prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How is electricity used in everyday life?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: For other uses, see Electricity (disambiguation) 
"Electric" redirects here  For other uses, see Electric (disambiguation) 
Lightning is one of the most dramatic effects of electricity 
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge  In early days, electricity was considered as being not related to magnetism  Later on, many experimental results and the development of Maxwell's equations indicated that both electricity and magnetism are from a single phenomenon: electromagnetism  Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others 
The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces an electric field  The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field 
When a charge is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field, a force will act on it  The magnitude of this force is given by Coulomb's law  Thus, if that charge were to move, the electric field would be doing work on the electric charge  Thus we can speak of electric potential at a certain point in space, which is equal to the work done by an external agent in carrying a unit of positive charge from an arbitrarily chosen reference point to that point without any acceleration and is typically measured in volts 
electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies 
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries  Even then, practical applications for electricity were few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth century that electrical engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use  The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution  Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation  Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society 
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish  Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish  Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians  Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects  Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them  Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning ra‘ad (رعد) applied to the electric ray 
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers  Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing  Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity  According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature 
Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research on electricity in the 18th century, as documented by Joseph Priestley (1767) History and Present Status of Electricity, with whom Franklin carried on extended correspondence 
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber  He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτρον, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed  This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646 
Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C  F  du Fay  Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work  In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky  A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature  He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges 
In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles  Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used  The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820  Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827  Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862 
While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering  Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life 
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz:843–44 discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily  In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons  This discovery led to the quantum revolution  Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"  The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels and this is frequently used to make electricity commercially 
The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers  A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect  In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it  Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes  These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics  The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor 
The solid-state device came into its own with the invention of the transistor in 1947  Common solid-state devices include transistors, microprocessor chips, and RAM  A specialized type of RAM called flash RAM is used in USB flash drives and more recently, solid-state drives to replace mechanically rotating magnetic disc hard disk drives  Solid state devices became prevalent in the 1950s and the 1960s, during the transition from vacuum tubes to semiconductor diodes, transistors, integrated circuit (IC) and the light-emitting diode (LED) 
The presence of charge gives rise to an electrostatic force: charges exert a force on each other, an effect that was known, though not understood, in antiquity :457 A lightweight ball suspended from a string can be charged by touching it with a glass rod that has itself been charged by rubbing with a cloth  If a similar ball is charged by the same glass rod, it is found to repel the first: the charge acts to force the two balls apart  Two balls that are charged with a rubbed amber rod also repel each other  However, if one ball is charged by the glass rod, and the other by an amber rod, the two balls are found to attract each other  These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms  This discovery led to the well-known axiom: like-charged objects repel and opposite-charged objects attract 
The force acts on the charged particles themselves, hence charge has a tendency to spread itself as evenly as possible over a conducting surface  The magnitude of the electromagnetic force, whether attractive or repulsive, is given by Coulomb's law, which relates the force to the product of the charges and has an inverse-square relation to the distance between them :35 The electromagnetic force is very strong, second only in strength to the strong interaction, but unlike that force it operates over all distances  In comparison with the much weaker gravitational force, the electromagnetic force pushing two electrons apart is 1042 times that of the gravitational attraction pulling them together 
Study has shown that the origin of charge is from certain types of subatomic particles which have the property of electric charge  Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature  The most familiar carriers of electrical charge are the electron and proton  Experiment has shown charge to be a conserved quantity, that is, the net charge within an electrically isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system  Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as a wire :2–5 The informal term static electricity refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other 
The charge on electrons and protons is opposite in sign, hence an amount of charge may be expressed as being either negative or positive  By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin  The amount of charge is usually given the symbol Q and expressed in coulombs; each electron carries the same charge of approximately −1 6022×10−19 coulomb  The proton has a charge that is equal and opposite, and thus +1 6022×10−19 coulomb  Charge is possessed not just by matter, but also by antimatter, each antiparticle bearing an equal and opposite charge to its corresponding particle 
The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current, the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes  Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current  Electric current can flow through some things, electrical conductors, but will not flow through an electrical insulator 
By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part  Current defined in this manner is called conventional current  The motion of negatively charged electrons around an electric circuit, one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus deemed positive in the opposite direction to that of the electrons  However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can consist of a flow of charged particles in either direction, or even in both directions at once  The positive-to-negative convention is widely used to simplify this situation 
The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed electrical conduction, and its nature varies with that of the charged particles and the material through which they are travelling  Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a conductor such as metal, and electrolysis, where ions (charged atoms) flow through liquids, or through plasmas such as electrical sparks  While the particles themselves can move quite slowly, sometimes with an average drift velocity only fractions of a millimetre per second,:17 the electric field that drives them itself propagates at close to the speed of light, enabling electrical signals to pass rapidly along wires 
Current causes several observable effects, which historically were the means of recognising its presence  That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800, a process now known as electrolysis  Their work was greatly expanded upon by Michael Faraday in 1833  Current through a resistance causes localised heating, an effect James Prescott Joule studied mathematically in 1840 :23–24 One of the most important discoveries relating to current was made accidentally by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, when, while preparing a lecture, he witnessed the current in a wire disturbing the needle of a magnetic compass  He had discovered electromagnetism, a fundamental interaction between electricity and magnetics  The level of electromagnetic emissions generated by electric arcing is high enough to produce electromagnetic interference, which can be detrimental to the workings of adjacent equipment 
In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC)  These terms refer to how the current varies in time  Direct current, as produced by example from a battery and required by most electronic devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative :11 If, as is most common, this flow is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite direction  Alternating current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; almost always this takes the form of a sine wave :206–07 Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time  The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse  Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not observed under steady state direct current, such as inductance and capacitance :223–25 These properties however can become important when circuitry is subjected to transients, such as when first energised 
The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday  An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field  The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two masses, and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance  However, there is an important difference  Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion  Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero  Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker 
A hollow conducting body carries all its charge on its outer surface  The field is therefore zero at all places inside the body :88 This is the operating principal of the Faraday cage, a conducting metal shell which isolates its interior from outside electrical effects 
The principles of electrostatics are important when designing items of high-voltage equipment  There is a finite limit to the electric field strength that may be withstood by any medium  Beyond this point, electrical breakdown occurs and an electric arc causes flashover between the charged parts  Air, for example, tends to arc across small gaps at electric field strengths which exceed 30 kV per centimetre  Over larger gaps, its breakdown strength is weaker, perhaps 1 kV per centimetre  The most visible natural occurrence of this is lightning, caused when charge becomes separated in the clouds by rising columns of air, and raises the electric field in the air to greater than it can withstand  The voltage of a large lightning cloud may be as high as 100 MV and have discharge energies as great as 250 kWh 
A pair of AA cells  The + sign indicates the polarity of the potential difference between the battery terminals 
The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field  A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires work  The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point  It is usually measured in volts, and one volt is the potential for which one joule of work must be expended to bring a charge of one coulomb from infinity :494–98 This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of electric potential difference, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points  An electric field has the special property that it is conservative, which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated :494–98 The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term voltage sees greater everyday usage 
For practical purposes, it is useful to define a common reference point to which potentials may be expressed and compared  While this could be at infinity, a much more useful reference is the Earth itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere  This reference point naturally takes the name earth or ground  Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically uncharged—and unchargeable 
Electric potential is a scalar quantity, that is, it has only magnitude and not direction  It may be viewed as analogous to height: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric field  As relief maps show contour lines marking points of equal height, a set of lines marking points of equal potential (known as equipotentials) may be drawn around an electrostatically charged object  The equipotentials cross all lines of force at right angles  They must also lie parallel to a conductor's surface, otherwise this would produce a force that will move the charge carriers to even the potential of the surface 
Ørsted's discovery in 1821 that a magnetic field existed around all sides of a wire carrying an electric current indicated that there was a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism  Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces, the two forces of nature then known  The force on the compass needle did not direct it to or away from the current-carrying wire, but acted at right angles to it  Ørsted's slightly obscure words were that "the electric conflict acts in a revolving manner " The force also depended on the direction of the current, for if the flow was reversed, then the force did too 
Ørsted did not fully understand his discovery, but he observed the effect was reciprocal: a current exerts a force on a magnet, and a magnetic field exerts a force on a current  The phenomenon was further investigated by Ampère, who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other: two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other, while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart  The interaction is mediated by the magnetic field each current produces and forms the basis for the international definition of the ampere 
This relationship between magnetic fields and currents is extremely important, for it led to Michael Faraday's invention of the electric motor in 1821  Faraday's homopolar motor consisted of a permanent magnet sitting in a pool of mercury  A current was allowed through a wire suspended from a pivot above the magnet and dipped into the mercury  The magnet exerted a tangential force on the wire, making it circle around the magnet for as long as the current was maintained 
