prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What did Mary tell the disciples?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: A Homily from Easter Sunday, 2017 
Early on the first day of the week, while it was still dark, Mary Magdalene came to the tomb and saw that the stone had been removed from the tomb  But Mary stood weeping outside the tomb  As she wept, she bent over to look[a] into the tomb; and she saw two angels in white, sitting where the body of Jesus had been lying, one at the head and the other at the feet  They said to her, “Woman, why are you weeping?” She said to them, “They have taken away my Lord, and I do not know where they have laid him ” When she had said this, she turned around and saw Jesus standing there, but she did not know that it was Jesus  Jesus said to her, “Woman, why are you weeping? Whom are you looking for?” Supposing him to be the gardener, she said to him, “Sir, if you have carried him away, tell me where you have laid him, and I will take him away ” Jesus said to her, “Mary!” She turned and said to him in Hebrew,[b] “Rabbouni!” (which means Teacher)  Jesus said to her, “Do not hold on to me, because I have not yet ascended to the Father  But go to my brothers and say to them, ‘I am ascending to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God ’” Mary Magdalene went and announced to the disciples, “I have seen the Lord”; and she told them that he had said these things to her 
Early in the morning, while it was still dark, Mary wept in the throws of grief  Early in the morning, while it was still dark, Mary dragged herself out of bed after a sleepless night and walked to the tomb in a kind of trance  Early in the morning, while it was still dark, Mary cried—scared, confused, alone  Early in the morning, while it was still dark, Mary thought that the powers of death had the last Word  Early in the morning, while it was still dark, Mary heard a voice in the darkness calling her name—Mary 
Throughout this Lenten season, we’ve examined the ways that the powers and principalities hold us captive—how they push us towards securing our own survival, dominating others, using God for our own agenda  We’ve seen how in Jesus’ ministry, he’s constantly in resistance mode—exposing the powers for what they really are and envisioning an alternative way of living in the world  He describes this way as “the kingdom of God,” the living water we drink so we never thirst again, the light of the world  Jesus invites those who follow him into similar acts of resistance—to free us from the power money has on us by giving it away, to choose to see ourselves as Jesus sees us, resisting the shame that says I’m not enough, to practice Sabbath that contradicts productivity, to untie the grave clothes of someone who’s hands and feet are still tied in the trappings of death 
But all Jesus’ acts of resistance had a cost  All of the times he just wouldn’t shut up, all of the crowds he attracted because he actually noticed those who were normally ignored, the powers finally said enough is enough and put an end to his resistance the only way they could guarantee silence and division—by nailing him to a tree 
Just then, she turned and saw a man the shadow of a man behind her; a man she assumed was the gardener, his face unfamiliar in the darkness  He repeated the question—“Woman, why are you crying?” Thinking that perhaps he knew what happened or worse, that he was a culprit, she begged, “Sir if you have carried him away, tell me where you have put him and I will get him ” But Jesus interrupted her pleading, interrupted her desperation, and called her by name from the darkness, Mary 
Mary  He calls her name  Her name  The name that captures the particularity of her life  To the gardener, she would just be the crying woman  At other points in her life, she was the possessed woman, the woman who wasn’t enough, the woman on the outside of the group  Never nameless—but still unnamed  Never not Mary, but still, not known 
Early in the morning, while it was still dark, God defeated the powers and principalities in the ultimate act of resistance—resurrection  The grave could not contain the Lord  Even death wasn’t enough 
In the resurrection, God defeats the powers of death and shows that it’s God who has the final Word  Nothing, not even death, can keep us from being fully known by God  The powers try to have the final say on our names, our identities, the markers by which we measure ourselves, the systems that hold people captive or keep people in oppression  But Jesus calls us out of the darkness by name 
On this Easter Sunday, we hear our Risen Lord calling our names from the darkness—Jesus, the resurrected one, the name above all names, the great I am, the Prince of Peace, the alpha and omega, the light of the world  The risen Lord has spoken 
This is the name unto which you were baptized  As you come forward and mark the sign of the cross on your forehead today, hear Jesus speaking your name from the darkness and drawing you into the light 
From our worship service on the fifth Sunday of Lent, April 2, 2017 
“Is the Lord really with us or not?” “Is the Lord really with us or not?” Why did you bring us all the way from Egypt to let us die of thirst in this desert? At least in Egypt, we had water  At least in Egypt, we weren’t so thirsty  At least in Egypt, we knew what tomorrow would hold  At least in Egypt, we weren’t so thirsty 
But no, that’s not the story they give us  They are hard on their ancestors  They tell how it is  The elders who sat and wrote down these stories understood something about our bodies, who we are and how we work  After all the generations these stories passed through, they tell the truth about how quickly we forget, about how quickly we complain, about how quickly we grow thirsty, about how much we need water 
It doesn’t take long, does it  By the end of this sermon, I will no doubt feel thirsty, not from walking on hard dusty ground in the heat of the day, but just from speaking with you  Most of us wake up in the morning needing a drink  Our bodies depend on water  We cannot live without it  Thirst, then, doesn’t happen only one time  When the Israelites panicked that they had no water, they weren’t only thinking of the present moment  They knew what was coming! We need water to live! Without water, we will die! Even if we have water for today, we will need water again tomorrow! We can drink until we are satisfied, only to know that we will eventually be thirsty for more 
The gospel of John tells a story about a woman who gave up on this question all together  She moved beyond wondering if the Lord was really with her, so confident God had forgotten her that she gave up wondering at all  Born a Samaritan into a world that valued other bodies as better than her body: male bodies, Jewish bodies, even married bodies  Even after encountering Jesus, she still leaves their conversation without a name, numbered as one of many, simply called, “Samaritan woman ” She too, was thirsty  Most believe that her shame led her to drink water in the heat of the day, when no one else would be at the rocky well, when she could get a drink alone, without experiencing the stigma and stares of others  When she came to get a drink, Jesus was also at the well, thirsty himself and in need of rest and water from the long journey through Samaria 
The Israelites complaint for water sends Moses to the only one who can satisfy, the only one who can meet this need  Moses turns to God, “What should I do with these people? How can I satisfy their thirst? I’ve looked around, I’ve checked far and wide, turned the house upsidedown, looked under the seats of the car, at the bottle of every bottle, I’ve even looked for dew on the ground and under the lids of jars and there is no water to be found  Where do we go for water? Is the Lord really with us or not?
The Israelites who wrote down this story and allowed the ancestors to look like desperate complainers who doubted God and tested God, they were onto something  They knew that we are thirsty people  Jesus knew also  All who are thirsty, come! All who believe in me, drink this living water! We are desperate to feel God’s presence, to be bathed in the water of the Spirit, to know that this is not all there is, to feel a sense of belonging to the One who is greater than I  We can only make it so long in the desert, so long wandering from one trial to the next, without a drink 
And yet, Jesus also says, “Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled  Notice with me: not blessed are those who are righteous, but those who thirst for righteousness  Not blessed are those who are righteous, but those who thirst for righteousness  Blessed are those who thirst for relationship with God, to know God, to see God 
I wonder, “Does Jesus want us to keep wanting?” Does Jesus want us to keep thirsting? Many faithful followers of Jesus throughout history have never claimed their thirst was quenched, never fully satisfied  You know that moment when you quench your thirst, when you sigh with relief when your throat is at ease once again, that’s the opposite of how many of God’s children have described the life of faith  They describe wanting more, being satisfied at times, while knowing they will be thirsty again 
What will be waiting for you at the rock? Will the water gush out, bursting forth, covering you from head to toe with God’s presence, drenching you in hope, cleansing you from the dust that’s caked to your feet and renewing you for a new day, a new hour, a new moment basking in the presence of God?
What will be waiting for you at the rock? Will the water drip slowly, quenching your thirst for but a moment, giving you just a glimpse of God’s spirit? Will it be so hard to get the water from the rock, that you’ll have to bend down, get underneath that dripping water to try and catch a drop? Will it be just enough for you to know, if only for a moment, that God is really with you? Will it be just enough to satisfy you for this hour, but keep you coming back for more?
What will be waiting for you at the rock? What if it seems like the water has run out, like there isn’t a drop left, the way that Mother Teresa described? What then? We follow her example  She still goes to the rock, over and over again, not to get water quench her own thirst, but to relieve the thirst of God’s other children 
This post was adapted from our sermon series on Interpreting Exodus  Pastor Megan preached this sermon at Butner Federal Prison complex on August 30, 2015 
On Father’s Day 2015, we gathered for worship at the labyrinth in front of UNC hospital, having devoted the month of June to exploring the question, “What happens after we die?” Many have watched their father’s die in this place or other similar spaces  We shared in a time of both remembrance and prayer/meditation, participating in the ancient spiritual practice of walking the labyrinth  A labyrinth is a kind of maze, laid out in a circle 
Tony graciously shared the following reflections from his experience at the labyrinth on the hot June day 
It’s smaller than I expected, stark and hard‐surfaced, with no landscaping for ornamentation or shade  I don’t know what to expect from it… or from myself  But that’s part of the appeal  I stand at the entrance, hesitating, trying to clear my mind  This doesn’t work very well, so I just start walking 
Almost immediately, the path presents itself as a linear and chronological symbol of my life’s journey  Like my physical lifetime, it has a beginning and an end, with an as‐yet undetermined amount between  This could be interesting  I like it so far… although I’m insecure about my style… and unsure about proper protocol  Is someone staring at me? Do I have to meditate? How slowly should I walk? Is it better to focus my thoughts… or to simply let them come? Will I control this thing, or allow it to control me?
