prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are the restrictions on the use of Broadjam's servers?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: We want to make sure you completely understand what using Broadjam is all about  So please email us at info@broadjam com if anything is unclear 
THIS AGREEMENT IS A CONTRACT 
IT CONTAINS IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS, REMEDIES AND OBLIGATIONS, INCLUDING VARIOUS LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 
PLEASE READ THIS AGREEMENT CAREFULLY, AND PRINT IT, BEFORE CLICKING "I ACCEPT"
SIGNING UP FOR A BROADJAM ACCOUNT MEANS YOU ACCEPT THIS AGREEMENT AND UNDERSTAND THAT IT WILL BIND YOU LEGALLY  BROWSING THE SITE WITHOUT AN ACCOUNT ALSO BINDS YOU TO APPLICABLE PROVISIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT 
You acknowledge that you have read, understand and agree to be bound by this Agreement  If you do not agree with any provision of this Agreement, do not use the Site or any Service 
As between you (whether you are an individual representing yourself, or acting as the representative for a group, band, business entity or association) and Broadjam, Inc , (referred to as "we," "us" or "Broadjam"), this Agreement contains the terms and conditions that govern your use of the website found at www broadjam com, any and all of its mobile version(s) and/or applications, any of its sub-domains (collectively, the "Site"), as well as any authorized activity made available by us to Users (each a "Service" and collectively, the "Services")  Unless otherwise indicated, the term "Site" shall include the Services and Site Content (as defined herein), and the term "Services" includes Mobile Services  Some particularized Services may be subject to additional terms and conditions set forth in separate agreements  Broadjam is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business at PO Box 930556 Verona, WI 53593  You and Broadjam may be referred to collectively herein as the "Parties" and individually as a "Party "
1 04 Policies; Materials; Intellectual Property 
1 05 Co-Branding, Framing, Metatags and Linking 
1 07 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) Policy 
1 12 Copyright and Trademark Notices 
1 14 Special Admonitions for International Use 
1 16 Links or Pointers to Other Sites 
1 18 Modifications to Agreement and Services 
1 20 Acceptance of Electronic Contract 
2 02 Term and Service Benefits 
2 03 Accuracy and Posting of Information and Materials 
2 06 Modifications to Subscriber's Account 
3 03 Hosting Subscriber's Representations, Warranties and Obligations 
4 06 Complimentary Weekly Submission Credits 
4 07 Complimentary Monthly Submission Credits 
4 10 Broadjam Music Software Refunds 
This Agreement applies generally to all Users  Provisions applying only to certain types of Users (such as Subscribers and Hosting Subscribers) are so designated 
We may change or modify this Agreement at any time and such changes or modifications will become effective upon being posted to the Site  We will indicate at the top of its first page the date this Agreement was last revised  If you do not agree to abide by this or any future versions of the Agreement, do not use or access (or continue to use or access) the Site or Services  It is your responsibility to check the Site regularly to determine if there have been changes to the Agreement and to review such changes  Without limiting the foregoing: if we make changes to the Agreement that we deem to be material, those with Broadjam accounts will receive a message in their Broadjam inbox  If you do not have a Broadjam account, you will not receive this direct message 
(a) "Artist" means any individual or group, whether or not organized as a legal entity, that made any creative contribution to Materials you post at, on or through the Site 
(b) "Person" means any individual, corporation, partnership, association or other group of persons, whether or not organized as a legal entity, including legal successors or representatives of the foregoing 
(c) "Materials" means any and all works of authorship posted to the Site by any User, whether copyrightable or not, including but not limited to sound recordings, musical compositions, lyrics, pictures, graphics, photographs, text, videos and other audiovisual work, album and other artwork, liner notes, compilations, derivative works and collective works 
(d) "User" means any Person who visits the Site for any purpose, authorized or unauthorized  The term, "User" includes but is not limited to those who submit Material to or in any manner avail themselves of any Service offered at, on or through the Site  The term, "User" also includes but is not limited to, Subscribers and Hosting Subscribers 
(e) "Term" means the period of time during which this Agreement is in effect as between Broadjam and You  Termination of your Broadjam account for any reason shall terminate the Term  Termination shall not be effective with respect to any provision of this Agreement that is either specifically designated as surviving termination, or should reasonably survive in order to accomplish the objectives of this Agreement 
(b) Broadjam shall have the right to review all Materials and in its sole discretion to remove or refuse to post any Materials for any reason 