Experimentation by Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a potential difference between its ends  Further analysis of this process, known as electromagnetic induction, enabled him to state the principle, now known as Faraday's law of induction, that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop  Exploitation of this discovery enabled him to invent the first electrical generator in 1831, in which he converted the mechanical energy of a rotating copper disc to electrical energy  Faraday's disc was inefficient and of no use as a practical generator, but it showed the possibility of generating electric power using magnetism, a possibility that would be taken up by those that followed on from his work 
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta showing his "battery" to French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century 
The ability of chemical reactions to produce electricity, and conversely the ability of electricity to drive chemical reactions has a wide array of uses 
Electrochemistry has always been an important part of electricity  From the initial invention of the Voltaic pile, electrochemical cells have evolved into the many different types of batteries, electroplating and electrolysis cells  Aluminium is produced in vast quantities this way, and many portable devices are electrically powered using rechargeable cells 
A basic electric circuit  The voltage source V on the left drives a current I around the circuit, delivering electrical energy into the resistor R  From the resistor, the current returns to the source, completing the circuit 
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task 
Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit  The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second 
Electricity generation is often done with electric generators, but can also be supplied by chemical sources such as electric batteries or by other means from a wide variety of sources of energy  Electric power is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry  Electricity is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (3 6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours  Electric utilities measure power using electricity meters, which keep a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer  Unlike fossil fuels, electricity is a low entropy form of energy and can be converted into motion or many other forms of energy with high efficiency 
Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, optoelectronics, sensors and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies  The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunications, and signal processing  The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible  Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working system 
Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control  The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering 
Thus, the work of many researchers enabled the use of electronics to convert signals into high frequency oscillating currents, and via suitably shaped conductors, electricity permits the transmission and reception of these signals via radio waves over very long distances 
Early 20th-century alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station (photograph by Prokudin-Gorsky, 1905–1915) 
In the 6th century BC, the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus experimented with amber rods and these experiments were the first studies into the production of electrical energy  While this method, now known as the triboelectric effect, can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient  It was not until the invention of the voltaic pile in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available  The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the electrical battery, store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electrical energy  The battery is a versatile and very common power source which is ideally suited to many applications, but its energy storage is finite, and once discharged it must be disposed of or recharged  For large electrical demands electrical energy must be generated and transmitted continuously over conductive transmission lines 
Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions; or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing water  The modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 today generates about 80 percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources  Such generators bear no resemblance to Faraday's homopolar disc generator of 1831, but they still rely on his electromagnetic principle that a conductor linking a changing magnetic field induces a potential difference across its ends  The invention in the late nineteenth century of the transformer meant that electrical power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage but lower current  Efficient electrical transmission meant in turn that electricity could be generated at centralised power stations, where it benefited from economies of scale, and then be despatched relatively long distances to where it was needed 
Since electrical energy cannot easily be stored in quantities large enough to meet demands on a national scale, at all times exactly as much must be produced as is required  This requires electricity utilities to make careful predictions of their electrical loads, and maintain constant co-ordination with their power stations  A certain amount of generation must always be held in reserve to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses 
Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses  The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power  Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories  Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the burgeoning market for electrical lighting  In the late 20th century and in modern times, the trend has started to flow in the direction of deregulation in the electrical power sector 
The resistive Joule heating effect employed in filament light bulbs also sees more direct use in electric heating  While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station  A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or banning the use of resistive electric heating in new buildings  Electricity is however still a highly practical energy source for heating and refrigeration, with air conditioning/heat pumps representing a growing sector for electricity demand for heating and cooling, the effects of which electricity utilities are increasingly obliged to accommodate 
Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by Cooke and Wheatstone, was one of its earliest applications  With the construction of first intercontinental, and then transatlantic, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe  Optical fibre and satellite communication have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process 
The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power  A stationary motor such as a winch is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a pantograph  Electrically powered vehicles are used in public transportation, such as electric buses and trains, and an increasing number of battery-powered electric cars in private ownership 
Electronic devices make use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry  A modern integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square 
A voltage applied to a human body causes an electric current through the tissues, and although the relationship is non-linear, the greater the voltage, the greater the current  The threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current, but is about 0 1 mA to 1 mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a microamp can be detected as an electrovibration effect under certain conditions  If the current is sufficiently high, it will cause muscle contraction, fibrillation of the heart, and tissue burns  The lack of any visible sign that a conductor is electrified makes electricity a particular hazard  The pain caused by an electric shock can be intense, leading electricity at times to be employed as a method of torture  Death caused by an electric shock is referred to as electrocution  Electrocution is still the means of judicial execution in some jurisdictions, though its use has become rarer in recent times 
Electricity is not a human invention, and may be observed in several forms in nature, a prominent manifestation of which is lightning  Many interactions familiar at the macroscopic level, such as touch, friction or chemical bonding, are due to interactions between electric fields on the atomic scale  The Earth's magnetic field is thought to arise from a natural dynamo of circulating currents in the planet's core  Certain crystals, such as quartz, or even sugar, generate a potential difference across their faces when subjected to external pressure  This phenomenon is known as piezoelectricity, from the Greek piezein (πιέζειν), meaning to press, and was discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie  The effect is reciprocal, and when a piezoelectric material is subjected to an electric field, a small change in physical dimensions takes place 
§Bioelectrogenesis in microbial life is a prominent phenomenon in soils and sediment ecology resulting from anaerobic respiration  The microbial fuel cell mimics this ubiquitous natural phenomenon 
Some organisms, such as sharks, are able to detect and respond to changes in electric fields, an ability known as electroreception, while others, termed electrogenic, are able to generate voltages themselves to serve as a predatory or defensive weapon  The order Gymnotiformes, of which the best known example is the electric eel, detect or stun their prey via high voltages generated from modified muscle cells called electrocytes  All animals transmit information along their cell membranes with voltage pulses called action potentials, whose functions include communication by the nervous system between neurons and muscles  An electric shock stimulates this system, and causes muscles to contract  Action potentials are also responsible for coordinating activities in certain plants 
In the 19th and early 20th century, electricity was not part of the everyday life of many people, even in the industrialised Western world  The popular culture of the time accordingly often depicted it as a mysterious, quasi-magical force that can slay the living, revive the dead or otherwise bend the laws of nature  This attitude began with the 1771 experiments of Luigi Galvani in which the legs of dead frogs were shown to twitch on application of animal electricity  "Revitalization" or resuscitation of apparently dead or drowned persons was reported in the medical literature shortly after Galvani's work  These results were known to Mary Shelley when she authored Frankenstein (1819), although she does not name the method of revitalization of the monster  The revitalization of monsters with electricity later became a stock theme in horror films 
As the public familiarity with electricity as the lifeblood of the Second Industrial Revolution grew, its wielders were more often cast in a positive light, such as the workers who "finger death at their gloves' end as they piece and repiece the living wires" in Rudyard Kipling's 1907 poem Sons of Martha  Electrically powered vehicles of every sort featured large in adventure stories such as those of Jules Verne and the Tom Swift books  The masters of electricity, whether fictional or real—including scientists such as Thomas Edison, Charles Steinmetz or Nikola Tesla—were popularly conceived of as having wizard-like powers 
With electricity ceasing to be a novelty and becoming a necessity of everyday life in the later half of the 20th century, it required particular attention by popular culture only when it stops flowing, an event that usually signals disaster  The people who keep it flowing, such as the nameless hero of Jimmy Webb’s song "Wichita Lineman" (1968), are still often cast as heroic, wizard-like figures 
Ampère's circuital law, connects the direction of an electric current and its associated magnetic currents 
^ Diogenes Laertius  R D  Hicks (ed )  "Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 1 Chapter 1 "  Perseus Digital Library  Tufts University  Retrieved 5 February 2017  Aristotle and Hippias affirm that, arguing from the magnet and from amber, he attributed a soul or life even to inanimate objects 
^ Aristotle  Daniel C  Stevenson (ed )  "De Animus (On the Soul) Book 1 Part 2 (B4 verso)"  The Internet Classics Archive  Translated by J A  Smith  Retrieved 5 February 2017  Thales, too, to judge from what is recorded about him, seems to have held soul to be a motive force, since he said that the magnet has a soul in it because it moves the iron 
^ a b c Guarnieri, M  (2014)  "Electricity in the age of Enlightenment"  IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine  8 (3): 60–63  doi:10 1109/MIE 2014 2335431 
^ Srodes, James (2002), Franklin: The Essential Founding Father, Regnery Publishing, pp  92–94, ISBN 0-89526-163-4 It is uncertain if Franklin personally carried out this experiment, but it is popularly attributed to him 
^ a b Guarnieri, M  (2014)  "The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog"  IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine  8 (4): 59–61, 69  doi:10 1109/MIE 2014 2361237 
^ Hertz, Heinrich (1887)  "Ueber den Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung"  Annalen der Physik  267 (8): S  983–1000  Bibcode:1887AnP   267  983H  doi:10 1002/andp 18872670827 
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921"  Nobel Foundation  Retrieved 2013-03-16 
^ John Sydney Blakemore, Solid state physics, pp  1–3, Cambridge University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-521-31391-0 
^ Richard C  Jaeger, Travis N  Blalock, Microelectronic circuit design, pp  46–47, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003 ISBN 0-07-250503-6 
^ "The repulsive force between two small spheres charged with the same type of electricity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of the two spheres " Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Histoire de l'Academie Royal des Sciences, Paris 1785 
^ Sewell, Tyson (1902), The Elements of Electrical Engineering, Lockwood, p  18   The Q originally stood for 'quantity of electricity', the term 'electricity' now more commonly expressed as 'charge' 
^ a b Berkson, William (1974), Fields of Force: The Development of a World View from Faraday to Einstein, Routledge, p  370, ISBN 0-7100-7626-6 Accounts differ as to whether this was before, during, or after a lecture 
^ "Lab Note #105 EMI Reduction – Unsuppressed vs  Suppressed"  Arc Suppression Technologies  April 2011  Retrieved March 7, 2012 
^ Almost all electric fields vary in space  An exception is the electric field surrounding a planar conductor of infinite extent, the field of which is uniform 
^ Paul J  Nahin (9 October 2002)  Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age  JHU Press  ISBN 978-0-8018-6909-9 
^ "The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation"  EnPowered  2016-03-28 
^ a b c d e f g h Van Riper, op cit , p  71 
Look up electricity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary 
Basic Concepts of Electricity chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC book and series 
Context 2: Sir Simon William English  (born 30 December 1961) is a New Zealand former National Party politician who served as the 39th prime minister of New Zealand from 2016 to 2017  He had previously served as the 17th deputy prime minister of New Zealand and minister of finance from 2008 to 2016 under John Key and the Fifth National Government 