I begin to see each step as an increment of elapsed time, an irretrievable expenditure of life energy  I equate my initial discomfort to the natural immaturity of my childhood years  I gradually move beyond it, into metaphorical adulthood  This is much better 
Most of the path is a series of gentle arcs  These are fairly easy to maneuver, like my comfortable life  But these segments are connected by intermittent sharp turns, mostly 180‐degree switchbacks  I see these as representing significant life changes or challenges, requiring more concentration and skill to negotiate  I notice that I am executing some of these turns mechanically, and some more gracefully  I begin to anticipate upcoming turns, and try to maintain good form around each one 
I can’t see much of the path ahead, nor the end  I spend a significant amount of mental energy dealing with this uncertainty, constantly wanting to know my real‐time ratio of “distance walked” to “distance remaining”  This is a recurring distraction 
Today is Father’s Day, and my Dad is on my mind  He recently completed his well‐walked journey, and is now watching me… even if as mere metaphor… or only as an element of my own (self‐) consciousness  I feel his presence embedded in his absence  I’m aware that it’s not only my turn to walk… it’s my only turn to walk 
I think about my children, grandson, soon‐to‐arrive granddaughter, and their descendants  The familiar succession of life, death and new life seems magical, divinely‐derived, and strangely better than living forever  My role is limited, but critical  I love the part, and embrace it 
I am acutely aware that others are journeying all around me  These are friends of mine  We meet, almost brushing, as we walk  The path seems purposefully narrow, perhaps perfectly so  I suddenly understand that it is impossible to walk this close to others without being affected by them  I affect them too… seen as small adjustments in their position or posture  As we meet, I try not to encroach too much, but making sure not to pull away  I put creative energy into maintaining the perfect degree of separation between our bodies  This feels like more art than science… each friend deserving a customized approach  This closeness seems good to me 
There is a much younger walker behind me, getting ever closer  I’m clearly holding her back  Maybe this means that the younger generation wants me to hurry up and get out of their way  I remind myself not to stretch the symbolism too far… as I pick up my pace 
I now see the end of the path ahead  I have been expecting this part to be emotionally complicated, but it is not  The final section is round… large and unrestrictive… a qualitative change from the narrow linear pathway  The circle opens up to welcome me  It is easy to step into, a perfectly natural thing to do at the end of my walk  Inside the circle, I am centered… comfortable… peaceful… thankful 
16 As Jesus passed alongside the Galilee Sea, he saw two brothers, Simon and Andrew, throwing fishing nets into the sea, for they were fishermen  17 “Come, follow me,” he said, “and I’ll show you how to fish for people ” 18 Right away, they left their nets and followed him  19 After going a little farther, he saw James and John, Zebedee’s sons, in their boat repairing the fishing nets  20 At that very moment he called them  They followed him, leaving their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired workers 
This is a story about 4 fishermen, Simon, Andrew, James and John  It’s a normal morning at the docks  Each one of them is going about business as usual  They arrived at dawn, bundled up in the cool morning air and started work without much conversation  Simon and Andrew are working on one fishing boat and see the Teacher approaching  “Hey  There he is,” says Andrew  Jesus from Nazareth  You can’t go anywhere without hearing about him lately  What’s he doing down here?” They paddle back to shore, not wanting to miss any trouble this Jesus fellow might stir up  Simon and Andrew get the beach and Jesus comes over to talk to them  It’s like he had come there that morning just to find these two guys  Jesus didn’t say much, “Come and follow me ” Jesus invited these 2 fishermen to be his disciples, to follow after him, to walk behind him, tracing his every step 
Further down the beach, the same scene repeats  This time, Jesus walks directly up to James and John who are focused on repairing their fishing net  Jesus says the same thing to them and now all four fishermen walk behind their rabbi with no idea of what’s ahead of them 
It’s a big deal! The four normal guys, working a normal job, on a normal morning, decide to follow Jesus  Maybe you’ve wondered like I have, how is it that Simon, Andrew, James and John do it? How do they drop everything to follow Jesus? What were they thinking? How did they feel?
It’s interesting  The story doesn’t tell us  There’s nothing about how they felt  It doesn’t say they were excited, or moved, or scared, or joyful or resistant  This story about four fisherman gives us only verbs  Jesus passed alongside the Galilee Sea  He saw two brothers  He said, Come, follow  Then, Simon and Andrew left and followed  Jesus saw James and John  Jesus called them  They followed him 
This is a story about four fisherman who decided to follow Jesus 
This is also a story about fishing  I’ve been fishing been fishing three or four times  Once I realized that fishing was primarily a crack of dawn activity, I knew it wasn’t really for me  Jesus uses a kind of puzzling image about fishing  He says, “Come, follow me, and I’ll show you how to fish for people ” I don’t know about you, but this I find this to be very strange  I realized this week why his image is so confusing to me  What do you imagine when someone talks about fishing? What I imagine when I hear the word “fish” or “fishing” is a fishing pole, the rod, reel, bait, tackle box, worms, that kind of fishing  So I’ve always interpreted what Jesus said this way 
I will make you fishers of men, fishers of men, fishers of men  I will make you fishers of men, if you follow me 
The road Jesus invites these four fishermen to follow him on will mean casting a net of love and welcome to people that they do not anticipate  Jesus will cast his net into the sea of a broken world, filled with sinners, people who have messed up, people who are outsiders, who don’t belong  Jesus will stay in the homes of poor, be guilty of associating prostitutes and touching the hands of people with communicable diseases  Jesus will throw his net into the sea and invite everyone in  Jesus will eventually be arrested and executed because those in power decided his fishing net included a few too many of the wrong people  This is a story about fishing 
This isn’t only a story about four fisherman, or only a story about fishing  It’s also, and perhaps, most importantly, a story about God 
If this is only a story about four fisherman who decide to follow Jesus, the pressures on you and me! After all, aren’t we too called to follow Jesus? Called to be his disciples? Wasn’t that the invitation you first heard when you first heard about Jesus? God has called us and we must decide  Jesus wants us all to follow him, to be like him, to walk in his footsteps, to do what he does  Of course this story is about that! And they do it, don’t they? Simon, Andrew, James, John, they do it! They decide and they do follow Jesus, imperfectly at that  Still, it’s a lot of pressure, a lot of responsibility  If life becomes all about what we do for Jesus, something is missing 
If this is only a story about fishing, have some of us failed? Is it too late for us? Some of us might not be the best at fishing, not all the great about casting Jesus’ loving net to our brothers and sisters  His net is sometimes, or maybe more than sometimes, a bit more expansive than we might be comfortable with  He calls us to be like him and fish for people, and yet, sometimes we can barely get the net into the water  Perhaps for others, we aren’t even convinced that Jesus would include us in the net at all, no matter how deep into the water he goes  He can really mean me? Would his net really reach me? There’s still more to the story 
This is a story about God, who God is, how God acts, what God does  Before Andrew, Simon, James and John follow Jesus, Jesus finds them  Before they follow Jesus, Jesus comes to them! They don’t have to go searching, they have been found  Jesus saw  Jesus spoke  Jesus called  Jesus said, “Come “ We don’t follow Jesus in order to find him, to prove our worthiness with what we do, or even by showing Jesus how big our nets are  We follow Jesus because he first came to us  He came down to the beach to meet these four fishermen  He came specifically for Simon and for Andrew, for James and for John, for you and me 
This blog post was adapted from Pastor Megan’s sermon at Butner Federal Prison on January 25, 2015 
The life of faith consists of seasons  One scholar suggests that we can categorize these seasons of life as seasons of being securely oriented, painfully disoriented, and surprisingly reoriented  These generalizations could apply to our self-acceptance, our relations to significant others, and our participation in public or private life  We might think about these seasons as passages of life, stages of growth, or even identity crises  Acknowledging where we find ourselves in a particular season can allow us to be honest about where we are at in our lives and where we are in relation to God 
The Psalms, a collection of prayers, songs, and poems addressed to God, correspond to these seasons of orientation, disorientation, and reorientation  As we read through the book, we find Psalms where the writer is full of thanksgiving to God, securely oriented in life  We also find Psalms that demonstrate disorientation, perhaps categorized by loss, transition, grief, suffering, or even anger  Finally, some Psalms are written from a perspective of reorientation, wherein the Psalmist transitions from a period of being disoriented to being reoriented in relation to God and others 
The Psalms can become our partner in prayer  Giving us words when we have none, we pray the Psalms joining with all those who have prayed them before us and all who will pray them after we are gone  As we pray the Psalms, we find permission to be utterly honest with God about our feelings and situation, free to speak openly and deeply to God about what we are experiencing  Praying the Psalms also helps us to envision God’s future when we can’t see it ourselves  Lastly, the Psalms guard us against religion or merely thinking about God  Using their words in prayer brings us into direct conversation with the living God, in language we may never have imagined would come from our lips 
-Pray the assigned Psalm from the daily lectionary, with set Scriptures to read each day  Click here to see today’s readings, subscribe to the daily readings by email, or download the app 
-Pray the Psalms using the practice of praying in color  Click here for an excerpt from Sybil MacBeth’s book that gives instructions for praying in color  I have the book available if anyone would like to borrow it  You can read more about praying in color on her website 
-Pray a Psalm, followed by journal writing  Consider these prompts: Where do I find myself in this Psalm? Where do I find my community? How am I being oriented to God in this prayer? What images or metaphors do I find striking? Explore the image more deeply 
-Pray through a list of Psalms, one per day or the same one each day for a week 
-Pray them as a family or with housemates at mealtime or bedtime 