(c) Except for Materials, the entire Site and its contents, including but not limited to text, graphics, logos, layout, design, button icons, images, compilations, object code, source code, multimedia content (including but not limited to images, illustrations, audio and video clips), html and other mark up languages, all scripts within the Site or associated therewith and all other work and intellectual property of any type or kind, whether patentable or copyrightable or not (hereinafter, without limitation, "Site Content"), is the property of Broadjam or its content suppliers and are protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved  All Site databases and the compilation of any/all Site Content are the exclusive property of Broadjam and are protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved  All software used on the Site or incorporated into it is the property of Broadjam or its software suppliers and is protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved 
(d) The Site is protected by all applicable federal and international intellectual property laws  No portion of the Site may be reprinted, republished, modified or distributed in any form without Broadjam's express written permission  You agree not to reproduce, reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble or modify any portion of the Site  Certain content may be licensed from third parties and all such third party content and all intellectual property rights related to such content belong to the respective third parties 
(e) You acknowledge that Broadjam retains exclusive ownership of the Site and all intellectual property rights associated therewith  Except as expressly provided herein, you are not granted any rights or license to patents, copyrights, trade secrets or trademarks with respect to the Site or any Service, and Broadjam reserves all rights not expressly granted hereunder  You shall promptly notify Broadjam in writing upon your discovery of any unauthorized use or infringement of the Site or any Service or Broadjam's patents, copyrights, trade secrets, trademarks or other intellectual property rights  The Site contains proprietary and confidential information that is protected by copyright laws and international treaty provisions 
(f) Violations of this Agreement may result in civil or criminal liability  We have the right to investigate occurrences, which may involve such violations and may involve, provide information to and cooperate with, law enforcement authorities in prosecuting users who are involved in such violations 
(h) If applicable, You agree to comply with the Acceptable Use Policies ("AUPs") of vendors providing bandwidth, merchant or related services to Broadjam  Broadjam will provide links to applicable AUPs upon your written request 
(i) "Broadjam," "Broadjam Top 10," "Metajam", "broadjam com", "Musicians of Broadjam," Mini MoB, PRIMO MoB and all other trademarks, service marks, logos, labels, product names, service names and trade dress appearing on the Site, registered and unregistered (collectively, the "Marks") are owned exclusively or are licensed by Broadjam  Marks not owned by Broadjam or its subsidiaries are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by Broadjam  Other trademarks, service marks, logos, labels, product names and service names appearing in Material posted on the Site and not owned by Broadjam or its organizational affiliates, are the property of their respective owners  You agree not to copy, display or otherwise use any Marks without Broadjam's prior written permission  The Marks may never be used in any manner likely to cause confusion, disparage or dilute the Marks and/or in connection with any product or service that is not authorized or sponsored by Broadjam 
(j) You may not remove or alter, or cause to be removed or altered, any copyright, trademark, trade name, service mark, or any other proprietary notice or legend appearing on the Site 
Co-Branding  You may not co-brand the Site  For purposes of this Agreement, "co-branding" means to display a name, logo, trademark, or other means of attribution or identification of Broadjam in such a manner as is reasonably likely to give the impression that you have the right to display, publish,or distribute the Site or content accessible within the Site, including but not limited to Materials  You agree to cooperate with Broadjam in causing any unauthorized co-branding immediately to cease 
You may not frame or use framing techniques to enclose any Broadjam trademark, logo, or other proprietary information (including but not limited to images, text, page layout, and form) without Broadjam's express written consent  You may not use any metatags or any other "hidden text" using Broadjam's name or trademarks without Broadjam's express written consent  Any such unauthorized use shall result in the immediate and automatic termination of all permission, rights and/or licenses granted to you by Broadjam and may also result in such additional action as Broadjam deems necessary to protect and enforce its legal rights 
Hosting Subscriber expressly acknowledges that Broadjam is the sole and exclusive worldwide owner of all Broadjam Marks, as such term is defined in this Agreement 
Hosting Subscriber expressly acknowledges that this license is granted in consideration of and is conditioned upon Hosting Subscriber's full compliance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, these additional conditions applying to Hosting Subscribers, and all Policies appearing on the Site 
This license shall terminate immediately upon expiration or termination of Hosting Subscriber's hosting subscription or Broadjam membership or if, in Broadjam's absolute discretion and without the necessity of written notice, Hosting Subscriber has failed to comply with any of the terms or conditions of this Agreement or any Policies appearing on the Site 
