prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What happens to Ngotho after he attacks Jacobo at a workers' strike?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: Weep Not, Child is a 1964 novel by Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o  It was his first novel, published in 1964 under the name James Ngugi  It was among the African Writers Series  It was the first English language|English novel to be published by an East African  Thiong'o's works deal with the relationship between Africans and white settlers in colonial Kenya, and are heavily critical of colonial rule  Specifically, Weep Not, Child deals with the Mau Mau Uprising, and "the bewildering dispossession of an entire people from their ancestral land " Ngũgĩ wrote the novel while he was a student at Makerere University 

The book is divided into two parts and eighteen chapters  Part one deals mostly with the education of Njoroge, while part two deals with the rising Mau Mau movement 

Plot summary

Njoroge, a little boy, is urged to attend school by his mother  He is the first one of his family able to go to school  His family lives on the land of Jacobo, an African made rich by his dealings with white settlers, namely Mr  Howlands, the most powerful land owner in the area  Njoroge's brother Kamau works as an apprentice to a carpenter, while Boro, the eldest living son, is troubled by his experiences while in forced service during World War II, including witnessing the death of his elder brother  Ngotho, Njoroge's father and a respected man in the surrounding area, tends Mr  Howlands' crops, but is motivated by his passion to preserve his ancestral land, rather than for any compensation or loyalty 

One day, black workers call for a strike to obtain higher wages  Ngotho is ambivalent about participating in the strike because he fears he will lose his job  However, he decides to go to the gathering, even though his two wives do not agree  At the demonstration, there are calls for higher wages  Suddenly, the white police inspector brings Jacobo to the gathering to pacify the native people  Jacobo tries to put an end to the strike  Ngotho attacks Jacobo, and the result is a riot where two people are killed  Jacobo survives and swears revenge  Ngotho loses his job and Njoroge’s family is forced to move  Njoroge’s brothers fund his education and seem to lose respect for their father 

Mwihaki, Jacobo's daughter and Njoroge's best friend, enters a girls' only boarding school, leaving Njoroge relatively alone  He reflects upon her leaving, and realizes that he was embarrassed by his father's actions towards Jacobo  For this reason, Njoroge is not upset by her exit and their separation  Njoroge switches to another school 

For a time, everyone's attention is focused on the upcoming trial of Jomo Kenyatta – a revered leader of the movement  Many blacks think that he is going to bring forth Kenya’s independence  But Jomo loses the trial and is imprisoned  This results in further protests and greater suppression of the black population 

Jacobo and a white landowner, Mr  Howlands, fight against the rising activities of the Mau Mau, an organization striving for Kenyan economic, political, and cultural independence  Jacobo accuses Ngotho of being the leader of the Mau Mau and tries to imprison the whole family  Meanwhile, the situation in the country is deteriorating  Six black men are taken out of their houses and executed in the woods 

One day Njoroge meets Mwihaki again, who has returned from boarding school  Although Njoroge had planned to avoid her due to the conflict between their fathers, their friendship is unaffected  Njoroge passes an important exam that allows him to advance to High School  His village is proud of him, and collects money to pay Njoroge's High School tuition 

Several months later, Jacobo is murdered in his office by a member of the Mau Mau  Mr  Howlands has Njoroge removed from school for questioning  Both father and son are brutally beaten before release and Ngotho is left barely alive  Although there doesn't seem to be a connection between Njoroge's family and the murder, it is eventually revealed that Njoroge's brothers are behind the assassination, and that Boro is the real leader of the Mau Mau  Ngotho soon dies from his injuries and Njoroge finds out that his father was protecting his brothers  Kamau has been imprisoned for life  Only Njoroge and his two mothers remain free, and Njoroge is left as the sole provider of his two mothers  Njoroge fears that he cannot make ends meet; he gives up hope of continuing in school and loses faith in God 

Njoroge asks Mwihaki's for support, but she is angry because of her father’s death  When he finally pledges his love to her, she refuses to leave with him, realizing her obligation to Kenya and her mother  Njoroge decides to leave town and makes an attempt at suicide; however, he fails when his mothers find him before he is able to hang himself  The novel closes with Njoroge feeling hopeless, and ashamed of cowardice 

