prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Is there any evidence of heaven and hell?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: LOL Anonymous I'm here! & I did answer you back there 
kl el kotb el qadema (tawrat + enjel + 9o7f ibrahem) 7orfat w t'3ayarat   law ma 9ar hal shy chan ma 6ala3 ktab yded ye;3y elly gablah l7ad ma 6ala3 lna el quraan b norah elly allah 7f'6ah don ta7ref w tabdel ela yom el dein    shlon tyeeb Joan shy ma5ooth 5erah?!
1- Imagine you have two individuals  One truly believes in God but he is a bad husband and father who cheats on his wife and neglects his children  The other man is a nonbeliever; he accepts religion in theory and doctrine but simply does not have faith no matter how hard he tried  He is a good father and a good husband as well  When they stand before God at the Day of Judgment, would the nonbeliever be condemned to eternal hell only for that one flaw in him? Don't the other good traits in that person matter at all? Does being a nonbeliever equal being evil?
2-God knows everything  However, why would He have created when He knows exactly what each person is going to do and where they will end up? For example, let us suppose that tomorrow I will murder someone  God knows that I will do that  And He knows that I will suffer in hell when the time comes  So why does He purposely inflict that pain on me? To teach me a lesson? He knows the outcome of everything and everyone He has created 
3-Since you brought up science in the previous comments section, I am seriously curious (I am not trying to be glib) about dinosaurs and prehistoric humans  We have seen the evolution of humans and we have fossils and hard evidence of it  The science world has traced back "Eve" to Africa  The concept of Adam and Eve seems too mythological to be 100% factual  It has the same tone of Greek and Ancient Egyptian legends 
-Note: I am not trying to corner you here, I just want to know your response to my queries and thoughts  Thanks 
_ ولماذا نصلى ولمن نصلى    انى لا ارى لصلاتكم هذه اى حكمه ولماذا كل تلك الحركات اما كان يكفى الخشوع  
اعتقد ان المشكلة ليست كما ذكرت  فما ذكرته يعني ان هناك العديد من المسائل الفقهية المتصلة بالعصر الجديد دون حل  على العكس, فالحلال بين والحرام بين  اعتقد المشكلة تكمن بالمسلمين الذين اصابهم الوهن 
You'll be answerd personaly only if; you comment with your blogger's name/nick 
I answered you before & there was no response from your behalf  Why would you think you're worth an answer from me since you can seek answers from good books?
Your questions are very simple, with clean cut answers  Don't use the word corner; it indicates things you don't have the first alphabet for!
Religion was established to calm our fears from the unknown  Freud did write about it in the father figure argument  Try to read it 
I deleted my last comment because in the end of it I inserted some thing that may offend some people (if you read it, I gauss you know what I mean)  Abraham did not believe in God until he saw the birds come to life  So, all what I want is a single prove similar to Abraham 
I indeed busy doing my homework; I have to solve the energy equation and the continuity equation to come with another, hopefully, exact solution to the problem 
Do you work? I mean do you have a job, it seems that you are always on line!!!???? It is amazing how some one would stick to the internet  Try to go out more often, play sport or find any other hobby  If you could not disattach yourself from the internet try and seek a professional help… :-)  Honestly, I’m not making fun of you it is just an advice… sincere advice 
I measure prosperity of a nation by the degree of its civilization in comparison to others of its time  Islamic civilization was at the peak during the Umayyad and Abbasid reigns, at the time when Moslems conquered other nations and dying civilizations, and mixed with them, and the new comers in Islam started researching for the truth  In their quest they translated Greek philosophy books and dug into ancient ones  Their search for truth led them to the emergence of chemistry, Algebra and other sciences And their findings excelled them in innovative inventions  The maps and astrolabes that Columbus used to sail on his quest to discover the West years later were taken from the Arabs  And in contrary to the scribbles of their holy book, Arabic books were the first that brought the roundedness of earth to world attention  Arabic language romanticized the rigid Latin, poetry and verse advanced  At one time, civilization was dubbed as Arabization in Andalusia and that was evident in Andalusia’s Christian and Jewish ancient books  Islamic Architecture and their aggregation systems portrayed marvels of their time  Islamic libraries were huge and rich for the European knowledge seekers 
And history tells us that those were the times when Moslems were the furthest from the dogma of their religion, there societies were open to controlled prostitution in the name of dancimng Jawari, and alcohol was openly consumed  We also notice in these periods that struggle for power among them mounted, yet they were the most tolerant to other nations and beliefs  There was nothing Islamic about them at that time, only a name  After that time, the Islamic civilization collapsed and kept deteriorating as people clung more to the their religious beliefs that were diverted through different interpretations 
And based on that; I believe that it’s not only Moslems who missread their religion, the problem stemmed from the core of the religion (Quran and tradition) for being vague and subject to different interpretations  If Quran was the true word of God, then it should have contained the miracle of not being subject to different interpretations, at least to keep Moslems united, and then, one would believe that Islam is suitable for every location and time 
Nothing can give a solid proof of the existence of heaven and hell, yet, nothing can disprove it either  Same goes to God  So the chance remain fifty-fifty  You either believe in it for the sake of taking a lesser risk if you don’t believe in blind faith, or discard it all together  Yet, the possibility is there until proved or disproved  As for now; these cases can only be understood through logic  So let’s reiterate your question and narrow it down to make it closer to something that can be measured 
Is there any mention of the stories of prophets outside the holy books? Are there any archeological evidences of each prophet’s reign (and I stress prophet’s)? Are there any mention of each prophet in history books outside its holy book, or the books that were based on it’s holy books? Ok, that was too general, let’s narrow it down a bit since your knowledge of your religion, mashallah, especially in reciting Quran is superb 
Is there any mention of the prophet Mohammad reign in non-Moslem history books other than those referenced to Moslem books? And if there were; did those stories mach? Did archeology of Mohammad’s time match those stories? Did ancient books of other nations confirm those stories? After all Mecca was an open, mid trade center for traders of the South and the North, and supposedly was exposed and open to other nations, and an emergence of a new religion would not have gone unnoticed in the ancient books of those nations 
That's why faith is called "FAITH" to believe in the unseen, you see 
keep in mind that every major religion has gone through various phases from emergence to growth to stagnation to depression and reformation  these are cycles that play out across centuries and i suspect islam is not immune to them 
islam is unique in that it is truly the last 'great' religion and it is here to stay  the future should be one of consilience and consolidation between religions and peoples 
at the end of the day - tolerance of thought will be the salvation of mankind 
I've been asking your first question for as long as I can remember and nobody has given me a convincing answer yet  I also asked the second question verbatim when I was in my high school's Tarbiya Islamiya class, and the teacher had no answer  I kept hounding him until the students yelled at me to shut up and then he kicked me out!
We're all adults here, so why can't you answer Anon's query? I still find it amazing that you named yourself after Saint Joan  A Christian (gasp!) who will burn in hell according to some of the comments here 
All men are my brothers  I would have liked to have said it then, and I would like to say it now: all men are my brothers  But all men are not my brothers  Why? Because all women are my sisters  And the brother who denies the rights of his sister: that brother is not my brother  At the very best, he is my half-brother - by definition  Osama is not my brother 
Religion is sensitive ground, as well it might be  Here we walk on eggshells  Because religion is itself an eggshell  Today, in the West, there are no good excuses for religious belief - unless we think that ignorance, reaction and sentimentality are good excuses  This is of course not so in the East, where, we acknowledge, almost every living citizen in many huge and populous countries is intimately defined by religious belief  The excuses, here, are very persuasive; and we duly accept that 'faith' - recently and almost endearingly defined as 'the desire for the approval of supernatural beings' - is a world-historical force and a world-historical actor  All religions, unsurprisingly, have their terrorists, Christian, Jewish, Hindu, even Buddhist  But we are not hearing from those religions  We are hearing from Islam 
Let us make the position clear  We can begin by saying, not only that we respect Muhammad, but that no serious person could fail to respect Muhammad - a unique and luminous historical being  Judged by the continuities he was able to set in motion, he remains a titanic figure, and, for Muslims, all-answering: a revolutionary, a warrior, and a sovereign, a Christ and a Caesar, 'with a Koran in one hand', as Bagehot imagined him, 'and a sword in the other'  Muhammad has strong claims to being the most extraordinary man who ever lived  And always a man, as he always maintained, and not a god  Naturally we respect Muhammad  But we do not respect Muhammad Atta 
Until recently it was being said that what we are confronted with, here, is 'a civil war' within Islam  That's what all this was supposed to be: not a clash of civilisations or anything like that, but a civil war within Islam  Well, the civil war appears to be over  And Islamism won it  The loser, moderate Islam, is always deceptively well-represented on the level of the op-ed page and the public debate; elsewhere, it is supine and inaudible  We are not hearing from moderate Islam  Whereas Islamism, as a mover and shaper of world events, is pretty well all there is 
So, to repeat, we respect Islam - the donor of countless benefits to mankind, and the possessor of a thrilling history  But Islamism? No, we can hardly be asked to respect a creedal wave that calls for our own elimination  More, we regard the Great Leap Backwards as a tragic development in Islam's story, and now in ours  Naturally we respect Islam  But we do not respect Islamism, just as we respect Muhammad and do not respect Muhammad Atta 
المؤامرات على الأديان وجميع الانقلابات المخربة والثورات على القيم والمبادئ خرجت من هذا التراث    وان كل معول هدم كان وراءه توجيه يهودي 
•تذكروا أن الشعب الذي لا يهلك غيره يهلك نفسه 
•يجب ان نخلق الجيل الذي لا يخجل من كشف عورته (ألا تفسر لنا هذه الجملة موجة العرى في الافلام والموضات التى تسود العالم الآن) 
 علينا ان نشعل حربا بين الشعوب ونضرب الدول بعضها ببعض فبهذا يصبح جميع المتحاربين في حاجة الى أموالنا فنفرض عليهم شروطنا 
