frac{\beta-\alpha+2}{p-1})
\frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2})$ and $ u(x)=(1+|x|^2)^{ -\frac  {\beta-\alpha+2}{2(p-1)} }$    Using essentially the same approach as in $(G)$ one shows that $u$ is a stable sub-solution of $(L)$ with this choice of $g$    \\
For the case of $(M)$ we take   $u(x)=(1+|x|^2)^{ \frac  {\beta-\alpha+2}{2(p+1)}   }$ and $g(x):=\frac {\beta-\alpha+2}{p+1}(    N+  (\alpha-2+\frac{\beta-\alpha+2}{p+1})
\frac{|x|^2}{1+|x|^2})$ 



\end{itemize}


\hfill  $  \Box$









Context 2: Ghousul Waqt, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was born on Monday, 22nd of Zil Hijjah 1310 AH (18 July 1892) in the most beautiful city of Bareilly Shareef, India  It was in this very city that his illustrious father, the Mujaddid (Reviver) of Islam, Imam-e-Ahle Sunnat, A'la Hazrat, Ash Shah Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Al Qaderi (radi Allahu anhu) was born (1856 - 1921) 
At the time of the birth of Ghousul Waqt, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu), his distinguished father, was in Mahrerah Shareef, one of the great spiritual centers of the Sunni World  On that very night, Sayyiduna A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu) dreamt that he had been blessed with a son and in his dream he named his son "Aale Rahmaan"  Hazrat Makhdoom Shah Abul Hussain Ahmadi Noori (radi Allahu anhu), one of the great personalities of Mahrerah Shareef, named the child "Abul Barkaat Muhiy'yuddeen Jilani" 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was later named "Mustapha Raza Khan"  His Aqiqa was done on the name of "Muhammad", which was the tradition of the family 
Upon the birth of Ghousul Waqt, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) Sayyiduna Shah Abul Hussain Ahmadi Noori (radi Allahu anhu) told A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu), "Maulana! When I come to Bareilly Shareef, then I will definitely see this child  He is a very blessed child "
As promised, when Sayyiduna Abul Hussain Ahmadi Noori (radi Allahu anhu) went to Bareilly Shareef, he immediately summoned to see Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) who was only six (6) months old  Sayyiduna Noori Mia (radi Allahu anhu), as he was also famously known, congratulated A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu) and said, "This child will be of great assistance to the Deen and through him the servants of Almighty Allah will gain great benefit  This child is a Wali  From his blessed sight thousands of stray Muslims will become firm on the Deen  He is a sea of blessings "
On saying this, Sayyiduna Noori Mia (radi Allahu anhu) placed his blessed finger into the mouth of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and made him a Mureed  He also blessed him with I'jaazat and Khilafat at the same time  (Mufti Azam Hind Number, pg  341)  Not only did he receive Khilafat in the Qaderi Silsila (Order), but also in the Chishti, Nakshbandi, Suharwardi, and Madaari Orders  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) also received Khilafat from his blessed father, A'la Hazrat, Ash Shah Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Al Qaderi (radi Allahu anhu) 
Ghousul Waqt, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) attained most of his early education from his illustrious family - from his father, A'la Hazrat, Ash Shah Imam Ahmed Raza Khan Al Qaderi (radi Allahu anhu) the Mujaddid of Islam, whose status and position even at that time cannot be explained in these few lines  He also studied Kitaabs under the guidance of Hazrat Moulana Haamid Raza Khan (his elder brother), Maulana Shah Rahm Ilahi Maglori and Maulana Sayed Basheer Ahmad Aligarhi and Maulana Zahurul Hussain Rampuri (radi Allahu anhum)  He studied various branches of knowledge under the guidance of his most learned and blessed father, A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu)  He gained proficiency in the many branches of Islamic knowledge from among which are: Tafseer; Hadith; Fiqh; Laws of Jurisprudence; Sarf; Nahw; Tajweed; Conduct of Language; Philosophy; Logistics; Mathematics; History etc ; Arithmetic; Aqaid (Belief); Taasawwaf; Poetry; Debating; Sciences; etc 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu's) brilliance as an Islamic Scholar manifested itself when he was a still a youth, but overflowing with knowledge and wisdom  He wrote his first historical Fatawa (Islamic Ruling) when he was only 13 years old  It dealt with the topic of "Raza'at" - affinity between persons breast fed by the same woman  The following has been recorded with regards to this occasion 
Hazrat Maulana Zafrud'deen and Hazrat Maulana Sayed Abdur Rasheed (radi Allahu anhum) were at the Darul Ifta (Fatawa Department) at this stage  One day, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) walked into the Darul Ifta and noticed that Hazrat Maulana Zafrud'deen (radi Allahu anhu) was writing a certain Fatawa  He was taking "Fatawa Razvia" from the shelf as his reference  On seeing this, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) said, "Are you relying on Fatawa Razvia to write an answer?" Maulana Zafrud'deen (radi Allahu anhu) replied, "Alright then, why don't you write the answer without looking " Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) then wrote a powerful answer without any problem  This was the Fatawa concerning "Raza'at" - the very first Fatawa which he had written 
Sayyiduna A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu) then signed the Fatawa  He also commanded Hafiz Yaqeenudeen (radi Allahu anhu) to make a stamp for Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) as a gift and said that it should read as follows: "Abul Barkaat Muhiy'yuddeen Jilani Aale Rahmaan urf Mustapha Raza Khan "
This incident took place in 1328 AH  After this incident Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) spent another 12 years writing Fatawas at the feet of A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu)  He was given this immense responsibility of issuing Fatawas even while A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu) was in this physical world  He continued this trend until his last breath  The stamp which was given to him was mislaid during his second Hajj when his bags were lost 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) married the blessed daughter of his paternal uncle, Hazrat Muhammad Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu)  He had 6 daughters and one son, Hazrat Anwaar Raza (radi Allahu anhu), who passed away during childhood 
"Khuda Kheyr se Laaye Wo Din Bhi Noori, Madine ki Galiya Buhara Karoo me"
Tajedaare Ahle Sunnah, Taaje Wilayat Wa Karaamat, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) went twice for Hajj - in 1905 and 1945  He performed his third Hajj in 1971 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) was the first person to go for Hajj without a photograph in his passport  He refused to take a photograph  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was allowed to go for Hajj without a photograph in his passport and without taking any vaccinations 
During his trip to Makkatul Mukarramah, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu), also had the opportunity of meeting those Ulema whom his father, Sayidduna A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu), met during his visit to Haramain Sharifain  These great Ulema were from amongst the students of Sayed Yahya Almaan (radi Allahu anhu)  A few of the Ulema that he met were Allamah Sayed Ameen Qutbi; Allamah Sayed Abbas Alawi and Allamah Sayed Noor Muhammad (radi Allahu anhum) - to mention just a few  They narrated many incidents which had taken place during Sayyiduna A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu's) visit to Haramain Sharifain  They then requested Khilafat from Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, (radi Allahu anhu) which he bestowed upon them 
Tajedaare Ahle Sunnah, Taaje Wilayat Wa Karaamat, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) was aware of the actual time of his Wisaal 
On the 6th of Muharram (1981) he said, "All those who intended to become my Mureed but for some reason or the other could not come to me, I have made all of them Mureed and I have given their hands into the hand of Sayidduna Ghousul Azam (radi Allahu anhu) "
On the 12th of Muharram (1981) Hazrat said, "All those who asked me to make Dua for them, I have made Dua for their Jaiz (permissible) intentions to be fulfilled  May Allah accept this Dua " On this day he asked those that were present concerning date  They told him that it was the 12th of Muharram  On hearing this he became silent 
On the 13th of Muharram, he again asked concerning the date and the Mureedeen present said that it was Wednesday, the 13th of Muharram  On hearing this Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) said, "Namaaz will be held at Nau Mahla Musjid"  Those present did not understand what he meant, but remained silent out of respect  After some time again Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) said, "Did anybody tell you about the Namaaz  I will read Jumma Namaaz in Nau Mahla Masjid " After some time Hazrat said, "Did anybody say anything about the Fatiha " Those present just gazed at each others faces and remained silent  Only later did they realise what Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was implying  Hazrat was spiritally present for Jummah at the Nau Mahla Masjid! Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was not only giving hope to the Mureedeen but also informing them of his Wisaal 
The shining star of A'la Hazrat, Ash Shah Imam Ahmed Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu), the glitter and the hope for the hearts of millions throughout the world, the Mujaddid of the 15th Century, the Imam of his time, Huzoor Sayyidi Sarkaar Mufti-e- Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) left the Aalame Duniya to Journey towards the Aalame Aakhira  It was 1 40 p m  on the eve of the 14th of Muharram 1402 AH (1981) 
"Chal diye tum Aankho me ashko ka darya chor kar, har jigar me dard apna meetha meetha chor kar"
Rawa Aankho se he Ashko ke Dhaare Mufti-e-Azam, Kaha Ho Be Saharo Ka Sahara Mufti-e-Azam"
On Friday, the 15th of Muharram, at 8  00 a m  the Ghusl of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) took place  His nephew, Hazrat Maulana Rehan Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) performed the Wudhu  Hazrat Allamah Mufti Mohammed Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari performed the Ghusl  Sultan Ashraf Sahib used the jug to pour water  The following persons were present during the Ghusl : Hazrat Maulana Rehan Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu), Hazrat Allamah Mufti Mohammed Akhtar Raza Khan, Sayed Mustaaq Ali, Maulana Sayed Muhammad Husain, Sayed Chaif Sahib, Maulana Naeemullah Khan Sahib Qibla, Maulana Abdul Hamid Palmer Razvi, Muhammad Esa of Mauritius, Ali Husain Sahib, Hajji Abdul Ghaffar, Qari Amaanat Rasool Sahib and a few other Mureeds and family members 
Hazrat Allamah Mufti Mohammed Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari and Hazrat Maulana Rehan Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) have stated that at the time of the Ghusl Shareef of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) the Chaadar mistakenly moved a little  Immediately, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) held the Chaadar between his two fingers and covered the area that the Chaadar exposed  Those present thought that the Chaadar had just got caught between Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu's) fingers  They tried to remove the Chaadar from between his fingers but it would not move  The first person to notice this Karaamat was Hazrat Allamah Mohammed Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari  He showed this to everyone  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu's) fingers did not move until the area was properly covered 
"Zinda hojate he jo marte he haq ke Naam par, Allah, Allah Maut ko kis ne Masiha Kardiya"
"Janaaze se utha kar haath Pakri Chaadare Aqdas, He too Zinda He ye Zinda Karaamat Mufti e Azam"
As he had wished, the Janaza Salaah of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was performed by Maulana Sayed Mukhtar Ashraf Jilani at the Islamia Inter College grounds in Bareilly Shareef  Two and a half million (2 500 000) Muslims attended his Janazah Salaah  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) is buried on the left-hand-side of Sayyiduna A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu)  Those who lowered Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) in his Qabr Shareef have stated that they were continously wiping out perspiration from the forehead of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) right up to the last minute 
"Maangne Waala sub kuch paaye rota aaye hasta Jaaye", "Ye He Unki Adna Karamat Mufti Azam Zinda Baad"
Wealth, presidency, minister ship, worldly satisfaction and happiness can be given to a person by anyone, but such people do not have the spiritual insight to give tranquility to a disturbed heart and they cannot put a smile onto the face of a depressed person  But Tajedaare Ahle Sunnah, Taaje Wilayat Wa Karaamat, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) gave both the treasures of the physical world and the spiritual worlds to those in need  To be his servant was not less than kingship  Every day hundreds and thousands of people in need of spiritual, physical and academic needs would come to him and each one of them returned with complete satisfaction 
"Jhuki Hai Gardane Dar Par Tumhare, Taaj Waalo Ki, Mere Aqa Mere Maula Wo Taajul Auliyah Tum Ho"
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) is that light of such an illustrious family whose radiance reflected itself in his character and manners that he displayed - such qualities that very few would be able to reach perfection  His character was the true embodiment of the Sunnah of Sayyiduna Rasulullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  He shone like a star in the darkness of the night 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) possessed great heights of good character, moral standards, kindness, sincerity, love and humbleness  He never refused the invitation of any poor Muslim  He always stayed away from those who were very wealthy and lavish  He was the possessor of great moral and ethical values 
It is stated that once Akbar Ali Khan, a Governor of U P , came to visit Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) did not meet him but left to a place called Puraana Shahar (Old City) to visit a poor Sunni Muslim who was very ill and at the doorstep of death 
In another occasion, Fakhruddeen Ali Ahmad, the President of a Political Party, came to visit Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) but was refused this opportunity  Many other proud ministers had also come to meet Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) but met with the same fate  This was due to his extreme dislike for politics and involvement in worldly affairs 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) never fell short in entertaining those who came to visit him  When he was physically fit he used go into the Visitors Section and ask each person whether they had eaten or not  He used to ask them if they partook in tea or not  He used to continuously enquire as to whether they were experiencing any difficulties or not  It was often seen that he would personally carry the dishes into the house for the visitors! He was definitely blessed with the characters of the "Salfe Saliheen" or The Pious Servants of Allah 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) was a pillar of hospitality and humbleness  If he reprimanded a certain person for doing something un-Islamic or if he became displeased with anyone for some reason or the other, he used to also explain to the person in a very nice way and also try to cheer that person  He would then make Dua in abundance for such a person  His Mureeds (Disciples), on many ocassions, used to recite Manqabats (Poetry) in his praise  On hearing such Manqabats he would say, "I am not worthy of such praise  May Allah make me worthy "