Characters in Weep Not, Child
 Njoroge: the main character of the book whose main goal throughout the book is to become as educated as possible 
 Ngotho: Njoroge's father  He works for Mr Howlands and is respected by him until he attacks Jacobo at a workers strike  He is fired and the family is forced to move to another section of the country  Over the course of the book his position as the central power of the family weakened, to the point where his self-realization that he has spent his whole life waiting for the prophecy (that proclaims the blacks will be returned their land) to come true rather than fighting for Kenyan independence, leads to his depression 
 Nyokabi and Njeri: the two wives of Ngotho  Njeri is Ngotho's first wife, and mother of Boro, Kamau, and Kori  Nyokabi is his second wife, and the mother of Njoroge and Mwangi 
 Njoroge has four brothers: Boro, Kamau, Kori and Mwangi (who is Njoroge's only full brother, who died in World War II) 
 Boro: Son of Njeri who fights for the Allies in World War II  Upon returning his anger against the colonial government is compounded by their confiscation of the his land  Boro's anger and position as eldest son leads him to question and ridicule Ngotho, which eventually defeats their father's will (upon realizing his life was wasted waiting and not acting)  It is eventually revealed that Boro is the leader of the Mau Mau (earlier alluded to as "entering politics") and murders Mr Howlands  He is caught by police immediately after and is scheduled to be executed by the book's end  It is highly likely that it is also Boro who kills Jacobo 
 Mwihaki: Njoroge's best friend (and later develops into his love interest)  Daughter of Jacobo  When it is revealed that his family killed Jacobo (most likely Boro), Mwihaki distances herself from Njoroge, asking for time to mourn her father and care for her mother 
 Jacobo: Mwihaki's father and an important landowner  Chief of the village 
 Mr  Howlands: A white settler who emigrated to colonial Kenya and now owns a farm made up of land that originally belonged to Ngotho's ancestors  Has three children: Peter who died in World War II before the book's beginning, a daughter who becomes a missionary, and Stephen who met Njoroge while the two were in high school 

Themes and motifs
Weep Not, Child integrates Gikuyu mythology and the ideology of nationalism that serves as catalyst for much of the novel's action  The novel explores the negative aspects of colonial rule over Kenya  Njoroge's aspiration to attend university is frustrated by both the violence of the Mau Mau rebels and the violent response of the colonial government  This disappointment leads to his alienation from his family and ultimately his suicide attempt 

The novel also ponders the role of saviours and salvation  The author notes in his The River Between: "Salvation shall come from the hills  From the blood that flows in me, I say from the same tree, a son shall rise  And his duty shall be to lead and save the people " Jomo Kenyatta, the first prime minister of Kenya, is immortalised in Weep Not, Child  The author says, "Jomo had been his (Ngotho's) hope  Ngotho had come to think that it was Jomo who would drive away the white man  To him, Jomo stood for custom and traditions purified by grace of learning and much travel " Njoroge comes to view Jomo as a messiah who will win the struggle against the colonial government 

See also

Things Fall Apart
Death and the King's Horseman

References

External links
Official homepage of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
BBC profile of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
Weep Not, Child at Google Books

British Empire in fiction
Novels set in colonial Africa
Historical novels
Kenyan English-language novels
Novels by Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
Novels set in Kenya
1964 novels
Heinemann (publisher) books
Postcolonial novels
African Writers Series
1964 debut novels



ground_truth: After attacking Jacobo at a workers' strike, Ngotho loses his job and Njoroge's family is forced to move.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the name of the first white settlement in McPherson County?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: McPherson County (standard abbreviation: MP) is a county located in the U S  state of Kansas   As of the 2020 census, the county population was 30,223  The largest city and county seat is McPherson  The county is named for Civil War General James B  McPherson 

History

Early history

For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans  From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America  In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau  In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles 

In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2 83 cents per acre  In 1848, after the Mexican–American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Spain brought into the United States all or part of land for ten future states, including southwest Kansas  In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U S  state 

19th century

From the 1820s to 1870s, the Santa Fe Trail passed through, what is now McPherson County  The trail entered the county, east of Canton, then south of Galva, then north of Inman, and west towards Lyons  In 1855, Charles O  Fuller established a ranch adjacent to the Running Turkey Creek Crossing about two miles south and one mile east of Galva  Fuller's Ranch provided accommodations for travelers on the Santa Fe Trail and was probably the first white settlement in McPherson County 

Peketon County was established in 1860, by the passage of a bill by S  N  Wood:  An act to establish Peketon County  Section 1  - That all that territory west of the sixth principal meridian and south of Township 16, in Kansas Territory, be and the same is hereby erected into a county, to be known by the name of Peketon County  On February 17, 1865, Peketon County was abolished, and McPherson County was made a part of Marion County, which extended from the west line of Chase County to the present western boundary of Kansas 

In 1868, Solomon Stephens and L  N  Holmberg were appointed Justices of the Peace—the first officers in what is now McPherson County  The next year (1869) occurred the first election for the township, now the county of McPherson  McPherson was regularly organized as a county in the spring of 1870, a mass meeting being held at Sweadal  Sweadal, the county seat thus selected, was located about one mile and a half southwest of the present site of Lindsborg  In September, however, the County Commissioners resolved to meet at the latter place, McPherson which had already been located some two years 

In April, 1873, a petition was filed for the county seat re-location  It was signed by 483 voters, and a special election was accordingly ordered for June 10  Upon that day, McPherson received 605 votes, New Gottland 325, King City 3 and Lindsborg 1; McPherson's majority over all, 276  In May the McPherson Town Company had offered, as an inducement for the location of the county seat at this point, the free use of rooms for ten years, and the donation of two squares of land on the town site  The offer was accepted the next month, the County Commissioners selecting blocks 56 and 65  Thus the county seat was established at McPherson and has remained since 