-Pray abbreviated Psalms as breath prayers  A breath Ppayer rhythm is simple: Breathe in slow and deep as you whisper or think on a phrase… Hold your breath… Then exhale 
I will sing to my God as long as I am 
Psalm 8: Lord, our master, how great is your name in all the earth 
Psalm 104: Seek the Lord and his power; seek his face forever  Remember the wonders he has done 
-Pray the Psalms using lectio divina  For instructions on praying lectio divina individually or in groups, click here  There are also instructions for doing lectio divina in color from Sybil MacBeth’s book 
-Pray a Psalm from the category of life within which you find yourself—orientation, disorientation, or reorientation 
Psalms of Orientation: These Psalms reflect a confident belief that the world is well ordered, reliable, and life-giving to the person of faith 
Psalms of Disorientation: These Psalms reflect the brokenness of life, when it is no longer orderly but savage  Spoken out of the depths, they are still bold acts of faith 
Psalms of New Orientation: The pit is not the end of life; there is more  New orientation Psalms reflect the surprise of new possibilities that are experienced as pure gift from God  They are full of thanks 
Citations: The Message of the Psalms and Praying the Psalms by Walter Brueggemann and Getting Involved with God, by Ellen Davis 
Joseph’s story opens in Genesis 37 and it’s a long one  Joseph was one of 11 kids, the youngest son  In Genesis 37, the story says, “Now Jacob (Joseph’s dad) loved Joseph more than any of his other sons because he was born when Jacob was old  Jacob had made for him a long robe  When his brothers saw that their father loved him more than any of his brothers, they hated him and couldn’t even talk nicely to him ” Sibling rivalry, jealousy, family drama—maybe a little too familiar for some of us 
Just when you want to feel bad for Joseph, show him sympathy, “Poor kid—he can’t help that he’s the favorite,” Joseph makes himself quickly unlikeable  When Joseph’s head hits the pillow at night, he has vivid dreams about the future, dreams where he rules over his brothers  In one of these dreams, he’s in the field working with his brothers  They each tie a bundle of grain together…I imagine it like a hay bail  His bail rises up, towering and floating in the air above the others, while each of his ten older brother’s bails of hay, bows down to his bail, as if he’s ruling over them like a king  What’s worse—he didn’t keep his mouth shut about his dreams  Nope  He went ahead and announced them at the dinner table  When I imagine this scene, I’m reminded of the importance of friends  He seriously needed a friend to say, “Dude, listen, you have some dreams where you’re awesome and your brothers treat you like a king  They hate you, man  Keep your dreams to yourself ” Joseph lacked such a friend, so he bragged about his dreams—that combined with his fancy North Face jacket that Daddy bought for him only and the favoritism their dad showed him, brought his brothers to plot about how they might rid themselves of this pesky brat forever 
Joseph’s brothers considered killing Joseph, but they settled on kidnapping him and selling him into slavery instead  That way, they wouldn’t have his death on their foreheads, without having to put up with him anymore  They took Joseph’s fancy coat and destroyed it, making it look like a wild animal killed Joseph  This they showed to their father, so that he would assume that Joseph was dead; their dad would never suspect they had any part in his disappearance 
Meanwhile, Joseph was taken off to Egypt where he worked as a slave  Though he did well there and followed all the rules, he became a victim for a second time, when his master’s wife accused him of a crime he didn’t commit  Over a period of 13 years, Joseph worked as a slave and spent years locked up in prison  After a series of unlikely events, some terrible and some remarkable, Joseph rose to power and became the king’s right hand man, his adviser 
With the king’s blessing and support, Joseph led his country in preparing for a famine, putting food away on reserve during seven years of plenty  When a famine struck the land, Egypt was in a good position, able to lean on the reserved food that Joseph had put away  The surrounding lands, including Joseph’s homeland, had to lean on Egypt for food or else they would starve 
Joseph shows his brother’s enormous generosity  He has them go home, pack up and move their entire family, including their elderly father Jacob to Egypt to be near Joseph  Not long after making the trip to Egypt and being reunited with his father, their father, an elderly man at this point, Jacob dies 
And the final chapter of the story opens  Jacob is dead  Their father is gone  Now what?
Realizing that their father was dead, Joseph’s brothers said, “What if Joseph still bears a grudge against us and pays us back in full for all the wrong that we did to him?” 16 So they approached[b] Joseph, saying, “Your father gave this instruction before he died, 17 ‘Say to Joseph: I beg you, forgive the crime of your brothers and the wrong they did in harming you ’ Now therefore please forgive the crime of the servants of the God of your father ” Joseph wept when they spoke to him  18 Then his brothers also wept,[c] fell down before him, and said, “We are here as your slaves ” 19 But Joseph said to them, “Do not be afraid! Am I in the place of God? 20 Even though you intended to do harm to me, God intended it for good, in order to preserve a numerous people, as he is doing today  21 So have no fear; I myself will provide for you and your little ones ” In this way he reassured them, speaking kindly to them 
Fear is a powerful force  Fear motivates and fear paralyzes 
It’s a little funny how they phrase the words of their father  The brothers put a great deal of distance between themselves and Joseph  Instead of saying, “Our father told us to tell you…” they say, “Your father to us to tell you…” They distance themselves from Joseph and from the message that their dad supposedly gave them to pass along 
And then, they do it again  “Please forgive the crime of the servants of the God of your father,” his brothers say  They refer to themselves in third person—“the servants of the God of your father ” It’s not “our crime” that “we committed,” but the crime of these others 
Fear not only keeps them from confession, fear also keeps them from receiving forgiveness  They are scared for their lives the moment their father breathes his last, but haven’t they already been through this conversation with Joseph? At the dinner table, when Joseph revealed his identity to them, he tells them not to worry  “It’s ok  Yeah, it was awful, but look where I am! Look at how God has used me to help save those who would be starving now  I’m even saving you!” Joseph has already offered them forgiveness, but they haven’t fully received it  They haven’t believed what he’s said  Perhaps their views of themselves were so low that they didn’t see themselves worthy of forgiveness  Maybe they’ve carried the guilt for so long about what they’ve done, they fear what life will be like without it  It’s become so much an engrained part of their identity, they don’t know who they are apart from the guilt of what they’ve done  They fear receiving Joseph’s forgiveness  They fear forgiving themselves 
To the plea of the 10 brothers, to this made-up, manipulative, last cry for safety, Joseph has two responses  First, he weeps  His weeping—his display of vulnerability and emotion—causes his brothers to begin to weep also  There they are, 11 grown brothers, weeping on the floor of the house  Why did Joseph begin to weep? The story doesn’t say  Let’s notice, brothers and sisters—the road to releasing fear and offering and receiving forgiveness may not come without weeping 
Fear is a powerful force  Fear is an excellent motivator—moving us to do particular things and act in particular ways  But fear not only motivates, it can also paralyze, cause us to freeze right where we’re at, accept things for how they are  This final chapter begins with the brothers saying to one another, “What if…?” What if Joseph still bears a grudge against us…? Fear finishes the sentence, beginning in the words, “What if…?” Fear finishes the sentence  What if…he still bears a grudge against us? What if…we confess our evil to Joseph and he says that’s the end of us? What if…we ask for forgiveness and he denies it—if I say, will you forgive me, and he says, “no”?
“What if’s” sneak into our minds and hearts 
What if…I never get out of here?
What if I fail as a parent?
What if I don’t belong?
What if no one notices I’m gone?
What if I stand up for what I believe is right and it costs me my reputation?
What if I make a mistake at work and lose my job?
What if I risk opening myself up to someone and get hurt or betrayed again?
What if my body fails me?
What if I can never accept that the past can’t change?
What if I’m not worthy of God’s forgiveness or the forgiveness of those I’ve wronged?
What if I can never forgive myself?
We do not have to live in fear  We do not have to be motivated or paralyzed by it  Look at the God that we serve! Joseph explains how God has been with him  He says to his brothers, “Even though you intended to do harm to me, God intended it for good, in order to preserve a numerous people, as he is doing today ” Does this mean that God wanted or desired Joseph’s brothers to kidnap him, throw him into slavery and ruin his life to avenge their jealousy? No  God doesn’t desire that jealousy and revenge rule our lives  God doesn’t will for us to do evil or to harm other people  Rather, God is able to overcome evil and transform it  God can overcome evil! When Jesus was captured, tried as a criminal and sentenced to death, God overcame death, raising Jesus from the death 
This post was adapted from my sermon preached at Butner Federal Prison on September 14, 2014 
We were gathered at the plaza, right between the giant bull statue and the unattractive fences of a construction site  Luminary bags weighted with rice and lit candles marked the sacred space surrounding 30 of us, one to represent each person who died as a result of domestic violence the previous year in our state  The vigil began as planned, simple, but meaningful, to remember victims of this tragedy and raise awareness about the suffering that takes place behind closed doors  About halfway through the simple service, a woman stumbled into the vigil, interrupting the solemn mood without realizing that a group was gathered and someone was speaking  She stood silent for a few moments, listening to the speaker  When she realized that the speaker was talking about domestic violence, she began to interrupt, asking questions to the speaker, sharing details from her own experience with abuse  “What would you do…what would you do if…?” she cried  Then, as unexpectedly as she joined us and as abruptly as her interruption, she began to weep, uncontrollably crying for the rest of the vigil  A couple of women gathered around her and held her as she wept  Before long, it was my turn to pray  I barely got the words out…I could hardly project my shaking voice over her loud sobs 
“Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted,” Jesus proclaims in the second line of the beatitudes  Blessed are those who mourn  How is this weeping woman, this victim of abuse, blessed? She mourns the injustices she’s experienced, her suffering, the ways her life has been shaped by pain and her inability to free herself from her oppression  Jesus says that this woman and all her sisters and brothers that mourn with her are blessed 