•الجماهير عمياء فاشتروها بالمال وسوقوها كالبهائم الى أهدافكم 
•سيطروا على الانتخابات ووسائل الاعلام والصحافة (وهم قد سيطروا عليها بالمال والجنس والمرأة في الغرب الرأسمالي وبالحزب والسلطة في العالم الاشتراكي) 
•ادفعوا الجماهير العمياء الى الثورة وسلموهم مقاليد الحكم ليحكموا في غوغائية وغباء (وقد فعلوا هذه في الثورة الفرنسية) وحينئذ نأتي نحن ونعدمهم فنكون منقذين للعالم (وقد اعدموهم جميعاً من روبسبير الى ميرابوا) 
•ارفعوا شعار الحرية واهدموا بها الاخلاق والاسرة والقومية والوطنية 
 ارفعوا شعار العلم واهدموا به الدين    وهذا ما فعله كمال أتاتورك (حفيد مزاراحي) حينما اقام الدولة العلمانية في تركيا ووقف يخطب في البرلمان التركي عام 1923 ساخراً من القرآن 
نحن الآن في القرن العشرين لا نستطيع ان نسير وراء كتاب تشريع يبحث عن التين والزيتون 
•الذي يعرقل مؤامراتكم اوقعوه في فضائح ثم هددوه بكشفها (وقد فعلوها في ووترجيت) او في مآزق مالية ثم تقدموا لانقاذه (وقد فعلها دزرائيلي مع الخديو واستولى على القنال)   وإذ تعذر الامر سارعوا الى اغتياله (وقد فعلوها بكنيدي) ثم اقتلوا قاتله لتدفنوا اسرارنا معه الى الأبد (وقد فعلوها بقاتل كنيدي) 
•اقتلوا القوميات والوطنيات بالدعوة الى الاممية والمواطنة العالمية وقد فعلها ماركس في الشيوعية 
•كل ما عدا اليهود حيوانات ناطقة سخرها الله في خدمة اليهود 
واليهودية ترى ان الله واحد ولكنها تحتكره لنفسها فلا عمل لله الا الحفاظ على اسرائيل وتسخير جميع الشعوب لخدمتها 
واللاهوت اليهودي لا يؤمن بآخرة، وقد شطبوا كل ما جاء عن الآخرة في التوراة    والقيامة عندهم هي قيامة دولتهم في فلسطين والبعث بعثها والنشر نشرها    ويوم الحساب هو اليوم الذي يحاسبون فيه كل الأمم يوم يعود المسيح ويباركهم ويختارهم نواباً له في حكم العالم وإقامة ملكوت الله على الأرض    والعجيب انهم كفروا بالمسيح حينما جاء ثم أعلنوا إيمانهم بعودته وشرطوا هذه العودة بانها رجعة من المسيح ليختارهم رؤساء وحكاماً للعالم الى الأبد 
والفكر اليهودي يلقى غلالة من الأسرار والطلاسم والكتمان والغموض على كل شئ    والكبالا والسحر وعلم الأعداد والحروف وتسخير الشياطين من علومهم التى شغفوا بها وروجوها ونشروها 
وكانت وسيلتهم الى هدم الكتب السماوية هى تفسيرها بالتأويل وذلك برفض المعاني الظاهرة واختراع معان باطنة تهدم الغرض الديني وتفسد هدفه 
ونستطيع ان نرى اثر التوجيه الهودي في الفلسفات العبثية والدمية والمادية والفوضية والإباحية    واحيانا نلمح اسماء يهودية خلفها مثل : سارتر – فرويد – ماركس – ماركوز 
واذا فتحنا ملف الديانة البهائية فإننا نجد اثر التوجيه اليهودي واضحا في كتبها 
عبد الهاء تأليف سليم قبعين القاهرة مطبعة العمران 1922 
مفواضات عبد البهاء الطبعة الاولى 1928م  موعود كل الامم 
جورج تاوزنه مطبوع بإذن من المحفل الروحاني لمصر والسودان 
•اكثر فلاسفة اليونان تعلموا الحكمة من بنى اسرائيل 
•رسالة عبد البهاء هي توحيد المسلمين والنصارى واليهود وجمعهم على أصل نواميس موسى 
•عمل موسى لا يس
Context 2: Filip Fremo Minge – Ekofisk
Author: Filip Fremo Minge
Posted on 1  October 2019 12  October 2019
— Sunset over Ekofisk  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The three are operated by ConocoPhillips on behalf of the Ekofisk licensees  The area also embraces former producers Albuskjell, Cod, Edda, Tor, West Ekofisk and Tommeliten G 
These fields all lie within production licence 018 apart from Tommeliten G, which was operated by Statoil from 1976 to 2003 
In all, 31 installations have been positioned in the Greater Ekofisk Area 
First Norwegian offshore field
Ekofisk began production on 15 June 1971, following its discovery in the autumn of 1969  Development of the field has occurred in several phases 
Its central facilities were installed during the early 1970s, with oil initially being buoy-loaded into tankers  From 1975, it has been piped to Teesside in the UK  The gas has been landed by pipeline at Emden in Germany from 1977 
ekofisk i et nøtteskall, engelsk
Jacked up six metres
The water depth in the Greater Ekofisk Area is 70-75 metres  However, declining pressure in the Ekofisk reservoir over the years has caused the seabed to subside 
Efforts began as early as 1985 to safeguard the installations against the effects of this development, and the steel platforms in the Ekofisk Complex were jacked up by six metres in 1987 
In addition, a protective breakwater was installed around the Ekofisk tank in 1989  The rate of seabed subsidence has declined sharply in recent years 
Waterflooding improves recovery
The Ekofisk 2/4 K water injection platform became operational in December 1987 as part of efforts to improve Ekofisk’s recovery factor – the share of petroleum in place actually produced 
Waterflooding capacity on the field to help maintain reservoir pressure was later expanded several times, and had reached just over 500 000 barrels per day by 2019 
Measured in barrels of oil equivalent, the recovery factor on Ekofisk has risen from an original estimate of 17 per cent to over 50 per cent 
Ekofisk I and II plus licence extension
The first phase of development and production on Ekofisk began with initial oil output from the converted Gulftide jack-up rig in 1971 and ended with the start-up of Ekofisk II in 1998 
Large parts of the Greater Ekofisk Area were restructured in the latter year, leading to plans for removing 15 installations – 14 steel platforms and the process facilities on the Ekofisk tank 
plattformer, historie, 2004, driftsenter åpnet,
Embla 2/7 D  Photo: ConocoPhillips/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Designated Ekofisk I, these redundant structures include Ekofisk 2/4 A, 2/4 B, 2/4 FTP, 2/4 Q, 2/4 H, 2/4 R, 2/4 P and 2/4 T 
In addition come the Edda 2/7 C, Albuskjell 1/6 A, Albuskjell 2/4 F, Cod 7/11 A, West Ekofisk 2/4 D, Norpipe 36/22 A and Norpipe 37/4 A installations 
The concrete part of the tank – Ekofisk 2/4 T – will remain  Gulftide was removed as far back as 1974  Two platforms owned by other companies – Ekofisk 2/4 G and 2/4 S – have also gone 
A new plan for development and operation (PDO) of the field (Ekofisk II) was approved in 1994, at the same time as the Ekofisk licence was extended to 2028 
This creates a new Ekofisk Complex with two structures – the Ekofisk 2/4 X wellhead unit installed in the autumn of 1996 and the Ekofisk 2/4 J processing and transport platform in 1997 
Ekofisk II became operational in August 1998 and is intended to produce until 2028  Ekofisk, Eldfisk and Embla are tied back to the new complex, as was Tor until it shut down in December 2015 
Ekofisk West
historie, forsidebilde, 2003, ekofisk vekst godkjent i statsråd
Ekofisk Growth  Illustration: Ståle Ådland
In December 2002, soon after the Conoco-Phillips merger had been announced, the Ekofisk West project was presented to improve oil and gas recovery  Process capacity and reliability on Ekofisk were also to be enhanced 
This development primarily involved the construction and installation of a new platform, Ekofisk 2/4 M, with processing facilities and 24 new wells drilled over five years 
The latter could contribute to improved recovery both because there were more wells and because they would tap new locations in the reservoir  On stream in 2005, 2/4 M was linked to the Ekofisk Complex with a bridge 
Process capacity for produced water was also to be increased through upgrading on Ekofisk 2/4 J and Eldfisk 2/7 E  A third measure concerned laying a power cable from the Ekofisk Complex to 2/4 K in order to make electricity supplies more efficient 
New developments: Eldfisk II and Ekofisk South
Eldfisk 2/7 S løft
The deck of Eldfisk 2/7 S being mated with the steel jacket  Foto: Øyvind Sætre/ConocoPhillips
The plan for development and operation (PDO) of Eldfisk II, approved by the Storting (parliament) on 9 June 2011, includes a new wellhead, process and accommodation platform – Eldfisk 2/7 S 
In addition come 42 new wells as well as upgrades to existing platforms which extend their commercial life 
The PDO for Ekofisk South involves the construction of a new wellhead platform – Ekofisk 2/4 Z – as well as a new subsea water injection facility and 44 additional wells 
ConocoPhillips Norge, 2004 
Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, press release, “Vekstprosjekt på Ekofisk godkjent”, 6 June 2003 
https://www stortinget no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Saker/Sak/?p=50343
https://www stortinget no/globalassets/pdf/innstillinger/stortinget/2010-2011/inns-201011-398 pdf
https://www regjeringen no/no/aktuelt/klart-for-40-nye-ar-pa-ekofisk-feltet/id642376/)
Published 1  October 2019 • Updated 12  October 2019
— Gassterminalen i Emden  Foto: Husmo Foto/Norsk Oljemuseum
Oil terminal in Teesside
Olje- og gassterminalene, engelsk,
Teesside terminal  Brian Henderson Thynne takes samples of refrigerated propane  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The terminal at Teesside in north-east England receives oil and natural gas liquids (NGL) by pipeline from the Ekofisk field  It comprises stabilisation, NGL fractionation, storage tanks for crude oil and an export port 
After arriving through the Norpipe Oil line, crude and NGL are separated and the oil goes through a stabilisation process before reaching the 10 storage tanks, which each hold 750 000 barrels 
The NGLs go to the fractionation facility, with a daily capacity of 64 000 barrels, for separation into methane, ethane, propane, and normal and iso butane 
While the methane (natural gas) is used to fuel the plant, the other products (now known as liquefied petroleum gases – LPG) are made liquid by cooling and stored for export by sea 
One reason for the choice of Teesside as the landfall for the Ekofisk pipeline was the opportunity it offered to install deepwater quays 
The terminal has four of these, with those for crude oil able to handle tankers up to 150 000 deadweight tonnes  The LPG quays can accept carriers loading as much as 60 000 cubic metres 
Two of the crude oil quays lie on the main channel of the River Tees, while the others have been installed in dredged docks 
Gas terminal in Emden
Gas arriving at the Emden terminal from the Ekofisk Complex enters nine parallel treatment trains for cleaning, metering and onward distribution to the buyers 
The North Sea gas is very clean, and needs only limited treatment to remove small amounts of sulphur compounds using an absorption process  Impure molecules from the gas accumulate on the surface of small particles, which act as filter spheres 
Each of the nine trains comprises four process columns and a process oven  The gas enters the top of a column and leaves through the base after passing through the filter spheres 
That leaves the gas ready for sale, and it is piped to the fiscal metering station before entering the buyer receiving pipelines and distribution network 
Three separate commercial pipeline systems connect to the terminal, operated by Ruhrgas, BEB and Gastransport Services (previously Gasunie) respectively  They pipe the gas away on behalf of the gas buyers 
The Norsea Gas Terminal in Emden was officially opened in September 1977 by Norwegian industry minister Bjartmar Gjerde and Phillips executive Gordon Goerin 
Ranking as the first gas sales deal for the Norwegian continental shelf, the Ekofisk agreement paved the way for later contracts covering other fields off Norway 
Regularity at the Emden terminal has been very high, with its own equipment never causing shutdowns  Maintenance takes place when other parts of the system are off line 
The terminal has a daily capacity of about 2 1 million cubic feet of gas per day 
Gas transport restructured
Norpipe AS owned the gas pipeline from Ekofisk to Emden until the transport system for the Norwegian offshore sector was restructured at 1 January 2003 
Norsea Gas A/S furthermore served as the formal owner of the Emden facility, with Phillips Petroleum and then ConocoPhillips as operator for both pipeline and terminal 
olje- og gassterminalene,
Teesside gas terminal  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Since 2007, Norway’s state-owned Gassco company has been responsible for technical operation of the facilities on behalf of their owners 