As early as 1875, city leaders of Marion held a meeting to consider a branch railroad from Florence  In 1878, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and parties from Marion County and McPherson County chartered the Marion and McPherson Railway Company   In 1879, a branch line was built from Florence to McPherson, in 1880 it was extended to Lyons, in 1881 it was extended to Ellinwood  The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway  The line from Florence to Marion, was abandoned in 1968  In 1992, the line from Marion to McPherson was sold to Central Kansas Railway  In 1993, after heavy flood damage, the line from Marion to McPherson was abandoned  The original branch line connected Florence, Marion, Canada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, then connected with the original AT&SF main line at Ellinwood 

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway extended its main line from Herington to Pratt   This main line connected Herington, Ramona, Tampa, Durham, Waldeck, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Groveland, Inman, Medora, Hutchinson, Whiteside, Partridge, Arlington,  Langdon, Turon, Preston, Natrona, Pratt   In 1888, this main line was extended to Liberal   Later, this line was extended to Tucumcari, New Mexico and Santa Rosa, New Mexico, where it made a connection with the Southern Pacific from El Paso, Texas   The Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway was absorbed by the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway  This line is also called the "Golden State Route" 

20th century
The National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, was established in 1912, and was routed through Windom, Conway, McPherson 

Geography

According to the U S  Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0 3%) is water 

Adjacent counties
 Saline County (north)
 Dickinson County (northeast)
 Marion County (east)
 Harvey County (southeast)
 Reno County (southwest)
 Rice County (west)
 Ellsworth County (northwest)

Major highways
  Interstate 135
  U S  Route 56
  U S  Route 81
  K-4
  K-61
  K-153

Demographics

The McPherson Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of McPherson County 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 29,554 people, 11,205 households, and 7,966 families residing in the county   The population density was 33 people per square mile (13/km2)   There were 11,830 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km2)   The racial makeup of the county was 96 53% White, 0 81% Black or African American, 0 34% Native American, 0 32% Asian, 0 06% Pacific Islander, 0 79% from other races, and 1 16% from two or more races   1 94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race  37 1% were of German, 12 9% Swedish, 12 1% American, 6 7% English and 6 3% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000 

There were 11,205 households, out of which 33 00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 50% were married couples living together, 6 00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28 90% were non-families  25 50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 49 and the average family size was 2 99 

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25 40% under the age of 18, 10 30% from 18 to 24, 25 20% from 25 to 44, 21 80% from 45 to 64, and 17 30% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females there were 95 90 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92 90 males 

The median income for a household in the county was $41,138, and the median income for a family was $48,243  Males had a median income of $33,530 versus $21,175 for females  The per capita income for the county was $18,921   About 4 20% of families and 6 60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5 20% of those under age 18 and 8 10% of those age 65 or over 

Government

Presidential elections
McPherson county is often carried by Republican candidates  The last time a Democratic candidate has carried this county was in 1964 by Lyndon B  Johnson 

Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 1996, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30 percent food sales requirement 

Education

Colleges
 McPherson College in McPherson
 Bethany College in Lindsborg
 Central Christian College in McPherson

Unified school districts
 Smoky Valley USD 400
 McPherson USD 418
 Canton-Galva USD 419
 Moundridge USD 423
 Inman USD 448

School district office in neighboring county
 Goessel USD 411
 Little River-Windom USD 444

Museums
 Birger Sandzén Memorial Gallery in Lindsborg
 McCormick-Deering Days Museum in Inman
 McPherson Museum in McPherson
 Lindsborg Old Mill & Swedish Heritage Museum in Lindsborg
 Kansas Motorcycle Museum in Marquette

Communities

Cities

 Canton
 Galva
 Inman
 Lindsborg
 Marquette
 McPherson (county seat) 
 Moundridge
 Windom

Unincorporated communities
† means a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau 
 Conway
 Elyria†
 Groveland
 Johnstown
 New Gottland
 Roxbury†

Ghost towns
 Alta Mills
 Battle Hill
 Christian
 Doles Park
 Elivon
 King City
 Sweadal

Townships
McPherson County is divided into twenty-five townships   The cities of Lindsborg and McPherson are considered governmentally independent and are excluded from the census figures for the townships   In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size 

See also
 List of people from McPherson County, Kansas
 National Register of Historic Places listings in McPherson County, Kansas
 McPherson Valley Wetlands
 Maxwell Wildlife Refuge

References

Notes

Further reading

 Wheeler, Wayne Leland  "An Analysis of Social Change in a Swedish-Immigrant Community: The Case of Lindsborg, Kansas " (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1959  5905657) 

County
 Through the Years: A Pictorial History of McPherson County; McPherson Sentinel' Heritage House Publishing Co; 1992 
 McPherson County First Courthouse Built About 1869 or 1870; Lindsborg News-Record; March 30, 1959 
 Pioneer Life and Lore of McPherson County, Kansas; Edna Nyquist; Democratic-Opinion Press; 1932 
 A History of the Church of the Brethren in Kansas (includes McPherson College history); Elmer LeRoy Craik; McPherson Daily; Republican Press; 397 pages; 1922 
 Portrait and Biographical Record of Dickinson, Saline, McPherson, and Marion Counties, Kansas; Chapman Bros; 614 pages; 1893 
 Standard Atlas of McPherson County, Kansas; Geo  A  Ogle & Co; 82 pages; 1921 
 Plat Book of McPherson County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 50 pages; 1903 
 Edwards' Atlas of McPherson County, Kansas; John P  Edwards; 51 pages; 1884 