A farmer and public servant before entering politics, English was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in  as the National Party's candidate in the Wallace electorate  He was elevated to Cabinet in 1996 and in 1999 was made minister of finance, although he served for less than a year due to his party's loss at the 1999 general election  In October 2001, English replaced Jenny Shipley as the leader of the National Party (and consequently as Leader of the Opposition)  He led the party to its worst defeat at the 2002 general election, and as a consequence, in October 2003 he was replaced as leader by Don Brash 

In November 2006, after Brash's resignation, English became deputy leader under John Key  After National's victory at the 2008 general election, he became deputy prime minister and was also made minister of finance for the second time  Under English's direction New Zealand's economy maintained steady growth during National's three terms of government  He became a list-only MP after stepping down as an electorate MP at the 2014 general election 

John Key resigned as leader of the National Party and prime minister in December 2016  English won the resulting leadership election unopposed and was sworn in as prime minister on 12 December 2016  His tenure was only ten months, and included a three-month election campaign  In the 2017 general election, National won the largest number of seats but fell short of a majority  The parties holding the balance of power declined to support the existing government, and English was subsequently replaced as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern, leader of the Labour Party  English initially continued on as Leader of the Opposition, but resigned as leader of the National Party on 27 February 2018 and left parliament two weeks later 

Early life
English was born on 30 December 1961 at Lumsden Maternity Centre in Lumsden  He is the eleventh of twelve children of Mervyn English and Norah (née O'Brien) English  His parents purchased Rosedale, a mixed sheep and cropping farm in Dipton, Southland from Mervyn's uncle, Vincent English, a bachelor, in 1944  English was born in the maternity unit at Lumsden 

English attended St Thomas's School in Winton, then boarded at St  Patrick's College in Upper Hutt, where he became head boy  He played in the first XV of the school's rugby team  English went on to study commerce at the University of Otago, where he was a resident at Selwyn College, and then completed an honours degree in English literature at Victoria University of Wellington 

After finishing his studies, English returned to Dipton and farmed for a few years  From 1987 to 1989, he worked in Wellington as a policy analyst for the New Zealand Treasury, at a time when the free market policies favoured by Labour's finance minister Roger Douglas (known collectively as "Rogernomics") were being implemented 

English joined the National Party in 1980, while at Victoria University  He served for a period as chairman of the Southland branch of the Young Nationals, and became a member of the Wallace electorate committee  After moving to Wellington, he served for periods on the Island Bay and Miramar electorate committees, respectively 

Fourth National Government (1990–1999)

At the 1990 general election, English stood as the National candidate in Wallace, replacing the retiring Derek Angus, and was elected with a large majority  He would hold this seat, renamed Clutha-Southland in 1996, until 2014  He and three other newly elected National MPs (Tony Ryall, Nick Smith, and Roger Sowry) were soon identified as rising stars in New Zealand politics, and at various points were dubbed the "brat pack", the "gang of four", and the "young Turks"  In his first term in parliament, English chaired a select committee into social services  He was made a parliamentary under-secretary in 1993, serving under the Minister of Health 

First period in cabinet (1996–1999)
In early 1996, English was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister Jim Bolger, becoming the Minister for Crown Health Enterprises and Associate Minister of Education (to Wyatt Creech)  He was 34 at the time, becoming the cabinet's youngest member  After the 1996 general election, the National Party was forced into a coalition with New Zealand First to retain government  In the resulting cabinet reshuffle, English emerged as Minister of Health  However, as a condition of the coalition agreement, NZ First's Neil Kirton (a first-term MP) was made Associate Minister of Health, effectively becoming English's deputy  This arrangement was described in the press as a "shotgun marriage", and there were frequent differences of opinion between the two ministers  After their relationship became unworkable, Kirton was sacked from the role in August 1997, with the agreement of NZ First leader Winston Peters 

As Minister of Health, English was responsible for continuing the reforms to the public health system that National had begun after the 1990 general election  The reforms were unpopular, and health was perceived as one of the government's weaknesses, with the health portfolio consequently being viewed as a challenge  English believed that the unpopularity of the reforms was in part due to a failure in messaging, and encouraged his National colleagues to avoid bureaucratic and money-focused language (such as references to "balance sheets" and "user charges") and instead talk about the improvements to services the government's reforms would bring  He also rejected the idea that public hospitals could be run as commercial enterprises, a view which some of his colleagues had previously promoted 

By early 1997, as dissatisfaction with Bolger's leadership began to grow, English was being touted as a potential successor, along with Jenny Shipley and Doug Graham  His age (35) was viewed as the main impediment to a successful leadership run  National's leadership troubles were resolved in December 1997, when Bolger resigned and Shipley was elected to the leadership unopposed  English had been a supporter of Bolger as leader, but Shipley reappointed him Minister of Health in her new cabinet 

English was promoted to Minister of Finance in a reshuffle in January 1999, a position which was at the time subordinate to the Treasurer, Bill Birch  After a few months, the pair switched positions as part of Birch's transition to retirement, with English assuming the senior portfolio  In early interviews, he emphasised his wish to be seen as a pragmatist rather than an ideologue, and said that the initiatives of some of his predecessors (Roger Douglas's "Rogernomics" and Ruth Richardson's "Ruthanasia") had focused on "fruitless, theoretical debates" when "people just want to see problems solved" 

Opposition (1999–2008)

After the National Party lost the 1999 election to Helen Clark's Labour Party, English continued on in the shadow cabinet as National's spokesperson for finance  He was elected deputy leader of the party in February 2001, following the resignation of Wyatt Creech, with Gerry Brownlee being his unsuccessful opponent 

Leader of the Opposition
In October 2001, after months of speculation, Jenny Shipley resigned as leader of the National Party after being told she no longer had the support of the party caucus  English was elected as her replacement unopposed (with Roger Sowry as his deputy), and consequently became Leader of the Opposition  However, he did not openly organise against Shipley, and according to The Southland Times "there was almost an element of 'aw, shucks, I'll do it then' about Mr English's ascension" 

Aged 39 when he was elected, English became the second-youngest leader in the National Party's history, after Jim McLay (who was 38 when elected in 1984)  He also became only the third Southlander to lead a major New Zealand political party, after Joseph Ward and Adam Hamilton  However, English failed to improve the party's performance  In the 2002 election, National suffered its worst electoral defeat ever, gaining barely more than twenty percent of the vote  English described it as "the worst day of my political life"  Both party insiders and the general public were split as to how much to blame him for the loss, but most of the party believed that English would be able to rebuild National's support 

By late 2003, however, National's performance in opinion polls remained poor  The party had briefly increased its popularity in the year following the election, but by October its support had fallen to levels only slightly better than what it achieved in the last ballot  English also appeared in a boxing match for a charity against entertainer Ted Clarke  This did not boost his polling or that of the National party either, with suggestions that it devalued his image as a serious politician  Don Brash, former governor of the Reserve Bank and a relative newcomer to politics, began to build up support to replace English  On 28 October, Brash gained sufficient backing in Caucus to defeat English in a leadership contest 

Shadow cabinet roles and deputy leader
On 2 November 2003, when Brash changed responsibilities for certain MPs, English became National's spokesman for education, ranked at fifth place in the party's parliamentary hierarchy  He remained in parliament after the 2005 election  In his new shadow education portfolio, English performed strongly, and remained a party favourite despite his election defeat as leader in 2002, eventually being returned to the finance portfolio in August 2004 as deputy spokesman (while still retaining responsibility for education) 

In November 2006, Brash resigned as leader  English was considered as a potential replacement leader (running against John Key) or deputy leader (against incumbent Gerry Brownlee) in the ensuing leadership election  However, a contest was avoided when the MPs agreed a Key/English ticket would run unopposed in a display of party unity  English took over the deputy leadership and the finance portfolio in the Key shadow cabinet 