That included operator responsibility for the H7 and B11 booster platforms along the gas pipeline, which were shut down in 2007 and 2013 respectively and have since been removed 
The Gassled partnership is a project collaboration embracing 10 companies which collective own large parts of the gas infrastructure on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) 
A substantial proportion of Norway’s gas deliveries to Germany continues to arrive at the Emden terminal, including the volumes piped from Ekofisk 
Preliminary planning for a new terminal in the German port began in 2011, with Gassled taking the investment decision for this development in the autumn of 2012 
Construction work began in the following year, with the new facility being built on an unused part of the existing terminal site 
The new terminal has not expanded export capacity  But its functionality is well adapted to future processing needs for fields in the Greater Ekofisk Area and other parts of the NCS sending gas through the Norpipe system 
It was officially opened on 24 May 2016 by Elisabeth Aspaker, the Norwegian government minister for the EU and the European Economic Area  That closed a chapter in Ekofisk’s history 
Source: ConocoPhillips Norge
— Gas pipes at Ekofisk  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
In addition to ConocoPhillips’ own production from Ekofisk, these pipelines carry gas and oil from the company’s fields in the UK sector and from other fields on the Norwegian and British continental shelves 
The three fields in the Greater Ekofisk Area are also tied together by pipelines 
Oil pipeline to Teesside
rørledningene, engelsk,
Pipes and oil tanks at the Teesside plant  Photo: ConocoPhillips/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The pipeline linking Ekofisk with the terminal for oil and natural gas liquids (NGL) at Teesside on the north-east English coast became operational in October 1975 
Pumps raise the pressure of the oil and NGL before they start their journey to land  Two pumping stations – 37/4 A and 36/22 A ­– originally stood along the pipeline to maintain this pressure, but have now been disconnected and removed 
The pipeline was installed with the ability to carry a million barrels per day  However, that much capacity has never been required 
In the UK sector, a 24-inch pipeline has been tied in with a Y connection to receive input from several British fields – including the J block developments operated by ConocoPhillips 
Output from the Greater Ekofisk Area is supplemented by crude from Valhall, Hod, Ula and Gyda heading for Teesside, optimising pipeline utilisation and thereby boosting value creation 
The pipeline is owned by Norpipe Oil AS and operated by ConocoPhillips 
Gas pipeline to Emden
Sandbags and gravel were used to cover Norpipe to Emden  Photo: Unknown/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
This pipeline became operational in September 1977  The starting pressure of around 132 bar is provided by compressors on the Ekofisk Complex 
The 443-kilometre distance to Emden was split into three equal sections, with platforms B11 and H7 located at the intermediate points to provide boosting if required 
However, additional compression was seldom needed on the final stage to Emden  H7 was shut down in 2007 and B11 in 2013, and both have since been removed 
These two booster platforms were located in the German sector of the North Sea, while the pipeline also crosses the Danish sector 
The pipeline has been trenched or covered with sand  Its final section passes the island of Juist before making landfall on the coast of East Friesland to the north of Emden 
Its daily capacity is roughly 59 4 million standard cubic metres (2 1 billion cubic feet)  In addition to gas from the Greater Ekofisk Area, it carries output from Valhall, Hod, Ula, Gyda and the Statpipe system (primarily Statfjord and Gullfaks) 
Posted on 24  June 2017 25  October 2019
Embla 2/7 D
This unmanned wellhead facility is remotely controlled from Eldfisk 2/7 S located 5 2 kilometres to the north, where oil and gas output from the platform is also processed 
Unmanned and remotely operated wellhead platform
On stream 12 May 1993
— Embla 2/7 D  Photo: ConocoPhillips
sokkelkart, illustrasjon, blokker, lisens, forsidebilde, engelsk,
Hand-colored map of the licenses of the first licensing round on the Norwegian continental shelf  Norwegian Continental Shelf Map, 1965 
The Phillips group was awarded block 2/7 as early as 1965, and the Embla reservoir lies in the southern part of this acreage  Drilling began there in 1974 to depths of 4 500-5 000 metres, but pressure and temperature in the wells were too high for testing with the available equipment 
The first production well was not drilled and tested until 1988, followed by a second in 1990  Both yielded very promising results, and the field came on stream in May 1993 
Embla comprises a sandstone reservoir at least 250 million years old  The other fields in the Greater Ekofisk Area comprise fine-grained carbonate rocks deposited about 70 million years ago 
The Embla reservoir has a temperature of 160°C compared with the 125°C normally found in the chalk formations 1 000 metres higher up, and its pressure is almost twice as high 
Fabricated by Heerema in the Netherlands, the Embla 2/7 D jacket (support structure) was installed by the M 7000 crane vessel  It stands 84 metres high and weighs 2 300 tonnes 
A 5 2-kilometre subsea umbilical from Eldfisk comprises three power cables for electricity supply and eight fibreoptic lines handling data transmission and telecommunication 
Eldfisk 2/7 S, embla,
Eldfisk 2/7 S  Photo: ConocoPhillips
The platform has six production wells and an average daily output of roughly 7 000 barrels of oil  All processing and metering took place on Eldfisk 2/7 FTP until 2015, and has now been switched to Eldfisk 2/7 S 
A 14-inch flowline linked 2/7 D with 2/7 FTP and runs today to 2/7 S  Produced at Wick in Scotland, this line was floated out to the field in one piece 
Topside equipment includes the wellhead area, helideck (built by Vindholmen Services in Arendal), crane, control room, workshop, test separator and glycol pump 
Normally unmanned, the platform is maintained as and when required and therefore incorporates a simplified accommodation module with lounge, mess, coffee room, galley, changing room, WC and 12 emergency beds 
More about platforms
Ekofisk 2/4 Z
This installation is a wellhead platform in the Ekofisk Complex 
Gulftide
This four-leg jack-up drilling rig was built in Glasgow during 1967 for Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co 
Posted on 1  September 2019 8  October 2019
— Gulftide with Ekofisk 2/4 A in the background  Photo: Aker Mek  Verksted/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Gulftide was converted to cope with conditions on Ekofisk in the Åmøy Fjord near Stavanger  This jack-up drilling rig was equipped with process equipment and its derrick, helideck, hangar and legs were reinforced 
To win time, it was decided that the discovery well and three appraisals drilled on Ekofisk by Ocean Viking would be completed for production 
Principles for producing from Gulftide were relatively simple  Output flowed from the subsea wellheads to the platform, where it went through two-stage separation to remove gas and water 
With pressure also reduced, the gas was flared off and the oil sent on by flowlines to two loading buoys where shuttle tankers moored to take on cargo 
utbyggingen,
Tankskipet Donovania laster olje fra lastebøyen på Ekofisk  I bakgrunnen skimtes så vidt Gulftide  Foto: ConocoPhillips/Norsk Oljemuseum
Production could only continue while ships were loading  As soon as one tanker had been filled, the oil stream was diverted to the vessel waiting at the other loading buoy 
The problem with this approach was manifested when weather conditions ­– strong winds and/or high waves – forced the tankers to leave the buoys 
If that happened, production from the wellheads had to be suspended immediately  Given the prevailing weather on Ekofisk, that happened regularly  Output was halted for 20 per cent of the time during the first year 
https://ekofisk industriminne no/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/Building-Ekofisk mp4
Gulftide was replaced as the temporary production installation in 1974 by the permanent Ekofisk 2/4 A (Alpha) and 2/4 B (Bravo) platforms for production, drilling and quarters 
In addition came the Ekofisk 2/4 C (Charlie) production, drilling and compression facility, the Ekofisk 2/4 FTP (field terminal platform) for production and risers, and Ekofisk 2/4 Q for accommodation 
Oil and gas were produced by 2/4 A, B and C through their own wells for processing in their separation plants and piping on the 2/4 FTP for a three-stage separation process 
At the same time, the tanker loading buoys were moved further from the platforms and the Ekofisk 2/4 T oil storage tank became operational 
This facility was extremely advantageous, because it allowed production to continue virtually regardless of whether bad weather prevented tankers from connecting to the buoys 
Ekofisktanken ble satt i drift i 1974  Foto: ConocoPhillips/Norsk Oljemuseum
The 2/4 FTP platform, where oil and gas from the three producing facilities was processed, had been planned to handle the level of output estimated for the main field 
Clear restrictions had been imposed by the Norwegian government on the amount of gas Phillips was allowed to flare  That also set a ceiling for oil production, since gas accompanies it up from the reservoir 
The solution was to install two powerful compression packages on 2/4 C in order to inject the gas under pressure back into the producing formation 
Accommodation facilities had to be provided on the two first platforms, 2/4 A and B  Where 2/4 C and FTP were concerned, however, they were tied together with bridges and to 2/4 Q 
Published 1  September 2019 • Updated 8  October 2019
Posted on 9  April 2019 25  October 2019
Jack-up drilling rig
Built 1967 in Glasgow for Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co 
Began test production on Ekofisk 15 June 1971
Produced on Ekofisk until 1974
— Gulftide at theEkofisk field  Photo: Terje Tveit/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
gulftide,
Gulftide  Photo: Unknown/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
A mere 17 months after the Ekofisk discovery was announced in December 1969, Gulftide was ready to come on stream as a temporary production platform 
Its official inauguration took place on 9 June, with initial test output commencing on 15 June  Full production began on 8 July 
The rig was chosen because it was available on the market  Established equipment for processing oil and gas was tailored to the limited space on board  Separate flowlines carried wellstreams from four subsea wells  Oil, gas and water were separated on board, with the gas flared and the oil piped to two buoys for loading into shuttle tankers 
Work on the process equipment was relatively simple
Context 3: Bare Acts Live
Himachal Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1977
Himachal Pradesh Town And Country Planning Rules, 1978
3  Form of Notice 
4  Manner of publication of notice 
5  Manner of publication of Regional Plan 
6  Notice of Modifications in Regional Plan 
7  Manner of publication of existing land-use map 
8  Manner of publication of approved Interim Development Plan 
9  Manner of publication of draft development plan 
10  Manner of publication of approved development plan 
11  Intention of development undertaken on behalf of Union or State Government 