Trails
 The Story of the Marking of the Santa Fe Trail by the Daughters of the American Revolution in Kansas and the State of Kansas; Almira Cordry; Crane Co; 164 pages; 1915  (Download 4MB PDF eBook)
 The National Old Trails Road To Southern California, Part 1 (LA to KC); Automobile Club Of Southern California; 64 pages; 1916  (Download 6 8MB PDF eBook)

Mennonite Settlements
 Impact of Mennonite settlement on the cultural landscape of Kansas; Brenda Martin; Kansas State University; 1985/1988  
 Mennonite settlement : the relationship between the physical and cultural environment; Susan Movle; University of Utah; 1975/1886 
 Status of Mennonite women in Kansas in their church and home relationships; Eva Harshbarger; Bluffton College; 1925/1945 

External links

County
 
 McPherson County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
 , from Hatteberg's People'' on KAKE TV news
Maps
 McPherson County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
Kansas counties
1867 establishments in Kansas

Context 3: 'Quectel_QuecPython_BC25 开发板使用说明 版本：Quectel_QuecPython_BC25 开发板使用说明_V1 1日期：2021-11-30 状态：临时文件
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Quectel_QuecPython_BC25 开发板使用说明四、功能详解4 1 磁开关开发板集成了一个磁开关。使用磁铁靠近，可使磁开关输出引脚变为低电平， 默认为高电平。4 2 LED 灯开发板集成了一颗高亮度灯珠，可以用来做显著指示灯。上海市闵行区田林路 1016 号科技绿洲 3 期（B 区）5 号楼 200233 邮箱: info@quectel com 网址: www quectel com 3 / 6
4 3 按键开发板集成了 2 个微动按键，其功能是 S1 为开机键，S2 为睡眠唤醒按键。Quectel_QuecPython_BC25 开发板使用说明五、调试步骤1 拿到开发板 V1 1 先插上 USB 安装串口驱动，在官方 QQ 群文件搜 CP210 或者自 行百度下载 CP210x 的串口芯片驱动进行安装。2 使用串口工具（例如 QCOM_V1 6）连接 BC25 的主串口（硬件 17、18 脚）。V1 1 选择 Enhanced COM 口，波特率选择 9600,打开串口，按下 PWK 键约一秒松开进 行开机，串口工具收到消息则代表开机成 功，然后按下 EINT 键串口显示 +QATWAKEUP 表示模组唤醒了。3 从 https://python quectel com/download 下载 BC25QuecPython 版本固件， 使用 Qflash（群文件下载）选择 BC25 的调试串口（硬件 38、39 脚），波特率选 择 921600，选择 lod 后缀的固件，按下 EINT 键串口工具显示模组已经唤醒串口 工具发 AT+QSCLK=0 可关闭睡眠（不会发 AT 则多按几次 EINT 键），点击 Start 开 始下载固件,下载进度条开始下载，等待下载完成。关闭以上所有工具，并给板 子断电重新上电。4 从 https://python quectel com/download 下载 QPYCOM 工具，直接解压运行 工具，选择主串口（同第 2 步），选择 57600 波特率，打开串口。再按 PWK 按键 进行开机，会看到 QPYCOM 有打印 mount Type "help()" for more information 然后就可以进行 QuecPython 的交互调 试了。上海市闵行区田林路 1016 号科技绿洲 3 期（B 区）5 号楼 200233 邮箱: info@quectel com 网址: www quectel com 4 / 6
六、常见问题解决Quectel_QuecPython_BC25 开发板使用说明Q：模块的固件在哪？A：请登录 QuecPython 网站下载：http://python quectel com/downloadQ：哪里有开发板和其他常用资料？A：请登录 QuecPython 网站下载：http://python quectel com/downloadP S  如果您遇到任何问题，请参照本官网在线文档进行解决或访问 QuecPython 社区进行搜索、交流、提问：QuecPython 社区或者联系我们的在线支持：QQ 群 445121768获取 QuecPython 开发固件及加入官方交流群官网主页：https://python quectel com官网文件下载（各类资料、工具）：https://python quectel com/download官网 wiki（常用于视频教程、手把手教程下载、API 库）：https://python quectel com/wiki/#/官网文档中心(拥有从入门到精通的各种文档介绍、必看)：https://python quectel com/doc/工单系统：https://workorder quectel com/QuecPython 社区：https://forumschinese quectel com/c/function-subjects/quectpython/43QuecPython 官方 QQ 开发交流群：445121768微信公众号：QuecPython移远 OTA 升级平台： https://cloudota quectel com/移远 IoT 管理平台：https://python quectel com/doc/doc/Advanced_development/zh/QuecPython Cloud/QuecCloud html上海市闵行区田林路 1016 号科技绿洲 3 期（B 区）5 号楼 200233 邮箱: info@quectel com 网址: www quectel com 5 / 6
附录 1 V1 1 开发板丝印图Quectel_QuecPython_BC25 开发板使用说明附录 2 V1 1 开发板原理图上海市闵行区田林路 1016 号科技绿洲 3 期（B 区）5 号楼 200233 邮箱: info@quectel com 网址: www quectel com 6 / 6
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ground_truth: The first white settlement in McPherson County was Fuller's Ranch, established by Charles O. Fuller.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where can users go for troubleshooting and support?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 4: 
Myocardium – The muscular tissue of the heart 
New Wall-Motion Abnormalities – Results seen on an echocardiogram test report (see NWMA, below) 
Nitroglycerin – A medicine that helps relax and dilate arteries; often used to treat cardiac chest pain (angina)  Also called NTG or GTN 
NSR – Normal Sinus Rhythm: The characteristic rhythm of the healthy human heart  NSR is considered to be present if the heart rate is in the normal range, the P waves are normal on the EKG/ECG, and the rate does not vary significantly 
NSTEMI – Non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: The milder form of the two main types of heart attack  An NSTEMI heart attack does not produce an ST-segment elevation seen on an electrocardiogram test (EKG)  See also STEMI 
Nuclear Stress Test – A diagnostic test that usually involves two exercise stress tests, one while you’re exercising on a treadmill/stationary bike or with medication that stresses your heart, and another set while you’re at rest  A nuclear stress test is used to gather information about how well your heart works during physical activity and at rest  See also: Exercise stress test, Nuclear perfusion test, MIBI 
Open heart surgery – Any surgery in which the chest is opened and surgery is done on the heart muscle, valves, coronary arteries, or other parts of the heart (such as the aorta)  See also CABG 
Pacemaker – A surgically implanted electronic device that helps regulate the heartbeat 
PAD – Peripheral Artery Disease: A common circulatory problem in which narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, usually to the legs  Symptoms include leg pain when walking (called intermittent claudication) 
PAF – Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Atrial fibrillation that lasts from a few seconds to days, then stops on its own  See also Atrial Fibrillation 
Palpitations – A noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation, exertion or illness 
Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation – An unusual heart arrhythmia of unknown origin, at one time believed to be associated with an unusual sensitivity to alcohol consumption 
PDA – patent ductus arteriosus: A persistent opening between two major blood vessels leading from the heart  The opening is called ductus arteriosus and is a normal part of a baby’s circulatory system before birth that usually closes shortly after birth  But when it remains open, it’s called a patent ductus arteriosus  If it’s small, it may never need treatment, but a large PDA left untreated can allow poorly oxygenated blood to flow in the wrong direction, weakening the heart muscle and causing heart failure or other complications 
Pericardium: two thin layers of a sac-like tissue that surround the heart, hold it in place and help it work 
PET – Positron Emission Tomography: A non-invasive scanning technique that uses small amounts of radioactive positrons (positively charged particles) to visualize body function and metabolism  In cardiology, PET scans are used to evaluate heart muscle function in patients with coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy 
PFO – Patent Forman Ovale: An opening between the left and right atria (the upper chambers) of the heart  Everyone has a PFO before birth, but in 1 out of every 3 or 4 people, the opening does not close naturally as it should after birth 
Plaque – A deposit of fatty (and other) substances in the inner lining of the artery wall; it is characteristic of atherosclerosis 
POTS – Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: A disorder that causes an increased heart rate when a person stands upright 
PPCM – Post-partum cardiomyopathy: A form of cardiomyopathy that causes heart failure toward the end of pregnancy or in the months after delivery, in the absence of any other cause of heart failure 
Preeclampsia – a late-pregnancy complication identified by spikes in blood pressure, protein in the urine, possible vision problems  Women who experience pregnancy complications like preeclampsia are at significantly higher risk for heart disease 
Prinzmetal’s Variant Angina – Chest pain caused by a spasm in a coronary artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle 
PSVT – Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: – An occasional rapid heart rate (150-250 beats per minute) that is caused by events triggered in areas above the heart’s lower chambers (the ventricles)  “Paroxysmal” means from time to time  See also supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) 
Pulmonary Valve: One of the four valves in the heart, located between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle of the heart, moves blood toward the lungs and keeps it from sloshing back into the heart 
PV – Pulmonary Vein: A vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart 
PVC – Premature Ventricular Contraction: An early or extra heartbeat that happens when the heart’s lower chambers (the ventricles) contract too soon, out of sequence with the normal heartbeat  In the absence of any underlying heart disease, PVCs do not generally indicate a problem with electrical stability, and are usually benign 
RA – Right Atrium: The right upper chamber of the heart  The right atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated 
Radial Artery: the artery in the wrist where a thin catheter is inserted through the body’s network of arteries in the arm and eventually into the heart during a procedure to implant a stent  Doctors may also call this transradial access, the transradial approach, or transradial angioplasty  Because it’s associated with fewer complications, this is increasingly considered the default access approach in most countries, except in the U S  where the traditional Femoral Artery (groin) approach is still the most popular access 
RBBB – Right Bundle Branch Block: A delay or obstruction along the pathway that electrical impulses travel to make your heart beat  The delay or blockage occurs on the pathway that sends electrical impulses to the right side of your heart  See also Left Bundle Branch Block 
RCA – Right Coronary Artery: An artery that supplies blood to the right side of the heart 
Restenosis – The re-closing or re-narrowing of an artery after an interventional procedure such as angioplasty or stent placement  Sometimes called “stent failure” 
RHD – Rheumatic Heart Disease: Permanent damage to the valves of the heart caused especially by repeated attacks of rheumatic fever 
RM – Right Main coronary artery: A blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the walls of the heart’s ventricles and the right atrium 
RV – Right Ventricle: The lower right chamber of the heart that receives de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it under low pressure into the lungs via the pulmonary artery 
SA – Sinus node: The “natural” pacemaker of the heart  The node is a group of specialized cells in the top of the right atrium which produces the electrical impulses that travel down to eventually reach the ventricular muscle, causing the heart to contract 
SB – Sinus Bradycardia: Abnormally slow heartbeat 
SBP – Systolic Blood Pressure: The highest blood pressure measured in the arteries  It occurs when the heart contracts with each heartbeat  Example: the first number in 120/80 
SCAD – Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection: A rare emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in one of the blood vessels in the heart, causing a heart attack, abnormalities in heart rhythm and/or sudden death  SCAD tends to strike young healthy women with few if any cardiac risk factors 