Fifth National Government (2008–2017)

Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (2008–2016)

At the 2008 election, English was re-elected by his electorate, winning by a margin of about 15,500 votes  He became Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand and Minister of Finance in the fifth National Government, being sworn into office on 19 November 2008 and continued to serve in those roles until becoming Prime Minister on 12 December 2014  He was also made Minister of Infrastructure in National's first term of government and Minister responsible for Housing New Zealand Corporation and minister responsible for the New Zealand flag consideration process in its third 

He was comfortably re-elected in Clutha-Southland in the 2011 election but opted to run as a party-list candidate in 2014  

The pairing of John Key as leader of the National Party and English as his deputy has been compared to that of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating (in Australia) and Tony Blair and Gordon Brown (in the UK) 

English acceded to the role of Finance Minister in the continuing wake of the financial crisis  In response to New Zealand's rising debt, English made budget deficit-reduction his main priority  His first budget outlined three focuses in New Zealand's financial recovery: "improving the business environment and removing roadblocks to growth; investment in productive infrastructure; and improving the way government works"  One of his first acts was creating the National Infrastructure Unit, charged with formulating a plan for infrastructure projects and investments  He commissioned a government-wide spending review, with an aim to reducing government expenditure—with the exceptions of a two-year stimulus package and long-term increases on infrastructure spending 

In April 2011, the Opposition criticised English for suggesting that New Zealand businesses could use New Zealand's low wages to help it compete with Australia  The National Government campaigned for re-election in 2011 on its economic record  The Government boasted growth for five consecutive quarters up to mid-2010, totalling 1 6% of real GDP 

Strong growth resulted in a surplus of $473 million for the 2015/16 financial year, projected to rise to $8 5 billion by 2020/21  In his 2016 Economic and Fiscal Update address, English stated that reducing debt and tackling the costs of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake were higher priorities than reducing rates of tax 

Allowances issue
In 2009, the media, including TVNZ and TV3 revealed that English was receiving about NZ$900 a week as part of a living allowance for ministers, to live in his own NZ$1 2 million Wellington home  At the time, English also received $276,200 in his annual salary as Deputy Prime Minister  It was also revealed other ministers with homes in the capital city were also claiming accommodation allowances  On 3 August 2009, Prime Minister John Key started a review of the housing allowances claimed by cabinet ministers  English subsequently paid back $12,000 and only claimed about $24,000 a year in living allowances  The Auditor-General's office said in September 2009 that they were making "preliminary enquiries" into parliamentary housing expenses in response to a letter of complaint from Progressive party leader Jim Anderton  Two days later English stated that he would no longer take up any housing allowance and had paid back all the allowance he had received since the November 2008 election 

Prime Minister (2016–2017)

John Key resigned on 12 December, and endorsed English as his successor in the resulting leadership election  Following the drop-out of both Judith Collins and Jonathan Coleman from the leadership election, English was sworn in as the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand on 12 December 2016 

English appointed his first cabinet on 18 December  In a reshuffle, he appointed Steven Joyce to succeed him as Finance Minister, while most ministerial portfolios remained the same 

In February 2017, English did not attend Waitangi Day commemorations at the historic treaty grounds, reportedly in response to the Ngāpuhi iwi's decision to stop the Prime Minister from speaking at the marae  Ngāpuhi have protested the Government's negotiation of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), which the iwi believe infringes upon Māori sovereignty, and thus does not adhere to the Treaty of Waitangi  English had been invited to attend in an official capacity; his non-attendance was criticised by a Ngāpuhi elder and Opposition leader Andrew Little 

In his first overseas trip as Prime Minister, English travelled to Europe to discuss trade ties, including a prospective New Zealand–European Union free trade agreement  He first travelled to London on 13 January 2017 to meet British Prime Minister Theresa May  Discussing trade relations, English said the two nations were "natural partners" and would "continue to forge ties" after the UK's withdrawal from the EU  He also arranged to meet with London Mayor Sadiq Khan, Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel and German Chancellor Angela Merkel   In a meeting with Merkel, English received crucial backing from Germany for a trade deal with the EU  On 16 January, English stated that his government would continue to promote TPPA, despite the United States' decision to withdraw from the agreement  He explained that Southeast Asian countries would now be treated as a priority in negotiations—he also asserted that the United States was ceding influence to China by its rejection of the trade pact 

At a press conference at the Beehive on 1 February 2017, English announced that the 2017 general election would be held on 23 September  The Prime Minister later confirmed that his party would approach ACT, United Future and the Māori Party if confidence and supply agreements were required to form a government following the election  In his second cabinet reshuffle on 24 April, English appointed Gerry Brownlee as his new Foreign Affairs Minister; he also promoted Nikki Kaye to the portfolio of Education Minister, and moved Mark Mitchell into the cabinet to become Defence Minister  The reshuffle was perceived as an election preparation 

On 13 February 2017, English welcomed Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to Wellington  The two leaders reaffirmed their shared trade agenda, and discussed changes to the Australian citizenship pathway which will affect permanent residents originating from New Zealand 

On 19 June, it was reported that Todd Barclay, who succeeded English as MP for Clutha-Southland, had clandestinely recorded one of his employee's conversations the previous year, and that John Key's leaders' budget was used to pay a confidential settlement after the employee resigned  English admitted that he had been aware of the illegal recording and the settlement, and thus implicated in the scandal 

During the 2017 National campaign launch, English introduced a $379 million social investment package including digital learning academies for high school students, more resources for mathematics, and boosting support for teaching second languages in schools, and maintaining National Standards in the school curriculum  Prime Minister English also sought to defend National's financial management and economic track record and claimed that the opposition Labour Party would raise taxes  Early opinion polling had forecast a poor showing in the election for the Labour Party, but in early August 37-year-old Jacinda Ardern took over as Labour leader and seemingly energised younger voters 

At the 2017 general election, National won the largest share of the party vote (44 4%) and the largest number of seats (56) in the House Representatives  However, National lacked enough seats to govern alone due to two of the party's support partners, the Māori Party and United Future, losing their parliamentary seats  In response, English stated that the party would be entering into talks to form a coalition with New Zealand First  Following talks with the two largest parties, New Zealand First entered a coalition arrangement with the Labour Party  English was succeeded as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern on 26 October 

Opposition (2017–2018)

Leader of the Opposition
English was re-elected as National Party leader on 24 October 2017  At the time of his re-election, English announced his intention to stay on as leader until the next general election  On 13 February 2018, however, he stood down as National Party leader due to personal reasons, and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader  He also retired from Parliament  English's resignation followed weeks of speculation that he would step aside for a new leader  On 27 February, he was succeeded as party leader by Simon Bridges as the result of the leadership election held that day 

Post-premiership 
In 2018, English joined the board of Australian conglomerate, Wesfarmers  English serves in Chairmanships of Mount Cook Alpine Salmon, Impact Lab Ltd and Manawanui Support Ltd  He is also a director of The Instillery, Centre for Independent Studies and The Todd Corporation Limited, and is a member of the Impact Advisory Group of Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets 

Political and social views

English is regarded as more socially conservative than his predecessor, John Key  He has stated his opposition to voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, same-sex civil unions, and the decriminalisation of prostitution  As Prime Minister he opposed any "liberalisation" of abortion law 

In 2004, English voted against a bill to establish civil unions for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples  In 2005, he voted for the Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill, which would have amended the Marriage Act to define marriage as only between a man and a woman  English voted against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, a bill that legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand  However, in December 2016 he stated, "I'd probably vote differently now on the gay marriage issue  I don't think that gay marriage is a threat to anyone else's marriage" 

In 2009, English voted against the Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill, a bill aimed at amending the Misuse of Drugs Act so that cannabis could be used for medical purposes 

Personal life 
English met his future wife, Mary Scanlon, at university  She was studying medicine at the time, and became a general practitioner  Both her parents were immigrants, her father being Samoan and her mother Italian, born on the island of Stromboli  They have six children: a daughter and five sons 

English is a practising Roman Catholic, but has stated that he considers his religious beliefs personal and thus separate from politics 

In June 2002, English took part in TV3's Fight For Life, a celebrity boxing fundraiser to raise money for the Yellow Ribbon anti-youth-suicide campaign, influenced by the death of a teenage nephew in 1997  He lost a split decision to former university colleague Ted Clarke 