The Jewish culture that Jesus was born into has a rich history of mourning or practicing lament, stretching back hundreds of years before he was born  The prophets and the Psalms include poems, songs, and speeches, recounting the words of people gathered together for public mourning  This mourning wasn’t a kind of crying about having a bad day or because of a frustration at home or work  The mourning Jesus is referencing is the kind of mourning that is a response to injustice and oppression, those who mourn the impact of the powers, both material and spiritual, on the lives of the most vulnerable 
Blessed are those who mourn  Another beatitude and another paradox  Once again, Jesus’ words are outlandish and nonsensical  How is it that those who mourn are blessed? Aren’t those who are happy and fulfilled, aren’t they the ones that are blessed? Yet, in this beatitude, in this paradox, Jesus once again exposes the powers and envisions an alternative  Jesus exposes the powers that cause people to mourn in the first place, those who experience unjust suffering and loss, the same injustices that cause people to be poor in spirit  It’s these people, the mourners, that are blessed, Jesus says  These are the people that Jesus came for  In God’s empire, mourners are not written off or ignored as uncivilized, uneducated, or badly behaved  Instead, in God’s empire, they are the ones who receive God’s comfort and consolation; God’s hears their cries 
Our culture tends to restrict mourning or public displays of emotion to something appropriate for home life or private time  Further, spending time in mourning may be quickly relegated to a waste of time or an inactive posture  The expression, “Don’t just cry about it, do something,” illustrates this clearly  But mourning is not a useless waste of time or an inactive practice  Mourn is a verb  In fact, mourning elicits action and engagement  Mourning exposes the powers, shows their true colors  Seeing people in mourning is disorienting  It interrupts the lives we lead that are detached from suffering and injustice, forcing us to take another look, to pause, to listen, and to join 
The woman who interrupted our solemn vigil for victims of domestic violence exposed the powers with her loud wailing  She made me feel uncomfortable, like I wanted to look away and get away from her as quickly as possible  And yet, her cries made it impossible for me to forget her  The sound of her weeping echoed in my ears for weeks following and if I try, I can still hear them now, over nine months later  Her mourning moves me to engage in seeking justice for others who have suffered like she has 
1  James Howell, The Beatitudes for Today  Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005 , 45 
2  James Howell, The Beatitudes for Today, 46 
Context 2: Vitamin K - Wikipedia
(Redirected from Vitamin k)
This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources  Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can  Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed  (November 2015)
This article is about the family of vitamers  For vitamin K1 the form usually used as a supplement, see Phytomenadione 
Vitamin K structures  MK-4 and MK-7 are both subtypes of K2 
Vitamin K deficiency, Warfarin overdose
Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues  The vitamin K-related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions, which they cannot do otherwise  Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs  Low levels of vitamin K also weaken bones and promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues[citation needed] 
Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives  Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 [1] Vitamin K2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms 
Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, is made by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis  It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K  It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins  Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2 
Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K1 into vitamin K2  In addition, bacteria typically lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K2 to produce a range of vitamin K2 forms, most notably the MK-7 to MK-11 homologues of vitamin K2  All forms of K2 other than MK-4 can only be produced by bacteria, which use these forms in anaerobic respiration  The MK-7 and other bacterially derived forms of vitamin K2 exhibit vitamin K activity in animals, but MK-7's extra utility over MK-4, if any, is unclear and is a matter of investigation 
Three synthetic types of vitamin K are known: vitamins K3, K4, and K5  Although the natural K1 and all K2 homologues and synthetic K4 and K5 have proven nontoxic, the synthetic form K3 (menadione) has shown toxicity [2]
1 2 Cardiovascular health
1 4 Coumarin poisoning
4 1 Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2
4 2 Vitamin K2
6 Absorption and dietary need
7 Dietary reference intake
10 Biochemistry
10 1 Function in animals
10 2 Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins
10 3 Methods of assessment
10 4 Function in bacteria
11 Injection in newborns
11 3 Controversy
A review of 2014 concluded that there is positive evidence that monotherapy using MK-4, one of the forms of Vitamin K2, reduces fracture incidence in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, and suggested further research on the combined use of MK-4 with bisphosphonates  In contrast, an earlier review article of 2013 concluded that there is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation helps prevent osteoporosis or fractures in postmenopausal women [3]
A Cochrane systematic review of 2006 suggested that supplementation with Vitamin K1 and with MK4 reduces bone loss; in particular, a strong effect of MK-4 on incident fractures among Japanese patients was emphasized [4]
A review article of 2016 suggested to consider, as one of several measures for bone health, increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K1 and K2 [5]
Cardiovascular health[edit]
Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening,[6] but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease [7]
One 10-year population study, the Rotterdam Study, did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone (mainly MK-4 from eggs and meat, and MK-8 and MK-9 from cheese) and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older men and women [8]
Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth; there is however no good medical evidence that supports such claims [9]
Coumarin poisoning[edit]
Vitamin K is part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide (coumarin poisoning) [10]
Although allergic reaction from supplementation is possible, no known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or menaquinone (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K, so no tolerable upper intake level (UL) has been set [11]
Blood clotting (coagulation) studies in humans using 45 mg per day of vitamin K2 (as MK-4)[12] and even up to 135 mg per day (45 mg three times daily) of K2 (as MK-4),[13] showed no increase in blood clot risk  Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg/kg, body weight did not alter the tendency for blood-clot formation to occur [14]
Unlike the safe natural forms of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 and their various isomers, a synthetic form of vitamin K, vitamin K3 (menadione), is demonstrably toxic at high levels  The U S  FDA has banned this form from over-the-counter sale in the United States because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, and cytotoxicity in liver cells [2]
Phylloquinone (K1)[15][16] or menaquinone (K2) are capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of the anticoagulant warfarin (tradename Coumadin)  Warfarin works by blocking recycling of vitamin K, so that the body and tissues have lower levels of active vitamin K, and thus a deficiency of vitamin K 
Supplemental vitamin K (for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin, and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs [17] Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable [17] The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose, and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient [citation needed] The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect, and neither warfarin or vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given [18]
The newer anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban have different mechanisms of action that do not interact with vitamin K, and may be taken with supplemental vitamin K [19][20]
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)  In menaquinone, the side chain is composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues  The most common number of these residues is four, since animal enzymes normally produce menaquinone-4 from plant phylloquinone 
A sample of phytomenadione for injection, also called phylloquinone
The three synthetic forms of vitamin K are vitamins K3 (menadione), K4, and K5, which are used in many areas, including the pet food industry (vitamin K3) and to inhibit fungal growth (vitamin K5) [21]
Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2[edit]
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) – both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain  Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain 
The MK-4 form of vitamin K2 is produced by conversion of vitamin K1 in the testes, pancreas, and arterial walls [22] While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation, the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, as it occurs in germ-free rats[23][24] and in parenterally-administered K1 in rats [25][26] In fact, tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK-4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90% of the available K1 into MK-4 [27][28] There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K1 to produce menadione as an intermediate, which is then condensed with an activated geranylgeranyl moiety (see also prenylation) to produce vitamin K2 in the MK-4 (menatetrione) form [29]
Vitamin K2[edit]
Main article: Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) includes several subtypes  The two subtypes most studied are menaquinone-4 (menatetrenone, MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) 
Vitamin K1, the precursor of most vitamin K in nature, is a stereoisomer of phylloquinone, an important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an electron acceptor in photosystem I during photosynthesis  For this reason, vitamin K1 is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants (green leaves, and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce, kale and spinach), but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues (roots, fruits, etc )  Iceberg lettuce contains relatively little  The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function (as "vitamin K") in animals, where it performs a completely different biochemical reaction 
Vitamin K (in animals) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues  The modified residues are often (but not always) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains  Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium, and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins [30]
At this time[update], 17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered, and they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes:
Blood coagulation: prothrombin (factor II), factors VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z[31]
Bone metabolism: osteocalcin, also called bone Gla protein (BGP), matrix Gla protein (MGP),[32] periostin,[33] and the recently discovered Gla-rich protein (GRP) [34][35]