Many people came to him for his blessings  Others would come for Ta'weez  He never refused anyone  It is also not known how many homes were being supported through the kindness and hospitality of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu)  He always entertained those who came from far and near to the best of his means  He used to even give most of his visitors train and bus fares to travel  In winter, he would give warm clothes, warm sheets and blankets to the poor and the needy 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) gave Khilafat to many Ulema-e-Ikraam and personally tied the Amaama (Turban) on their heads  He gave cloaks, turbans and hats to many people  Once, during winter, a few of the Khaadims were present with Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  He was lying on his bed and covered with a shawl  A certain Maulana Abu Sufyaan touched Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu's) shawl and commented as to how beautiful it was  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) immediately removed the shawl and presented it to him  Although the Moulana refused to accept it Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) gave it to him forcefully 
All of his Mehfils were full of knowledge and Barkah  Many questions on Tassawuf were easily answered by him  It seemed as if the rains of mercy and rays of Noor were spread all over his Mehfils 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) always wanted to see a Muslim's inner and outer personality  He always advised them to mould their lives according to the principles and the commands of Islam  He always showed discomfort to those who did not have beards, those who wore hats and to those who wore ultra-western clothes  He used to warn such Muslims  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) used to show his displeasure towards those who wore ties  He used to tug at their ties and commanded them to abstain from wearing a tie  He also asked them to make Tauba from such acts 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) always commanded Muslims to give or take anything with their right hand  He stopped the Muslims from calling the governments as their "Sarkaar" or leaders  He never kept any ordinary Kitaab on the books of Tafseer or Hadith  Whenever he sat in a Meelad-un-Nabi (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) or Mehfil-e-Zikr, he always sat with utmost respect until the very end 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) never spat towards the Qibla  He never stretched his legs in the direction of the Qibla  Whenever he entered the cemetery, he never used his entire feet to walk on the ground  He always walked on his toes  At times, he would stand on his toes for about half an hour in the graveyard making Dua-e- Maghfirat!
He always stopped Muslims from doing any false fortune telling  If any death or loss took place in the house of a Muslim, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) would go to comfort the people of that house but he would never eat there  He always advised those in sorrow to make Sabr and remember Almighty Allah  He always respected Ulema-e-Ikraam  He respected the Sayeds in such a manner as a slave will respect his King  He prohibited Muslims from keeping un-Islamic names  He preferred such names as Abdullah, Abdur Rahmaan, Muhammad and Ahmad 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) always performed his Salaah in Jamaah whether he was on journey or not  The moment he put his foot out of his house to go towards the Masjid, he used to be surrounded by his Mureeds (disciples) and well-wishers who would follow him till the Masjid door which was just a few feet away from his house  While some would be kissing his blessed hands, others tried to talk with him  He would reply to all those who made Salaam to him  On entering the Masjid, he would immediately recite the dua prescribed 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) would then remove his Amaama and then sit down to perform Wudhu  He would wash all the parts thoroughly so that the Sunnahs were accomplished  He would perform his Salaah with great sincerity and used to be lost in the worship of his Creator  The person who looked at him from a distance would have instantly understood that Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) had left all the worldly desires and was intent upon pleasing his Creator 
Once, while Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was traveling from Nagpur, it was time for Maghrib Salaah  He immediately disembarked from the train  The people told Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) that the train was about to leave, but he was intent on performing his Salaah  His companions also disembarked with him  They had just performed their Wudhu and were making Niyyah for Salaah when the train left the station  All of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu's) and his companions luggages' were left on the train  A few un-Islamic people who were there said "the Mias train had left him"  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was still in Salaah 
When they all had completed their Salaah, they noticed that the station platform was empty  They became a little worried since all their luggage had gone with the train, but still Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) looked undisturbed  His companions were busy talking about the luggage when they noticed the station guard, followed by a group of travellers, running towards them  The guard came up to Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and said, "Huzoor! The train is stuck!" Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) said, "The engine is damaged " The train was brought back and Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and his companions sat in the train  After some repairs the train left with him and his companions seated in it!
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) was drowned in the love for the Holy Prophet, Sayyiduna Rasulullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  Everything he did was for the pleasure of Almighty Allah and Sayyiduna Rasulullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  All that he had gained was due to the intense love which he possessed for the Holy Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) 
His extreme and intense love for the Holy Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) can be understood by the fact that during the latter stages of his life, even though he was very ill, he would sit for hours with great respect in the Naath Mehfils and would shed tears in his love for Sayyiduna Rasulullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  He used to celebrate the Meelad-un-Nabi (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) each year with great splendour  The programme used to begin on the eve of the 12th of Rabi-ul-Awwal and used to continue till the next day just before lunch  The invitation was open to all Muslims and they all used to be fed 
Even after examining the Naath Shareefs written by Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) one would see that every word written dislayed his measureless love for the Holy Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) 
In the world of poetry, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) was a Giant of his time  Most of his poems were in the form of Humd (Praise of Allah), Naath Shareef, Qasidas and Manqabats compiled in the Arabic, Urdu, Persian and Hindi languages  All these poems were compiled into a book which is famously known as "Samaane Bakhshish" which is still available toady  Samaane Bakhshsish is a treasure chest which flows with pearls of love for Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  The compilation of Samaane Bakhshish is through the blessings of Sayyiduna Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) 
"Ye Dil Ye Jigr Hai Ye Aankhe Ye Sar Hai, Jaha Chaaho Rakho Qadam Ghause Azam"
"Once a very young descendant of Sayyiduna Sheikh Abdul Qaadir Jilani (radi Allahu anhu), Hazrat Peer Taahir Ala'uddeen (radi Allahu anhu), visited Bareilly Shareef  The respect and honour that Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) showed towards him was out of this world  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) used to walk bare feet behind him with great respect "
The great Ulema of the time have stated that Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was lost to such an extent in the love for Sayyiduna Ghousul Azam, Sheikh Abdul Qaadir Jilani (radi Allahu anhu) that even physically he began to resemble Sheikh Abdul Qaadir Jilani (radi Allahu anhu) 
"Dekh Kar Shakle Mufti Azam, Ghause Azam ki Yaad Aayi he"
Ghousul Waqt, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) had great respect and love for the Ulema and for Sayeds (Descendants of Sayyiduna Rasulullah sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  The respect which he showed towards them is beyond explanation 
One day, in 1979, a lady came with her little child to ask for Ta'weez  It was a very hot day and she was informed that Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was resting  The lady, however, was in great need for the particular Ta'weez  She asked someone to see if Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was awake but nobody had the nerve of going near him while he was resting as they considered this to be disrespectful  Taking her child she commented, "What did we know that the words of Sayeds will not be heard in this place" 
It is not known how Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) heard this, but he immediately summoned one of the Mureeds  He instructed him to call the lady and not give her grief  The woman then sent her child to Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  He asked the child's name and showed great love and respect towards this young child  With great affection, he placed his hand on the child's head  He even asked someone to bring an apple for the child  From behind the curtain, he spoke to the lady concerning her problem and immediately wrote a Ta'weez for her 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) then sent a message to his family requesting that the mother and child should only be allowed to leave after the heat became less intense; that they should be well entertained and that no shortage should be spared in entertaining these Sayeds 
When Allamah Sadru Shariah Maulana Amjad Ali Al Qadri (radi Allahu anhu), the author of the famous "Bahare Shariah," used to come to Bareilly Shareef for the Urs Shareef of Sayyiduna A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu), Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) used to go to the railway station to welcome him and showed great respect towards this Scholar of Islam  He also showed great respect towards Sayyidi Hafiz-e-Millat and Hazrat Maulana Hasmat Ali Khan Sahib (radi Allahu anhum)  He also showed respect towards his own Mureeds and Khalifas who were Alims 
"Hawa he Gotand wa Tez lekin Chiraagh Apna Jala Raha he, Wo Marde Durwesh jis ko Haq ne diye the Andaze Khusrawana"
The sign of a true Mo'min is that he never submits himself before an enemy  In the worst of circumstances a Mo'min announces that which is the truth  Sayyiduna Rasulullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) said, "To speak the truth before a tyrant King is a great Jihad " So imagine the excellence of a person who always spoke the truth at all times, a person who always raised the flag of truth and honesty, and a person who never left the path of truth in his entire life!
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) was one such person  He is one of the greatest leaders of the Sunnis  His boldness and fearlessness is difficult to explain  His entire life was spent speaking against Deobandis, Wahabis and all the other misleading sects, whether is was against the West, Qadianism, or Najdism he always challenged them right till the very end  He always propagated the true Deen and the Path of the Ahle Sunnah Wa Jamaah  With his Fatawas, he helped protect the Imaan of not only the Muslims in India and Pakistan, but of Muslims throughout the world 
He attacked the enemies of Islam through his writings, sayings, actions, etc  He did everything in his capacity to challenge the enemies of Islam  No person in his presence could say or do anything against Shariah  No person could speak against that which was the truth  It is stated by one of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu's) Khaadim's, who accompanied him on a journey by train, that there were some people in the train who were consuming alcohol  When Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) saw them, he reprimanded them and told them to desist from such a Haraam act  They did not listen to his advise so he scolded the leader of the group who was a young and well-built person  He gave the young person a hard slap which caused the bottle of alcohol to fall far from his hand  The Khaadim expected the person to retaliate but, who had the nerve to retaliate against this Lion of Islam! They became afraid and sat down quietly  Later some of them came up to Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and begged for forgiveness for their shameful behavior 
"Tassawuf, Philsafa, Tafseer ki fiqhi Masa'il, Subhi kahte hai ke Aqida Kusha he Mufti Azam"
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu), who after writing his first Fatawa while still a student at "Darul Uloom Manzare Islam", was given the status of Mufti due to his immense knowledge  When the Muslim World began to see his knowledge and Fatawas brightenening the world, they began calling him "Mufti-e-Azam" or The Most Exalted Mufti of the Time  This title alone became the name he was recognised by  Whenever the name "Mufti Azam Hind" was mentioned, it referred to none other than his exalted personality 
Remember that he or she only is exalted who has been blessed with this excellence by Almighty Allah and His Beloved Rasool (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) was a personality free from pride, lavishness and self- fame  His status was bestowed upon him by Almighty Allah and His Beloved Rasool (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  That person to whom Almighty Allah and His Rasool (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) grants such excellence, then such excellence cannot be understood by ordinary mortals  This is one of the reasons why the entire world was brightened and received the benefits of his knowledge of Fiqh 
There came a stage when Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was not only known as "Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind" but he was also known as "Mufti-e-Azam-e-Alam" or The Grand Mufti of the World 
It is recorded that on his trip to the Haramain Sharifain the Ulema of the Hejaz (Arabia), Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and from many other countries came to him to solve Fiqh Mas'alas  Many became his Mureeds  This is how his Faiz of Shariah and Tariqah spread its rays throughout the world  While in the Hejaz Shareef, he also had to deal with many Fatawas that poured in from various countries, such as, Africa, Mauritius, United Kingdom, America, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and many other places  He answered every single one of them in a very dedicated and professional manner 