Honours
In the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours, English was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services of over 27 years to the State 
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ground_truth: Electricity is used for transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the 2017 general election be held?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  (c) That no other rights, approvals, consents, licenses and/or permissions are required from any other person or entity to submit your Materials on the terms provided herein or to grant Broadjam the nonexclusive licenses set forth herein 
(d) That your Materials are original; that your Materials were either created solely by you or, by written assignment, you have acquired all worldwide intellectual property rights in and to your Materials; that if your Materials contain any "samples" or excerpts from copyrightable work the rights to which are owned in whole or in part by any person or entity other than you, that you have obtained and hold all rights, approvals, consents, licenses and/or permissions, in proper legal form, necessary to use and include such work in your Materials; and that your Materials do not otherwise infringe on the intellectual property rights of any person or entity 
(e) That neither your Materials nor any comments or reviews you post on the Site violate any common law or statutory patent, copyright, privacy, publicity, trademark or trade secret rights of any person or entity and are not libelous, defamatory, obscene or otherwise actionable at law or equity 
(f) That you have neither intentionally nor with gross negligence submitted any Materials containing or producing any virus or other harmful code or other information that could damage or otherwise interfere with our computer systems or data and/or that of our customers 
(g) You agree to sign and deliver to Broadjam any additional documents that Broadjam may request to confirm Broadjam's rights and your warranties and representations under this Agreement 
(h) You acknowledge that Broadjam is relying upon the representations, warranties and covenants you have made herein  You agree to and hereby do indemnify Broadjam, its licensees, assigns and customers against, and hold them harmless from, any loss, expense (including reasonable attorney fees and expenses), or damage occasioned by any claim, demand, suit, recovery, or settlement arising out of any breach or alleged breach of any of the representations, warranties or covenants made herein or arising out of any failure by you to fulfill any of the representations, warranties, or covenants you have made herein 
(i) All representations, warranties or covenants made herein by you shall survive termination of this Agreement 
(j) All warranties and representations made by you herein are made for the benefit of Broadjam and its sub-licensees and may be enforced separately by Broadjam and/or by any contractually designated sub-licensee of Broadjam 
In consideration of Broadjam's efforts to provide your work with public exposure, you expressly authorize Broadjam and its sub-licensees to transmit, stream, broadcast, publicly display and publicly perform in any manner, form or media whether now known or hereafter devised, worldwide, any ofthe Materials you submit to Broadjam, in accordance with the provisions of this section  Without limitation to other licenses you may be inferred to have granted in order to accomplish the foregoing, you expressly grant Broadjam and its sub-licensees the following worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, sublicenseable and transferable licenses with respect to any and all Materials you submit 
Public performance license for musical works  If you are a member of any collective rights management or performing rights society ("PRS"), worldwide, licensing and compensation for public performances of your Material consisting of musical works (including qualifying performances by Broadjam and any of its sub-licensees) shall be made solely by your PRS and pursuant to your affiliation agreement with your PRS  If you are not affiliated with a PRS, or if any performance by Broadjam or any of its sub-licensees does not qualify as a performance under your affiliation agreement with your PRS: you hereby grant Broadjam and its sub-licensees a nonexclusive, royalty-free, direct license to publicly perform all musical compositions included in your Materials, worldwide, in any media formats and through any media channels now known or hereafter devised 
Public performance license for sound recordings  If you are a member of SoundExchange or any other collective rights management organization for sound recordings ("CRMO"), worldwide, licensing and compensation for public performances of your Material consisting of sound recordings (including qualifying performances by Broadjam and any of its sub-licensees) shall be made solely by your CRMO and pursuant to your affiliation agreement with your CRMO  If you are not affiliated with a CRMO, or if any performance by Broadjam or any of its sub-licensees does not qualify as a performance under your affiliation agreement with your CRMO: you hereby grant Broadjam and its sublicensees a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publicly perform (by means of digital audio transmission and all other means) all sound recordings included in your Materials, worldwide, in any media formats and through any media channels now known or hereafter devised 
Reproduction licenses for compositions and sound recordings  Although copyright law is evolving to accommodate the digital environment, certain key issues remain unresolved  One such issue is the extent to which reproduction licenses are required for musical works and sound recordings made available on interactive streaming services  We choose to resolve the issue contractually  Accordingly, you hereby grant Broadjam and its sub-licensees nonexclusive reproduction licenses for all musical works and sound recordings included in your Materials; provided, however, that unless by separate agreement you have chosen to make your Materials available for sale through Broadjam's digital download store, such reproduction licenses are limited in scope and apply only to the extent necessary to make your Materials publicly available via Broadjam's interactive streaming services  Podcasts  From time to time Broadjam may invite you to submit your Materials for inclusion in downloadable content files known as "podcasts " Podcasts are non-live entertainment programs spotlighting the work of Broadjam members and are made available for download in unprotected media, free of charge, at the Site  Broadjam will not include your Materials in podcasts without your consent  If you choose to grant such consent, however, you also (and hereby do) grant to Broadjam and its sub-licensees all licenses reasonably required for podcasting, including nonexclusive reproduction and public performance licenses for all musical works, and nonexclusive reproduction and public performance licenses for all sound recordings, embodied in any Materials of yours selected for inclusion in Broadjam podcasts  You further release Broadjam and its sub-licensees for any and all liability arising from any alleged failure by Broadjam or any of its sub-licensees to obtain appropriate licenses for the use of any Materials of yours selected for inclusion in Broadjam podcasts 
You may at any time opt to make Materials you have uploaded to Broadjam available to other Broadjam members free of charge ("Free Songs")  The Broadjam Free Songs feature is designed to help you further circulate your music  Your songs will not be designated as Free Songs without your express consent  Broadjam makes your Free Songs available for download in unprotected media, free of charge, in the Broadjam Downloads Store ("BDS")  If you choose to designate your songs as Free Songs, you expressly authorize Broadjam and its sub-licensees to reproduce, transmit, stream, broadcast, publicly display and publicly perform in any manner, form or media whether now known or hereafter devised, such Free Songs in accordance with the provisions of this section  You may at any time choose to change the status of a song from Free" to Not Free" and vice versa in your User Profile  Broadjam shall not make any payments to you for songs downloaded by Broadjam members during the time period in which you designated your songs as Free Songs  You further release Broadjam and its sub-licensees for any and all liability arising from any unauthorized exercise of copyright rights in connection with your Materials that you have chosen to designate as Free Songs 
Broadjam shall have the right and license to use, and license others to use, your Materials for the purpose of promoting our products and services, and to use all names, likenesses, biographical materials, logos, trademarks or trade names of you and all individuals performing on or otherwise represented in your Materials without any payment to you or any other Persons, entities, groups or associations, in accordance with the provisions of this section  All rights and licenses you grant to Broadjam pursuant to this section shall terminate, with respect to specific Materials, when, in accordance with this Agreement, you exercise your right to request removal of such Materials 
You represent and warrant that you have exclusive authority to grant all licenses that are granted to Broadjam and its sub-licensees in this Agreement  You understand that Broadjam is relying on this representation and warranty  You agree to and hereby do indemnify Broadjam, its licensees, assigns and customers against, and hold them harmless from, any loss, expense (including reasonable attorney fees and expenses), or damage occasioned by any claim, demand, suit, recovery, or settlement arising out of any breach or alleged breach of any of the representations, warranties or covenants made herein or arising out of any failure by you to fulfill any of the representations, warranties, or covenants you have made herein 
Sub-licensees designated by Broadjam to transmit, stream, broadcast, publicly display and/or publicly perform your Materials may pay a fee to Broadjam for facilitating access to such Materials and you hereby agree that Broadjam shall be entitled to collect and retain 100% of all such facilitation fees without any obligation to you 
(a) You acknowledge that the Site may from time to time encounter technical or other problems and may not necessarily continue uninterrupted or without technical or other errors and that Broadjam shall not be responsible to you or others for any such interruptions, errors or problems or for discontinuance of any Broadjam Service  Broadjam provides no assurances whatever that any of your Materials will ever be accessed or used by Broadjam, its visitors, Subscribers or sub-licensees nor, if so accessed or used, that your Materials will continue to be available for any particular length or period of time 
(b) A possibility exists that the Site or any Service could include inaccuracies or errors, or information or materials that violate this Agreement  Additionally, a possibility exists that unauthorized alterations could be made by third parties to the Site or any Service  Although we attempt to ensure the integrity of the Site and every Service, we make no guarantees as to their completeness or correctness  In the event that a situation arises in which the Site's or any Services' completeness or correctness is in question, you agree to contact us including, if possible, a description of the material to be checked and the location (URL) where such material can be found, as well as information sufficient to enable us to contact you  We will make best efforts to address your concerns as soon as reasonably practicable  For copyright infringement claims, see Broadjam's Digital Millennium Copyright (DMCA) Policy, set forth in Section 1 07 of this Agreement 
(c) The Site and any Service may be discontinued at any time, with or without reason or cause 
(d) Broadjam disclaims any and all responsibility for the deletion, failure to store, misdelivery or untimely delivery of any information or Material  Broadjam disclaims any and all responsibility for harm resulting from downloading or accessing any information or Material on the Internet or through the Site 
(e) THIS SITE, INCLUDING ANY CONTENT OR INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN IT OR ANY SITE-RELATED SERVICE, IS PROVIDED "AS IS," WITH NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED  TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE PURSUANT TO APPLICABLE LAW, BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY WARRANTIES THAT MAY ARISE FROM COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES REGARDING THE SECURITY, RELIABILITY, TIMELINESS, AND PERFORMANCE OF ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES FOR ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE OBTAINED THROUGH THE SITE  NO OPINION, ADVICE OR STATEMENT OF BROADJAM OR ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS, AGENTS, MEMBERS OR VISITORS, WHETHER MADE ON THE SITE OR OTHERWISE, SHALL CREATE ANY WARRANTY  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES FOR SERVICES OR GOODS RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS APPEARING ANYWHERE ON THE SITE, AS WELL AS FOR ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED ANYWHERE ON THE SITE 