Hosting Subscriber agrees to display the following disclaimer prominently at the foot of the home page of Hosting Subscriber's Website: "Hosted by Broadjam  [Hosting Subscriber's Name Here] is not affiliated with Broadjam, Inc  and Broadjam bears no responsibility for the content or use of this site "
No use of Hosting Subscriber's Custom Homepage Link and no content on Hosting Subscriber's Website will dilute, tarnish, blur or otherwise diminish the value of the BROADJAM mark; and Hosting Subscriber will not use, publish or advertise the Custom Homepage Link for any purpose other than identifying the location of Hosting Subscriber's Website; and Upon Broadjam's request Hosting Subscriber will provide Broadjam with hard copy samples of any and all advertising, promotional and other tangible materials bearing the Custom Homepage Link, and will provide Broadjam with URLs to any sites or materials anywhere on the Internet pointing to, linking to or otherwise referring to the Custom Homepage Link 
The appearance, position and other aspects of the link must not be such as to damage or dilute the goodwill associated with our name and Marks or create any false appearance that we are associated with or sponsor the linking site 
Subject to applicable law, we reserve the right to revoke our consent to any link at any time in our sole discretion 
You shall retain full ownership and copyright of any and all Materials you submit to Broadjam, at all times, subject only to the rights and licenses you grant to Broadjam pursuant to this Agreement or any other applicable agreement  Without limiting any other provisions of this Agreement: you authorize and direct us to make and retain such copies of your Materials as we deem necessary in order to facilitate the storage, use and display of such Materials in accordance with your chosen account settings 
Your Materials shall not be considered assets of Broadjam in the event of a voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy 
If you believe that Materials in which you hold an ownership interest have been posted to the Site or otherwise submitted to Broadjam without your permission, you must, and hereby agree, immediately to notify Broadjam's Copyright Agent  Broadjam recommends that you register your Materials with the US Copyright Office  While Broadjam takes commercially reasonable steps to ensure that the rights of its members are not violated by Users, Broadjam has no obligation to pursue legal action against any alleged infringer of any rights in or to your Materials 
You are solely responsible at your own cost and expense for creating backup copies and replacing any Materials you post or store on the Site or otherwise provide to Broadjam 
The Site may be available via mobile devices and applications  We may provide without limitation the ability from such devices and applications to access your account, upload content to the Site and to send and receive messages, instant messages, Materials, and other types of communications that may be developed (collectively the "Mobile Services")  Your mobile carrierâs normal messaging, data and other rates and fees may apply when using the Mobile Services  In addition, downloading, installing, or using certain Mobile Services may be prohibited or restricted by your mobile carrier, and not all Mobile Services may work with all mobile carriers or devices  When available, by using any Mobile Services, you agree that we may communicate with you regarding Broadjam and the Site by multimedia messaging service, short message service, text message or other electronic means to your mobile device and that certain information about your usage of the Mobile Services may be communicated to us 
Section 512 of the Copyright Law of the United States (17 U S C  Â§512) limits liability for copyright infringement by service providers if the service provider has designated an agent for notification of claimed infringement by providing contact information to the Copyright Office and through theservice provider's website 
Broadjam has designated an agent to receive notification of alleged copyright infringement (our agent is identified below)  This Section 1 07 is without prejudice or admission as to the applicability of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U S C , Section 512, to Broadjam 
Upon receipt of a valid claim (i e , a claim in which all required information is substantially provided) Broadjam will undertake to have the disputed Material removed from public view  We will also notify the user who posted the allegedly infringing Material that we have removed or disabled access to that Material  Broadjam has no other role to play either in prosecuting or defending claims of infringement, and cannot be held accountable in any case for damages, regardless of whether a claim of infringement is found to be true or false  Please note: If you materially misrepresent that Material infringes your copyright interests, you may be liable for damages (including court costs and attorneys fees) and could be subject to criminal prosecution for perjury 
Our designated agent will present your counter notification to the person who filed the infringement complaint  Once your counter notification has been delivered, Broadjam is allowed under the provisions of Section 512 to restore the removed Material in not less than ten or more than fourteen days, unless the complaining party serves notice of intent to obtain a court order restraining the restoration 