SD – Septal defect: A hole in the wall of the heart separating the atria (two upper chambers of the heart) or in the wall of the heart separating the ventricles (two lower chambers) 
Sestamibi stress test – See MIBI 
Short QT intervals (SQT): An abnormal heart rhythm where the heart muscle takes a shorter time to recharge between beats  It can cause a variety of complications from fainting and dizziness to sudden cardiac arrest 
Sick Sinus Syndrome (also known as sinus node dysfunction) is caused by an electrical problem in the heart; a group of related heart conditions that can affect how the heart beats, most commonly in older adults, although it can be diagnosed in people of any age  “Sick sinus” refers to the sinoatrial node (see below)  In people with sick sinus syndrome, the SA node does not function normally 
Sinoatrial node (SA): also commonly called the sinus node; it’s a small bundle of neurons situated in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium (the right upper chamber of the heart)  The heart’s electrical impulses are generated there  It’s the normal natural pacemaker of the heart and is responsible for the initiation of each heartbeat 
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) – A rare emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in one of the blood vessels in the heart, causing a heart attack, abnormalities in heart rhythm and/or sudden death  SCAD tends to strike young healthy women with few if any cardiac risk factors 
SSS – Sick Sinus Syndrome: The failure of the sinus node to regulate the heart’s rhythm 
ST – Sinus Tachycardia: A heart rhythm with elevated rate of impulses originating from the sinoatrial node, defined as greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm) in an average adult  The normal heart rate in the average adult ranges from 60–100 bpm  Also called sinus tach or sinus tachy 
Statins – Any of a class of drugs that lower the levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) – the ‘bad’ cholesterol in the blood – by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme involved in the production of cholesterol in the liver  Examples of brand name statins: Lipitor, Crestor, Zocor, Mevacor, Levachol, Lescol, etc  Also available as a cheaper generic form of the drug 
STEMI – ST-elevation heart attack (myocardial infarction)  The more severe form of the two main types of heart attack  A STEMI produces a characteristic elevation in the ST segment on an electrocardiogram (EKG)  The elevated ST segment is how this type of heart attack got its name  See also NSTEMI 
Stent – An implantable device made of expandable, metal mesh (looks a bit like a tiny chicken wire tube) that is placed (by using a balloon catheter) at the site of a narrowing coronary artery during an angioplasty procedure  The stent is then expanded when the balloon fills, the balloon is removed, and the stent is left in place to help keep the artery open  TRIVIA ALERT: the coronary stent was named after Charles Stent (1807-1885), an English dentist who invented a compound to produce dentures and other things like skin grafts and hollow tubes (essentially what a metal coronary stent is)  His real claim to fame occurred when he suggested using his material to coat underwater trans-Atlantic cable, which had broken several times as a result of corrosion by seawater  You’re welcome 
Stint – a common spelling mistake when what you really mean is the word “stent” (see above) 
Stress Echocardiography – A standard echocardiogram test that’s performed while the person exercises on a treadmill or stationary bicycle  This test can be used to visualize the motion of the heart’s walls and pumping action when the heart is stressed, possibly revealing a lack of blood flow that isn’t always apparent on other heart tests  The echocardiogram is performed just before and just after the exercise part of the procedure  See also TTE 
Sudden Cardiac Arrest – The stopping of the heartbeat, usually because of interference with the electrical signal (often associated with coronary heart disease)  Can lead to Sudden Cardiac Death 
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy – A heart condition that can mimic a heart attack  Sometimes called Broken Heart Syndrome, it is not a heart attack, but it feels just like one, with common symptoms like severe chest pain and shortness of breath  It sometimes follows a severe emotional stress  Over 90% of reported cases are in women ages 58 to 75  Also referred to as Broken Heart Syndrome, stress cardiomyopathy, stress-induced cardiomyopathy or apical ballooning syndrome 
TAVR – Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A minimally invasive procedure to repair a damaged or diseased aortic valve  A catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin and threaded to the heart  A balloon at the end of the catheter, with a replacement valve folded around it, delivers the new valve to take the place of the old  Also called TAVI (Transcatheter aortic valve implantation) 
Tetralogy of Fallot – A rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth, affecting the structure of the heart and causing oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body  Infants and children with Tetralogy of Fallot usually have blue-tinged skin because their blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen  Often diagnosed in infancy, but sometimes not until later in life depending on severity 