(f) BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DO NOT WARRANT THAT YOUR USE OF THE SITE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, ERROR-FREE OR SECURE, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED, OR THAT THE SITE OR THE SERVER(S) ON WHICH THE SITE IS HOSTED ARE FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS  YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING ALL TELEPHONE, COMPUTER HARDWARE AND OTHER EQUIPMENT NEEDED TO ACCESS AND USE THE SITE, AND ALL CHARGES RELATED THERETO  YOU ASSUME ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND RISK FOR YOUR USE OF THE SITE AND ANY SERVICE AND YOUR RELIANCE THEREON  YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT YOU DOWNLOAD OR OTHERWISE OBTAIN MATERIAL, INFORMATION OR DATA THROUGH THE USE OF THE SITE AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION AND RISK AND THAT YOU WILL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM OR LOSS OF DATA THAT RESULTS FROM THE DOWNLOAD OF SUCH MATERIAL, INFORMATION OR DATA 
(g) SOME STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU  YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS THAT VARY FROM STATE TO STATE AND JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION  PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW YOU HEREBY WAIVE THE PROVISIONS OF ANY STATE LAW LIMITING OR PROHIBITING SUCH EXCLUSIONS 
(a) NEITHER BROADJAM NOR ANY OF OUR AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS OR SPONSORS, NOR OUR OR THEIR DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, CONSULTANTS, AGENTS OR OTHER REPRESENTATIVES (TOGETHER, FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, "BROADJAM"), ARE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, PUNITIVE OR OTHER DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF DATA OR LOST PROFITS), UNDER ANY CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, WARRANTY, STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHER THEORY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING IN ANY WAY TO USE OR MISUSE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE OR ANY LINKED SITE, EVEN IF BROADJAM HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL BROADJAM'S TOTAL CUMULATIVE LIABILITY UNDER THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID BY YOU, IF ANY, TO ACCESS THE SITE  SUCH LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SHALL APPLY WHETHER THE DAMAGES ARISE FROM USE OR MISUSE OF AND/OR RELIANCE ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE, FROM INABILITY TO USE THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE, OR FROM THE INTERRUPTION, SUSPENSION, OR TERMINATION OF THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE (INCLUDING SUCH DAMAGES INCURRED BY THIRD PARTIES)  THIS LIMITATION SHALL ALSO APPLY WITH RESPECT TO DAMAGES INCURRED BY REASON OF OTHER SERVICES OR GOODS RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED AT, IN OR THROUGH THE SITE, AS WELL AS BY REASON OF ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  THIS LIMITATION SHALL ALSO APPLY, WITHOUT LIMITATION, TO THE COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, LOST PROFITS, AND LOST DATA  SUCH LIMITATION SHALL FURTHER APPLY WITH RESPECT TO THE PERFORMANCE OR NONPERFORMANCE OF THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION OR MERCHANDISE THAT APPEARS ON, OR IS LINKED OR RELATED IN ANY WAY TO, THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  SUCH LIMITATION SHALL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY AND TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW 
(b) SOME STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU  PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW YOU HEREBY WAIVE THE PROVISIONS OF ANY STATE LAW LIMITING OR PROHIBITING SUCH EXCLUSIONS OR LIMITATIONS 
(c) WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL BROADJAM BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DELAY OR FAILURE IN PERFORMANCE RESULTING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM ACTS OF NATURE, FORCES, OR CAUSES BEYOND ITS REASONABLE CONTROL, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, INTERNET FAILURES, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT FAILURES, TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT FAILURES, OTHER EQUIPMENT FAILURES, ELECTRICAL POWER FAILURES, STRIKES, LABOR DISPUTES, RIOTS, INSURRECTIONS, CIVIL DISTURBANCES, SHORTAGES OF LABOR OR MATERIALS, FIRES, FLOODS, STORMS, EXPLOSIONS, ACTS OF GOD, EPIDEMIC, WAR, GOVERNMENTAL ACTIONS, ORDERS OF DOMESTIC OR FOREIGN COURTS OR TRIBUNALS, NON-PERFORMANCE OF THIRD PARTIES, OR LOSS OF OR FLUCTUATIONS IN HEAT, LIGHT, OR AIR CONDITIONING 
(a) All content included on this Site, including but not limited to text, graphics, logos, button icons, images, data compilations, code and source code, multimedia content, including but not limited to images, illustrations, audio and video clips, html and other mark up languages, and all scripts within the Site or associated therewith, are the property of Broadjam or its content suppliers and is protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved  The compilation of all content on this Site is the exclusive property of Broadjam and is protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved  All software used on this site is the property of Broadjam or its software suppliers and is protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved 
(b) "Broadjam," "Broadjam Top 10," "Metajam", "broadjam com", "Musicians of Broadjam," Mini MoB, PRIMO MoB and other trademarks, service marks, logos, labels, product names and service names appearing on the Site (collectively, the "Marks") are owned or licensed by Broadjam  Marks not owned by Broadjam or its subsidiaries are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by Broadjam 
(c) You agree not to copy, display or otherwise use any Marks without Broadjam's prior written permission  The Marks may never be used in any manner likely to cause confusion, disparage or dilute the Marks and/or in connection with any product or service that is not authorized or sponsored by Broadjam 
(a) We make no representation that products or services available on or through the Site or any Service are appropriate or available for use in other locations other than the United States  Those who choose to access the Site or any Service from other locations do so on their own initiative and at their own risk, and are responsible for compliance with local laws, if and to the extent local laws are applicable  By accessing the Site or using any Services you are consenting to have your personal data transferred to and processed in the United States 
(b) Products, including software, made available through the Site or any Service are further subject to United States export controls  You agree to comply with all applicable laws regarding the transmission of technical data exported from the United States or the country in which you reside  No such products may be downloaded or otherwise exported or re-exported (i) into (or to a national or resident of) any country to which the U S  has embargoed goods; or (ii) to anyone on the U S  Treasury Department's list of Specially Designated Nationals or the U S  Commerce Department's Table of Deny Orders  By downloading any product available through the Site or any Service, you represent and warrant that you are not located in, under the control of, or a national or resident of any such country or on any such list  We reserve the right to limit the availability of the Site and/or any Service or product described thereon to any person, geographic area or jurisdiction, at any time and in our sole discretion, and to limit the quantities of any such Service or product that we provide 
Broadjam may also provide access to certain services (including, without limitation and by way of example only: advertising, promotion, and submission processing services for contests, radio play, publishing, placement and licensing opportunities) that are supplied by others ("Third Party Services")  YOU EXPRESSLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT BROADJAM BEARS NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THIRD PARTY SERVICES; BROADJAM EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY/ALL LIABILITY FOR THIRD PARTY SERVICES; AND BROADJAM MAKES NO WARRANTY, REPRESENTATION OR GUARANTEE TO YOU REGARDING ANY ASPECT OF THIRD PARTY SERVICES  ANY CLAIM YOU MAY HAVE REGARDING ANY THIRD PARTY SERVICE MUST BE PURSUED DIRECTLY AND EXCLUSIVELY WITH THE INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP, WHETHER OR NOT ORGANIZED AS A LEGAL ENTITY (THE "THIRD PARTY PROVIDER"), THAT SUPPLIED THE THIRD PARTY SERVICE  BROADJAM IS NOT A PARTY TO ANY RULES, CONTRACTS OR OTHER AGREEMENTS BETWEEN YOU AND ANY THIRD PARTY PROVIDER, AND YOU EXPRESSLY AGREE NOT TO JOIN OR ATTEMPT TO JOIN BROADJAM AS A PARTY IN ANY DISPUTE BETWEEN YOU AND ANY THIRD PARTY PROVIDER 
Upon receipt of your written request, Broadjam will remove any of your Materials from the Site within a reasonable period of time  Broadjam's licenses to use such Materials will continue for any copies of such Materials that may have been disseminated in any format or media prior to the actual removal of such Materials from the Site 
You agree that, at any time, Broadjam may revise, change or modify any terms and conditions of this Agreement and/or any aspect of any Service, without notice to you  You can review the most current version of this Agreement at any time at: http://www broadjam com  When using any Service, you and Broadjam shall also be subject to any guidelines, Policies or rules applicable to such Service which may be posted on the Site from time to time  All such guidelines, Policies or rules are hereby incorporated by reference into this Agreement and you agree to their terms  Any such revisions, changes or modifications shall be binding and effective immediately upon posting of same to the Site 
(a) Your rights under this Agreement are not assignable and any attempt by your creditors to obtain an interest in your rights under this Agreement, whether by attachment, levy, garnishment or otherwise, renders this Agreement voidable at Broadjam's option 
(b) This Agreement is binding onthe Parties and their respective heirs, legatees, executors, successors and assigns  Except for Policies and other agreements incorporated by reference herein, this Agreement is the entire agreement between the Parties and supersedes all prior written or oral agreements between the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof  If any portion of this Agreement is found to be void or unenforceable, the remaining portion shall be enforceable with the invalid portion removed, giving all reasonable construction to permit the essential purposes of the Agreement to be achieved  The Parties' various rights and remedies hereunder shall be construed to be cumulative 
(c) This Agreement shall be deemed to have been made in the State of Wisconsin, and it shall be governed by the substantive laws of the State of Wisconsin without regard to any applicable conflict of laws provisions  The Parties submit to jurisdiction in the state and federal courts sitting in Dane County, Wisconsin, and you hereby waive any jurisdictional, venue or inconvenient forum objections  Provided, however, that if we are sued or joined in an action in any other court or forum in respect of any matter which may give rise to a claim by us hereunder, you consent to the jurisdiction of such court or forum over any such claim  Nothing in this paragraph or Agreement constitutes our consent to the assertion of personal jurisdiction over Broadjam otherwise than in Wisconsin 
(d) Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed to require the commission of any act contrary to law  Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed or deemed to create any partnership, agency, joint venture, employment or franchise relationship between the Parties 
(e) Each Party hereto agrees to execute all further and additional documents as may be necessary or desirable to effectuate and carry out the provisions of this Agreement 
(f) Captions and headings used in this Agreement are for purposes of convenience only and shall not be deemed to limit, affect the scope, meaning or intent of this Agreement, nor shall they otherwise be given any legal effect 
(g) No breach of this Agreement by Broadjam shall be deemed material unless the Party alleging such breach shall have given Broadjam written notice of such breach, and Broadjam shall fail to cure such breach within thirty (30) days after its receipt of such notice 
(h) All notices required to be sent to Broadjam under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, postage paid, or by overnight delivery service, to Broadjam Inc , 211 S  Paterson St  Ste  360 Madison, WI 53703 Attention: Legal (or such other address or addresses as may be designated by Broadjam herein) 
(i) All duties, liabilities, obligations, warranties, representations, covenants, authorizations, agreements and restrictions undertaken by and/or imposed upon you in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to apply jointly and severally to all members collectively and each member individually of any group at any time comprising the Artist whose recordings or other Materials you post, upload or otherwise make available to Broadjam  You affirmatively represent that you have the authority to bind all such individuals to the terms and conditions of this Agreement 
(j) You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action against Broadjam, arising out of or related to use of the Site or any Service, must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred 
Sacramento, California 95834, or by telephone at (800) 952-5210 
available by contacting Broadjam at the above address, Attention: Customer Service 
(m) This Agreement has no intended third party beneficiaries 
(a) This Article II applies to any Person (hereinafter a "Subscriber") who subscribes to any member subscription service offered by Broadjam, including but not limited to, by way of example, Mini MoB or PRIMO MoB (hereinafter a "Subscription Service")