It is Broadjam's policy to terminate subscribers and account holders who are found to be repeat infringers 
Broadjam's designated agent is Elizabeth T Russell 
By accepting this Agreement and/or submitting Materials to Broadjam, you expressly warrant and represent the following to Broadjam and acknowledge that Broadjam is relying upon such warranties and representations: (a) That all factual assertions you have made and will make to us are true and complete; that you have reached the age of majority and are otherwise competent to enter into contracts in your jurisdiction; that you are at least 18 years of age; and that, in any event, you are deriving benefits from this Agreement and from visiting the Site 
(b) That you have obtained and hold all rights, approvals, consents, licenses and/or permissions, in proper legal form, necessary to submit Materials on the terms provided herein and to grant Broadjam the nonexclusive licenses set forth herein  (c) That no other rights, approvals, consents, licenses and/or permissions are required from any other person or entity to submit your Materials on the terms provided herein or to grant Broadjam the nonexclusive licenses set forth herein 
(d) That your Materials are original; that your Materials were either created solely by you or, by written assignment, you have acquired all worldwide intellectual property rights in and to your Materials; that if your Materials contain any "samples" or excerpts from copyrightable work the rights to which are owned in whole or in part by any person or entity other than you, that you have obtained and hold all rights, approvals, consents, licenses and/or permissions, in proper legal form, necessary to use and include such work in your Materials; and that your Materials do not otherwise infringe on the intellectual property rights of any person or entity 
(e) That neither your Materials nor any comments or reviews you post on the Site violate any common law or statutory patent, copyright, privacy, publicity, trademark or trade secret rights of any person or entity and are not libelous, defamatory, obscene or otherwise actionable at law or equity 
(f) That you have neither intentionally nor with gross negligence submitted any Materials containing or producing any virus or other harmful code or other information that could damage or otherwise interfere with our computer systems or data and/or that of our customers 
(g) You agree to sign and deliver to Broadjam any additional documents that Broadjam may request to confirm Broadjam's rights and your warranties and representations under this Agreement 
(h) You acknowledge that Broadjam is relying upon the representations, warranties and covenants you have made herein  You agree to and hereby do indemnify Broadjam, its licensees, assigns and customers against, and hold them harmless from, any loss, expense (including reasonable attorney fees and expenses), or damage occasioned by any claim, demand, suit, recovery, or settlement arising out of any breach or alleged breach of any of the representations, warranties or covenants made herein or arising out of any failure by you to fulfill any of the representations, warranties, or covenants you have made herein 
(i) All representations, warranties or covenants made herein by you shall survive termination of this Agreement 
(j) All warranties and representations made by you herein are made for the benefit of Broadjam and its sub-licensees and may be enforced separately by Broadjam and/or by any contractually designated sub-licensee of Broadjam 
In consideration of Broadjam's efforts to provide your work with public exposure, you expressly authorize Broadjam and its sub-licensees to transmit, stream, broadcast, publicly display and publicly perform in any manner, form or media whether now known or hereafter devised, worldwide, any ofthe Materials you submit to Broadjam, in accordance with the provisions of this section  Without limitation to other licenses you may be inferred to have granted in order to accomplish the foregoing, you expressly grant Broadjam and its sub-licensees the following worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free, sublicenseable and transferable licenses with respect to any and all Materials you submit 
Public performance license for musical works  If you are a member of any collective rights management or performing rights society ("PRS"), worldwide, licensing and compensation for public performances of your Material consisting of musical works (including qualifying performances by Broadjam and any of its sub-licensees) shall be made solely by your PRS and pursuant to your affiliation agreement with your PRS  If you are not affiliated with a PRS, or if any performance by Broadjam or any of its sub-licensees does not qualify as a performance under your affiliation agreement with your PRS: you hereby grant Broadjam and its sub-licensees a nonexclusive, royalty-free, direct license to publicly perform all musical compositions included in your Materials, worldwide, in any media formats and through any media channels now known or hereafter devised 