During the reign of General Ayub Khan a "Rooyat Hilal Committee" was formed in Pakistan for the purpose of sighting the moon for every Islamic Month, and more importantly, for Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha  An aeroplane was flown up to a certain height and the moon would be sighted from there  This form of Shahaadah (Confirmation) of the sighting of the moon via an aeroplane was readily accepted by the Pakistani Government  In this manner, Eid was celebrated 
On a specific occasion, on the 29th of Ramadaan, an aero plane was flown from the East to the West of Pakistan and the moon was reported to be sighted  This sighting was announced by the Hilaal Committee, but the Sunni Ulema of Pakistan did not accept this confirmation  The Ulema of Pakistan sent questionnaires to the Ulema throughout the world for clarification and one such questionnaire was sent to Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  Many Ulema replied that the confirmation had to be accepted and that it was permissible, but Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) clearly replied that this was not permissible  His Fatawa read as follows:" The Command of Shariah is to sight the Moon and fast or celebrate Eid  Where the Moon is not sighted the Qazi should give an Islamic decision in connection with a confirmation  The moon must be sighted from the ground level or any place attached to the ground  With regards to the matter of using the plane - to sight the moon via a plane is wrong because the moon sets and does not perish  This is why it is sometimes sighted on the 29th and sometimes on the 30th  If to fly in a plane to sight the moon is a condition, then by increasing altitude the moon will be sighted even on the 27th and 28th  In this case, will the sighting be confirmed for the 27th or 28th? No person in his right sense will accept this  Thus under these circumstances, how would it be proper to sight the moon on the 29th?"
This Fatawa of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) appeared in every newspaper in Pakistan as "Headline News" 
The following month, on the 27th and the 28th, the Pakistan Government sent an aeroplane at a higher altitude and found that the moon was visible on these days  The Government of Pakistan then accepted the Fatawa of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and the Hilaal Committee of Pakistan was disbanded 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) wrote more or less 50 000 Fatawas in his lifetime  His word was accepted by great Ulema  Shamsul Ulema, Hazrat Maulana Shamsud'deen Ja'fari (radi Allahu anhu) stated: "In this era, there is no greater expert in Fiqha than Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  Whenever I present myself in his high court I always sit with my head bowed and I listen to his words in silence  I do not have the audacity to talk in abundance to him "
"Amaanat Hind-o-Paak he is baat ke Shaahid, Ke badal deti he minto me Huqumat Mufti-e-Azam"
The year 1976 was a very difficult period for the Muslims in India  Certain Ulema, bought of by the Saudi Riyals and American Dollars, passed the Fatawa making Vasectomy (male sterilization to prevent birth of children) permissible  The Indian Government made Vasectomy necessary for every male in India at that time 
Muslims of India were in search of a Saviour to prevent such a law from being passed as this would mean them not having any more children  They were looking for someone who would stand and fight for their religious rights  All the Muslims looked towards the city of Bareilly Shareef, the city of light and truth, for an answer to this controversy  All of a sudden that Mujahhid of Islam rose with the torch of knowledge and light against the winds of enmity and destruction - Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  He immediately issued the true Fatawa on vasectomy and said, "Vasectomy is Haraam, Haraam, Haraam " This news spread throughout India  Through the Dua and firmness of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) on this issue, the Government that wished to pass this law had lost power, and a new government came into power  The law on Vasectomy was abolished!
Once, Maulana Abdul Hadi Al Qaderi and Soofi Iqbal Sahib asked Ghousul Waqt, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) the following question: "Huzoor! Can one remember his Sheikh in Namaaz?" Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) answered by saying, "If you need to remember anyone in Namaaz then you should remember Tajedare Do Aalam, Habbibe Khuda (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  Yes, just as people tend to gaze here and there in Namaaz - if, in this way, the thought of one's Peer comes into the mind, then there is no hindrance"  Subhan-Allah! Such caution is in this answer! This answer has also contradicted the Deobandi belief  By looking at the life of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and reading his Fatawas, one would see his status and excellence in the spiritual domain  His spiritual life was according to that of his renowned and distinguished father, Sayyiduna A'la Hazrat (radi Allahu anhu) 
When the Americans were announcing there journey to the moon, a few Ulema were present with Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu)  Amongst these Ulema were Shamsul Ulema Hazrat Maulana Shamsud'deen and Allamah Ghulam Jilani Mirati (radi Allahu anhum)  They were discussing the concepts concerning the sun and the moon  Mufti-e-Azam-e- Hind (radi Allahu anhu) said that the sky and the earth are both stationary and that the moon and the sun are in motion  On hearing this Allama Ghulam Jilani Mirati (radi Allahu anhu) said, "In the Holy Quran it is said, 'Wash Shamsu Tajri Li Mustaqaril'laha'  In other words, the sun is in motion in its fixed abode  From the word 'Tajri', it is obvious that the sun is in motion and from the word 'Mustaqaril'laha' it is obvious that it is stationary in one place  How can both these concepts be right?"
In answer to this, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind, Moulana Mustapha Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu) immediately said, "It was commanded to Hazrat Adam (alaihis salaam) and Hazrat Hawa (radi Allahu anha) (as follows): 'Walakum fil Ardi Mustaqar'  Does this mean that they were stationary in only one portion of the earth? Did they not walk around (on the earth)? To be Mustaqar means to be stationary in your surrounding, not to come out of your boundaries  To move but to move within your boundaries of movement " On hearing this Allama Mirati Sahib (radi Allahu anhu) became silent 
Hazrat Muhaddith-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) said: "IN THIS TIME, THAT PERSONALITY WHOSE TAQWA (PIETY) IS MORE THAN HIS FATAWA, IS NONE OTHER THAN THE SON OF SAYYIDI A'LA HAZRAT (RADI ALLAHU ANHU) WHOSE BEAUTIFUL NAME IS MUSTAPHA RAZA AND THIS NAME COMES ON MY TONGUE WITHOUT PROBLEM AND IT ALLOWS ME TO GAIN GREAT BLESSINGS " Once Hazrat Muhaddith-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu) wrote the following words on the Fatawa of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu): "THIS IS THE SAYING OF SUCH AN AALIM WHOM TO FOLLOW IS COMPULSORY "
Huzoor Sayyidi Hafiz-e-Millat (radi Allahu anhu) stated, "A PERSON DOES NOT GET PROPER RESPECT AND ACCEPTANCE IN HIS OWN TOWN, BUT THE ACCEPTANCE AND RESPECT THAT HUZOOR MUFTI AZAM HAS GAINED IN HIS TOWN CANNOT BE FOUND ANYWHERE ELSE  THIS IS OPEN PROOF OF HIS KARAMAAT AND WILAYAT"  He then said, "MUFTI AZAM IS A KING, HE IS A KING"  (Which means that he should be respected and treated as a King) 
Huzoor Mujjahid-e-Millat (radi Allahu anhu) said, "IN THIS TIME, THE PERSONALITY OF HUZOOR MUFTI AZM HIND (RADI ALLAHU ANHU) IS A UNIQUE ONE, ESPECIALLY IN THE FIELD OF IFTA, BUT ALSO IN HIS DAILY CONVERSATIONS - THE MANNER IN WHICH HE SPOKE AND EXPLAINED CAN BE UNDERSTOOD BY ONLY THE PEOPLE OF KNOWLEDGE "
The "Imam Ghazzali" of his time, Allama Saeed Ahmad Kazmi Shah Sahib (radi Allahu anhu) says, "THE STATUS OF SAYYIDI MUFTI AZAM HIND (RADI ALLAHU ANHU) CAN BE UNDERSTOOD FROM THIS THAT HE IS THE SON AND THE BELOVED OF MUJJADIDE DEEN-O-MILLAT, IMAM AHLE SUNNAT, ASH SHAH IMAM AHMAD RAZA KHAN (RADI ALLAHU ANHU) "
Hazrat Qari Maslihud'deen (radi Allahu anhu) says, "AFTER THE WISAAL OF MY MURSHAD, THE CENTRAL POINT OF MY FOCUS WAS THE PERSONALITY OF HUZOOR MUFTI AZAM HIND (RADI ALLAHU ANHU) AND NOT ONLYWAS HE THE POINT OF MY FOCUS, BUT ALSO THAT OF THE ENTIRE SUNNI POPULATION "
One of the greatest Karamats of a Mo'min is for him to be always steadfast on Shariat-e-Mustapha and Sunnat-e-Mustapha (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  A Mo'min must be prepared to accept all the difficulties and calamities of life  When faced by any calamity he should always make Shukr to Allah Almighty 
These outstanding qualities can be found in the life of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  He was always steadfast and firm on Shariat-e-Mustapha (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  It is said that it is impossible to move a mountain from its place but it was not possible to move Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) from the Shariat-e-Mustapha (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  Every second in the life of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) was a Karaamat  Volumes can be written about the Karaamats of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu)  He himself is a living Karaamat!
"Kaha tak Raaz likhoge karaamat Mufti-e-Azam, Sarapa hi Sarapa he karaamat Mufti-e-Azam"
For the purpose of Fuyooz-o-barkaat we will quote one such Karaamat 
Once Hazrat went for the Urs of Hazrat Mahboob-e-Ilahi, Kwaja Nizaamud'deen Awliyah (radi Allahu anhu) to Delhi  He stayed at a place called 'Koocha Jilan' with Ashfaaq Ahmad Sahib  At this place, a certain Wahabi Maulvi began arguing with Hazrat concerning the Ilme Ghaib (Knowledge of the Unseen) of Huzoor Anwar (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam)  Ashfaaq Ahmad Sahib asked Hazrat not to argue with this person as it would not make any difference to him  Hazrat said, "Let him speak  I will listen to him and all those who are present should also listen attentively  The reason why nothing makes a difference to Maulvi Sahib is because nobody listens to him properly  So let him say that which he wishes " Maulvi Saeedud'deen then spoke for approximately 15 minutes explaining how Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) did not possess Ilme Ghaib  He spoke for some time and then became silent 
Hazrat then said, "If you have forgotten anything concerning your argument then please try to remember " The Maulvi Sahib spent another half an hour trying to prove that Huzoor (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) did not possess Ilme Ghaib 
After listening to his arguments Hazrat said, "You should immediately repent from your false belief  Allah has definitely blessed Huzoor (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) with Ilme Ghaib and you have tried to contradict it in every way you could  If you do not mind, then also listen to my argument" 
Then very sarcastically Hazrat said, "What is the responsibility of a son towards his widowed mother?" Maulvi Sahib in answer said, "I will not answer this as it is not relevant to the topic of discussion" 
Hazrat then said, "I did not mind when you questioned me, but in any case just listen to my questions  There is no need to answer them" 
The second question Hazrat asked was, "How is it to take a loan from someone and then hide from him? Can you become weary of your crippled son and leave him to beg? To make Hajj Badal from    "
This question was not yet completed when the Wahabi Maulvi fell at the feet of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and said, "Hazrat! It is enough  The problem has been solved  Today I have realised that Huzoor (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) has Ilme Ghaib  If not by now the Munaafiqeen would have destroyed the Islamic Missions  If Almighty Allah has shown you those things about me which nobody else here knows about, then I cannot imagine all that which He has informed Rasoolullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam) of" 
The Wahabi Maulvi immediately repented and became Mureed of Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) 
Each year, Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) used to go to Calcutta for missionary work  The Pope used to also visit Calcutta and although he received good coverage in the media, very few Christians turned up to meet the Pope  The Christians of Calcutta became very jealous whenever Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) visited that city as, without any news coverage, he attracted thousands of people who came to see him 
The Christians decided to insult Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and lower his personality in the eyes of the people  They trained three Christians to approach Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) with the pretence that they were going to become his Mureeds  This was their plan: Whenever Hazrat was going to make any person his Mureed, he would ask the person to say, "Say that you have given your hand into the hands of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu) " The Christians where then going to say that Hazrat is a liar (Allah forbid) since that was not the hand of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu)!
The three Christians, now disguised as Muslims went to Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu) with the pretence of becoming his Mureed  When two of the Christians saw Hazrat's noorani face they became afraid of carrying out their plans, but the third Christian, who was very stubborn, decided to carry out the plan 
He sat in front of Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) and Hazrat proceeded with making him a Mureed  When Hazrat said, "Say that you have given your hand into the hands of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu)," he said, "I am giving my hand in the hand of Mufti-e-Azam " He was implying that Hazrat was asking him to lie when he was made to say a moment ago that he is not going to lie 
Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) again commanded him to say, "Say that you have given your hand into the hands of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu) " He again said, "I am giving my hand in the hand of Mufti-e-Azam "
Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) came into a Jalaal (Spiritual Anger) state and said, "Say that you are giving your hands into the hands of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu) " To the surprise of many, the Christian began continuously saying, "I have given my hands into the hands of Ghous-e-Azam, I have my given hands into the hands of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu)       "
When asked about his behavior, the Christian said that as Huzoor Mufti-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) commanded him for the final time to say that he has given his hands into the hands of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu), he actually saw two bright hands emerging from Hazrat's hands and the Christian says that he is sure that these hands were none other the mubarak hands of Ghous-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu) 
That Christian then asked Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) for forgiveness and explained to him what his true intentions were  He immediately accepted Islam and became a Mureed  The news of this Karaamat spread far and wide and thousands of Christians accepted Islam at Hazrat's hands  Subhan-Allah! This incident was narrated by Hazrat Moulana Abdul Hamid Palmer Noori Razvi, a close Khalifa of Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) 