Tg – Triglycerides: The most common fatty substance found in the blood; normally stored as an energy source in fat tissue  High triglyceride levels may thicken the blood and make a person more susceptible to clot formation  High triglyceride levels tend to accompany high cholesterol levels and other risk factors for heart disease, such as obesity 
TIA – Transient Ischemic Attack: A stroke-like event that lasts only for a short time and is caused by a temporarily blocked blood vessel 
TEE – Transesophageal echocardiogram: This test involves an ultrasound transducer inserted down the throat into the esophagus in order to take clear images of the heart structures without the interference of the lungs and chest 
Treadmill Stress Test – See Exercise Stress Test 
troponin – a type of cardiac enzyme found in heart muscle, and released into the blood when there is damage to the heart (for example, during a heart attack)  A positive blood test that shows elevated troponin is the preferred test for a suspected heart attack because it is more specific for heart injury than other blood tests, especially the newer high sensitivity troponin tests (hs-cTnT) 
TTE – Transthoracic Echocardiogram: This is the standard echocardiogram, a painless test similar to X-ray, but without the radiation, using a hand-held device called a transducer placed on the chest to transmit high frequency sound waves (ultrasound)  These sound waves bounce off the heart structures, producing images and sounds that can be used by the doctor to detect heart damage and disease 
TV – Tricuspid Valve: One of four one-way valves in the heart, a structure that controls blood flow from the heart’s upper right chamber (the right atrium) into the lower right chamber (the right ventricle) 
UA or USA – Unstable Angina: Chest pain that occurs when diseased blood vessels restrict blood flow to the heart; symptoms are not relieved by rest; considered a dangerous and emergency crisis requiring immediate medical help 
Valves: Your heart has four one-way valves that keep blood flowing in the right direction  Blood enters the heart first through the tricuspid valve, and next goes through the pulmonary valve (sometimes called the pulmonic valve) on its way to the lungs  Then the blood returning from the lungs passes through the mitral (bicuspid) valve and leaves the heart through the aortic valve 
Vasodilator: A drug that causes dilation (widening) of blood vessels 
Vasospasm: A blood vessel spasm that causes sudden constriction, reducing its diameter and blood flow to the heart muscle  See also Prinzmetal’s Variant Angina 
VB – Ventricular Bigeminy: A heart rhythm condition in which the heart experiences two beats of the pulse in rapid succession 
Vena Cava – a large vein that carryies de-oxygenated blood into the heart  There are two in humans, the inferior vena cava (carrying blood from the lower body) and the superior vena cava (carrying blood from the head, arms, and upper body) 
Ventricle – each of the two main chambers of the heart, left and right 
VF – Ventricular Fibrillation: A condition in which the ventricles (two lower chambers of the heart) contract in a rapid, unsynchronized fashion  When fibrillation occurs, the ventricles cannot pump blood throughout the body  Most sudden cardiac deaths are caused by VF or ventricular tachycardia (VT) 
VLDL – Very Low Density Lipoprotein: Molecules made up of mostly triglycerides, cholesterol and proteins  VLDL, also known as the “very bad” cholesterol, carries cholesterol from the liver to organs and tissues in the body  It may lead to low density lipoproteins (LDL), associated with higher heart disease risks  VLDL levels are tricky to measure routinely, and are usually estimated as a percentage of your triglyceride levels  By reducing triglycerides, you are usually also reducing your VLDL levels 
Warfarin – A drug taken to prevent the blood from clotting and to treat blood clots  Warfarin is believed to reduce the risk of blood clots causing strokes or heart attacks  Also known as Coumadin 
Widowmaker heart attack – The type of heart attack I survived, since you asked  A nickname doctors use to describe a severely blocked left main coronary artery or proximal left anterior descending coronary artery of the heart  This term is used because if the artery gets abruptly and completely blocked, it can cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden cardiac death  Please note the gender imbalance here: despite the number of women like me who do experience this type of cardiac event, doctors are not calling this the widowermaker, after all 
WPW – Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: A condition in which an extra electrical pathway connects the atria (two upper chambers) and the ventricles (two lower chambers)  It may cause a rapid heartbeat 
NOTE FROM CAROLYN: I was very happy when we were able to include this entire glossary in my book, “A Woman’s Guide to Living with Heart Disease“ (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017) 
Are we missing any important heart acronyms/terms from this list? Let me know!
Please can someone explain something for me  I am a 53 yr old woman and generally fit and healthy  Had 2 ECG’s due to a one off dizzy spell during a stressful time dealing with my fathers terminal diagnosis  The 2nd ECG request did give me concern as i did not know why i had to have one  On 24/01/19 at my doctors appointment she explained that on 3 the leads it showed inverted T waves  And she explained that it may suggest angina  I was so shocked  Wasn’t expecting that  She gave me a GNT (nitroglycerin) spray in case I do get pain and take 75Mg of aspirin  I’m now waiting for a Cardiology referral 