Public performance license for sound recordings  If you are a member of SoundExchange or any other collective rights management organization for sound recordings ("CRMO"), worldwide, licensing and compensation for public performances of your Material consisting of sound recordings (including qualifying performances by Broadjam and any of its sub-licensees) shall be made solely by your CRMO and pursuant to your affiliation agreement with your CRMO  If you are not affiliated with a CRMO, or if any performance by Broadjam or any of its sub-licensees does not qualify as a performance under your affiliation agreement with your CRMO: you hereby grant Broadjam and its sublicensees a nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publicly perform (by means of digital audio transmission and all other means) all sound recordings included in your Materials, worldwide, in any media formats and through any media channels now known or hereafter devised 
Reproduction licenses for compositions and sound recordings  Although copyright law is evolving to accommodate the digital environment, certain key issues remain unresolved  One such issue is the extent to which reproduction licenses are required for musical works and sound recordings made available on interactive streaming services  We choose to resolve the issue contractually  Accordingly, you hereby grant Broadjam and its sub-licensees nonexclusive reproduction licenses for all musical works and sound recordings included in your Materials; provided, however, that unless by separate agreement you have chosen to make your Materials available for sale through Broadjam's digital download store, such reproduction licenses are limited in scope and apply only to the extent necessary to make your Materials publicly available via Broadjam's interactive streaming services  Podcasts  From time to time Broadjam may invite you to submit your Materials for inclusion in downloadable content files known as "podcasts " Podcasts are non-live entertainment programs spotlighting the work of Broadjam members and are made available for download in unprotected media, free of charge, at the Site  Broadjam will not include your Materials in podcasts without your consent  If you choose to grant such consent, however, you also (and hereby do) grant to Broadjam and its sub-licensees all licenses reasonably required for podcasting, including nonexclusive reproduction and public performance licenses for all musical works, and nonexclusive reproduction and public performance licenses for all sound recordings, embodied in any Materials of yours selected for inclusion in Broadjam podcasts  You further release Broadjam and its sub-licensees for any and all liability arising from any alleged failure by Broadjam or any of its sub-licensees to obtain appropriate licenses for the use of any Materials of yours selected for inclusion in Broadjam podcasts 
You may at any time opt to make Materials you have uploaded to Broadjam available to other Broadjam members free of charge ("Free Songs")  The Broadjam Free Songs feature is designed to help you further circulate your music  Your songs will not be designated as Free Songs without your express consent  Broadjam makes your Free Songs available for download in unprotected media, free of charge, in the Broadjam Downloads Store ("BDS")  If you choose to designate your songs as Free Songs, you expressly authorize Broadjam and its sub-licensees to reproduce, transmit, stream, broadcast, publicly display and publicly perform in any manner, form or media whether now known or hereafter devised, such Free Songs in accordance with the provisions of this section  You may at any time choose to change the status of a song from Free" to Not Free" and vice versa in your User Profile  Broadjam shall not make any payments to you for songs downloaded by Broadjam members during the time period in which you designated your songs as Free Songs  You further release Broadjam and its sub-licensees for any and all liability arising from any unauthorized exercise of copyright rights in connection with your Materials that you have chosen to designate as Free Songs 
Broadjam shall have the right and license to use, and license others to use, your Materials for the purpose of promoting our products and services, and to use all names, likenesses, biographical materials, logos, trademarks or trade names of you and all individuals performing on or otherwise represented in your Materials without any payment to you or any other Persons, entities, groups or associations, in accordance with the provisions of this section  All rights and licenses you grant to Broadjam pursuant to this section shall terminate, with respect to specific Materials, when, in accordance with this Agreement, you exercise your right to request removal of such Materials 
You represent and warrant that you have exclusive authority to grant all licenses that are granted to Broadjam and its sub-licensees in this Agreement  You understand that Broadjam is relying on this representation and warranty  You agree to and hereby do indemnify Broadjam, its licensees, assigns and customers against, and hold them harmless from, any loss, expense (including reasonable attorney fees and expenses), or damage occasioned by any claim, demand, suit, recovery, or settlement arising out of any breach or alleged breach of any of the representations, warranties or covenants made herein or arising out of any failure by you to fulfill any of the representations, warranties, or covenants you have made herein 
Sub-licensees designated by Broadjam to transmit, stream, broadcast, publicly display and/or publicly perform your Materials may pay a fee to Broadjam for facilitating access to such Materials and you hereby agree that Broadjam shall be entitled to collect and retain 100% of all such facilitation fees without any obligation to you 