Huzoor Sayyidi Sarkaar Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu's) Mazaar Shareef is situated in Mohalla Saudagran, Bareilly Shareef  Every year thousands of Mureeds and lovers of Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu) present themselves at Bareilly Shareef for his Urs Mubaarak 
Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind (radi Allahu anhu's) Mureedeen were not only ordinary people but his Mureeds also consisted of great Ulema, Muftis, Mufassirs, Poets, Philosophers, Professors, Doctors, etc  It is said that he has millions of Mureedeen 
In India - Mufas'sire Azam Hind Hazrat Ibrahim Raza (radi Allahu anhu); Hazrat Maulana Tahseen Raza Khan; Hazrat Maulana Rehan Raza Khan (radi Allahu anhu); Hazrat Allamah Mufti Mohammed Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari; Muhadithe Kabeer Hazrat Maulana Mufti Zia Ul Mustapaha Sahib; Hazrat Maulana Arshadul Qaadri Sahib 
His Eminence, Shaikh Mufti Mohammad Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari Al-Qaderi, was born on the 25th of Safar in the year 1942 in Bareilly, the citadel of spirituality and learning  He is the great grandson of A'la Hazrat, Shaikh Imam Ahmed Raza Fazil-e Barelvi (rahmatullahi alaih), the Mujaddid (Reviver) of Islam in the 14th Century Hijri 
Under the tutorship of renowned Ulama, he attained the degree of Fazile Deeniyat (Graduation in Islamic Theology) from Darul Uloom Manzare Islam, Bareilly  After spending three years (1963 - 1966) at the Al Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, his Eminence post-graduated in Arabic Literature and Deeniyat with specialization in Ahadith (Prophetic Tradition) and Tafseer (Quranic Exegesis) with high distinctions 
On his return home, he joined Darul Uloom Manzare Islam, Bareilly Shareef  Thereafter, he left the Darul Uloom and established his own Darul-Ifta with the permission of his maternal grandfather, Huzoor Mufti-e-Azam Hind, Shaikh Mufti Muhammad Mustapha Raza Khan (rahmatullahi alaih)  His Eminence, Mufti-e-Azam Hind (rahmatullahi alaih) declared him his Ja'Nashin (Successor) while the great Shaikh was present in this world 
His Eminence inherited the skill in the issuing of Fatawa (Legal Islamic Rulings) and in tackling the complex issues relating to Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) directly from Mufti-e-Azam (radi Allahu anhu) who inherited it directly from Mujaddid-e-Deen-o-Millat, Ash Shah Imam Ahmed Raza Bareilvi (rahmatullahi alaih) 
He is not only the Successor and a trustworthy custodian of Fatawa writing of Shaikh Mufti-e-Azam Hind (rahmatullahi alaih), but also the custodian of learning, knowledge, sanctity and saintliness, of his grandfather, Hujjatul Islam, Moulana Muhammad Haamid Raza Khan (rahmatullahi alaihi) 
His father, Moulana Muhammad Ibrahim Raza Khan Jilaani Mia (rahmatullahi alaih), was a great Aalim and Saint  He was well-versed in the commentary of the Holy Quran and so was given the title of Mufassir-e-Azam-e-Hind or Great Commentator of the Holy Quran in India 
His Eminence, Mufti Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari, travels extensively propagating the Deen and is a world-renowned preacher and a spiritual guide  Thousands of Muslims in India and abroad are attached with his Silsila  His Eminence has many Khulafa  He was also given the title of Taajush Shari'ah 
Besides being a great Mufti and Aalim, he is also a poet and an academic writer  His Diwan (Collection of Poems) was published for the first time entitled Naghmat-e-Akhtar  Later, it was published entitled Safina-e-Bakhshish in 1986, a chrono-grammical name, derived by Dr  Abdun Naim Azizi  Safina-e-Bakhshish includes Mufti Akhtar Raza Khan's Urdu and Arabic poems and was compiled and published by Dr  Abdun Naim Azizi  Many of Allama Mohammad Akhtar Raza's Naaths and Manqabats have not been published as yet 
Amongst his academic works, a few are as follows: (1) Taswiron Ka Hukm, (2) T V  aur Video ka Operation, (3) Difae Kanzul Imaan, (4) Sharhe-Hadise Niyat, (5) Al-Haqqul Mobeen (Arabic), (6) Difa Kanzul Imaan Part I & II (7) Mer-atun-Najdi'ah (Arabic) (8) Hazrat Ibrahim ke Waalid Tariq ya Azar, etc 
His Darul-Ifta is now the central Darul Ifta of not only Bareilly Shareef, but of the Sunni world and he has continued the prestige of Fatawa writing of his grand-father and great grand-father  To date, he has written more than 5 000 Fatawa Besides being well-versed in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu he has also a good knowledge of English  He has written many Fatawa in the English Language  The original book, Few English Fatawa, was first published by Edara Sunni Duniya, 82 Saudagran, Bareilly Shareef by his Eminence  Allama Mufti Naseem Ashraf Habibi, who is the Head Advisor and Mufti of the Imam Ahmed Raza Academy and of Sunni Ulama Council included a few more unpublished Fatawas, which was also written or orally dictated in English by Hazrat Azhari Sahib 
May Almighty Allah keep Hazrat Allama Mufti Mohammad Akhtar Raza Khan Azhari firm on Maslak-e-A'la Hazrat and serve as a beacon of guidance  May He grant his Eminence good health and long life  Aameen 
Context 3: The major actions taken by the board of directors and council during the national meeting in Chicago were reported in C&EN, April 30 (page 32) 
The Society Committee on Budget & Finance met on Saturday, March 24, to review the society's 2006 financial performance  The society ended 2006 with a net contribution from operations of $12 2 million, on revenues of $424 0 million and expenses of $411 8 million  This was $7 8 million favorable to the approved budget 
After including the results of the Member Insurance Program and new ventures, the society's overall net contribution for 2006 was $11 5 million, which was $7 4 million favorable to the approved budget  The favorable variance was primarily attributable to higher than budgeted electronic services revenue and investment income, as well as expense savings from lower than budgeted health care costs and reduced IT spending  In addition, the society ended the year in compliance with the board-established financial guidelines 
The Society Committee on Education (SOCED) received an update from President Catherine Hunt on the thematic programming featured in Chicago focusing on the sustainability of energy, food, and water  President-Elect Bruce Bursten solicited input from the committee pertaining to the central role of education in his agenda  SOCED received a presentation from the Membership Affairs Committee on its white paper on membership requirements 
Committee members strongly support the proposal to include undergraduates as members of the society, but they requested that financial arrangements be clearly spelled out in the petition to ensure that the highly successful Student Affiliates program remains intact  The committee discussed the Education Division programs that were reviewed in 2006 and those that will be reviewed in 2007, under the auspices of the Program Review Advisory Group  SOCED received an update from the Committee on Professional Training regarding the draft ACS guidelines for approval of bachelor's degree programs in chemistry 
Committee members discussed the report prepared by the Globalization Task Force, focusing on those sections relevant to education  The committee suggested initiatives related to the new ACS strategic plan, including a potential program that would engage retired chemists in the K-12 classroom  SOCED created a task force to consider the role of online, or "virtual," simulations in the chemistry laboratory, recognizing the value of online/virtual experiences as a supplement to, but not a replacement for, hands-on laboratory experiments 
The committee ratified two interim actions taken since the Dec  3, 2006, meeting: to remove the financial restriction of the ACS Petroleum Research Fund (ACS PRF) Supplement for Underrepresented Minority Research Programs (SUMR) and to contact nominators whose nominations for the Volunteer Service Award had expired and to invite them to reactivate their nomination packet for the 2008 Volunteer Service Award 
Acting under delegated authority, the committee voted to accept the recommendations of the ACS Petroleum Research Fund Advisory Board (February 2007 meeting) for funding grants totaling $5 2 million; voted to recommend to the board a screened list of six nominees (due to a two-way tie for fifth place) for the 2008 Priestley Medal; voted to recommend to the board a screened list of five nominees for the 2008 Award for Volunteer Service to ACS; on the recommendation of the ACS Committee on Frasch Foundation Grants, voted to recommend to the board that it recommend to the trustee (US Trust) of the Frasch Foundation 12 grants for research in agricultural chemistry for the period of 2007–12; voted to recommend to the ACS Board of Directors that a new national award be established, the "ACS Award for Affordable Green Chemistry," sponsored by Rohm and Haas; and voted to recommend to the ACS Board of Directors that a new endowment be established, the "Affordable Green Chemistry Endowment Fund," to support the award 
The committee also reviewed the final report from the Special Board Task Force on the Review of the ACS National Awards Program, chaired by Ronald Breslow; established a Canvassing & Selection Subcommittee; and reviewed a list of external awards for which ACS may want to nominate candidates  The committee agreed to include the list of significant external awards in the awards locator database that is being developed 
The committee was updated on efforts to reconcile ACS's technical divisions' desires to leverage national meeting content using the Internet with our journal editors' concerns about prior publication issues  A conference call on this issue was scheduled for April 21, 2007 
The committee received a presentation on the recent actions of the ACS Board of Directors International Strategy Group (ISG)  The group's charge is to develop recommendations for a short- and long-term international strategy for the society 
The committee was updated on the status of the activities of the Board Oversight Group on Leadership Development (BOG)  Potential solutions for the unexpectedly high cost of facilitator training and transitioning from the current Leaders Conference format to the newly designed curriculum were presented to the committee 
The committee reviewed plans for conducting the 2007 Membership Satisfaction Survey  Preliminary results are expected in May or June with a final report to be delivered to the board at the 2007 Boston national meeting 
The committee received a briefing on the status of the MORE Project: Multidisciplinary Opportunities though Resource Enhancement  Twenty-eight proposals were received, and a decision on which proposals to support will be made in early May 
The chair led a discussion on draft 2007 committee goals, and committee members offered several suggestions related to successfully meeting them  One suggestion was to modify a communications goal to make it more completely reflect the duties of the committee outlined in the board regulations  The chair and committee members will examine the suggestion and revisit the question after the board retreat where board committee duties will be examined 
ACS President Hunt discussed her 2007-08 Presidential Task Force on Enhancing Science & Technology, which is charged with developing advocacy best practices that can enhance ACS's attainment of its public policy priorities  The task force is composed of a diverse set of ACS members as well as former U S  Representative and chairman of the House Science Committee, Sherwood Boehlert, who will cochair the task force 
• Results of the 2007 Public Policy Priorities Survey, which resulted in a four-tiered ranking of ACS's 2007 public policies  The ranking will help focus staff resources in conducting outreach and advocacy on behalf of ACS members 
• The hiring of a communications consulting firm for 2007 to assist ACS in implementing the initial phase of the ACS Strategic Communications Plan 
• Creation of a pilot ACS state government affairs advocacy program  Committee members agreed to the creation of a pilot, and staff will propose an initial list of states, policy focus, and a budget to carry out the program 
The committee met in executive session on March 23 and in open session jointly with the Joint Board-Council Committee on Publications and the Division of Chemical Information on March 26 
The committee heard from Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) management on a range of issues including a report on continuing database building efforts, product enhancements, and CAS's centennial celebration plans 
The Committee on Chemical Safety (CCS) provides advice on the handling of chemicals and seeks to ensure safe facilities, designs, and operations by calling attention to potential hazards and stimulating education in safe practices 
CCS has several publications (many downloadable), including the flagship publication, "Safety in Academic Chemistry Labs" (SACL)  Work has recently started on the translation of SACL into Arabic  This is in addition to the online Spanish version of SACL  Also online are the "Student Lab Code of Conduct for Secondary Science Programs" and a security vulnerability analysis checklist  A K-12 restricted hazardous substances list is under development  The third edition of the "Chemical Safety Manual for Small Businesses" will be ready soon 
The committee's Task Force on Laboratory Environment, Health & Safety is working on a new edition of "Laboratory Waste Management " Task force members also commented on the recent Environmental Protection Agency Proposed Rule for Hazardous Waste in Academic Laboratories  Our Video Safety Resources Task Force is developing video resources to be distributed over the Web 
CCS has been involved in collaborations for the updating of publications like "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" and "ACS Guidelines for the Teaching of High School Chemistry " Along with other ACS units, CCS is exploring participating in the EPA's School Chemicals Cleanout Campaign 
The Committee on Chemists with Disabilities (CWD) met at the 233rd ACS national meeting, Chicago, on Monday, March 26  Judy Summers-Gates reported on the Joint Subcommittee on Diversity meeting  This subcommittee is made up of representatives of the five committees that support people in chemistry (as opposed to a category of the profession): CWD, Committee on Minority Affairs, Committee on Technician Affairs, Women Chemists Committee, and Younger Chemists Committee, and its goal is to develop ways to coordinate the efforts of the five groups 
The CWD Ambassador Program that was announced at CWD's 25th anniversary celebration at the Washington, D C , meeting was discussed  Zelda Wasserman reported on the status of the letter from CWD to the ACS Board regarding captioning of ACS video materials  Janelle Kasper-Wolf, of ACS staff, discussed adding new questions to the ACS annual employment salary survey to obtain information for the committee 
At the Chicago national meeting, the Committee on Community Activities (CCA) partnered with the ACS Education Division and the Office of the President to host "Chemistry In Action—It's Easy Being Green" at the Peggy Notebaert Nature Museum on Saturday, March 24  More than 250 children participated in the hands-on activities focused on recycling  ACS President Hunt presented a Salutes to Excellence plaque to the museum for its dedication to community outreach 
The Chemists Celebrate Earth Day celebration occurred in 120 local sections with 138 coordinators leading the efforts within their communities  This represents an increase of more than 30% in local section and coordinator participation from 2006 
CCA was featured in C&EN's April 16th issue on page 53  A shortcut to CCA's homepage was created: chemistry org/committees/cca html 