12  Form of application for permission for development of land by others 
13  Form of permission 
14  Manner of communication of order under sub-section (4) of Section 31 
16  Notice by owner to purchase interest in land 
17  Manner of communication of revocation and modification permission to development 
20  Preparation of town development scheme 
21  Acquisition of land 
22  Mode of levy 
23  Power to borrow money 
24  Terms and conditions subject to which loans may be raised by the Special area Development Authority 
1  Short title, extent, commencement and application 
3  Director and other officers 
4  Establishment of regions 
5  Director to prepare regional plan 
6  Survey 
7  Contents of regional plan 
8  Preparation of regional plan 
9  Finalisation of regional plan 
10  Restriction on use of land or development thereof 
11  Exclusion from claims of amount in certain cases 
12  Review of regional plan 
13  Planning area 
14  Director to prepare development plans 
15  Existing land use maps 
16  Freezing of land use 
17  Interim development plans 
18  Development plan 
19  Publication of draft development plan 
20  Sanction of development plans 
21  Director to prepare sectoral plan 
22  Contents of sectoral plan 
23  Provisions of sections 19 and 20 to apply to sectoral plan 
24  Review of development plan and sectoral plan 
25  Director to control land use 
26  Conformity with development plan 
27  Prohibition of development without permission 
28  Development undertaken on behalf of Union or State Government 
29  Development by local authority or by any authority constituted under this Act 
30  Application for permission for development by others 
30A  Exemption from development permission in rural areas falling within Planning or Special Area 
30B  Exemption in respect of development of certain lands or buildings 
31  Grant or refusal of permission 
34  Lapse of permission 
35  Obligation to acquire land 
36  Deletion of reservation of designated land from draft or final development plan 
37  Power of revocation and modification or permission to development 
38  Penalty for unauthorised development or for use otherwise than in conformity with development plan



ground_truth: Unknown.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the water depth in the Greater Ekofisk Area?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2:  The problem was to tailor it to the rig  The subsea wellheads had to be reinforced to meet the demands posed by the North Sea, and a buoy loading system needed to be developed for waters where this technology had never been used before 
To gain time, it was decided that the three appraisal wells drilled by Ocean Viking to map the extent of the field – in addition to the discovery well – would be completed for production 
Første testflamme tent på Ekofisk  På Gulftide
1973, Teddy Broadhurst, gulftide,
arbeidsliv, hjelpearbeider
Gulftide, separator – på bildet kan man se at det er fire brønner 
arbeidsliv, gulftide, pionerkultur, arbeid, dekk, Norges første havbunnsbrønner, historie, 1971,
The producers would be topped with hydraulically controlled wellheads  Such equipment had been tried out on the seabed earlier, but on a limited scale and not in the deep and rough waters found on Ekofisk  This challenge was overcome by having the wellheads manufactured and then reinforced at the Phillips base in Dusavik outside Stavanger  Flowlines and control cables would also be laid from each well to Gulftide, with production comingled in a single riser to the topsides 
Weather conditions also represented a major problem when designing the loading buoys  Phillips itself had experience with such facilities, but the concept had only been used before in harbour-like conditions and waters no deeper than 27 metres  They were now to stand in 70 metres in the middle of the North Sea 
Gulftide was converted in the Åmøy Fjord outside Stavanger to cope with conditions on Ekofisk  The processing facilities were installed and reinforcements made to the derrick, helideck, hangar and leg structures 
Gulftide, Ekofisk 2/4 A, boretårn, flare, 1971, utbygging,
Gulftide with Ekofisk 2/4 A in the background  Photo: Aker Mek  Verksted/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Planning began in late 1970, when Phillips received approval to begin laying the flowlines between wellheads and rig  Brown & Root won this contract, with the first oil pipelines on the Norwegian continental shelf laid by the Hugh W Gordon laybarge 
The production principle on Gulftide was relatively simple  Output flowed from the subsea wellheads to the rig, where it passed through two separation levels to be split into oil and gas while the huge pressure was reduced 
Gas was flared off and the oil was piped to one of the loading buoys where a shuttle tanker was moored  Production could only take place when a ship was present 
Offisiell åpning av norsk oljeproduksjon,
The Greek tanker, Theogennitor, unloads crude oil from loading buoys on the Ekofisk field  Gulftide in the background  Photo: ConocoPhillips/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
As soon as one tanker had become fully laden, the oil flow was switched to the other buoy where another ship was waiting to take on cargo 
The problem with this approach arose when weather conditions meant the tankers had to cast off from the buoys because of strong winds or high waves  The rig then had to shut down production from the wellheads immediately 
Given the weather conditions found on Ekofisk, output regularly had to cease  Production was suspended for 20 per cent of the first year for this reason 
Output began cautiously on 8 July 1971 from a single well  The second producer came on stream that September, the third was ready the following month and all four were producing by February 1972  They each flowed 10 000 barrels of oil per day 
Source: Kvendseth, Stig, Giant discovery, 1988 
Published 9  April 2019 • Updated 25  October 2019
Norpipe H-7
This platform served as a pumping/compressor station to maintain pressure in the 443-kilometre Norpipe gas pipeline from Ekofisk to Emden in Germany, which became operational in September 1977 
Kjappe fakta::
Compressor platform on Ekofisk-Emden gas pipeline
Installed 1976
Operational 1977
Shut down 29 October 2007
Removed 2013
— Norpipe GNSC-H7  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Gas received initial compression to 132 bar at the Ekofisk Complex  The pipeline was divided into three equal lengths, with Norpipe GNSC B11 positioned at the end of the first third to maintain pressure as and when required 
From there, the gas then travelled the next third of the distance to the second and virtually identical compressor platform, H7 
This was also responsible for maintaining pressure, but additional compression was seldom required on this final leg of the journey to Emden 
Both platforms stood on the German continental shelf, but 48 kilometres of the pipeline also ran across the Danish North Sea sector 
The pipeline is trenched or covered with sand  On its final approach to the coast of East Friesland, it passes beneath the island of Juist before making landfall north of Emden 
Capacity in Norpipe is about 60 million standard cubic metres (scm) or 2 1 billion cubic feet per day  In addition to output from the Ekofisk-area fields, it carries gas from Valhall, Ula and the Statpipe system – primarily Statfjord and Gullfaks  Gas was also transported for a time from Hod and Gyda, but that has ceased 
fritid, Norpipe GNSC-H7,
Magnus Refsland and Werner Hein have pulled the crab trap (full of starfish) on the Norpipe H-7 platform  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Built in 1976, the B11 platform had six decks  Its permanent staffing totalled 14 people, but various service personnel were also often on board  The regular crew included three in catering 
The 11 Phillips employees comprised the offshore installation manager, the nurse/radio operator, eight operators and a roustabout 
In addition to their direct function, the operators covered various other trades which meant the crew was self-sufficient in most circumstances 
Both platforms obtained a satellite antenna in 1986 which allowed them to received Norwegian TV, while the 24-bed accommodation were redecorated in 1981 and upgraded in the summer of 1990 
Work on the upgrading largely comprised converting all cabins to doubles with shower and WC  The galley and changing rooms were renewed and changing facilities for women provided 
A new module with a lounge for non-smokers, a smoking room, gym and pool room was also installed  During this work, the West Gamma accommodation rig was positioned alongside 
Upgrading equipment on the platform was also initiated in 1990  While the pipeline’s original daily capacity had been estimated at 2 100 million standard cubic feet, this was found to have declined after a number of years to 1 975 million 
To return to the original capacity, the compressors needed to be upgraded and power supply from the turbines increased  This was done both on the Ekofisk tank and on the H7 and B11 platforms  Gas coolers on the tank were replaced as well 
Norpipe GNSC-H7, yrker, radiooperatør,
Radio operator Torleif Førland on the platform Norpipe H-7, with his amateur radio  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The control systems were also upgraded in parallel  Control panels on turbines and compressors were replaced and metering instruments installed to conduct measurements in this equipment 
While the nearest neighbour to B11 was a Danish oil field, H7 stood in the middle of the shipping channel  M/S Hero broke down 15 nautical miles west of the latter platform at around 13 00 on 12 November 1977 
By 21 00, the ship was still adrift and heading directly for H7, and all 14 crew on the platform made ready to evacuate by helicopter – the waves were too high for the lifeboats  The wreck passed at 21 40 with a clearance of 400 metres 
German cargo carrier Reint collided with H7 on 30 September 1995, despite efforts by the standby ship to avert the threat  Production was halted as a safety measure, but the platform luckily suffered only minor damage  The collision was caused by inadequate watchkeeping on the ship’s bridge 
Operator responsibility for B11 and H7 was transferred at the beginning of 2003 to Norway’s state-owned Gassco company, which runs the Norwegian gas transport network 
This change had little significance for operation of the platforms, since the actual work was still carried out by ConocoPhillips as a technical service provider to Gassco 
H7 was shut down in 2007, and removal had been completed in 2013  In connection with preparations to remove the structure, operator responsibility was transferred to Statoil as the company in charge of the project on Gassco’s behalf 
Published 24  August 2016 • Updated 22  October 2019
Phillips inundates Sola with oil revenues
person by Kristin Øye Gjerde
Stavanger and neighbouring Sola were the first Norwegian local authorities to experience fantastic oil-related growth after the award of the first exploration licences in 1965 
— Phillips er i ferd med å etablere seg på Norscobasen nederst til høyre Ca 1972 Foto: Norsk fly og flyfoto/Norsk Oljemuseum
The Shell refinery at Risavika in Sola was completed two years later, while the Norsco base in Tananger became operational as early as 1966 
But things really took off once the Ekofisk field had been discovered in the autumn of 1969 and started trial production on 14 July 1971 
Operator Phillips Petroleum Company moved its offices from the Dusavik base outside Stavanger to Tananger in Sola, and Shell could finally start refining Norwegian rather than imported crude 