ground_truth: 23 September.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are the restrictions on the use of Broadjam's servers?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  For purposes of this Agreement all Subscribers are also Users as defined herein 
(b) You agree to provide true, accurate, current and complete information about yourself as prompted by the subscription registration processes (such information being your "Account Information")  You further agree that, in providing such Account Information, you will not knowingly omit or misrepresent any material facts or information and that you will promptly enter corrected or updated Account Information, or otherwise advise us promptly in writing of any such changes or updates  You further consent and authorize us to verify your Account Information as required for your use of and access to the Site and any Service, as applicable 
(c) As a Subscriber, you will receive a unique username and password in connection with your account (collectively referred to herein as your "Username")  You agree that you will not allow another person to use your Username to access and use the Site or any Service under any circumstances  You are solely and entirely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your Username and for any charges, damages, liabilities or losses incurred or suffered as a result of your failure to do so  Broadjam is not liable for any harm caused by or related to the theft of your Username, your disclosure of your Username, or your authorization to allow another person to access and use the Site or any Service using your Username  Furthermore, you are solely and entirely responsible for any and all activities that occur under your account, including, but not limited to, any charges incurred relating to the Site or any Service  You agree to immediately notify us of any unauthorized use of your account or any other breach of security known to you  You acknowledge that the complete privacy of your data transmitted while using the Site or any Service cannot be guaranteed 
The term of any Subscription Service shall commence when the Subscriber initiates payment for such Subscription Service or, if the Subscription Service is complimentary, when the Subscriber registers for such Subscription Service  All Subscription Services will extend for an initial period of oneyear (the "Term") and, unless terminated as provided herein, shall renew automatically for successive one-year periods  During the Term, the Subscriber shall be afforded the full use and benefit of the applicable Subscription Service as described on the Site (the "Service Benefits"), which Service Benefits may be revised by Broadjam from time to time without notice to the Subscriber  Due to technical considerations, certain Service Benefits may not be available to the Subscriber immediately upon commencement of the Term, but shall be provided to the Subscriber as soon as commercially reasonable  Please direct any questions about Subscription Services or Service Benefits to Broadjam by email at: customerservice@broadjam com or by US mail at: Broadjam Inc , 100 S  Baldwin St  Ste  #204, Madison, WI 53703, Attn: Customer Service 
(b) maintain and update such information as needed to keep it current, complete and accurate 
Subscriber acknowledges that Broadjam relies and will rely upon the accuracy of such information as supplied by Subscriber 
(a) Termination by Subscriber  Subscriber may terminate any Subscription Service at any time by providing Broadjam with written notice pursuant to this Agreement  Written notice will be followed by a confirmation request from Broadjam Customer Service  Confirmation is required to implement termination  Such termination will be effective after the paid period  In the case of termination by the Subscriber, the period that is already paid for will not be reimbursed  The Subscription Service will remain active until the end of the paid period 
(a) As consideration for a Subscription Service, Subscriber agrees to pay Broadjam all applicable subscription fees as posted on the Site at the time Subscriber applies for the Subscription Service  All subscription fees are due immediately pursuant to the payment option Subscriber chooses, and are non-refundable except as otherwise provided herein  Broadjam may exercise all available remedies to collect fees due and owing for any Subscription Service 
(b) Broadjam may, at its sole discretion and for any Subscription Service, offer Subscriber the option to pay Subscriber's annual subscription fee in monthly installments (a "Payment Plan")  If Subscriber elects a Payment Plan, Subscriber agrees to provide Broadjam with a valid credit card number, which Broadjam will charge on a monthly basis for twelve (12) consecutive months, in an amount each month equal to 1/12th of the subscription fee for the Subscription Service, plus a finance charge, until the Subscription Service is terminated pursuant to this Agreement  By providing credit card billing information, Subscriber shall be authorizing Broadjam to charge that credit card until termination of the Subscription Service  Broadjam shall have the right immediately to discontinue Subscriber's Service Benefits if Broadjam does not receive payment when due 
In order to change any of Subscriber's account information, Subscriber must use the User Name and the Password that Subscriber selected when Subscriber registered as a Broadjam User  In no event will Broadjam be liable for any unauthorized use or misuse of Subscriber's User Name and Password 
Subscriber agrees that Subscriber's failure to abide by any provision of this Agreement or any Broadjam operating rule or policy, Subscriber's willful provision of inaccurate or unreliable information as part of the application process, Subscriber's failure to update Subscriber's information to keep it current, complete or accurate, and/or Subscriber's failure to respond to inquiries from Broadjam concerning the accuracy of Subscriber's account information shall be considered a material breach of this Agreement  If within ten (10) calendar days after Broadjam provides notice (in any form and via any method of delivery) to Subscriber of such material breach, Subscriber fails to provide evidence, reasonably satisfactory to Broadjam, that Subscriber has not breached its obligations under this Agreement, Broadjam may terminate all Services, Subscription and otherwise, without further notice to Subscriber 
This Article III applies to any Person (hereinafter a "Hosting Subscriber") who subscribes to any web hosting subscription service offered by Broadjam, including but not limited to, by way of example, PRIMO MoB (hereinafter a "Hosting Service")  For purposes of this Agreement all Hosting Subscribers are also Subscribers and Users as defined herein 
Hosting Subscriber's Website will not be used in connection with any illegal activity 
(b) Hosting Subscriber is responsible for ensuring that there is no excessive overloading on Broadjam's DNS or servers  Broadjam prohibits the use of software or scripts run on its servers that cause the server to load beyond a reasonable level, as determined by Broadjam  Hosting Subscriber agrees that Broadjam reserves the right to remove Hosting Subscriber's Website temporarily or permanently from its hosting servers if Hosting Subscriber's Website threatens the stability of Broadjam's network 
(c) Hosting Subscriber may not use Broadjam's servers or Hosting Subscriber's Website as a source, intermediary, reply to address, or destination address for mail bombs, Internet packet flooding, packet corruption, denial of service, or any other abusive activities  Server hacking or other perpetration of security breaches is strictly prohibited and Broadjam reserves the right to remove websites that contain information about hacking or links to such information  Use of Hosting Subscriber's Website as an anonymous gateway is prohibited 
engage in any other activity deemed by Broadjam to be in conflict with the spirit or intent of this Agreement or any Broadjam policy 
Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Broadjam shall attempt to provide Hosting Services for twenty-four (24) hours a day, seven (7) days a week throughout the term of Hosting Subscriber's subscription  Hosting Subscriber agrees that from time to time the Hosting Service may be inaccessible or inoperable for any reason, including, without limitation, equipment malfunctions; periodic maintenance procedures or repairs which Broadjam may undertake from time to time; or causes beyond the control of Broadjam or which are not reasonably foreseeable by Broadjam, including, without limitation, interruption or failure of telecommunication or digital transmission links, hostile network attacks, network congestion or other failures  Hosting Subscriber agrees that Broadjam makes no representation or assurance that Hosting Services will be available on a continuous or uninterrupted basis 