During the Boston national meeting, CCA and the Office of Community Activities will celebrate National Chemistry Week's 20th Anniversary and its theme, "The Many Faces of Chemistry " A special outreach event is being planned for Sunday, Aug  19  Hands-on activities will focus on health and wellness 
The Committee on Corporation Associates (CCA) advises and influences ACS to ensure that its products and services are of value to industrial members and their companies  CCA vice chair, Roslyn White (SC Johnson), provided an overview of recent interactions between Corporation Associates and the U K -based Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) 
CCA gave feedback to a recommendations report from the ACS Board Committee on Professional & Member Relations Task Force on Globalization  Presentations were also received from the ACS Green Chemistry Institute and SCI 
Staff reported on the Department of Industry Member Programs' activities since the San Francisco meeting  The report covered the Regional Industrial Innovation Awards, the World Congress on Industrial Biotechnology, the Analytical Pavilion sponsored by C&EN, and the ACS/Pharma Leaders Meeting 
The Awards/Finance & Grants Subcommittee reported that CCA received two funding proposals that total $7,500  Funding was provided to the following: The Committee on Economic & Professional Affairs at $3,000 for the Chicago symposium on "Benefits Trends for the Chemical Workforce" and the Office of Graduate Education and the Department of Career Development & Management at $4,500 for a workshop on "Preparing for Life after Graduate School," to be held in conjunction with the 39th Central Regional Meeting 
The subcommittee also requested that ACS staff provide CCA with an official annual statement of Corporation Associates' financial reserves as of Jan  1 of each year 
The Programs Subcommittee reported on planned programming activities in 2007 and beyond between CCA and SCI  The subcommittee gave an update on a Boston symposium cosponsored by Corporation Associates and the Medicinal Chemistry Division featuring past ACS Heroes of Chemistry from the pharmaceutical industry 
By request of the subcommittee, representatives from Chemical Abstracts Service gave an overview on AnaVist—a tool with potential applications for CCA's efforts to provide member companies with industry-relevant information and reports  The subcommittee also requested that CCA earmark approximately $20,000 of Corporation Associates funds in 2008 for its activities 
The Educational Outreach Subcommittee reported on its decision to collaborate with the Graduate Student Symposium Programming Committee of the Chemical Education Division on a graduate student industry roundtable program in Boston 
The subcommittee requested $5,000 in support of this effort  The subcommittee also discussed a request for corporate executive support of an American Association of Physics Teachers initiative to promote undergraduate research 
The Committee on Environmental Improvement (CEI) continues to be focused on the sustainability of the chemical enterprise  In Chicago, the committee introduced a multiyear effort to make ACS meetings more sustainable  This effort is designed to take advantage of the large size and diverse programs of the society to lead in the sustainability arena by "walking the talk "
The committee held a dialogue with representatives of the U S  Environmental Protection Agency who are trying to "green" federal conferences and work with the travel and tourism industry to change practices and shrink the environmental footprint of meetings  The committee also used advertising and student volunteers to engage individual meeting participants in a campaign to increase recycling by asking "Are you sustainable?" Moving forward, CEI looks forward to working closely with the Committee on Meetings & Expositions to advance this agenda 
CEI was also pleased to participate in the meeting theme on sustainability through the ACS presidential programming  CEI cohosted the Monday presidential luncheon to discuss sustainability issues with the Committee on Science and is leading the follow-up to that luncheon, which will include recommendations on advancing sustainability in the three focal areas of the meeting—energy, food, and water 
The committee also continued its dialogue with the Committee on Corporation Associates about a collaborative workshop  This activity, tentatively slated for the New Orleans meeting, will seek additional insights from chemical and allied products companies about public policy barriers that limit adoption of more sustainable products and practices as well as policy incentives that would lead to increased sustainability in the chemical enterprise 
At its Chicago meeting, the committee welcomed the president of the Jordanian Chemical Society and the past-president of the Arab Union of Chemists 
The committee was briefed on Pittcon 2007, where, with financial support from the Society of Analytical Chemists of Pittsburgh, ACS coordinated participation of a scientific delegation from Adriatic nations 
The committee heard reports on the 2007 Frontiers of Chemical Science III: Research & Education in the Middle East meeting; the 2007 Transatlantic Frontiers of Chemistry meeting, which was jointly sponsored by ACS, the German Chemical Society, and the Royal Society of Chemistry; planned workshops to engage U S  and Chinese early-career scientists in chemical biology, supramolecular, and new materials chemistry; and ACS Discovery Corps U S /Brazil Research Collaboration Project in Biomass Conversion to Biofuels, Biomaterials & Chemicals 
The committee discussed Latin American engagement opportunities created through Puerto Rico's involvement in three key chemical science events there: the 2009 ACS Southeast Regional Meeting, the 2008 Federation of Latin American Chemical Associations (FLAQ) meeting, and the proposed IUPAC 2011 Congress & General Assembly 
The committee heard reports on letter-writing efforts by the ACS president to government officials in Libya and Mexico expressing concerns about challenges to the scientific freedom and human rights of scientists there 
The Committee on Minority Affairs (CMA) approved new vision, mission, and values statements at the Chicago national meeting  The mission of CMA is to increase the participation of minority chemical scientists and influence policy on behalf of minorities in ACS and the chemical enterprise 
An aggressive new strategic plan was approved by CMA to guide its activities over the next three years  By the end of 2009, CMA will increase the number of ACS Scholars that graduate to 100 per year, add 100 new minorities to leadership positions in ACS, engage in several collaborations, and increase the number of minority members of ACS by 5,000  CMA will focus initially on increasing minorities in ACS leadership  In working toward this goal, CMA began work on two new leadership-development programs for minority chemists 
CMA continues to support the work of the Joint Subcommittee on Diversity (JSD) in developing programs, products, and services to ensure full participation of all members in ACS  In Chicago, JSD premiered a diversity booth at the meeting exposition hall and cosponsored symposia 
The Committee on Patents & Related Matters (CPRM) discussed proposed legislative and regulatory changes to the U S  patent system as well as open-access legislation and the potential effects such matters might have on industry and academia as well as on ACS 
CPRM also continued its work on several new educational tools to assist and inform members on patent issues and other intellectual property matters important to a successful career in the chemical enterprise  Many of these tools are now available on the committee's expanded website, membership acs org/C/CPRM/ 
At the March 2007 meeting, the Committee on Professional Training (CPT) reviewed 42 new and additional information reports from ACS-approved chemistry programs  CPT held conferences with four schools seeking approval, discussed three updates and five site visit reports, and approved three new schools  The total number of ACS-approved chemistry programs is now 642 
The committee released the full draft of the ACS guidelines for review and comment  Copies of the draft were distributed to the department chairs at all ACS-approved schools, the chairs of all ACS committees, and the chairs of all ACS technical divisions 
Several CPT members met with the ACS technical divisions during the Chicago meeting to present an overview of the draft and obtain feedback  The draft guidelines document is available on the CPT website, and the committee invites any comments to be sent to cpt@acs org 
In other business, the committee continued development of the two workshops with minority-serving institutions that will be held in 2007  The committee reviewed the editorial policies for the 2007 edition of the ACS Directory of Graduate Research, which is using a new protocol for retrieving research publication titles in an effort to improve the accuracy of the directory 
C&EN finished 2006 with an exceptionally strong editorial package  The first months of 2007 are proving to be equally successful in fulfilling the magazine's mission of keeping its readers informed  On the advertising side, revenues in 2006 increased for the second year in a row, and the early months of 2007 show continuing positive signs  The most significant editorial achievement was the successful launch of the redesign of the print edition of C&EN with the Oct  16, 2006, issue 
The Subcommittee on Copyright has successfully updated the Copyright Module on the ACS Publications website  The subcommittee is looking into the possibility of conducting copyright programs at future ACS national and regional meetings 
The final monitoring reports for Chemistry of Materials, Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, and Molecular Pharmaceutics were presented and accepted by the committee  Journal of Chemical Information & Modeling, Organic Letters, Accounts of Chemical Research, and the Journal of Chemical Theory & Computation will be monitored next 
3  Examining the scientific basis of public policies related to the chemical sciences and making recommendations to the appropriate ACS units 
In the first of these areas, ComSci partnered with President Hunt and the Committee on Environmental Improvement in planning and hosting a sustainability luncheon that featured roundtable discussions centering on a key sustainability question  At the Boston national meeting, ComSci will deliver a full-day program on the subject of "Partnerships in Innovation & Competitiveness "
Regarding the second thrust, ComSci will present two programs in Boston: a box lunch that will feature two speakers taking opposing sides on the subject of "Genetic Screening & Diagnostic Testing: Do You Really Want to Know?" and a symposium titled "Creating & Sustaining International Research Collaborations "
In support of the last thrust, ComSci is planning two events for 2008: "Balancing Security & Openness" will gather data to determine if the recent emphasis on security is hindering scientific progress and "Transitioning Chemical Science to Commercially Successful Products "
The Women Chemists Committee (WCC) hosted more than 70 attendees at its open meeting recently in Chicago, where representatives from Iota Sigma Pi, Women in Science & Engineering, the Association of Women in Science, and the Chicago local section helped WCC celebrate the committee's 80th anniversary 
The Women in Industry Breakfast was also highly successful with a new format of speed networking  More than 100 participants had the opportunity to practice their elevator speeches and make several professional connections  A related workshop will be offered by WCC in Boston 
In Chicago, WCC sponsored two symposia, "Women Achieving Success: The ACS as a Platform in Leadership Development" in honor of Madeleine Joullié's 80th birthday and the ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences: Symposium in Honor of Bojan H  Jennings 
More than 225 ACS meeting attendees were present for the biannual WCC Luncheon and heard the keynote speaker Laura Kiessling, 2007 Francis P  Garvan-John Olin Medal Recipient  Twelve women presented their research at this meeting with funding by the WCC/Eli Lilly Travel Grant Award  WCC members also spent time educating expo attendees on programs offered by the ACS Office of Diversity Programs at its new booth 
In Chicago, the Younger Chemists Committee (YCC) welcomed its new committee members with an information session centered on YCC's charter as well as on its strategic plan: to make ACS relevant to younger chemists, to involve younger chemists in all levels of the society, and to integrate younger chemists into the profession 
In January, YCC again hosted a Leadership Development Workshop during the ACS Leaders Conference  There were more than 80 applications for the 15 awards, which covered travel and registration for the conference  YCC plans to again fund the travel awards and provide leadership training for young chemists in 2008  YCC also solicited applications and selected a new graduate student representative on the Graduate Education Advisory Board 
During the Chicago meeting, YCC programs included "Starting a Successful Research Program at a Predominantly Undergraduate Institution," "Career Experiences at the Interface of Chemistry & Biology," and "Chemistry Pedagogy 101 "
In addition to these programs, YCC cosponsored five programs with various committees and divisions  YCC continues to reach out to ACS committees and divisions and has initiated liaisonships with 11 technical divisions to encourage technical programming that highlights the contributions of younger chemists  Looking forward to Boston, YCC is planning symposia including "The Many Faces of Chemistry: International Opportunities for Chemists"; "Being a Responsible Chemist: Ethics, Politics & Policy"; and "Changing Landscapes of the Bio-Pharma Industry "
The Committee on Committees (ConC) conducted its annual training session for new national committee chairs at the ACS Leaders Conference in January 2007  ConC's interactive session for committee chairs in Chicago served as an opportune follow-on and a forum for informative interchange among seasoned and new chairs 
ConC began developing its recommendations for the 2008 committee chair appointments for consideration by the president-elect and chair of the board  ConC continues to focus efforts to identify members with the skills and expertise specified by the committee chairs using the councilor preference form 
The form will be sent to councilors in May  ConC also seeks the names of noncouncilor members for consideration for service on council-related committees, especially those with no prior appointment 
As part of ongoing activities with the joint CPC-Board Governance Review Task Force, ConC has collected data on committee liaisons to other committees  This information will be distributed to committee chairs  The number of liaisons indicates that unofficial but strong communication channels exist within the ACS committee structure 
On Sunday evening, the Committee on Nominations & Elections (N&E) sponsored its fifth successful Town Hall Meeting for President-Elect Nominees  An estimated 200 people attended this session  This forum facilitated communication among the 2008 president-elect nominees, councilors, and other members  N&E will hold another Town Hall Meeting featuring the candidates for director-at-large at the fall meeting in Boston 
Now that voting over the Internet has become an accepted procedure for ACS national elections, the ACS technical divisions and local sections have expressed strong interest in using this method for their elections  N&E has developed protocols for elections for local sections and divisions  This document will be forwarded to the appropriate committees for their review and distribution 