(a) You acknowledge that the Site may from time to time encounter technical or other problems and may not necessarily continue uninterrupted or without technical or other errors and that Broadjam shall not be responsible to you or others for any such interruptions, errors or problems or for discontinuance of any Broadjam Service  Broadjam provides no assurances whatever that any of your Materials will ever be accessed or used by Broadjam, its visitors, Subscribers or sub-licensees nor, if so accessed or used, that your Materials will continue to be available for any particular length or period of time 
(b) A possibility exists that the Site or any Service could include inaccuracies or errors, or information or materials that violate this Agreement  Additionally, a possibility exists that unauthorized alterations could be made by third parties to the Site or any Service  Although we attempt to ensure the integrity of the Site and every Service, we make no guarantees as to their completeness or correctness  In the event that a situation arises in which the Site's or any Services' completeness or correctness is in question, you agree to contact us including, if possible, a description of the material to be checked and the location (URL) where such material can be found, as well as information sufficient to enable us to contact you  We will make best efforts to address your concerns as soon as reasonably practicable  For copyright infringement claims, see Broadjam's Digital Millennium Copyright (DMCA) Policy, set forth in Section 1 07 of this Agreement 
(c) The Site and any Service may be discontinued at any time, with or without reason or cause 
(d) Broadjam disclaims any and all responsibility for the deletion, failure to store, misdelivery or untimely delivery of any information or Material  Broadjam disclaims any and all responsibility for harm resulting from downloading or accessing any information or Material on the Internet or through the Site 
(e) THIS SITE, INCLUDING ANY CONTENT OR INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN IT OR ANY SITE-RELATED SERVICE, IS PROVIDED "AS IS," WITH NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED  TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE PURSUANT TO APPLICABLE LAW, BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY WARRANTIES THAT MAY ARISE FROM COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES REGARDING THE SECURITY, RELIABILITY, TIMELINESS, AND PERFORMANCE OF ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES FOR ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE OBTAINED THROUGH THE SITE  NO OPINION, ADVICE OR STATEMENT OF BROADJAM OR ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS, AGENTS, MEMBERS OR VISITORS, WHETHER MADE ON THE SITE OR OTHERWISE, SHALL CREATE ANY WARRANTY  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES FOR SERVICES OR GOODS RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS APPEARING ANYWHERE ON THE SITE, AS WELL AS FOR ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED ANYWHERE ON THE SITE 
(f) BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DO NOT WARRANT THAT YOUR USE OF THE SITE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, ERROR-FREE OR SECURE, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED, OR THAT THE SITE OR THE SERVER(S) ON WHICH THE SITE IS HOSTED ARE FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS  YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING ALL TELEPHONE, COMPUTER HARDWARE AND OTHER EQUIPMENT NEEDED TO ACCESS AND USE THE SITE, AND ALL CHARGES RELATED THERETO  YOU ASSUME ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND RISK FOR YOUR USE OF THE SITE AND ANY SERVICE AND YOUR RELIANCE THEREON  YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT YOU DOWNLOAD OR OTHERWISE OBTAIN MATERIAL, INFORMATION OR DATA THROUGH THE USE OF THE SITE AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION AND RISK AND THAT YOU WILL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM OR LOSS OF DATA THAT RESULTS FROM THE DOWNLOAD OF SUCH MATERIAL, INFORMATION OR DATA 
(g) SOME STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU  YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS THAT VARY FROM STATE TO STATE AND JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION  PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW YOU HEREBY WAIVE THE PROVISIONS OF ANY STATE LAW LIMITING OR PROHIBITING SUCH EXCLUSIONS 
(a) NEITHER BROADJAM NOR ANY OF OUR AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS OR SPONSORS, NOR OUR OR THEIR DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, CONSULTANTS, AGENTS OR OTHER REPRESENTATIVES (TOGETHER, FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, "BROADJAM"), ARE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, PUNITIVE OR OTHER DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF DATA OR LOST PROFITS), UNDER ANY CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, WARRANTY, STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHER THEORY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING IN ANY WAY TO USE OR MISUSE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE OR ANY LINKED SITE, EVEN IF BROADJAM HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL BROADJAM'S TOTAL CUMULATIVE LIABILITY UNDER THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID BY YOU, IF ANY, TO ACCESS THE SITE  SUCH LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SHALL APPLY WHETHER THE DAMAGES ARISE FROM USE OR MISUSE OF AND/OR RELIANCE ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE, FROM INABILITY TO USE THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE, OR FROM THE