Sola’s population now rose steadily from 8 400 in 1965 to 15 000 two decades later, and jobs grew even faster – from about 2 000 in 1970 to almost 8 000 in 1985  That averages 10 per cent annually 
Phillips and Shell became cornerstone companies  A large part of their workforce, particularly in Phillips, worked offshore  In addition came newly established oil supply firms 
More jobs were also created in retail, public administration, education, health and social care, personal services and so forth 
Although traditional agriculture remained important for the local authority, the number of farmers gradually declined as a result of mechanisation [REMOVE]Fotnote: This article is based on the chapter “Elverket i Oljealderen” in I det regionale spenningsfelt  Sola Energi 1913-1999, Kristin Øye Gjerde 
Boreskipet Drillship ligger ved kai på Norscobasen i Tananger (1968)  Foto: NOM/Norsk Fly og Flyfoto
Boreskipet Drillship ligger ved kai på Norscobasen i Tananger (1968)  Foto: Norsk Fly og Flyfoto/Norsk Oljemuseum
The “agio tax”
The sharp rise in Sola’s revenues was attributable entirely to the oil industry, and it found itself in an enviable position during this period  Tax revenues rose even faster than population and jobs 
To give an indication, the local authority’s overall income from wealth and income taxes rose from NOK 9 3 million in 1966 to NOK 198 million in 1990  The biggest growth came in 1978-82, when it averaged 39 per cent a year [REMOVE]Fotnote: Sola local authority, plans 
The secret behind this sharp increase was the tax paid by the oil companies – primarily Phillips – on agio, or the percentage fee charged when exchanging one currency for another 
Under Norwegian law at the time, the companies paid tax on their interest income to the local authority where they had their head office  In making this rule, however, the government had failed to take account of the considerable sums involved 
As operator of the Greater Ekofisk Area, Phillips had placed capital to be used for new investment in banks around the world – particularly the UK 
These deposits yielded substantial interest payments, and tax was payable on converting this income into Norwegian kroner [REMOVE]Fotnote: Toralv Torstenbø, former chief executive officer in Sola local authority, interviewed by Kristin Øye Gjerde, 22 February 2001 
Sola council is said to have almost gone into shock the first time Phillips paid this agio tax  It suddenly had more money than it could spend 
During the 1970s and early 1980s, Sola’s municipal income always exceeded the budgeted amount  Large sums could be transferred every year to a capital fund 
Since the local authority was in a growth phase, additional funding was needed for the big developments it faced  While the rest of Norway experienced a slump in the late 1970s, Sola continued in top gear without a sign of unemployment 
Net income tax revenues came to NOK 55 5 million in 1978, while net spending was NOK 31 9 million  And these fantastic results went on improving 
By 1982, wealth and income taxes yielded NOK 203 4 million – compared with a budget of NOK 146 million, which was upgraded to NOK 190 million during the year 
According to Toralv Torstensbø, the financial controller, agio tax accounted for almost half this amount – in other words, as much as the tax paid by all other enterprises, private individuals and industry in Sola 
Its chief executive officer became a little overweening  In his comments on the 1982 budget, he declared that it would be “natural for Sola local authority to feel a strong regional responsibility and not to be too strict about the traditional division of costs between state, county and local authority ”
In line with this open-handed policy, Sola paid for both road projects and an upper secondary modern school which the county council was supposed to fund [REMOVE]Fotnote: Chief executive officer’s budget proposal for Sola local authority covering 1974-85 
Tightening up petroleum tax
This unexpected prosperity undoubtedly created some jealously in the neighbouring local authorities, and the media began to show an interest in the issue 
Local daily Stavanger Aftenblad interviewed Sola’s chief executive and controller in 1981, when its photographer took a shot which illustrated the boundless wealth – Torstensbø stood showering hundred-krone notes over his colleague 
This story was not only read by the paper’s regular subscribers  The following day, 150 copies were distributed to members of the Storting (parliament) 
That in turn prompted Centre Party representative Lars Velsand to make a passionate speech in which he described the position as a misuse of tax revenues 
He called on the government to intervene so that individual local authorities were unable to benefit in this way  Nor was he alone in finding it unreasonable that a small community like Sola should get so much money 
The result was an amendment to the Petroleum Tax Act on 11 June 1982, which specified that the proceeds from the agio tax should be transferred in future to central government 
Løfteskipet Uglen i aksjon ved Norscobasen i juli 1980  Foto: NOM/Norsk Fly og Flyfoto
Løfteskipet Uglen i aksjon ved Norscobasen i juli 1980  Foto: Norsk Fly og Flyfoto/Norsk Oljemuseum
Unfortunately, however, Sola had got used to consuming these revenues  It is easy to learn expensive habits, but not so straightforward to shrug them off again 
Matters had become a little unusual when the council’s executive board adopted the style of the oil company chiefs and took a helicopter outing during an ordinary budget meeting [REMOVE]Fotnote: Oskar Goa, former chief technical officer in Sola local authority, interviewed by Kristin Øye Gjerde, 23 October 2000 
However, most of the tax money benefitted the general public  Paying for Sola upper secondary school and new national and county highways is an example of this 
The council also invested on local authority school buildings and community facilities such as the big sports complex at Åsen, with an outdoor athletics ground and two modern indoor arenas  Dysjaland and Tananger also acquired new sports arenas 
A new cultural centre built in central Sola has a distinctive architecture in brick and glass, with a grassed roof to blend with the surrounding Jæren landscape  With two stages and a public library, this became the community’s main venue for events and so forth 
The local authority thereby built up a very good infrastructure  Power cables were laid in the same trenches as water and sewage pipes, a network of cycle lanes was built and street lighting installed 
On the downside, virtually all these investments boosted operating expenses  The council’s running costs rose by an annual average of 30 per cent in 1978-84, with the biggest growth in the last three years of the period 
So the calls by Storting representatives to transfer agio tax receipts from councils to central government represented a real threat to local politicians 
Sola joined forces with other local authorities in the same position, including Stavanger, Oslo and Bærum as well as Rogaland county council 
A delegation met the Storting’s standing committee on finance to present their case, and secured a commitment to accept a phased reduction in revenues over four years 
The local authorities would receive 80 per cent of agio tax receipts during the first year, then 60 per cent, 40 per cent and finally 20 per cent [REMOVE]Fotnote: Amendment to the Petroleum Tax Act adopted on 14 May 1982 
In reality, however, the run-down percentages were adjusted to extend over five years in annual steps of 80, 60, 20, 20 and 20 per cent  The total amount going to the local authorities was the same 
The arrangement was controversial to the last, and also uncertain because it had to be approved in each annual government budget 
Living within its means
After the tax change, Sola’s chief executive officer saw the writing on the wall  It seemed “to be unquestionable that [Sola] has seen its best days in purely financial terms and must return to setting tougher priorities for various assignments,” he asserted in connection with the budget process for 1983 [REMOVE]Fotnote: Chief executive officer’s budget proposal for Sola local authority, 1983 
It took the politicians a little longer to accept this reality, but they were forced to reduce investment and operating expenditures in the years which followed 
Cutting back on the new sports arenas and cultural centre was not very desirable  Nor was it pleasant to have to slow down  But savings had to be made, and long-terms spending plans were removed from the budget for possible reintroduction later 
A raft of measures were stripped from the budget in 1985, such as extensions to and modernisation of schools, sports arenas and swimming pools, a new somatic nursing home, housing for the intellectually disabled and sheltered housing  Grants for national and county roads were reduced [REMOVE]Fotnote: Chief executive officer’s budget proposal for Sola local authority, 1985 
Once the government’s compensation scheme had ended, Torstensbø – now chief executive officer – told Stavanger Aftenblad that he did not want to paint too gloomy a picture 
“But it’s clear that we must set much more moderate financial priorities than we’ve been used to  To sum up the position, we were previously flush with cash and poor in facilities  We’re now flush with facilities and poor in cash ”[REMOVE]Fotnote: Stavanger Aftenblad, ”Alt blir dyrere i det rike Sola”, 19 May 1987 
Sola kulturhus fotografert vinteren 2004
Rogaland county council also raised the question of whether it would be possible to establish a permanent arrangement which allowed local authorities and counties to benefit from some of the tax revenues paid by local oil companies 
The council pointed out that it was otherwise normal practice for Norwegian companies to pay taxes to the local communities they were based in 
This request was turned by Labour finance minister Gunnar Berge because the councils concerned still benefitted from bigger tax payments by oil company employees and on property [REMOVE]Fotnote: Stavanger Aftenblad, “Rogaland reiser skattekrav på ny”, 16 January 1988 
According to Torstensbø, this was only partly true  The big oil companies were not so significant for Sola’s income once the agio tax was excluded 
About NOK 2 million was received annually from Phillips, primarily in property tax  The most important taxpayers in the local authority were the roughly 90 companies at Aker Base  These were service providers such as Halliburton, Schlumberger and Baker Hughes 
At the same time, Sola acquired a steadily growing number of affluent residents and a growing share of its revenue came from income tax  Despite the cut-backs, it remained prosperous 
Published 29  July 2019 • Updated 29  July 2019
More about economy
Participants in Ekofisk
The question of who “owns” Ekofisk is not straightforward  In simple terms, however, the field and the rest of Norway’s continental shelf (NCS) belongs to the Norwegian state  This was determined on 14 June 1963, when the Storting (parliament) passed the Act Relating to Exploration for and Exploitation of Submarine Natural Resources  This permits licences to be awarded on certain terms 
Riding out the oil crisis
The greatest-ever oil bonanza, with oil prices hitting USD 130 per barrel, came to an abrupt end in 2014, when the cost of a barrel of crude slumped to less than USD 50 from June to December  And the bottom had still not been reached – this was only the start of a new oil crisis which lasted several years  What effect did this have on ConocoPhillips’ financial position off Norway?