N&E is responsible for reviewing annually the distribution of member populations within the six electoral districts to ensure that the districts have equitable representation  According to bylaw V, section 4(a), the member population of each electoral district must be within 10% of the result of dividing by six the number of members whose addresses lie within these districts  The committee is happy to report that the six electoral districts are in compliance 
The committee has developed a petition on election procedures for president-elect and district director  The proposed election mechanism provides for a preferential (ranked) ballot and an "instant runoff " N&E continues to address the areas of campaigning and the timing of our national election process  Between the Chicago and Boston meetings, the committee plans to sponsor online forums for input from councilors and other interested members on these issues 
In response to member concerns regarding the collection of signatures for petition candidates, N&E reviewed the society's bylaws  The bylaws state that an endorsement is required, but does not stipulate the method of endorsement  N&E has determined that original or electronic signatures are acceptable and will establish appropriate procedures for receipt of electronic signatures 
The Committee on Constitution & Bylaws (C&B), acting for the council, issued new certified bylaws to the Corning Section, the Portland Section, the Division of Colloid & Surface Chemistry, and the Division of Chemical Education  The committee reviewed new proposed amendments for the Division of Medicinal Chemistry, the Columbus Section, the Detroit Section, and the Southern Arizona Section 
Three petitions were presented to council for action at this meeting  Regarding the "Petition on Election Procedures 2006," a motion to separate the petition was approved, and the petition was divided  Provisions affecting bylaw V, sec  2d, bylaw V, sec  3c, and bylaw V, sec  4f, which deal with election procedures and the timing of run-off elections, were approved by council and will become effective following confirmation by the board of directors 
The second part of the petition regarding bylaw V, sec  2c, and bylaw V, sec  3b, which deal with signature requirements for petition candidates for president-elect and director-at-large respectively, was recommitted to the Committee on Nominations & Elections, which has primary substantive responsibility for the petition 
The Committee on Nominations & Elections was asked to reconsider the signature requirements, procedures for acceptance of electronic signatures, and recommendations from the Governance Review Task Force on election procedures 
The second petition presented to council for action was the "Petition on Rules for Nominating Members of N&E for National Offices " This petition was not approved by council  The third petition, the "Petition on Multiyear Dues," was amended by incidental motion on the council floor, calling for the petition to become effective when technical components are instituted to track payments, but no later than Jan  1, 2010  Council approved the incidental motion and then approved the petition 
The committee reviewed one petition for consideration, the "Petition on Local Section Affiliations," which will be submitted to council for action at the fall 2007 meeting in Boston 
The committee met with representatives of the Committee on Membership Affairs and the Governance Review Task Force to continue discussions on proposals currently being formulated on membership requirements and student membership  In addition, the committee discussed election issues of concern to the Southern California Section 
We hope you enjoyed the presidential and division thematic program, "Sustainability of Energy, Food & Water" in Chicago  A small, dedicated group of volunteers and staff labored tirelessly to create and coordinate this programming; to them the Committee on Divisional Activities (DAC) offers sincere thanks 
DAC has committed to transfer the process of choosing and organizing future national meeting themes to a body that represents all divisions  We made substantial progress in Chicago, where division, secretariat, and committee representatives convened to discuss national meeting program concepts  They proposed themes for the 2008 Philadelphia national meeting as well as a framework for a future national programming group 
Divisions have successfully served their members fortunate enough to attend national meetings  To maximize benefits to division members, DAC encourages divisions to consider extending the reach of the content they deliver at national meetings through Internet-based distribution channels and will support worthy efforts in this direction via Innovative Program Grants 
The committee voted in Chicago to propose modifications to the division funding formula that will more greatly reward interdisciplinary programming  The new formula will also be simpler and more transparent to divisions  DAC will present the revised plan to council for action in Boston 
The Committee on Economic & Professional Affairs (CEPA), working with ACS staff in the Departments of Career Management & Development and Member Research & Technology, continues to update and implement its strategic plan to address the career needs of society members 
Specifically, the committee reviewed and revised existing workshops and materials to help ACS members get jobs  CEPA is developing new programs to address the needs of mid- and late-career chemists to ensure their continued competitiveness in the workplace and to ease their career transitions  New initiatives in these areas include the development of workshops, online training, surveys to assess member needs, suggested changes to public policies, and updates to professional and ethical workplace guidelines  As a result of discussions at the Public Policy Roundtable, which was held in San Francisco, a background paper is being developed on trends in health care issues 
The newly revised "Chemical Professional's Code of Conduct" was presented to council, which approved it  The Standards & Ethics Subcommittee is preparing a revision of the "Academic Professional Guidelines" to be presented to council for consideration in Boston 
CEPA reviewed the Globalization Task Force Report  As our science diffuses around the globe, we want to make sure that our members are aware of the economic and professional challenges they will face and that they have the tools they need to succeed  Therefore, CEPA made a commitment to work with other committees, divisions, and ACS staff to develop programs and policies that position our membership to compete in the global workforce 
CEPA heard and discussed a presentation on the proposal from the Membership Affairs Committee on broadening the requirements of membership  CEPA supports the spirit of this proposal and encourages further detailed studies to assess financial impacts on local sections and student affiliates chapters 
The Local Section Activities Committee (LSAC) recognized local sections celebrating significant anniversaries in 2007, including Savannah River (50 years), Northeast Tennessee (75 years), and the St  Louis and Syracuse local sections (both celebrating 100 years) 
LSAC hosted the local section leaders track in conjunction with the ACS Leaders Conference in Baltimore on Jan  26–28  A total of 135 delegates from 124 local sections participated in the weekend leadership conference 
LSAC also hosted a Local Section Summit on March 2–4 in Arlington, Va  The summit focused on practical operational issues that will support local sections' long-term success  Specific areas that were discussed include the development of a multiyear plan to expand or develop programming for local sections, opportunities to encourage innovation and experimentation within and among local sections, and capitalizing on existing opportunities to facilitate partnerships between local sections and other ACS groups 
Following the San Francisco national meeting, LSAC launched a local section Science Café minigrant program  Fifty-five local sections accepted LSAC invitation to host Science Cafés in 2007 
A DVD entitled "ACS Close to Home: Local Sections Connecting Chemistry & the Community" was released earlier this year  The video provides a seven-minute overview of the many outreach and educational programs sponsored by local sections and the critical role they play in positively influencing the public's perception of chemistry and its practitioners  Copies of the DVD were sent to all local section officers 
The Committee on Meetings & Expositions (M&E) reported that the 233rd ACS national meeting hosted 14,520 attendees  This included 7,152 chemical scientists, 5,059 students, 1,283 exhibitors, 119 precollege teachers, 573 exposition visitors, and 453 guests  The exposition had 424 booths with 268 companies 
The 10 2006 regional meetings set a new standard for excellence with attendance exceeding 8,000, a 30% increase in average meeting attendance compared to the 2005 meetings  A total of 4,717 abstracts were submitted  A region summit was held in February at which the final report of the ReACT study group was reviewed 
The practice of tracking the number of presenter no-shows continues  M&E will collaborate with the Committee on Divisional Activities to study options for addressing this problem  Suggestions will be presented at the Boston meeting for implementation in 2008 
It is the intent of M&E to pursue the goal of making our meetings "greener " We will communicate with staff and governance units to identify actions for both the short and long term 
The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and ACS will hold their 2008 spring meetings simultaneously in New Orleans  An ad hoc working group consisting of members from M&E, DAC, and AIChE are actively exploring joint programming opportunities for this meeting 
The Committee on Membership Affairs (MAC) met in executive session on Saturday and Sunday in Chicago and reported that the ACS closed 2006 with 160,491 members, our highest year-end membership count since 2002  Of the 17,857 applications processed in 2006, more than 1,000 came from the Member-Get-a-Member campaign in which many councilors participated  The society's retention rate in 2006 remained strong at 92%  The committee also reported that recruitment for the first two months of 2007 netted 2,844 new applications—729 more than for the same time period last year 
MAC continues to work with deliberate speed on the proposed new bylaw language for members, student members, and society affiliates-the three ways to connect to the society  The committee received input from the Governance Review Task Force and its action teams, the Council Policy Committee, the board of directors, the Committee on Constitution & Bylaws, and several other committees between the San Francisco and Chicago meetings  These interactions have resulted in the current bylaw change recommendations 
In Chicago, representatives from MAC attended several committee meetings and all seven councilor caucuses to summarize the current proposal for membership changes, answer questions, and seek input  In addition, all committee chairs were invited to have their respective committees review these bylaw changes and respond to MAC—if possible—before council met on Wednesday  MAC received 11 responses: eight supported the proposed changes as is, and three supported the proposed language with specified changes or considerations 
The comprehensive petition will likely represent the most significant and voluminous change in the ACS bylaws that has occurred in decades, and MAC is proud to be among the leaders in its development and in efforts to get it right the first time  Hundreds of individuals have contributed to this major effort, since MAC began such discussions at the spring 2004 national meeting 
The Committee on Ethics met in Chicago and discussed the possibility of organizing and scheduling a committee retreat in the near future to enable the committee to move from the current stage of exploring the needs and interests of ACS members to setting priorities for the next few years 
The Project SEED program offers summer research opportunities for high school students from economically disadvantaged families  Since its inception in 1968, the program has had a significant impact on the lives of more than 8,400 students  At the selection meeting in March, the committee approved research projects for 340 SEED I students and 98 SEED II students for this summer in more than 100 institutions 
The 2006 annual assessment surveys from 300 students indicate that 78% of the Project SEED participants are planning to major in a chemistry-related science, and 66% aspire to continue to graduate education  This program is made possible by contributions from industry, academia, local sections, ACS friends and members, the ACS Petroleum Research Fund, and the Project SEED Endowment 
The committee formally submitted a request to ConC to amend the Project SEED acronym and the committee duties described in the Supplementary Information of the "ACS Charter, Constitution, Bylaws & Regulations "
In Chicago, the committee's agenda focused on the ACS Strategic Plan and how Project SEED fits into it, the Program Review Advisory Group (PRAG) review of the Project SEED program, the committee's review of an online application form, and planning of the 40th anniversary celebration to be held at the Philadelphia meeting in the fall of 2008  The committee selected a task force to review the criteria for selection of the Project SEED ChemLuminary Award 
3  Making ACS relevant to technicians 
Last year, CTA, along with the Division of Chemical Technicians, the Committee on Economic & Professional Affairs, and ChemTechLinks, started the Equipping the 2015 Chemical Technology Workforce initiative  This year, the initiative awarded six $500 minigrants to activities and programs that support the educational and professional development of chemical technicians 
We are pleased to announce that the winners of the minigrants are the ACS Division of Environmental Chemistry; the Chemical Technician Program Chair for the 39th ACS Central Regional Meeting in Covington, Ky ; Delta College, University Center, Mich ; Grand Rapids Community College, in Michigan; Mount San Antonio College, Walnut, Calif ; and Southwestern College in Chula Vista, Calif 
The winners are collaborating with industry, academia, and ACS local sections on such activities as chemical technology career fairs for high school students, discussion panels on employability skills for technicians, and technical programming at regional and national meetings on the vital role technicians have in the chemical enterprise 
Because of the enthusiastic response to the minigrants, Equipping the 2015 Chemical Technology Workforce will be supporting another round of minigrants to be distributed in the fall  Details will be available on the website  For more information, go to www ChemTechLinks org and click on "Equipping the 2015 Chemical Technology Workforce "
CTA has also joined with the Joint Subcommittee on Diversity, formerly known as the Collaboration of Committees Working Group  Because this group is focused on increasing diversity in ACS and the chemical enterprise, we believe that this is an opportunity to raise awareness of the value of technicians  CTA looks forward to collaborating on the promotion of traditionally underrepresented chemical professionals 
In 2007, CTA will be placing renewed focus on distribution of the ACS Chemical Technology Student Recognition Award  The award recognizes academic excellence in students preparing for careers as chemical technicians  For more information on the award, please visit the CTA website at chemistry org/committees/cta 