Vascular biology: growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6)[36]
Unknown function: proline-rich γ-carboxyglutamyl proteins (PRGPs) 1 and 2, and transmembrane γ-carboxy glutamyl proteins (TMGs) 3 and 4 [37]
Like other lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D and E), vitamin K is stored in the fatty tissue of the human body 
Absorption and dietary need[edit]
Previous theory held that dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the small intestine was heavily damaged, resulting in malabsorption of the molecule  Another at-risk group for deficiency were those subject to decreased production of K2 by normal intestinal microbiota, as seen in broad spectrum antibiotic use [38] Taking broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce vitamin K production in the gut by nearly 74% in people compared with those not taking these antibiotics [39] Diets low in vitamin K also decrease the body's vitamin K concentration [40] Those with chronic kidney disease are at risk for vitamin K deficiency, as well as vitamin D deficiency, and particularly those with the apoE4 genotype [41] Additionally, in the elderly there is a reduction in vitamin K2 production [42]
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) updated an estimate of what constitutes an adequate intake (AI) for vitamin K in 2001  The NAM does not distinguish between K1 and K2 – both are counted as vitamin K  At that time there was not sufficient evidence to set the more rigorous estimated average requirement (EAR) or recommended dietary allowance (RDA) given for most of the essential vitamins and minerals  The current daily AIs for vitamin K for adult women and men are 90 μg and 120 μg respectively  The AI for pregnancy and lactation is 90 μg  For infants up to 12 months the AI is 2–2 5 μg, and for children aged 1 to 18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg  As for safety, the FNB also sets tolerable upper intake levels (known as ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient  In the case of vitamin K no UL is set, as evidence for adverse effects is not sufficient  Collectively EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as dietary reference intakes [43] The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and did not set an UL [44]
For U S  food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of daily value (%DV)  For vitamin K labeling purposes the daily value was 80 μg, but as of May 2016 it has been revised upwards to 120 μg  A table of the pre-change adult daily values is provided at reference daily intake  Food and supplement companies have until 28 July 2018 to comply with the change 
See also: Vitamin K2 § Dietary sources
K1 (μg)[45]
Kale, cooked
Collards, cooked
Collards, raw
Swiss chard, cooked
Swiss chard, raw
Turnip greens, raw
Romaine lettuce, raw
Table from "Important information to know when you are taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K", Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Drug Nutrient Interaction Task Force [46]
Vitamin K1 is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as dandelion greens (which contain 778 4 μg per 100 g, or 741% of the recommended daily amount), spinach, swiss chard, lettuce and Brassica vegetables (such as cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils; some fruits, such as avocados, kiwifruit and grapes, are also high in vitamin K  By way of reference, two tablespoons of parsley contains 153% of the recommended daily amount of vitamin K [47] Some vegetable oils, notably soybean oil, contain vitamin K, but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the USDA-recommended levels [48] colonic bacteria synthesize a significant portion of humans' vitamin K needs; newborns often receive a vitamin K shot at birth to tide them over until their colons become colonized at five to seven days of age from the consumption of breast milk 
The tight binding of vitamin K1 to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts makes it less bioavailable  For example, cooked spinach has a 5% bioavailability of phylloquinone, however, fat added to it increases bioavailability to 13% due to the increased solubility of vitamin K in fat [49]
Main article: Vitamin K deficiency
Average diets are usually not lacking in vitamin K, and primary deficiency is rare in healthy adults  Newborn infants are at an increased risk of deficiency  Other populations with an increased prevalence of vitamin K deficiency include those who suffer from liver damage or disease (e g  alcoholics), cystic fibrosis, or inflammatory bowel diseases, or have recently had abdominal surgeries  Secondary vitamin K deficiency can occur in people with bulimia, those on stringent diets, and those taking anticoagulants  Other drugs associated with vitamin K deficiency include salicylates, barbiturates, and cefamandole, although the mechanisms are still unknown  Vitamin K1 deficiency can result in coagulopathy, a bleeding disorder [50]Symptoms of K1 deficiency include anemia, bruising, nosebleeds and bleeding of the gums in both sexes, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women 
Osteoporosis[51][52] and coronary heart disease[53][54] are strongly associated with lower levels of K2 (menaquinone)  Vitamin K2 (as menaquinones MK-4 through MK-10) intake level is inversely related to severe aortic calcification and all-cause mortality [8]
Function in animals[edit]
Mechanism of action of vitamin K1 
The function of vitamin K2 in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate (Glu) amino acid residue in a protein, to form a gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residue  This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein, which is then known as a "Gla protein"  The presence of two −COOH (carboxylic acid) groups on the same carbon in the gamma-carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions  The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla-protein enzymes, such as the so-called vitamin K-dependent clotting factors discussed below 
Within the cell, vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone, catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) [55] Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called gamma-glutamyl carboxylase[56][57] or the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase  The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time  The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled  Vitamin K epoxide is then reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR  The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle [58] Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K1 because, in part, vitamin K1 is continuously recycled in cells [59]
Warfarin and other 4-hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR [60] This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues, such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient  This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla  Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors, they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and cannot activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury  As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression, warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid overdose 
Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins[edit]
Main article: Gla domain
The following human Gla-containing proteins ("Gla proteins") have been characterized to the level of primary structure: blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, anticoagulant proteins C and S, and the factor X-targeting protein Z  The bone Gla protein osteocalcin, the calcification-inhibiting matrix Gla protein (MGP), the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein (Gas6), and the four transmembrane Gla proteins (TMGPs), the function of which is at present unknown  Gas6 can function as a growth factor to activate the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulate cell proliferation or prevent apoptosis in some cells  In all cases in which their function was known, the presence of the Gla residues in these proteins turned out to be essential for functional activity 
Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish  The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood-clotting system  In some cases, activation is accomplished by snake Gla-containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones, leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting 
Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla-containing proteins is synthesized by the fish-hunting snail Conus geographus [61] These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides, or conotoxins, which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human  Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues [62]
Methods of assessment[edit]
Vitamin K status can be assessed by:
The prothrombin time (PT) test measures the time required for blood to clot  A blood sample is mixed with citric acid and put in a fibrometer; delayed clot formation indicates a deficiency  This test is insensitive to mild deficiency, as the values do not change until the concentration of prothrombin in the blood has declined by at least 50% [63]
Undercarboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II); in a study of 53 newborns, found "PT (prothrombin time) is a less sensitive marker than PIVKA II",[64] and as indicated above, PT is unable to detect subclinical deficiencies that can be detected with PIVKA-II testing 
Plasma phylloquinone was found to be positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in elderly British women, but not men,[65] but an article by Schurgers et al  reported no correlation between FFQ[further explanation needed] and plasma phylloquinone [66]
Urinary γ-carboxyglutamic acid responds to changes in dietary vitamin K intake  Several days are required before any change can be observed  In a study by Booth et al , increases of phylloquinone intakes from 100 μg to between 377 and 417 μg for five days did not induce a significant change  Response may be age-specific [67]
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOc) levels have been inversely correlated with stores of vitamin K[68] and bone strength in developing rat tibiae  Another study following 78 post-menopausal Korean women found a supplement regimen of vitamins K and D, and calcium, but not a regimen of vitamin D and calcium, was inversely correlated with reduced UcOc levels [69]
Function in bacteria[edit]
Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli found in the large intestine, can synthesize vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7 or MK-7, up to MK-11),[70] but not vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)  In these bacteria, menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules, during oxygen-independent metabolic energy production processes (anaerobic respiration) [71] For example, a small molecule with an excess of electrons (also called an electron donor) such as lactate, formate, or NADH, with the help of an enzyme, passes two electrons to menaquinone  The menaquinone, with the help of another enzyme, then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant, such fumarate or nitrate (also called an electron acceptor)  Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water, respectively 
Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source, ATP, in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration, except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen, but fumarate or nitrate  In aerobic respiration, the final oxidant is molecular oxygen (O2), which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water  E  coli, as facultative anaerobes, can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone-mediated anaerobic respiration 