I am so stressed and consumed by what might be wrong  My maternal grandmother had angina and valve issues  Her 3 brothers all had double bypasses  Could I have inherited this? I am not overweight at 63kg and 5 ft 9  I walk 20-25 miles a week at work and general walking here and there  I started HRT (patches evorol 25 -50) in July as menopause pain was making me feel like I was 90 and was getting me down 
I am worried so much now and analysing every ache/ twinge I get  I feel like a hypochondriac at the moment  I’m worried what will happen at the cardiologist and what the test will entail and tell me  I am waiting on cholesterol test which I had on 25/01/19  Can I have inverted T waves and be fine  Please help I am so scared and crying far too much 
Hello Colleen – the first thing is: please take a big deep breath before you read another word here! I’m not a physician so of course cannot comment on your specific case, but I can tell you generally that the definition of “angina” (as this glossary lists above) is “distressing symptoms”, typically chest pain that gets worse with exertion, and goes away with rest  That’s classic stable angina… typically caused by something that’s reducing blood flow to the heart muscle (causing the chest pain of angina) 
A family history that might make a difference for you personally is only in what’s called your ‘first degree’ relatives: for example, if your mother or sister were diagnosed with heart disease before age 65, or if your Dad or brother were diagnosed before age 55, then doctors would consider that you have a family history as a risk factor for heart disease  There’s little if any scientific evidence that a grandparent or uncle’s heart disease history has any effect on your own risk 
It is a very good thing that you’re having further tests and a referral to a cardiologist, if only to ease your mind  There are many reasons for inverted T-waves, ranging from cardiac issues to completely benign conditions  One way of looking at this is choosing to believe that seeing a cardiologist will ease your mind one way or the other – so this is something to look forward to, not dread  If the cardiologist spots something suspicious, a treatment plan will be created  If not, you can wave goodbye and go back to happily living your life 
Try thinking of this cardiology appointment just as you would if your car were making some frightening noises and you were bringing it to your mechanic for a check up  You could work yourself into a complete state worrying ahead of time if the car trouble is going to be serious, or you could look at this appointment as the solution – at last! – to figuring out what’s wrong so the mechanic can recommend the next step 
Thank you for this list of so many definitions provided in plain English  what a valuable resource this is  THANK YOU, I have been looking for translations FOR PATIENTS not med school graduates– like this for three years 
My family doctor had me wear a 24 hr EKG  After reading the results, she has scheduled a scope to look inside my heart by a specialist  Completely forgoing a stress test  Said I have major changes in the EKG, what type of changes could they be looking at? Had LAD STENT INSERTED 7 YRS AGO – WHAT COULD THEY BE LOOKING FOR?
This is a great wealth of information, Carolyn! I looked and did not see my diagnosis, which is aortic stenosis  I looked under aortic as well as stenosis  Did I just miss it somehow?
I learned some new information, I am a bit familiar now, but not when I had my MI, it was like learning a new language  But, my favorite part was seeing SCAD on this list! Thank you 
Thanks and welcome! I was thinking of editing that SCAD definition actually: I suspect that that it isn’t so much that SCAD is “rare”, but it’s more that it’s “rarely correctly diagnosed” 
I totally agree that SCAD is not as rare as I believed for many years  Once awareness is spread to all medical staff, I believe many lives will be saved  Hoping for a brighter future for all SCAD patients 
I hope so too, Cathy  Perhaps when more SCAD studies (like Mayo Clinic’s) are published and read by more and more MDs, it will no longer be “rarely correctly diagnosed” 
It’s great to see IST on here  I was diagnosed with it 9 years ago and the lack of awareness is frustrating 
What a great resource for heart patients and their families!
Thanks so much, Ashley  I recently updated my original 2011 list after the world-famous Cleveland Clinic tweeted their glossary recently and I noticed that their list had a few glaring omissions (like SCAD and Brugada Syndrome) so this made me wonder what my list might be missing, too  Let me know if there’s anything else you think should be included, okay?
How is your health these days? How are you feeling?
New for me too  I have just been diagnosed with A-HCM: Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 
I’ll add that one to my list, Kathleen – thanks!
Just saw this, Carolyn, and you’ve compiled a great resource  One note on A-HCM: Present thinking is that it’s due to a genetic modification  Runs in families though sometimes occurs spontaneously  I have not as yet done genetic testing, though it’s been offered 
Thanks Kathleen – like many cardiac diagnoses, it sounds like a moving target… Good luck to you!
This list is great  I’ve just been diagnosed and am utterly overwhelmed  Even in the WomenHeart online support community, I often have no clue most days what others are talking about with all these initials about their heart tests and specific disease  This is VERY helpful, thank you SO MUCH  Love your website which has been a godsend since my diagnosis 



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