Context 3: 
39  Power to require removal of unauthorised development 
40  Establishment of Town and Country Development Authority 
41  Incorporation of Town and Country Development Authority 
42  Constitution of Town and Country Development Authority 
42A  Constitution of Town and Country Development Authority for the Capital Town of Himachal Pradesh 
43  Term of office of Chairman and other members 
44  Resignation of members and filling of casual vacancy 
45  Remuneration of Chairman 
46  Leave of absence and appointment etc  of acting Chairman 
47  Meeting of Town and Country Development Authority 
48  Chief Executive Officer 
49  Other officers and servants 
50  Conditions of service of Chief Executive Officer and other officers and servants 
51  Town development schemes 
53  Power to revise the development schemes 
54  Power of State Government to give Directions 
55  Restriction on land use and development 
56  Lapse of scheme 
57  Town development scheme public purpose 
58  Acquisition of land for Town and Country Development Authority 
59  Developments 
60  Disposal of land, buildings and other development works 
61  Development charges 
63  Fund of Town and Country Development Authority 
64  Annual budget 
66  Constitution of special areas 
67  Special area Development Authority 
68  Incorporation of Special Area Development Authority 
70  Functions 
71  Powers 
72  Fund of Special Area Development Authority 
73  Annual estimates 
74  Power of State Government of supervision and control 
76  Power of Government to review plans etc  for ensuring conformity 
78  Dissolution of authorities 
79  Right of entry 
80  Jurisdiction of Court 
82  Member and officers to be public servants 
83  Suit and other proceedings 
84  Vacancy not to invalidate proceedings 
85  Member to continue till successor enters upon office 
86  Interpretation of regional plan etc 
87  Powers to moke rules 
89  Power to lay the rules and regulations 
The Himachal Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1977
(as amended by Amendment Act No  22 of 1983)
Amended by Act No  8 of 2009
Act published in the Rajpatra, Extraordinary, dated the 30th September, 1977 vide Law Department Notification No  LLR-D(6)5/77, dated the 22nd September, 1977 
An Act to make provision for planning and development and use of land; to make better provision for the preparation of development plans and sectoral plans with a view to ensuring that town planning schemes are made in a proper manner and their execution is made effective; to constitute the Town and Country and Development Authority for proper implementation of town and country development plan; to provide for the development and administration of special areas through the Special Area Development Authority; to make provision for the compulsory acquisition of land required for the purpose of the development plans and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid 
Be it enacted by the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in the Twenty-eighth Year of the Republic of India as follows:-
1  Short title, extent, commencement and application  - (1) This Act may be called the Himachal Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1977 
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the State Government may, by notification, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different areas and for different provisions of this Act 
(4) Nothing in this Act shall apply to-
(a) lands comprised within a cantonment under the Cantonments Act, 1924; (2 of 1924) 
(b) lands owned, hired or requisitioned by the Central Government for the purpose of naval, military and air force works;
(c) lands under the control of railway administration for the purpose of construction and maintenance of works under Chapter III of the Indian Railways Act, 1890; (9 of 1890) and
(d) lands owned by any department of the Central Government where operational constructions are going on 
(a) "agriculture" includes horticulture, farming, raising of annual or periodical crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, grass, fodder, trees or any kind of cultivation of soil, the reserving of land for fodder, grazing or thatching areas, breeding and keeping of livestock including cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, breeding of fish and keeping of bees, and the use of land ancillary to the farming of land, but does not include-
(i) keeping of cattle purely for the purpose of milking and selling the milk and milk products,
(ii) a garden which is an appendage of buildings, and the expression "agricultural" shall be construed accordingly;
(b) "amenity" includes roads and streets, water and electric supply, open spaces, parks, recreational area, natural feature, playgrounds, street lighting, drainage, sewerage and other utilities, services and conveniences;
(c) "building" includes any structure or erection, or part of a structure or erection, which is intended to be used for residential, industrial, commercial or other purposes, whether in actual use or not;
(d) "building operation" includes-
(i) erection or re-erection of a building or any part thereof,
(ii) roofing or re-roofing of any part of building or an open space,
(iii) any material alteration or enlargement of a building,
(iv) any such alteration of a building as is likely to alter its drainage or sanitary arrangements, or materially affect its security,
(v) the construction of a door opening on any street or land not belonging to the owner;
(e) "commercial use" means the use of any land or building or part thereof for the purpose of carrying on any trade, business or profession, or sale or exchange of goods of any type whatsoever and includes running of with a view to make profit hospitals, nursing homes, infirmaries, educational institutions, hostels, restaurants and boarding houses not being attached to any educational institutions, sarais and also includes the use of any land or building for storage of goods or as buildings for storage of goods or as an office whether attached to an industry or otherwise;
(f) "court" means the principal civil court of original jurisdiction in the district;
(g) "development" with its grammatical variations means the carrying out of a building, engineering, mining or other operations in, on, over or under land, or the making of any material change in any building or land or in the use of either, and includes sub-division of any land;
(h) "development plan" means interim development plan or development plan prepared under this Act;
(i) "director" means the Director of Town and Country Planning appointed under this Act;
(j) "existing land use map� means a map indicating the use to which lands in any specified area are put at the time of preparing the map, and includes the register prepared, with the map giving details of land-use;
(k) "land" includes benefits to arise out of land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth;
(l) "member" means a member of a Town and Country Development Authority or a Special Area Development Authority, as the case may be, and includes a Chairman thereof;
(m) "occupier" includes-
(i) a tenant,
(ii) an owner in occupation of or otherwise using his land,
(iii) a rent free tenant,
(iv) a licensee, and
(v) any person liable to pay to the owner, damages for the use and occupation of the land;
(n) "owner" includes a mortgagee in possession, a person who for the time being is receiving or is entitled to receive, or has received, the rent or premium for any land whether on his own account or on behalf of or for the further benefit of any other person or as an agent, trustee, guardian or receiver for any other person or for religious or charitable institutions or who would receive the rent or be entitled to receive the rent or premium if the land were to be let and includes a head of a Government department, General Manager of a Railway and the Chief Executive Officer, by whatever name designated, or a local authority, statutory authority, company, corporation or undertaking in respect of properties under their control;
(o) "planning area" means any area declared to be planning area under this Act;
(p) "region" means any area established to be a region under this Act;
(q) "regional plan" means a plan for the region prepared under this Act and approved by the State Government;
(r) "sector" means any sector of a planning area for which, under the development plan, a detailed sectoral plan is prepared;
(s) "slum area" means any predominantly residential area, where the dwellings which by reason of dilapidation, over-crowding, faulty arrangement of design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitary facilities or any combination of these factors are detrimental to safety, health or moral and which is defined by a development plan as a slum area;
(t) "special area" means a special area designated as such under section 66;
(u) "Special Area Development Authority� means an authority constituted under section 67;
(v) "Town Development Scheme" means a scheme prepared for the implementation of the provisions of a development plan by the Town and Country Development Authority; and
(w) "Town and Country Development Authority" means an authority established under section 40 
Director of Town and Country Planning
3  Director and other officers  - (1) After the commencement of this Act the State Government shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint an officer for the purpose of carrying out functions assigned to him under this Act, as the Director of Town and Country Planning for the State and may appoint such other categories of officers as it may deem fit 
(2) The Director shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as are conferred or imposed upon him by or under this Act and the officers appointed to assist the Director shall, within such area as the State Government may specify, exercise such powers and perform such duties conferred and imposed on the Director by or under this Act as the State Government may, by special or general order, direct 
(3) The officers appointed to assist the Director shall be subordinate to him and shall work under his guidance, supervision and control 
4  Establishment of regions  - (1) The State Government may, by notification,-
(a) declare any area in the State to be a region for the purposes of this Act;
(b) define the limits of such area; and
(c) specify the name by which such region shall be known 
(2) The State Government may, by notification, alter the name of any such region and on such alteration, any reference in any law or instrument or other document to the region shall be deemed to be a reference to the region as re-named unless expressly otherwise provided or the context so requires 
(3) The State Government may, by notification,-
(a) alter the limits of a region so as to include therein or exclude therefrom Such area as may be specified in the notification;
(b) amalgamate two or more regions so as to form one region;
(c) divide any region into two or more region; or
(d) declare that the whole or part of the area comprising a region shall cease to be a region or part thereof



ground_truth: The water depth in the Greater Ekofisk Area is 70-75 meters.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is responsible for carrying out the functions assigned under the act?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3: 
5  Director to prepare regional plan  - Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, it shall be the duty of the Director-
(i) to carry out a survey of the regions;
(ii) to prepare an existing land use map; and
(iii) to prepare a regional plan 
6  Survey  - (1) The Director shall, with a view to prepare the existing land use map, and other maps as are necessary for the purpose of regional plan,-
(a) carry out such surveys as may be necessary;
(b) obtain from any department of Government and any local authority such maps, survey reports and land records as may be necessary for the purpose 
(2) It shall be the duty of every Government department and local authority to furnish, as soon as may be possible, maps, reports and record, as may be required by the Director 
7  Contents of regional plan  - The regional plan shall indicate the manner in which land in the region should be used, the phasing of development, the net work of communications and transport, the proposals for conservation and development of natural resources, and in particular-
(a) allocation of land to such purposes as residential, industrial; agricultural or as forests or for mineral exploitation;
(b) reservation of open spaces for recreational purposes, gardens, tree belts, and animal sanctuaries;
(c) access or development of transport and communication facilities such as roads, railways, water ways, and the allocation and development of airports;
(d) requirements and suggestions for development of public utilities such as water supply, drainage and electricity;
(e) allocation of areas to be developed as "Special Areas� wherein new towns, townships, large industrial estates or any other type of large development projects may be established;
(f) landscaping and the preservation of areas in their natural state,
(g) measures relating to the prevention of erosion, including rejuvenation of forest areas;
(h) proposals relating to irrigation, water supply or flood control works 