ground_truth: $\int f'(u) \psi^2 \le \int | \nabla \psi|^2, \forall \psi \in C_c^2$.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which orders did Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind receive Khilafat from?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 4: Sir Simon William English  (born 30 December 1961) is a New Zealand former National Party politician who served as the 39th prime minister of New Zealand from 2016 to 2017  He had previously served as the 17th deputy prime minister of New Zealand and minister of finance from 2008 to 2016 under John Key and the Fifth National Government 

A farmer and public servant before entering politics, English was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in  as the National Party's candidate in the Wallace electorate  He was elevated to Cabinet in 1996 and in 1999 was made minister of finance, although he served for less than a year due to his party's loss at the 1999 general election  In October 2001, English replaced Jenny Shipley as the leader of the National Party (and consequently as Leader of the Opposition)  He led the party to its worst defeat at the 2002 general election, and as a consequence, in October 2003 he was replaced as leader by Don Brash 

In November 2006, after Brash's resignation, English became deputy leader under John Key  After National's victory at the 2008 general election, he became deputy prime minister and was also made minister of finance for the second time  Under English's direction New Zealand's economy maintained steady growth during National's three terms of government  He became a list-only MP after stepping down as an electorate MP at the 2014 general election 

John Key resigned as leader of the National Party and prime minister in December 2016  English won the resulting leadership election unopposed and was sworn in as prime minister on 12 December 2016  His tenure was only ten months, and included a three-month election campaign  In the 2017 general election, National won the largest number of seats but fell short of a majority  The parties holding the balance of power declined to support the existing government, and English was subsequently replaced as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern, leader of the Labour Party  English initially continued on as Leader of the Opposition, but resigned as leader of the National Party on 27 February 2018 and left parliament two weeks later 

Early life
English was born on 30 December 1961 at Lumsden Maternity Centre in Lumsden  He is the eleventh of twelve children of Mervyn English and Norah (née O'Brien) English  His parents purchased Rosedale, a mixed sheep and cropping farm in Dipton, Southland from Mervyn's uncle, Vincent English, a bachelor, in 1944  English was born in the maternity unit at Lumsden 

English attended St Thomas's School in Winton, then boarded at St  Patrick's College in Upper Hutt, where he became head boy  He played in the first XV of the school's rugby team  English went on to study commerce at the University of Otago, where he was a resident at Selwyn College, and then completed an honours degree in English literature at Victoria University of Wellington 

After finishing his studies, English returned to Dipton and farmed for a few years  From 1987 to 1989, he worked in Wellington as a policy analyst for the New Zealand Treasury, at a time when the free market policies favoured by Labour's finance minister Roger Douglas (known collectively as "Rogernomics") were being implemented 

English joined the National Party in 1980, while at Victoria University  He served for a period as chairman of the Southland branch of the Young Nationals, and became a member of the Wallace electorate committee  After moving to Wellington, he served for periods on the Island Bay and Miramar electorate committees, respectively 

Fourth National Government (1990–1999)

At the 1990 general election, English stood as the National candidate in Wallace, replacing the retiring Derek Angus, and was elected with a large majority  He would hold this seat, renamed Clutha-Southland in 1996, until 2014  He and three other newly elected National MPs (Tony Ryall, Nick Smith, and Roger Sowry) were soon identified as rising stars in New Zealand politics, and at various points were dubbed the "brat pack", the "gang of four", and the "young Turks"  In his first term in parliament, English chaired a select committee into social services  He was made a parliamentary under-secretary in 1993, serving under the Minister of Health 

First period in cabinet (1996–1999)
In early 1996, English was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister Jim Bolger, becoming the Minister for Crown Health Enterprises and Associate Minister of Education (to Wyatt Creech)  He was 34 at the time, becoming the cabinet's youngest member  After the 1996 general election, the National Party was forced into a coalition with New Zealand First to retain government  In the resulting cabinet reshuffle, English emerged as Minister of Health  However, as a condition of the coalition agreement, NZ First's Neil Kirton (a first-term MP) was made Associate Minister of Health, effectively becoming English's deputy  This arrangement was described in the press as a "shotgun marriage", and there were frequent differences of opinion between the two ministers  After their relationship became unworkable, Kirton was sacked from the role in August 1997, with the agreement of NZ First leader Winston Peters 

As Minister of Health, English was responsible for continuing the reforms to the public health system that National had begun after the 1990 general election  The reforms were unpopular, and health was perceived as one of the government's weaknesses, with the health portfolio consequently being viewed as a challenge  English believed that the unpopularity of the reforms was in part due to a failure in messaging, and encouraged his National colleagues to avoid bureaucratic and money-focused language (such as references to "balance sheets" and "user charges") and instead talk about the improvements to services the government's reforms would bring  He also rejected the idea that public hospitals could be run as commercial enterprises, a view which some of his colleagues had previously promoted 

By early 1997, as dissatisfaction with Bolger's leadership began to grow, English was being touted as a potential successor, along with Jenny Shipley and Doug Graham  His age (35) was viewed as the main impediment to a successful leadership run  National's leadership troubles were resolved in December 1997, when Bolger resigned and Shipley was elected to the leadership unopposed  English had been a supporter of Bolger as leader, but Shipley reappointed him Minister of Health in her new cabinet 

English was promoted to Minister of Finance in a reshuffle in January 1999, a position which was at the time subordinate to the Treasurer, Bill Birch  After a few months, the pair switched positions as part of Birch's transition to retirement, with English assuming the senior portfolio  In early interviews, he emphasised his wish to be seen as a pragmatist rather than an ideologue, and said that the initiatives of some of his predecessors (Roger Douglas's "Rogernomics" and Ruth Richardson's "Ruthanasia") had focused on "fruitless, theoretical debates" when "people just want to see problems solved" 

Opposition (1999–2008)