INTERRUPTION, SUSPENSION, OR TERMINATION OF THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE (INCLUDING SUCH DAMAGES INCURRED BY THIRD PARTIES)  THIS LIMITATION SHALL ALSO APPLY WITH RESPECT TO DAMAGES INCURRED BY REASON OF OTHER SERVICES OR GOODS RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED AT, IN OR THROUGH THE SITE, AS WELL AS BY REASON OF ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  THIS LIMITATION SHALL ALSO APPLY, WITHOUT LIMITATION, TO THE COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, LOST PROFITS, AND LOST DATA  SUCH LIMITATION SHALL FURTHER APPLY WITH RESPECT TO THE PERFORMANCE OR NONPERFORMANCE OF THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION OR MERCHANDISE THAT APPEARS ON, OR IS LINKED OR RELATED IN ANY WAY TO, THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  SUCH LIMITATION SHALL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY AND TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW 
(b) SOME STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU  PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW YOU HEREBY WAIVE THE PROVISIONS OF ANY STATE LAW LIMITING OR PROHIBITING SUCH EXCLUSIONS OR LIMITATIONS 
(c) WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL BROADJAM BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DELAY OR FAILURE IN PERFORMANCE RESULTING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM ACTS OF NATURE, FORCES, OR CAUSES BEYOND ITS REASONABLE CONTROL, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, INTERNET FAILURES, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT FAILURES, TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT FAILURES, OTHER EQUIPMENT FAILURES, ELECTRICAL POWER FAILURES, STRIKES, LABOR DISPUTES, RIOTS, INSURRECTIONS, CIVIL DISTURBANCES, SHORTAGES OF LABOR OR MATERIALS, FIRES, FLOODS, STORMS, EXPLOSIONS, ACTS OF GOD, EPIDEMIC, WAR, GOVERNMENTAL ACTIONS, ORDERS OF DOMESTIC OR FOREIGN COURTS OR TRIBUNALS, NON-PERFORMANCE OF THIRD PARTIES, OR LOSS OF OR FLUCTUATIONS IN HEAT, LIGHT, OR AIR CONDITIONING 
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Context 3: Eagle in Atlanta -- atleagle com: July 2012
Why Spaz's recruiting doesn't matter anymore
After BC picked up another below the radar recruit, Spaz's most vocal critics were out again disparaging his recruiting class  I don't trust the recruiting rankings, but it does concern me that our commitments aren't drawing more interest from BCS teams  There is a similar concern on the Penn State front  There's plenty of speculation, but BC is not a factor among the rumored PSU transfers  But really none of it matters  Spaz is going to wrap up most of the recruiting this summer and then focus on the games come fall  While not inspiring, the plan is practical  There are two outcomes:
1  Spaz has a losing season and gets fired  If this happens, our 2013 recruiting class will be a hodgepodge of current commits, a transfer or two and whatever our new coach can uncover  For a new guy Spaz's lower profile recruits might be an advantage  If they aren't valued, they are less likely to be poached by other programs  A new Head Coach can then exert a little effort in getting the Spaz commits to stay committed and spend more time on filling out the class 
2  Spaz has a winning season and keeps his job  In this scenario Spaz stays off the hot seat and has to finish filling out the 2013 recruiting class  With a little more job security he can use his last few scholarships on bigger names  He may even luck into a decent prospect who suddenly becomes available due to another school's coaching change (like he did with Rutgers last year)  In this case Spaz doesn't waste time recruiting during the season and then picks up some low-hanging fruit 
Spaz is never going to recruit an elite class  There are many contributing factors as to why, but mostly it is because Spaz is not a salesmen  And we shouldn't care  He's not going to change  It is just a matter of who will finish out this class four months from now 
Labels: fire Spaz, Recruiting, Recruiting Rankings, Speculating with Spaz
Key Players for 2012: Chase Rettig
Junior Quarterback, Chase Rettig
What he's been: We all hoped Rettig would be a phenom  That he would some how save the Spaz era from its offensive funk and lead BC to unexpected glory  Instead, he's been mediocre  He completed just over half of his passes last year and never put together back-to-back great games nor enough sustained drives  Apologists for Rettig like me blame the system, the talent around him and of course the way his Spaz has screwed up the offense  But even the biggest Rettig cheerleaders have to admit he's yet to have a memorable BC moment or done anything to get on an NFL radar 
What he needs to be: Someone who can put the team on his back  I know the offensive line has been terrible, leaving Chase running for his life  I know plenty of passes have been dropped and no one is making big plays  But a truly great QB would show more by now  He's started 21 games  He's finally is a simplified offense that will get the ball out of his hands  If Chase does have an accurate arm, if he is as cerebral as people say, if he can get off throws in a collapsing pocket, now is his chance to show it 
Why I like his chances to shine: I don't know if Doug Martin is going to be a miracle worker, but QB's can make huge leaps with a new offense  Just look at Dominique Davis  He went to East Carolina and became one of the most accurate passers in the country 