8  Preparation of regional plan  - (1) After preparation of the existing land use map, the Director shall cause to be prepared a draft regional plan and publish it by making a copy thereof available for inspection and publishing a notice in such form and manner as may be prescribed inviting objections and suggestions from any person with respect to the draft plan before such date as may be specified in the notice, such date not being earlier than sixty days from the publication of the notice  Such notice shall specify in regard to the draft plan the following particulars, namely-
(a) the existing land use map and the narrative report thereon;
(b) a narrative report supported by necessary map and charts explaining the provisions of the draft plan;
(c) a note indicating the priorities assigned to works included in the draft plan and the phasing of the programme of development as such;
(d) a notice on the role being assigned to different departments of Government, the Town and Country Development Authorities; the Special Area Development Authorities, and the Local Authorities in the enforcement and implementation of draft plan 
(2) The Director shall consider all the objections and suggestions received by him within the period specified in the notice under sub-section (1) and shall, after giving a reasonable opportunity to all persons affected thereby of being heard, prepare the regional plan containing such modifications, if any, as he considers necessary and submit it to the State Government for approval together with all connected documents, plans, maps and charts 
9  Finalisation of regional plan  - (1) The State Government may approve the draft regional plan submitted under section 8 with or without modification or reject or return the same to the Director for reconsideration 
(2) Immediately after the draft regional plan is approved under sub-section (1) the State Government shall publish in such manner, as may be prescribed, a notice stating that the regional plan has been approved and mentioning a place where a copy of the plan may be inspected at all reasonable hours and shall specify therein a date on which the regional plan shall come into operation:
Provided that where the State Government approves the draft regional plan with modifications, it shall not be published, unless the State Government having published such modifications in the Official Gazette along with a notice inviting objections and suggestions thereon, within a period of not less than thirty days from the date of publication of such notice have considered the objections and suggestions after giving a reasonable opportunity of being heard to persons affected thereby 
10  Restriction on use of land or development thereof  - (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, on or after the date of publication of the draft regional plan, no person, authority, department of Government or any other person shall change the use of land for any purpose other than agriculture, or carry out any development in respect of any land contrary to the provisions of the draft plan, without the prior approval of the Director or any officer next to him authorised by the Director, in this behalf 
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, the permission referred to in sub-section (1) shall not be granted otherwise than in conformity with the provision of the draft or final plan and no permission, if granted, shall be construed to confer any legal right whatsoever on the person seeking the permission 
(3) If any work is carried out in contravention of the provisions of this section, the Municipal Corporation or Municipal Committee within its local area, and the Collector in area outside such local areas, may cause such work to be removed or demolished at the cost of the defaulter, which shall be recovered from him in the same manner as an arrear of land revenue:
Provided that no action shall be taken under this sub-section unless the person concerned is given a reasonable opportunity of being heard and a notice calling upon him to remove or demolish the work within a time specified therein 
(4) Any person aggrieved by the order of the Municipal Corporation, Municipal Committee or Collector, as the case may be, calling upon to remove or demolish the work may prefer an appeal to the Director within fifteen days of the receipt of the notice under sub-section (3) and the order of the Director in such appeal shall be final 
11  Exclusion from claims of amount in certain cases  - Where the regional plan assigns a particular land use to a certain areas and any land situate therein is already put to such use, subject to substantially similar restrictions in force under any other law which was in force on the date on which restrictions were imposed by or under this Act and if amount in respect of such restrictions have already been paid under any such other law which was in force for the time being in respect of the property or any right or interest therein to the claimant, or any predecessor in interest of the claimant, the owner shall not be entitled to any further amount on account of injury or damage caused to his rights by reasons of the restrictions placed on the use of the land under the provisions of this Act 
12  Review of regional plan  - (1) The Director may, on his own motion or if so required by the State Government, at any time after a regional plan has come into operation, undertake the review and evaluation of the regional plan and make such modification in it as may be justified by the circumstances 
(2) The foregoing provisions of this Chapter shall, so far as they can be made applicable, apply to the modifications under sub-section (1) as these provisions apply in relation to the preparation, publication and approval of a regional plan 
Planning Area and Development Plans
13  Planning area  - (1) The State Government may, by notification, constitute planning areas for the purposes of this Act and define the limits thereof 
(2) The State Government may, by notification -
(a) alter the limits of a planning area so as to include therein or excluse therefrom such area as may be specified in the notification;
(b) amalgamate two or more planning areas so as to constitute one planning area;
(c) divide any planning area into two or more planning areas;
(d) declare that the whole or part of the area constituting the planning area shall cease to be a planning area or part thereof 
14  Director to prepare development plans  - Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, the Director shall-
(a) prepare an existing land use map;
(b) prepare an interim development plan;
(c) prepare a development plan;
(d) prepare a sectoral plan;
(e) carry such surveys and inspections and obtain such pertinent reports from government departments, local authorities and public institutions as may be necessary for the preparation of the plans;
(f) perform such duties and functions as are supplemental, incidental, and consequential to any of the foregoing functions or as may be assigned by the State Government for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act 
15  Existing land use maps  - (1 )The Director shall carryout the survey and prepare an existing land use map and, forthwith publish the same in such manner as may be prescribed together with public notice of the preparation of the map and of the place or places where the copies may be inspected, inviting objections and suggestions in writing from any person with respect thereto within thirty days from the date of publication of such notice 
(2) After the expiry of the period specified in the notice published under sub-section (1), the Director may, after allowing a reasonable opportunity of being heard to all such persons who have filed the objections or suggestions, make such modifications therein as may be considered desirable 
(3) As soon as may be after the map is adopted with or without modifications the Director shall publish a public notice of the adoption of the map and the place or places where the copies of the same may be inspected 
(4) A copy of the notice shall also be published in the Official Gazette and it shall be conclusive evidence of the fact that the map has been duly prepared and adopted 
16  Freezing of land use  - On the publication of the existing land use map under section 15-
(a) no person shall institute or change the use of any land or carry out any development of land for any purpose other than that indicated in the existing land use map without the permission in writing of the Director;
Provided that the Director shall not refuse permission if the change is for the purpose of agriculture;
(b) no local authority or any officer or other authority shall, not withstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, grant permission for the change in use of land otherwise than as indicated in the existing land use map without the permission in writing of the Director;
[(c) no Registrar or the Sub-Registrar, appointed under the Indian Registration Act, 1908, shall, in any planning area constituted under section 13, register any deed or document of transfer of any sub-division of land by way of sale, gift, exchange, lease or mortgage with possession, unless the sub-division of land is duly approved by the Director, subject to such rules as may be framed in this behalf by the State Government:]
Provided that the Registrar or the Sub-Registrar may register any transfer,-
(i) where the land is owned by a person and the transfer is made without involving any further divisions;
(ii) where the partition/sub-division of land is made in a Joint Hindu Family;
(iii) where the lease is made in relation to a part or whole of a building;
(iv) where the mortgage is made for procuring the loans for construction or improvements over the land either from the Government or from any other financial institution constituted or established under any law for the time being in force or recognised by the State Government 
17  Interim development plans  - As soon as may be, after the declaration of a planning area, the Director shall, within such time as may be necessary, prepare, after consultation with local authorities concerned, if any, and submit to the State Government an interim development plan for the planning area or any of its parts and such other area or areas contiguous or adjacent to the planning areas as the State Government may direct to be included in the interim development plan 
(2) The interim development plan shall-
(a) indicate broadly the land use proposed in the planning area;
(b) allocate broadly areas or sector of land for-
(i) residential, industrial, commercial or agricultural purposes,
(ii) open spaces, parks and gardens, green belts, zoological gardens and play-grounds,
(iii) public institutions and offices,
(iv) such special purposes as the Director may deem fit;
(c) lay down the pattern of National and State Highways connecting the planning area with the rest of the region, ring roads, arterial roads and the major roads within the planning areas;
(d) provide for the location of airports, railway stations, bus termini and indicate the proposed extension and development of railways and canals;
(e) make proposals for general land scaping and preservation of natural areas;
(f) project the requirement of the planning area of such amenities and utilities as water, drainage, electricity and suggest their fulfilment;
(g) propose broad based regulations for sectoral development, by way of guide-lines, within each sector of the location, height, size of buildings and structures, open spaces, court-yards and the use to which such buildings and structures and land may be put;
(h) lay down the board-based traffic circulation patterns in a city;
(i) suggest architectural control features, elevation and frontage of buildings and structures;
(j) indicate measures for flood control, prevention of air and water pollution, disposal of garbage and general environmental control 
(3) Subject to provisions of the rules made under this Act for regulating the form and contents of the interim development plan any such plan shall include such maps and such descriptive matter as may be necessary to explain and illustrate the proposals in the interim development plan 
(4) As soon as may be, after the submission of the interim development plan, under sub-section (1) the State Government may either approve the interim development plan or may approve it with such modification as it may consider necessary 
(5) The State Government shall publish the interim development plan as approved under sub-section (4) in the Official Gazette  The interim development plan shall come into operation from the date of its publication in the Official Gazette and shall be binding on all local authorities functioning within the planning areas 
18  Development plan  - A development plan shall -
(a) indicate broadly the land use proposed in the planning areas;
(b) allocate broadly areas or sector of land for,-
(c) lay down the pattern of National and State Highways connecting the planning area with the rest of the region, ring roads, arterial roads, and the major roads within the planning area;
(d) provide for the location of airports, railway stations, bus termini and indicate the proposed extension and development of railways;