Injection in newborns[edit]
The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts  Human milk contains 1–4 μg/L of vitamin K1, while formula-derived milk can contain up to 100 μg/L in supplemented formulas  Vitamin K2 concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K1  Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0 25–1 7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births [72] Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin, so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency 
Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, blood transfusions, brain damage, and death  Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn  Intramuscular administration is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration [73][74]
As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0 5–1 mg of vitamin K1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth [74]
In the UK vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours [75] This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second-line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month [76]
Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice, when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer,[77] however, poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two [78] Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013,[79] after treating children for serious bleeding problems  They cited lack-of newborn vitamin K administration, as the reason that the problems occurred, and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose 
In the early 1930s, Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet [80] He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College (OAC) [81] McFarlane, Graham and Richardson, working on the chick feed program at OAC, had used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow  They noticed that chicks fed only fat-depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites [82] Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet  It appeared that – together with the cholesterol – a second compound had been extracted from the food, and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin  The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal, in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin  Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K [83] Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K (K1 and K2) published in 1939  Several laboratories synthesized the compound(s) in 1939 [84]
For several decades, the vitamin K-deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods: the chicks were made vitamin K-deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K-containing food  The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content  Three groups of physicians independently found this: Biochemical Institute, University of Copenhagen (Dam and Johannes Glavind), University of Iowa Department of Pathology (Emory Warner, Kenneth Brinkhous, and Harry Pratt Smith), and the Mayo Clinic (Hugh Butt, Albert Snell, and Arnold Osterberg) [85]
The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life-threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith, Warner, and Brinkhous [86]
The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974, when three laboratories (Stenflo et al ,[87] Nelsestuen et al ,[88] and Magnusson et al [89]) isolated the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor prothrombin (factor II) from cows that received a high dose of a vitamin K antagonist, warfarin  It was shown that, while warfarin-treated cows had a form of prothrombin that contained 10 glutamate (Glu) amino acid residues near the amino terminus of this protein, the normal (untreated) cows contained 10 unusual residues that were chemically identified as γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)  The extra carboxyl group in Gla made clear that vitamin K plays a role in a carboxylation reaction during which Glu is converted into Gla 
The biochemistry of how vitamin K is used to convert Glu to Gla has been elucidated over the past thirty years in academic laboratories throughout the world 
^ "Vitamin K Overview"  University of Maryland Medical Center  ^ a b Higdon, Jane (Feb 2008)  "Vitamin K"  Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University  Retrieved 12 Apr 2008  ^ Hamidi, M  S ; Gajic-Veljanoski, O ; Cheung, A  M  (2013)  "Vitamin K and bone health"  Journal of Clinical Densitometry (Review)  16 (4): 409–413  doi:10 1016/j jocd 2013 08 017  PMID 24090644  ^ Cockayne, S ; Adamson, J ; Lanham-New, S ; Shearer, M  J ; Gilbody, S; Torgerson, D  J  (Jun 2006)  "Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"  Archives of Internal Medicine (Review)  166 (12): 1256–1261  doi:10 1001/archinte 166 12 1256  PMID 16801507  ^ O'Keefe, J  H ; Bergman, N ; Carrera Bastos, P ; Fontes Villalba, M ; Di Nicolantonio, J  J ; Cordain, L  (2016)  "Nutritional strategies for skeletal and cardiovascular health: hard bones, soft arteries, rather than vice versa"  Open Heart (Review)  3 (1): e000325  doi:10 1136/openhrt-2015-000325  PMC 4809188  PMID 27042317  ^ Maresz, K  (Feb 2015)  "Proper Calcium Use: Vitamin K2 as a Promoter of Bone and Cardiovascular Health"  Integrative Medicine (Review)  14 (1): 34–39  PMC 4566462  PMID 26770129  ^ Hartley, L ; Clar, C ; Ghannam, O ; Flowers, N ; Stranges, S ; Rees, K  (Sep 2015)  "Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"  The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review)  9 (9): CD011148  doi:10 1002/14651858 CD011148 pub2  PMID 26389791  ^ a b Geleijnse, J  M ; Vermeer, C ; Grobbee, D  E ; Schurgers, L  J ; Knapen, M  H ; van der Meer, I  M ; Hofman, A ; Witteman, J  C  (Nov 2004)  "Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study"  Journal of Nutrition  134 (11): 3100–3105  PMID 15514282  ^ Ades, T  B , ed  (2009)  "Vitamin K"  American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed )  American Cancer Society  pp  558–563  ISBN 978-0-944235-71-3  ^ Lung, D  (Dec 2015)  Tarabar, A , ed  "Rodenticide Toxicity Treatment & Management"  Medscape  WebMD  ^ Rasmussen, S  E ; Andersen, N  L ; Dragsted, L  O ; Larsen, J  C  (Mar 2006)  "A safe strategy for addition of vitamins and minerals to foods"  European Journal of Nutrition  45 (3): 123–135  doi:10 1007/s00394-005-0580-9  PMID 16200467  ^ Ushiroyama, T ; Ikeda, A ; Ueki, M (Mar 2002)  "Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women"  Maturitas  41 (3): 211–221  doi:10 1016/S0378-5122(01)00275-4  PMID 11886767  ^ Asakura, H ; Myou, S ; Ontachi, Y ; Mizutani, T ; Kato, M ; Saito, M ; Morishita, E ; Yamazaki, M ; Nakao, S  (Dec 2001)  "Vitamin K administration to elderly patients with osteoporosis induces no hemostatic activation, even in those with suspected vitamin K deficiency"  Osteoporosis International  12 (12): 996–1000  doi:10 1007/s001980170007  PMID 11846334  ^ Ronden, J  E ; Groenen-van Dooren, M  M ; Hornstra, G ; Vermeer, C  (Jul 1997)  "Modulation of arterial thrombosis tendency in rats by vitamin K and its side chains"  Atherosclerosis  132 (1): 61–67  doi:10 1016/S0021-9150(97)00087-7  PMID 9247360  ^ Ansell, J ; Hirsh, J ; Poller, L ; Bussey, H ; Jacobson, A ; Hylek, E (Sep 2004)  "The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy"  Chest  126 (3 Suppl ): 204S–233S  doi:10 1378/chest 126 3_suppl 204S  PMID 15383473  ^ Crowther, M  A ; Douketis, J  D ; Schnurr, T ; Steidl, L ; Mera, V ; Ultori, C ; Venco, A ; Ageno, W  (Aug 2002)  "Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy  A randomized, controlled trial"  Annals of Internal Medicine  137 (4): 251–254  doi:10 7326/0003-4819-137-4-200208200-00009  PMID 12186515  ^ a b "Important Information to Know When You Are Taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K" (PDF)  National Institute of Health Clinical Center Drug-Nutrient Interaction Task Force  Retrieved 17 Apr 2015  ^ "Guidelines For Warfarin Reversal With Vitamin K" (PDF)  American Society of Health-System Pharmacists  Retrieved 17 Apr 2015  ^ "Pradaxa Drug Interactions"  Pradaxapro com  19 Mar 2012  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ Bauersachs, R ; Berkowitz, S  D ; Brenner, B ; Buller, H  R ; Decousus, H ; Gallus, A  S ; Lensing, A  W ; Misselwitz, F ; Prins, M  H ; Raskob, G  E ; Segers, A ; Verhamme, P ; Wells, P ; Agnelli, G ; Bounameaux, H ; Cohen, A ; Davidson, B  L ; Piovella, F ; Schellong, S  (Dec 2010)  "Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism"  New England Journal of Medicine  363 (26): 2499–2510  doi:10 1056/NEJMoa1007903  PMID 21128814  ^ McGee, W  (1 Feb 2007)  "Vitamin K"  MedlinePlus  Retrieved 2 Apr 2009  ^ Shearer, M  J ; Newman, P  (Oct 2008)  "Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K"  Thrombosis and Haemostasis  100 (4): 530–547  doi:10 1160/TH08-03-0147  PMID 18841274  ^ Davidson, R  T ; Foley, A  L ; Engelke, J  A ; Suttie, J  W  (Feb 1998)  "Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone-4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria"  Journal of Nutrition  128 (2): 220–223  PMID 9446847  ^ Ronden, J  E ; Drittij-Reijnders, M  J ; Vermeer, C ; Thijssen, H  H  (Jan 1998)  "Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone–menaquinone-4 conversion in the rat"  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta  1379 (1): 69–75  doi:10 1016/S0304-4165(97)00089-5  PMID 9468334  ^ Thijssen, H   H ; Drittij-Reijnders, M  J  (Sep 1994)  "Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone-4"  The British Journal of Nutrition  72 (3): 415–425  doi:10 1079/BJN19940043  PMID 7947656  ^ Will, B  H ; Usui, Y ; Suttie, J  W  (Dec 1992)  "Comparative metabolism and requirement of vitamin K in chicks and rats"  Journal of Nutrition  122 (12): 2354–2360  PMID 1453219  ^ Davidson, R  T ; Foley, A  L ; Engelke, J  A ; Suttie, J  W  (Feb 1998)  "Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone-4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria"  Journal of Nutrition  128 (2): 220–223  PMID 9446847  ^ Ronden, J  E ; Drittij-Reijnders, M  J ; Vermeer, C ; Thijssen, H  H  (Jan 1998)  "Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone-menaquinone-4 conversion in the rat"  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta  1379 (1): 69–75  doi:10 1016/S0304-4165(97)00089-5  PMID 9468334  ^ Al Rajabi, Ala (2011)  The Enzymatic Conversion of Phylloquinone to Menaquinone-4 (PhD thesis)  Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy  ^ Furie, B ; Bouchard, B  A ; Furie, B  C  (Mar 1999)  "Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid"  Blood  93 (6): 1798–1808  PMID 10068650  ^ Mann, K  G  (Aug 1999)  "Biochemistry and physiology of blood coagulation"  Thrombosis and Haemostasis  82 (2): 165–174  PMID 10605701  ^ Price, P  A  (1988)  "Role of vitamin-K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism"  Annual Review of Nutrition  8: 565–583  doi:10 1146/annurev nu 08 070188 003025  PMID 3060178  ^ Coutu, D  L ; Wu, J  H ; Monette, A ; Rivard, G  E ; Blostein, M  D ; Galipeau, J (Jun 2008)  "Periostin, a member of a novel family of vitamin K-dependent proteins, is expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells"  Journal of Biological Chemistry  283 (26): 17991–18001  doi:10 1074/jbc M708029200  PMID 18450759  ^ Viegas, C  S ; Simes, D  C ; Laizé, V ; Williamson, M  K ; Price, P  A ; Cancela, M  L  (Dec 2008)  "Gla-rich protein (GRP), a new vitamin K-dependent protein identified from sturgeon cartilage and highly conserved in vertebrates"  Journal of Biological Chemistry