After the National Party lost the 1999 election to Helen Clark's Labour Party, English continued on in the shadow cabinet as National's spokesperson for finance  He was elected deputy leader of the party in February 2001, following the resignation of Wyatt Creech, with Gerry Brownlee being his unsuccessful opponent 

Leader of the Opposition
In October 2001, after months of speculation, Jenny Shipley resigned as leader of the National Party after being told she no longer had the support of the party caucus  English was elected as her replacement unopposed (with Roger Sowry as his deputy), and consequently became Leader of the Opposition  However, he did not openly organise against Shipley, and according to The Southland Times "there was almost an element of 'aw, shucks, I'll do it then' about Mr English's ascension" 

Aged 39 when he was elected, English became the second-youngest leader in the National Party's history, after Jim McLay (who was 38 when elected in 1984)  He also became only the third Southlander to lead a major New Zealand political party, after Joseph Ward and Adam Hamilton  However, English failed to improve the party's performance  In the 2002 election, National suffered its worst electoral defeat ever, gaining barely more than twenty percent of the vote  English described it as "the worst day of my political life"  Both party insiders and the general public were split as to how much to blame him for the loss, but most of the party believed that English would be able to rebuild National's support 

By late 2003, however, National's performance in opinion polls remained poor  The party had briefly increased its popularity in the year following the election, but by October its support had fallen to levels only slightly better than what it achieved in the last ballot  English also appeared in a boxing match for a charity against entertainer Ted Clarke  This did not boost his polling or that of the National party either, with suggestions that it devalued his image as a serious politician  Don Brash, former governor of the Reserve Bank and a relative newcomer to politics, began to build up support to replace English  On 28 October, Brash gained sufficient backing in Caucus to defeat English in a leadership contest 

Shadow cabinet roles and deputy leader
On 2 November 2003, when Brash changed responsibilities for certain MPs, English became National's spokesman for education, ranked at fifth place in the party's parliamentary hierarchy  He remained in parliament after the 2005 election  In his new shadow education portfolio, English performed strongly, and remained a party favourite despite his election defeat as leader in 2002, eventually being returned to the finance portfolio in August 2004 as deputy spokesman (while still retaining responsibility for education) 

In November 2006, Brash resigned as leader  English was considered as a potential replacement leader (running against John Key) or deputy leader (against incumbent Gerry Brownlee) in the ensuing leadership election  However, a contest was avoided when the MPs agreed a Key/English ticket would run unopposed in a display of party unity  English took over the deputy leadership and the finance portfolio in the Key shadow cabinet 

Fifth National Government (2008–2017)

Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (2008–2016)

At the 2008 election, English was re-elected by his electorate, winning by a margin of about 15,500 votes  He became Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand and Minister of Finance in the fifth National Government, being sworn into office on 19 November 2008 and continued to serve in those roles until becoming Prime Minister on 12 December 2014  He was also made Minister of Infrastructure in National's first term of government and Minister responsible for Housing New Zealand Corporation and minister responsible for the New Zealand flag consideration process in its third 

He was comfortably re-elected in Clutha-Southland in the 2011 election but opted to run as a party-list candidate in 2014  

The pairing of John Key as leader of the National Party and English as his deputy has been compared to that of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating (in Australia) and Tony Blair and Gordon Brown (in the UK)



ground_truth: Mufti-e-Azam-e-Hind received Khilafat in the Qaderi, Chishti, Nakshbandi, Suharwardi, and Madaari Orders.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many people attend the 233rd ACS national meeting?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 4: 

English acceded to the role of Finance Minister in the continuing wake of the financial crisis  In response to New Zealand's rising debt, English made budget deficit-reduction his main priority  His first budget outlined three focuses in New Zealand's financial recovery: "improving the business environment and removing roadblocks to growth; investment in productive infrastructure; and improving the way government works"  One of his first acts was creating the National Infrastructure Unit, charged with formulating a plan for infrastructure projects and investments  He commissioned a government-wide spending review, with an aim to reducing government expenditure—with the exceptions of a two-year stimulus package and long-term increases on infrastructure spending 

In April 2011, the Opposition criticised English for suggesting that New Zealand businesses could use New Zealand's low wages to help it compete with Australia  The National Government campaigned for re-election in 2011 on its economic record  The Government boasted growth for five consecutive quarters up to mid-2010, totalling 1 6% of real GDP 

Strong growth resulted in a surplus of $473 million for the 2015/16 financial year, projected to rise to $8 5 billion by 2020/21  In his 2016 Economic and Fiscal Update address, English stated that reducing debt and tackling the costs of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake were higher priorities than reducing rates of tax 

Allowances issue
In 2009, the media, including TVNZ and TV3 revealed that English was receiving about NZ$900 a week as part of a living allowance for ministers, to live in his own NZ$1 2 million Wellington home  At the time, English also received $276,200 in his annual salary as Deputy Prime Minister  It was also revealed other ministers with homes in the capital city were also claiming accommodation allowances  On 3 August 2009, Prime Minister John Key started a review of the housing allowances claimed by cabinet ministers  English subsequently paid back $12,000 and only claimed about $24,000 a year in living allowances  The Auditor-General's office said in September 2009 that they were making "preliminary enquiries" into parliamentary housing expenses in response to a letter of complaint from Progressive party leader Jim Anderton  Two days later English stated that he would no longer take up any housing allowance and had paid back all the allowance he had received since the November 2008 election 

Prime Minister (2016–2017)

John Key resigned on 12 December, and endorsed English as his successor in the resulting leadership election  Following the drop-out of both Judith Collins and Jonathan Coleman from the leadership election, English was sworn in as the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand on 12 December 2016 

English appointed his first cabinet on 18 December  In a reshuffle, he appointed Steven Joyce to succeed him as Finance Minister, while most ministerial portfolios remained the same 

In February 2017, English did not attend Waitangi Day commemorations at the historic treaty grounds, reportedly in response to the Ngāpuhi iwi's decision to stop the Prime Minister from speaking at the marae  Ngāpuhi have protested the Government's negotiation of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), which the iwi believe infringes upon Māori sovereignty, and thus does not adhere to the Treaty of Waitangi  English had been invited to attend in an official capacity; his non-attendance was criticised by a Ngāpuhi elder and Opposition leader Andrew Little 

In his first overseas trip as Prime Minister, English travelled to Europe to discuss trade ties, including a prospective New Zealand–European Union free trade agreement  He first travelled to London on 13 January 2017 to meet British Prime Minister Theresa May  Discussing trade relations, English said the two nations were "natural partners" and would "continue to forge ties" after the UK's withdrawal from the EU  He also arranged to meet with London Mayor Sadiq Khan, Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel and German Chancellor Angela Merkel   In a meeting with Merkel, English received crucial backing from Germany for a trade deal with the EU  On 16 January, English stated that his government would continue to promote TPPA, despite the United States' decision to withdraw from the agreement  He explained that Southeast Asian countries would now be treated as a priority in negotiations—he also asserted that the United States was ceding influence to China by its rejection of the trade pact 

At a press conference at the Beehive on 1 February 2017, English announced that the 2017 general election would be held on 23 September  The Prime Minister later confirmed that his party would approach ACT, United Future and the Māori Party if confidence and supply agreements were required to form a government following the election  In his second cabinet reshuffle on 24 April, English appointed Gerry Brownlee as his new Foreign Affairs Minister; he also promoted Nikki Kaye to the portfolio of Education Minister, and moved Mark Mitchell into the cabinet to become Defence Minister  The reshuffle was perceived as an election preparation 

On 13 February 2017, English welcomed Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to Wellington  The two leaders reaffirmed their shared trade agenda, and discussed changes to the Australian citizenship pathway which will affect permanent residents originating from New Zealand 

On 19 June, it was reported that Todd Barclay, who succeeded English as MP for Clutha-Southland, had clandestinely recorded one of his employee's conversations the previous year, and that John Key's leaders' budget was used to pay a confidential settlement after the employee resigned  English admitted that he had been aware of the illegal recording and the settlement, and thus implicated in the scandal 

During the 2017 National campaign launch, English introduced a $379 million social investment package including digital learning academies for high school students, more resources for mathematics, and boosting support for teaching second languages in schools, and maintaining National Standards in the school curriculum  Prime Minister English also sought to defend National's financial management and economic track record and claimed that the opposition Labour Party would raise taxes  Early opinion polling had forecast a poor showing in the election for the Labour Party, but in early August 37-year-old Jacinda Ardern took over as Labour leader and seemingly energised younger voters 

At the 2017 general election, National won the largest share of the party vote (44 4%) and the largest number of seats (56) in the House Representatives  However, National lacked enough seats to govern alone due to two of the party's support partners, the Māori Party and United Future, losing their parliamentary seats  In response, English stated that the party would be entering into talks to form a coalition with New Zealand First  Following talks with the two largest parties, New Zealand First entered a coalition arrangement with the Labour Party  English was succeeded as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern on 26 October 

Opposition (2017–2018)

Leader of the Opposition
English was re-elected as National Party leader on 24 October 2017  At the time of his re-election, English announced his intention to stay on as leader until the next general election  On 13 February 2018, however, he stood down as National Party leader due to personal reasons, and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader  He also retired from Parliament  English's resignation followed weeks of speculation that he would step aside for a new leader  On 27 February, he was succeeded as party leader by Simon Bridges as the result of the leadership election held that day 

Post-premiership 
In 2018, English joined the board of Australian conglomerate, Wesfarmers  English serves in Chairmanships of Mount Cook Alpine Salmon, Impact Lab Ltd and Manawanui Support Ltd  He is also a director of The Instillery, Centre for Independent Studies and The Todd Corporation Limited, and is a member of the Impact Advisory Group of Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets 

Political and social views

English is regarded as more socially conservative than his predecessor, John Key  He has stated his opposition to voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, same-sex civil unions, and the decriminalisation of prostitution  As Prime Minister he opposed any "liberalisation" of abortion law 

In 2004, English voted against a bill to establish civil unions for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples  In 2005, he voted for the Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill, which would have amended the Marriage Act to define marriage as only between a man and a woman  English voted against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, a bill that legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand  However, in December 2016 he stated, "I'd probably vote differently now on the gay marriage issue  I don't think that gay marriage is a threat to anyone else's marriage" 

In 2009, English voted against the Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill, a bill aimed at amending the Misuse of Drugs Act so that cannabis could be used for medical purposes 

Personal life 
English met his future wife, Mary Scanlon, at university  She was studying medicine at the time, and became a general practitioner  Both her parents were immigrants, her father being Samoan and her mother Italian, born on the island of Stromboli  They have six children: a daughter and five sons 

English is a practising Roman Catholic, but has stated that he considers his religious beliefs personal and thus separate from politics 

In June 2002, English took part in TV3's Fight For Life, a celebrity boxing fundraiser to raise money for the Yellow Ribbon anti-youth-suicide campaign, influenced by the death of a teenage nephew in 1997  He lost a split decision to former university colleague Ted Clarke 

Honours
In the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours, English was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services of over 27 years to the State 

See also

List of New Zealand governments
Politics of New Zealand

References

External links

Profile at National Party 
Profile on Parliament nz
Releases and speeches at Beehive govt nz

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1961 births
21st-century New Zealand politicians
Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
Living people
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand farmers
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand list MPs
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand National Party MPs
New Zealand National Party leaders
New Zealand Roman Catholics
New Zealand people of Irish descent
People educated at St  Patrick's College, Silverstream
People from Dipton, New Zealand
People from Lumsden, New Zealand
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
University of Otago alumni
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand politicians awarded knighthoods



ground_truth: There are 14,520 attendees, including 7,152 chemical scientists, 5,059 students, 1,283 exhibitors, 119 precollege teachers, 573 exposition visitors, and 453 guests.