(g) propose broad-based regulations for sectoral development, by way of guide-line, within each sector of the location, height, size of buildings and structures, open spaces, court-yards and the use to which such buildings and structures and land may be put;
(h) lay down the broad-based traffic circulation patterns in a city;
19  Publication of draft development plan  - (1) The Director shall forthwith publish the draft development plan prepared under section 18 in such manner as may be prescribed together with a notice of the preparation of the draft development plan and the place or places where the copies may be inspected, inviting objections and suggestions in writing from any person with respect thereto, within thirty days from the date of publication of such notice Such notice shall specify in regard to the draff development plan the following particulars, namely:-
(i) the existing land use maps;
(ii) a narrative report, supported by maps and charts, explaining the provisions of the draft development plan;
(iii) the phasing of implementation of the draft development plan as suggested by the Director,
(iv) the provisions for enforcing the draft development plan and stating the manner in which permission to development may be obtained;
(v) an approximate estimate of the cost of land acquisition for public purposes and the cost of works involved in the implementation of the plan 
(2) The Director shall, not later than ninety days after the date of expiry of the notice period under sub-section (1), consider all the objections and suggestions as may be received within the period specified in the notice under sub-section (1)and shall, after giving reasonable opportunity to all persons affected thereby of being heard, make such modifications in the draft development plans as he may consider necessary, and submit, not later than six months after the publication of the draft development plan, the plan so modified, to the State Government for approval together with all connected documents, plans, maps and charts 
20  Sanction of development plans  - (1) As soon as may be after the submission of the development plan under section 19 the State Government may either approve the development plan or may approve it with such modifications as it may consider necessary or may return it to the Director to modify the same or to prepare a fresh plan in accordance with such directions as it may issue in this behalf 
(2) Where the State Government approves the development plan with modifications, the State Government shall, by a notice, published in the Official Gazette, invite objections and suggestions in respect of such modifications within a period of not less than thirty days from the date of publication of the notice in the Official Gazette 
(3) After considering objections and suggestions and after giving a hearing to the persons desirous of being heard the State Government may confirm the modification in the development plan 
(4) The State Government shall publish the development plan as approved, under the foregoing provisions in the Official Gazette and shall along with the plan publish a public notice, in such manner as may be prescribed, of the approval of the development plan and the place or places where the copies of the approved development plan may be inspected 
(5) The development plan shall come into operation from the date of publication thereof in the Official Gazette and as from such date shall be binding on all Development Authorities constituted under this Act and all local authorities functioning within the planning area 
(6) After the coming into operation of the development plan, the interim development plan shall stand modified or altered to the extent the proposals in the development plan are at variance with the interim development plan 
Sectoral Plan
21  Director to prepare sectoral plan  - The Director may, on his own motion, at any time after the publication of the development plan, or thereafter if so required by the State Government shall, within six months of such requisition, prepare a sectoral plan 
22  Contents of sectoral plan  - (1) The sectoral plan shall enlarge the details of land use as indicated in the development plan and shall -
(a) indicate the land liable to acquisition for public purpose or the purposes of the Union Government, the State Government, the Town and Country Development Authority, the Special Area Development Authority, the local authority or any other authority established by or under any enactment for the time being in force 
Provided that no land shall be so designated unless the acquisition proceedings are likely to be completed within ten years of the preparation of the plan;
(b) define in detail and provide for areas reserved for agriculture, public and semi-public open spaces, parks, playgrounds, gardens, recreational areas, green belts and natural reserves;
(c) allocate in detail areas or sectors for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and other purposes;
(d) define and provide for the complete road and street pattern for the present and in the future and indicate the traffic circulation;
(e) lay down in detail the projected road and street improvement;
(f) indicate and provide for areas reserved for public buildings, institutions and civic developments;
(g) assess, make projections for and provide for the future requirements of amenities, services and utilities such as municipal, transport, electricity, water and drainage;
(h) prescribe in detail the sectoral regulations for each sector, with a view to facilitating on individual layout and regulating the location, height, number of storeys and the size of buildings and other structures, the size of the court-yards, courts and other open spaces and the use of the buildings, structures and land;
(i) define areas which have been badly laid out or areas which have developed so as to form slums, and provide for their proper development and/or relocation;
(j) designate areas for future development and expansion;
(k) indicate the phasing of the programme of development 
(2) The sectoral plan may and if possible shall, indicate -
(a) control over architectural features; elevation and frontage of buildings and structures; and
(b) the details of development of specific areas for housing, shopping centres, industrial areas, educational and cultural institutions and civic centres 
23  Provisions of sections 19 and 20 to apply to sectoral plan  - The provisions of sections 19 and 20 shall apply for the preparation, publication, approval and operation of sectoral plan as they apply in respect of the development plan 
24  Review of development plan and sectoral plan  - The Director may on his own motion or if so required by the State Government shall, at any time after the sectoral plan has come into operation, undertake a review and evaluation of the development plan and sectoral plan 
(2) The foregoing provisions of sections 19, 20 and 23 shall, so far as may be apply to the modification under sub-section (1) as those provisions apply in relation to the preparation, publication and approval of a development plan or a sectoral plan 
Control of Development And Use of Land
25  Director to control land use  - The overall control of development and the use of land in the planning area shall, as from the date of publication in the Official Gazette of a notification by the State Government, vest in the Director 
26  Conformity with development plan  - (1) After coming into force of the development plan, the use and development of land shall conform to the provisions of the development plan:
Provided that the Director may, at his discretion, permit the continued use of land for the purpose for which it was being used at the time of the coming into Operation of the development plan 
Provided further that such permission shall not be granted for a period exceeding seven years from the date of coming into operation of the development plan 
27  Prohibition of development without permission  - After coming into operation of the development plan, no person shall change the use of any land or carry out any development of land without the permission in writing of the Director 
Provided that no such permission shall be necessary -
(a) for carrying out works for the maintenance, repair or alteration of any building which does not materially alter the external appearance of the building;
(b) for carrying out work for the improvement or maintenance of a highway, road or public street by the Union or State Government or an authority established under this Act or by a local authority having jurisdiction, provided that such maintenance or improvement does not change the road alignment contrary to the provisions of the development plan;
(c) for the purpose of inspecting, repairing or renewing any drain, sewers, mains, pipes, cables, telephone or other apparatus including the breaking open of any street or other land for that purpose;
(d) for the excavation or soil shaping in the interest of agriculture;
(e) for restoration of land to its normal use where land has been used temporarily for any other purposes 
(f) for use for any purpose incidental to the use of building for human habitation, or any other building or land attached to such buildings;
(g) for the construction of a road intended to give access to land solely for agricultural purposes
28  Development undertaken on behalf of Union or State Government  - (1) When the Union Government or the State Government intends to carry out development of any land for the purpose of its departments or offices or authorities, the officer-in-charge thereof shall inform in writing to the Director the intention of the Government to do so, giving full particulars thereof, accompanied by such documents and plans as may be prescribed at least thirty days before undertaking such development 
(2) Where the Director raises any objection to the proposed development on the ground that the development is not in conformity with the provisions of the development plan, the officer shall,-
(i) make necessary modification in the proposals for development to meet the objections raised by the Director, or
(ii) submit the proposal for development together with the objections raised by the Director to the State Government for decision:
Provided that where no modification is proposed by the Director within thirty days of the receipt of the proposed plan by the Government, the plan will be presumed to have been approved 
(3) The State Government, on receipt of the proposals for development together with the objections of the Director shall, approve the proposals with or without modifications or direct the officer to make such modifications in the proposals as it considers necessary in the circumstances 
(4) The decision of the State Government under sub-section (3) shall be final and binding 
29  Development by local authority or by any authority constituted under this Act  - Where a local authority or any authority specially constituted under this Act intends to carry out development on any land for the purpose of that authority, the procedure applicable to the Union or State Government, under section 28 shall, mutatis' mutandis, apply in respect of such authority 
30  Application for permission for development by others  - (1) Any person, not being the Union Government, State Government, a local authority or a special authority constituted under this Act intending to carry out any development on any land, shall make an application in writing to the Director for permission, in such form and containing such particulars and accompanied by such documents as may be prescribed 
(2) Such application shall also be accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed 
[30A  Exemption from development permission in rural areas falling within Planning or Special Area  - (1) Any person who owns land in rural areas, falling within Planning or Special Areas wherein neither Interim Development Plan nor Development Plan has been notified, shall be exempted from permission under this Act for the following development activities up to the limits as may be prescribed: -
(i) Residential activities such as farm-houses and residential houses up to three storeys, cattle shed, toilet, septic tank, kitchen, store, parking shed or garage and rain shelter;
(ii) Commercial activities such as basic commercial activities like shops of general merchandise, cobbler, barber, tailoring, fruit, vegetable, tea or sweet, eating places and dhabas, chemist and farm produce sale depot;
(iii) Service Industries such as cottage or house-hold, service industries like carpentry, knitting, weaving, blacksmith, goldsmith, atta-chakki with capacity up to five horse-power, water mill, agriculture equipments or machinery repair, electrical, electronic and house-hold appliances;
(iv) Public amenities such as public amenities like panchayat offices, schools, mahila mandals, yuvak mandals, community halls, post offices, dispensaries and clinics (including health, veterinary and Indian System of Medicines) information technology kiosks, patwar khanas, guard huts, anganwaries, electricity and telephone installations and connections, roads and paths, ropeways, water tanks, rain harvesting tanks, overhead or underground water tan 



ground_truth: The Director of Town and Country Planning is responsible for carrying out the functions assigned under the act.