ground_truth: "I have seen the Lord.".

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2:  283 (52): 36655–36664  doi:10 1074/jbc M802761200  PMC 2605998  PMID 18836183  ^ Viegas, C  S ; Cavaco, S ; Neves, P  L ; Ferreira, A ; João, A ; Williamson, M  K ; Price, P  A ; Cancela, M  L ; Simes, D  C  (Dec 2009)  "Gla-rich protein is a novel vitamin K-dependent protein present in serum that accumulates at sites of pathological calcifications"  American Journal of Pathology  175 (6): 2288–2298  doi:10 2353/ajpath 2009 090474  PMC 2789615  PMID 19893032  ^ Hafizi, S ; Dahlbäck, B  (Dec 2006)  "Gas6 and protein S  Vitamin K-dependent ligands for the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily"  The FEBS Journal  273 (23): 5231–5244  doi:10 1111/j 1742-4658 2006 05529 x  PMID 17064312  ^ Kulman, J  D ; Harris, J  E ; Xie, L ; Davie, E  W  (May 2007)  "Proline-rich Gla protein 2 is a cell-surface vitamin K-dependent protein that binds to the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein"  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  104 (21): 8767–8772  doi:10 1073/pnas 0703195104  PMC 1885577  PMID 17502622  ^ "Vitamin K"  MedlinePlus  US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health  Sep 2016  Retrieved 26 May 2009  ^ Conly, J; Stein, K  (Dec 1994)  "Reduction of vitamin K2 concentrations in human liver associated with the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials"  Clinical and Investigative Medicine  17 (6): 531–539  PMID 7895417  ^ Ferland, G ; Sadowski, J  A ; O'Brien, M  E  (Apr 1993)  "Dietary induced subclinical vitamin K deficiency in normal human subjects"  Journal of Clinical Investigation  91 (4): 1761–1768  doi:10 1172/JCI116386  PMC 288156  PMID 8473516  ^ Holden, R  M ; Morton, A  R ; Garland, J  S ; Pavlov, A ; Day, A  G ; Booth, S  L  (Apr 2010)  "Vitamins K and D status in stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease"  Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology  5 (4): 590–597  doi:10 2215/CJN 06420909  PMC 2849681  PMID 20167683  ^ Hodges, S  J ; Pilkington, M  J ; Shearer, M  J ; Bitensky, L ; Chayen, J (Jan 1990)  "Age-related changes in the circulating levels of congeners of vitamin K2, menaquinone-7 and menaquinone-8"  Clinical Science  78 (1): 63–66  PMID 2153497  ^ "Vitamin K"  Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (PDF)  National Academy Press  2001  p  162–196  ^ Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006 ^ a b Rhéaume-Bleue, p  42
^ "Important information to know when you are taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K" (PDF)  National Institutes of Health Clinical Center  ^ "Nutrition Facts and Information for Parsley, raw"  Nutritiondata com  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ "Nutrition facts, calories in food, labels, nutritional information and analysis"  Nutritiondata com  13 Feb 2008  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ "Vitamin K"  Vivo colostate edu  2 Jul 1999  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ "Vitamin K"  Micronutrient Data Centre  ^ Ikeda, Y ; Iki, M ; Morita, A ; Kajita, E ; Kagamimori, S ; Kagawa, Y ; Yoneshima, H  (May 2006)  "Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study"  Journal of Nutrition  136 (5): 1323–1328  PMID 16614424  ^ Katsuyama, H ; Ideguchi, S ; Fukunaga, M ; Saijoh, K ; Sunami, S  (Jun 2002)  "Usual dietary intake of fermented soybeans (Natto) is associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women"  Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology  48 (3): 207–215  doi:10 3177/jnsv 48 207  PMID 12350079  ^ Sano, M ; Fujita, H ; Morita, I ; Uematsu, H ; Murota, S  (Dec 1999)  "Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) induces iNOS in bovine vascular smooth muscle cells: no relationship between nitric oxide production and gamma-carboxylation"  Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology  45 (6): 711–723  doi:10 3177/jnsv 45 711  PMID 10737225  ^ Gast, G  C ; de Roos, N  M ; Sluijs, I ; Bots, M  L ; Beulens, J  W ; Geleijnse, J  M ; Witteman, J  C ; Grobbee, D  E ; Peeters, P  H ; van der Schouw, Y  T  (Sep 2009)  "A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease"  Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases  19 (7): 504–510  doi:10 1016/j numecd 2008 10 004  PMID 19179058  ^ Oldenburg, J ; Bevans, C  G ; Müller, C  R ; Watzka, M  (2006)  "Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1): the key protein of the vitamin K cycle"  Antioxidants & Redox Signaling  8 (3–4): 347–353  doi:10 1089/ars 2006 8 347  PMID 16677080  ^ Suttie, J  W  (1985)  "Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase"  Annual Review of Biochemistry  54: 459–477  doi:10 1146/annurev bi 54 070185 002331  PMID 3896125  ^ Presnell, S  R ; Stafford, D  W  (Jun 2002)  "The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase"  Thrombosis and Haemostasis  87 (6): 937–946  PMID 12083499  ^ Stafford, D  W  (Aug 2005)  "The vitamin K cycle"  Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis  3 (8): 1873–1878  doi:10 1111/j 1538-7836 2005 01419 x  PMID 16102054  ^ Rhéaume-Bleue, p  79 
^ Whitlon, D  S ; Sadowski, J  A ; Suttie, J  W  (Apr 1978)  "Mechanism of coumarin action: significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition"  Biochemistry  17 (8): 1371–1377  doi:10 1021/bi00601a003  PMID 646989  ^ Terlau, H ; Olivera, B  M  (Jan 2004)  "Conus venoms: a rich source of novel ion channel-targeted peptides"  Physiological Reviews  84 (1): 41–68  doi:10 1152/physrev 00020 2003  PMID 14715910  ^ Buczek, O ; Bulaj, G ; Olivera, BM (Dec 2005)  "Conotoxins and the posttranslational modification of secreted gene products"  Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences  62 (24): 3067–3079  doi:10 1007/s00018-005-5283-0  PMID 16314929  ^ "Prothrombin Time"  WebMD  ^ Dituri, F ; Buonocore, G ; Pietravalle, A ; Naddeo, F ; Cortesi, M; Pasqualetti, P; Tataranno M  L ; R , Agostino (Sep 2012)  "PIVKA-II plasma levels as markers of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in term infants"  Journal of Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal Medicine  25 (9): 1660–1663  doi:10 3109/14767058 2012 657273  PMID 22280352  ^ Thane, C  W ; Bates, C  J ; Shearer, M  J ; Unadkat, N; Harrington, D  J ; Paul, A  A ; Prentice, A ; Bolton-Smith, C  (Jun 2002)  "Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people"  British Journal of Nutrition  87 (6): 615–622  doi:10 1079/BJNBJN2002582  PMID 12067432  ^ McKeown, N  M ; Jacques, P  F ; Gundberg, C  M ; Peterson, J  W ; Tucker, K  L ; Kiel, D  P ; Wilson, P  W ; Booth, SL (Jun 2002)  "Dietary and nondietary determinants of vitamin K biochemical measures in men and women" (PDF)  Journal of Nutrition  132 (6): 1329–1334  PMID 12042454  ^ Yamano, M ; Yamanaka, Y ; Yasunaga, K ; Uchida, K  (Sep 1989)  "Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats"  Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi  52 (6): 1078–1086  PMID 2588957  ^ Matsumoto, T ; Miyakawa, T ; Yamamoto, D  (Mar 2012)  "Effects of vitamin K on the morphometric and material properties of bone in the tibiae of growing rats"  Metabolism  61 (3): 407–414  doi:10 1016/j metabol 2011 07 018  PMID 21944271  ^ Je, S -H ; Joo, N -S ; Choi, B -H ; Kim, K -M ; Kim, B -T ; Park, S -B ; Cho, D -Y ; Kim, K -N ; Lee, D -J  (Aug 2011)  "Vitamin K supplement along with vitamin D and calcium reduced serum concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin while increasing bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women over sixty-years-old"  Journal of Korean Medical Science  26 (8): 1093–1098  doi:10 3346/jkms 2011 26 8 1093  PMC 3154347  PMID 21860562  ^ Bentley, R ; Meganathan, R  (Sep 1982)  "Biosynthesis of vitamin K (menaquinone) in bacteria" (PDF)  Microbiological Reviews  46 (3): 241–280  PMC 281544  PMID 6127606  ^ Haddock, B  A ; Jones, C  W  (Mar 1977)  "Bacterial respiration" (PDF)  Bacteriological Reviews  41 (1): 47–99  PMC 413996  PMID 140652  ^ Shearer, M  J  (Jan 1995)  "Vitamin K"  Lancet  345 (8944): 229–234  doi:10 1016/S0140-6736(95)90227-9  PMID 7823718  ^ Greer, J  P ; Foerster, J ; Lukens, J  N ; Rodgers, G  M ; Paraskevas, F ; Glader, B  (eds )  Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (11th ed )  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkens  ^ a b American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn  (Jul 2003)  "Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn  American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn" (PDF)  Pediatrics  112 (1 1): 191–192  doi:10 1542/peds 112 1 191  PMID 12837888  ^ Logan, S ; Gilbert, R  (1998)  "Vitamin K For Newborn Babies" (PDF)  Department of Health  Retrieved 12 Oct 2014  ^ "Postnatal care: Routine postnatal care of women and their babies [CG37]"  www nice org uk  NICE  Jul 2006  Retrieved 12 Oct 2014  ^ Parker, L ; Cole, M ; Craft, A  W ; Hey, E  N  (1998)  "Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England: retrospective case-control study"  BMJ (Clinical Research Edition)  316 (7126): 189–193  doi:10 1136/bmj 316 7126 189  PMC 2665412  PMID 9468683  ^ McMillan, D  D  (1997)  "Routine administration of vitamin K to newborns"  Paediatric Child Health  2 (6): 429–431  ^ "Newborns get rare disorder after parents refused shots"  Having four cases since February just at Vanderbilt was a little bit concerning to me ^ Dam, C  P  H  (1935)  "The Antihaemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick: Occurrence And Chemical Nature"  Nature  135 (3417): 652–653  doi:10 1038/135652b0  ^ Dam, C  P  H  (1941)  "The discovery of vitamin K, its biological functions and therapeutical application" (PDF)  Nobel Prize Laureate Lecture  ^ McAlister, V  C  (2006)  "Control of coagulation: a gift of Canadian agriculture" (PDF)  Clinical and Investigative Medicine  29 (6): 373–377  ^ MacCorquodale, D  W ; Binkley, S  B ; Thayer, S  A ; Doisy, E  A  (1939)  "On the constitution of Vitamin K1"  Journal of the American Chemical Society  61 (7): 1928–1929  doi:10 1021/ja01876a510  ^ Fieser, L  F  (1939)  "Synthesis of Vitamin K1"  Journal of the American Chemical Society  61 (12): 3467–3475  doi:10 1021/ja01267a072  ^ Dam, C  P  H  (12 Dec 1946)  "The discovery of vitamin K, its biological functions and therapeutical application" (PDF)  Nobel Prize lecture  ^ Warner, E  D ; Brinkhous, K  M ; Smith, H  P  (1938)  "Bleeding Tendency of Obstructive Jaundice"  Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine  37 (4): 628–630  doi:10 3181/00379727-37-9668P  ^ Stenflo, J; Fernlund, P ; Egan, W ; Roepstorff, P  (Jul 1974)  "Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin"  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  71 (7): 2730–2733  doi:10 1073/pnas 71 7 2730  PMC 388542  PMID 4528109  ^ Nelsestuen, G  L ; Zytkovicz, T  H ; Howard, J  B  (Oct 1974)  "The mode of action of vitamin K  Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin" (PDF)  Journal of Biological Chemistry  249 (19): 6347–6350  PMID 4214105  ^ Magnusson, S ; Sottrup-Jensen, L ; Petersen, T  E ; Morris, H  R ; Dell, A  (Aug 1974)  "Primary structure of the vitamin K-dependent part of prothrombin"  FEBS Letters  44 (2): 189–193  doi:10 1016/0014-5793(74)80723-4  PMID 4472513  Bibliography[edit]
Rhéaume-Bleue, Kate (2012)  Vitamin K2 and the Calcium Paradox  John Wiley & Sons, Canada  ISBN 1-118-06572-7  External links[edit]
"Vitamin K: Another Reason to Eat Your Greens"  v
TPP / ThDP (B1)
FMN, FAD (B2)
NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH (B3)
Coenzyme A (B5)
PLP / P5P (B6)
THFA / H4FA, DHFA / H2FA, MTHF (B9)
AdoCbl, MeCbl (B12)
Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2)
non-vitamins
Coenzyme B
Heme / Haem (A, B, C, O)
Molybdopterin/Molybdenum cofactor
THMPT / H4MPT
Fe2+, Fe3+
vitamins: see vitamins
Antihemorrhagics (B02)
(coagulation)
Phytomenadione (K1)
Menadione (K3)
intrinsic: IX/Nonacog alfa
VIII/Moroctocog alfa/Turoctocog alfa
extrinsic: VII/Eptacog alfa
common: X
II/Thrombin
I/Fibrinogen
XIII/Catridecacog
combinations: Prothrombin complex concentrate (II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S)
Carbazochrome
thrombopoietin receptor agonist (Romiplostim
Eltrombopag)
Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester
Epinephrine/Adrenalone
amino acids (Aminocaproic acid
Aminomethylbenzoic acid)
serpins (Aprotinin
Alfa1 antitrypsin
Camostat) 
Context 3: Margaret Way (b  Brisbane d  Cleveland, Queensland, Australia ) was an Australian writer of romance novels and women's fiction  A prolific author, Way wrote more than 120 novels since 1970, many through Mills & Boon, a romance imprint of British publisher Harlequin UK Ltd , owned by Harlequin Enterprises 