At all times, Hosting Subscriber shall bear full risk of loss and damage to Hosting Subscriber's Website and all of Hosting Subscriber's Website content  Hosting Subscriber is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of Hosting Subscriber's Password and account information  Hosting Subscriber agrees that Hosting Subscriber is solely responsible for all acts, omissions and use under and charges incurred with Hosting Subscriber's account or password or any of Hosting Subscriber's Website content  Hosting Subscriber shall be solely responsible for undertaking measures to: (i) prevent any loss or damage to Hosting Subscriber's Website content; (ii) maintain independent archival and backup copies of Hosting Subscriber's Website content; (iii) ensure the security, confidentiality and integrity of all of Hosting Subscriber's Website content transmitted through or stored on Broadjam servers; and (iv) ensure the confidentiality of Hosting Subscriber's password  Broadjam's servers and Hosting Services are not an archive and Broadjam shall have no liability to Hosting Subscriber or any other person for loss, damage or destruction of any of Hosting Subscriber's content  If Hosting Subscriber's password is lost, stolen or otherwise compromised, Hosting Subscriber shall promptly notify Broadjam, whereupon Broadjam shall suspend access to Hosting Subscriber's Website by use of such password and issue a replacement password to Hosting Subscriber or Hosting Subscriber's authorized representative  Broadjam will not be liable for any loss that Hosting Subscriber may incur as a result of someone else using Hosting Subscriber's password or account, either with or without Hosting Subscriber's knowledge  However, Hosting Subscriber could be held liable for losses incurred by Broadjam or another party due to someone else using Hosting Subscriber's account or password 
(a) Broadjam does not tolerate the transmission of spam  We monitor all traffic to and from our Web servers for indications of spamming and maintain a spam abuse compliant center to register allegations of spam abuse  Customers suspected to be using Broadjam products and services for the purposeof sending spam are fully investigated  Once Broadjam determines there is a problem with spam, Broadjam will take the appropriate action to resolve the situation  Our spam abuse compliant center can be reached by email at hosting@broadjam com 
(c) Broadjam will not allow its servers or services to be used for the purposes of spam as described above  In order to use our products and services, Hosting Subscriber shall abide by all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to the Can-Spam Act of 2003 and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, as well as Broadjam's no-spam policies  Commercial advertising and/or bulk emails or faxes may only be sent to recipients who have already "opted-in" to receive messages from the sender specifically  They must include a legitimate return address and reply-to address, the sender's physical address, and an opt-out method in the footer of the email or fax  Upon request by Broadjam, conclusive proof of optin may be required for an email address or fax number 
(d) If Broadjam determines that Hosting Services are being used in association with spam, Broadjam will re-direct, suspend, or cancel such Hosting Service for a period of no less than 2 days  The Hosting Subscriber will be required to respond by email to Broadjam stating that Hosting Subscriber will cease to send spam and/or have spam sent on their behalf  Broadjam will require a non-refundable reactivation fee to be paid before Hosting Subscriber's Website, email boxes and/or other Hosting Services are reactivated  In the event Broadjam determines the abuse has not stopped after services have been restored the first time, Broadjam may terminate all Services associated with the Hosting Subscriber 
This Article IV applies to all Users 
Fees and prices appearing on the Site are based on United States dollars  Payments for any Service or purchase made on or through the Site shall be made to Broadjam in United States dollars, except as provided in Section 4 05 herein 
You agree to pay for all fees and charges incurred under your Broadjam account or Username  If you have configured the account associated with your Username (your "Account") to pay for Services or purchases with a credit or debit card or similar form of payment (a "Card" payment method), you authorize any and all charges and fees incurred under your Account to be billed from time to time to your Card account  Regardless of the method of payment, it is your sole responsibility to advise Broadjam of any billing problems or discrepancies within thirty (30) days after such discrepancies or problems become known to you  Your Card issuer agreement governs the use of your designated Card account in connection with any fee, purchase or Service; you must refer exclusively to such issuer agreement, and not this Agreement, to determine your rights and liabilities as a Cardholder  If you submit a payment that results in Broadjam being charged non-sufficient funds, chargeback fees, or other similar fees, you agree to reimburse all such fees 
Monthly Billing Subscriptions  No refunds will be issued for monthly billing subscriptions  If monthly billing is selected and is not cancelled by the end of the monthly period (30 days from the sign up date), your Card will be billed at the beginning of the next 30 day period  In order to avoid additional charges to your Card, you must contact Broadjam Customer Service by email (customerservice@broadjam com) at least 5 days before your next billing period, to cancel your Subscription Service  Your email should include the following: registered name on the account, registered email address on the account, and the service to be cancelled  Notice will be followed by a confirmation request from Broadjam Customer Service  Confirmation is required to implement cancellation 
(a) Merchants who elect to be paid in Purchase Credits ("PCs") for sales at Broadjam, Buyers who choose to purchase PCs and Users who otherwise obtain PCs (collectively, "Holders" of PCs) shall hold PCs subject to the provisions of this Section 4 05 as well as all rules and policies posted on the Site relating to PCs 
(b) PCS ARE NONRETURNABLE AND NONREFUNDABLE 
(c) PCs do not have an expiration date  However, if there exists rules defined by the laws of your state that require Broadjam to terminate your right to use PCs if you have not used them within a specified number of years  Under those laws, Broadjam will attempt to contact you before terminating your right to use PCs 
(e) Holders shall have no right to demand cash or any other thing of value in exchange for PCs, except as provided in Section 4 05 (d) 
(f) Interest shall not accrue on PCs 
(a) Buyers who choose to purchase the Primo MoB membership which includes complimentary Weekly Submission Credits ("WSCs") for the term of the membership purchased for use towards Music Licensing Opportunities services and shall hold WSCs subject to the provisions of this Section 4 06 as well as all rules and policies posted on the Site relating to WSCs 
(b) WSCs ARE NONRETURNABLE AND NONREFUNDABLE 
(c) One WSC is available for use each week for the duration of the membership purchased  One WSC is available each week starting Sunday at 12:00 am midnight CST  If unused, each WSC will expire on the following Sunday at 11:59 pm CST 
ii  wholly controlled by Broadjam 
(f) Holders shall have no right to demand cash or any other thing of value in exchange for WSCs, except as provided in Section 4 06 (e) 
(g) Interest shall not accrue on WSCs 
(a) Buyers who choose to purchase the Film/TV membership which includes complimentary Monthly Submission Credits ("MSCs") for the term of the membership purchased for use towards Music Licensing Opportunities services and shall hold MSCs subject to the provisions of this Section 4 07 as well as all rules and policies posted on the Site relating to MSCs 
(b) MSCs ARE NONRETURNABLE AND NONREFUNDABLE 
(c) One MSC is available for use each month for the duration of the membership purchased  One MSC is available each month starting the first day of the month at 12:00 am midnight CST  If unused, each WSC will expire on the last day of the month at 11:59 pm CST 
(f) Holders shall have no right to demand cash or any other thing of value in exchange for MSCs, except as provided in Section 4 07 (e) 
(g) Interest shall not accrue on MSCs 
Checks issued by Broadjam to any User, for any purpose, are VOID after 180 days from the date of issue  Users who fail to cash Broadjam-issued checks within such 180-day period will be charged a $2 00 fee for re-depositing funds from the stale check to the User's account  Users requesting replacement checks will be charged an additional $5 00 fee for issuance of the replacement check 
The following shall apply if you purchase Broadjam's Deliveries services 
Refunds will not be issued for Broadjam Deliveries services  If you experience a technical problem related to Broadjam Deliveries services, Broadjam will take steps in accordance with Section 1 10 to ensure your transaction is completed successfully  Broadjam may at its sole discretion convey complimentary services to you in the event of a verified technical problem 
The following shall apply if you purchase Broadjam's Music Software services 
Refunds will not be issued for Music Software services  If you experience a technical problem related to Broadjam Music Software services, Broadjam will take steps in accordance with Section 1 10 to ensure your transaction is completed successfully  Broadjam may at its sole discretion convey complimentary services to you in the event of a verified technical problem 



ground_truth: No excessive overloading and no use for illegal activity.