Biography
Before her marriage, she was a well-known pianist, teacher, vocal coach and accompanist  She began writing when her son, Laurence Way, was born, a friend took a pile of Mills & Boon books to her, she read all and decided that she also could write these types of novels  She began to write and promote her country with her stories set in Australia  She sold her first novels in 1970  Margaret Way lives with her family in her native Brisbane  Beginning in 2013, Margaret began to self-publish, releasing her first "e-book" mid-July



ground_truth: Symptoms of vitamin K deficiency include anemia, bruising, nosebleeds, bleeding of the gums, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where was Margaret Way born and where did she die?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3: 

Margaret died on the 10th of August 2022 in Cleveland, Queensland 

Bibliography

Single Novels
King Country (1970)
Blaze of Silk (1970)
The Time of the Jacaranda (1970)
Bauhinia Junction (1971)
Man from Bahl Bahla (1971)
Summer Magic (1971)
Return to Belle Amber (1971)
Ring of Jade (1972)
Copper Moon (1972)
Rainbow Bird (1972)
Man Like Daintree (1972)
Noonfire (1972)
Storm Over Mandargi (1973)
Wind River (1973)
Love Theme (1974)
McCabe's Kingdom (1974)
Sweet Sundown (1974)
Reeds of Honey (1975)
Storm Flower (1975)
Lesson in Loving (1975)
Flight into Yesterday (1976)
Red Cliffs of Malpara (1976)
Man on Half-moon (1976)
Swan's Reach (1976)
Mutiny in Paradise (1977)
One Way Ticket (1977)
Portrait of Jaime (1977)
Black Ingo (1977)
Awakening Flame (1978)
Wild Swan (1978)
Ring of Fire (1978)
Wake the Sleeping Tiger (1978)
Valley of the Moon (1979)
White Magnolia (1979)
Winds of Heaven (1979)
Blue Lotus (1979)
Butterfly and the Baron (1979)
Golden Puma (1980)
Temple of Fire (1980)
Lord of the High Valley (1980)
Flamingo Park (1980)
North of Capricorn (1981)
Season for Change (1981)
Shadow Dance (1981)
McIvor Affair (1981)
Home to Morning Star (1981)
Broken Rhapsody (1982)
The Silver Veil (1982)
Spellbound (1982)
Hunter's Moon (1982)
Girl at Cobalt Creek (1983)
No Alternative (1983)
House of Memories (1983)
Almost a Stranger (1984)
A place called Rambulara (1984)
Fallen Idol (1984)
Hunt the Sun (1985)
Eagle's Ridge (1985)
The Tiger's Cage (1986)
Innocent in Eden (1986)
Diamond Valley (1986)
Morning Glory (1988)
Devil Moon (1988)
Mowana Magic (1988)
Hungry Heart (1988)
Rise of an Eagle (1988)
One Fateful Summer (1993)
The Carradine Brand (1994)
Holding on to Alex (1997)
The Australian Heiress (1997)
Claiming His Child (1999)
The Cattleman's Bride (2000)
The Cattle Baron (2001)
The Husbands of the Outback (2001)
Secrets of the Outback (2002)
With This Ring (2003)
Innocent Mistress (2004)
Cattle Rancher, Convenient Wife (2007)
Outback Marriages (2007)
Promoted: Nanny to Wife (2007)
Cattle Rancher, Secret Son (2007)
Genni's Dilemma (2008)
Bride At Briar Ridge (2009)
Outback Heiress, Surprise Proposal (2009)
Cattle Baron, Nanny Needed (2009)

Legends of the Outback Series
Mail Order Marriage (1999)
The Bridesmaid's Wedding (2000)
The English Bride (2000)
A Wife at Kimbara (2000)

Koomera Crossing Series
Sarah's Baby (2003)
Runaway Wife (2003)
Outback Bridegroom (2003)
Outback Surrender (2003)
Home to Eden (2004)

McIvor Sisters Series
The Outback Engagement (2005)
Marriage at Murraree (2005)

Men Of The Outback Series
The Cattleman (2006)
The Cattle Baron's Bride (2006)
Her Outback Protector (2006)
The Horseman (2006)

Outback Marriages Series
Outback Man Seeks Wife (2007)
Cattle Rancher, Convenient Wife (2007)

Barons of the Outback Series Multi-Author
Wedding At Wangaree Valley (2008)
Bride At Briar's Ridge (2008)

Family Ties Multi-Author
Once Burned (1995)

Hitched! Multi-Author
A Faulkner Possession (1996)

Simply the Best Multi-Author
Georgia and the Tycoon (1997)

The Big Event Multi-Author
Beresford's Bride (1998)

Guardian Angels Multi-Author
Gabriel's Mission (1998)

Australians Series Multi-Author
7  Her Outback Man (1998)
17  Master of Maramba (2001)
19  Outback Fire (2001)
22  Mistaken Mistress (2002)
24  Outback Angel (2002)
33  The Australian Tycoon's Proposal (2004)
35  His Heiress Wife (2004)

Marrying the Boss Series Multi-Author
Boardroom Proposal (1999)

Contract Brides Series Multi-Author
Strategy for Marriage (2002)

Everlasting Love Series Multi-Author
Hidden Legacy (2008)

Diamond Brides Series Multi-Author
The Australian's Society Bride (2008)

Collections
Summer Magic / Ring of Jade / Noonfire (1981)
Wife at Kimbara / Bridesmaid's Wedding (2005)

Omnibus in Collaboration
Pretty Witch / Without Any Amazement / Storm Over Mandargi (1977) (with Lucy Gillen and Margaret Malcolm)
Dear Caliban / Heart of the Eagle / Swans' Reach (1978) (with Jane Donnelly and Elizabeth Graham)
The Bonds of Matrimony / Dragon Island / Reeds of Honey (1979) (with Elizabeth Hunter and Henrietta Reid)
The Man Outside / Castles in Spain / McCabe's Kingdom (1979) (with Jane Donnelly and Rebecca Stratton)
Winds From The Sea / Island of Darkness / Wind River (1979) (with Margaret Pargeter and Rebecca Stratton)
Moorland Magic / Tree of Idleness / Sweet Sundown (1980) (with Elizabeth Ashton and Elizabeth Hunter)
The Shifting Sands / Portrait of Jaime / Touched by Fire (1982) (with Jane Donnelly and Kay Thorpe)
Head of Chancery / Wild Heart / One-Way Ticket (1986) (with Betty Beaty and Doris Smith)
Heart of the Scorpion / The Winds of Heaven / Sweet Compulsion (1987) (with Janice Gray and Victoria Woolf)
One Brief Sweet Hour / Once More With Feeling / Blue Lotus (1990) (with Jane Arbor and Natalie Sparks)
Marry Me Cowboy (1995) (with Janet Dailey, Susan Fox and Anne McAllister)
Husbands on Horseback (1996) (with Diana Palmer)
Wedlocked (1999) (with Day Leclaire and Anne McAllister)
Mistletoe Magic (1999) (with Betty Neels and Rebecca Winters)
The Australians (2000) (with Helen Bianchin and Miranda Lee)
Weddings Down Under (2001) (with Helen Bianchin and Jessica Hart)
Outback Husbands (2002) (with Marion Lennox)
The Mother's Day Collection (2002) (with Helen Dickson and Kate Hoffmann)
Australian Nights (2003) (with Miranda Lee)
Outback Weddings (2003) (with Barbara Hannay)
Australian Playboys (2003) (with Helen Bianchin and Marion Lennox)
Australian Tycoons (2004) (with Emma Darcy and Marion Lennox)
A Mother's Day Gift (2004) (with Anne Ashley and Lucy Monroe)
White Wedding (2004) (with Judy Christenberry and Jessica Steele)
A Christmas Engagement (2004) (with Sara Craven and Jessica Matthews)
A Very Special Mother's Day (2005) (with Anne Herries)
All I Want for Christmas    (2005) (with Betty Neels and Jessica Steele)
The Mills and Boon Collection (2006) (with Caroline Anderson and Penny Jordan)
Outback Desire (2006) (with Emma Darcy and Carol Marinelli)
To Mum, with Love (2006) (with Rebecca Winters)
Australian Heroes (2007) (with Marion Lennox and Fiona McArthur)
Tall, Dark and Sexy (2008) (with Caroline Anderson and Helen Bianchin)
The Boss's Proposal (2008) (with Jessica Steele and Patricia Thayer)
Island Heat / Outback Man Seeks Wife / Prince's Forbidden Virgin / One Night Before Marriage / Their Lost-and-found Family / Single Dad's Marriage Wish (2008) (with Robyn Donald, Marion Lennox, Carol Marinelli, Sarah Mayberry and Anne Oliver)
Australian Billionaires (2009) (with Jennie Adams and Amy Andrews)
Cattle Baron : Nanny Needed / Bachelor Dad on Her Doorstep (2009) (with Michelle Douglas)

External links
Margaret Way at Harlequin Enterprises Ltd

Australian romantic fiction writers
Australian women novelists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women romantic fiction writers



ground_truth: Margaret Way was born in Brisbane and died in Cleveland, Queensland, Australia.