Last year I thought Rettig would be great  I thought his toughness and preparation would overcome the offensive limitations  Here I am a year late thinking the same thing  But the difference is Doug Martin  We finally have an experienced OC running a current, simple offense  Rettig will be asked to make quick decisions and get the ball out fast  I think he can do it  I also think that throwing 400+ passes will give him a rhythm and a confidence that he's never had at BC 
Labels: 2012 Preview, Chase Rettig, Doug Martin, Key Players, Season Previews
Rich Thompson will cover BC football this Fall for the Herald
There is some news on the BC media front  The Herald assigned Rich Thompson to the BC beat for this Fall's football season  Rich has covered BC on occasion over the years, but mostly on the basketball side  Thompson is a welcome addition, as the Herald's focus has been spotty since Steve Conroy started splitting his time on hockey  Hopefully a new voice on the BC scene will also spark Blauds to improve his work 
For many years, BC fans' main source of news was Mike (Vega at the Globe) and Mike (Shalin at the Herald)  We complained about their identical features and soft touch on the BC coaches  Little did we know how good things were  Since Vega's move in 2007, we've been left with a beat writer who seems to loathe his job and also makes excuses for our Head Coach  Blauds also rarely writes or tweets during the college offseason  That sort of editorial decision may have been fine 20 years ago, but now college sports is a year round news cycle  When you look at all the work produced by college beat writers around the country, it makes the Boston media look lazy or oblivious 
Thompson also plans to tweet regularly once the season starts  I hope he makes the most of this opportunity  It is a shame to see the beat neglected like it is across town 
Labels: blauds, Boston Herald, Boston media, Media Criticism, Rich Thompson
Revisiting a Boston (BC) Olympics using London as an example
During the 2010 Winter Olympics I tossed around the idea of Boston hosting a summer or winter games  My point then remains that the same: Boston is ideal because the local universities could already supply many of the venues  The big obstacle would always be the main stadium for Track & Field and the opening and closing ceremonies  Nearly every city that hosts is left with a White Elephant that costs hundreds of millions of dollars  But London may provide a solution  They built their Olympic Stadium as a temporary venue  It looked great on TV, holds enough for the games and can be shrunk as soon as it all wraps up  Londoners haven't decided what they will do with the space  There are a few different bidders looking to take over the remains of the stadium  Boston would probably have similar suitors depending on the location  I would guess that UMasss Boston would want a small stadium or maybe the Revolution would want to convert it to a soccer only facility  The possibilities are endless 
I would still love to see Boston host the games and wish our partner Fenway Sports Group would get behind it  I am practical too  This wouldn't just be a vanity project for BC  It would be a backdoor way to get the IOC to fix the air conditioning in Conte!
Labels: Alumni Stadium renovations, Boston Olympics, Conte Forum renovations, Fenway Sports Group, renovations
New soccer Eagles and other links
BCeagles com released the bios of the six new freshmen and two transfers for the men's soccer team  Four of the newbies hail from New York 
It feels like every ACC team returns a starting QB  While the depth gives the conference advantages that other conferences don't have, I think some of the talent is overrated  In fact, I can't believe that Rettig is considered the 10th best  I would rank him 5th and think he could be even better by the end of the year 
Despite shoulder surgery, Alex Albright is healthy heading into his second NFL season  He's also ready to move to inside linebacker 
In case you missed it, BC will play Baylor in the Charleston Classic this Fall  That gives all the Boston media, the college basketball writers and the BC bloggers a chance to rehash the Donahue-Heslip situation again 
Labels: Alex Albright, Brady Heslip, Chase Rettig, Links, Steve Donahue
Can BC sell a faceless program?
As the team prepared for the poster photo shoot, I started to think about some of the current challenges BC faces marketing the program  Who will be the focus of the poster? Can a casual BC fan name our best players? With the team coming off its worst season in over a decade, it would be nice to have a focal point  A person who fans could rally around  With Kuechly gone, BC doesn't have that player or coach 
Spaz is not a compelling public speaker  BC uses coordinators in their Youtube videos  No BC player made the ACC's preseason all conference team  They have two likeable but rather unknown Seniors on the cover of the media guide 
Perception matters in college football  Obviously tickets sales are part of that, but lacking a star player hurts when TV networks are selecting our games  Even if some of our players have breakout years, they will have a hard time winning national awards 
BC created some new and unique ticket packages to help attendance for the less attractive games  If we are play well, TV networks might pay attention during the last month of the season  But if the team struggles, it will be hard to sell anything  You can't force players to be great or be dynamic personalities  Even if players aren't well known, I am consistently proud of how they handle themselves  But BC can ask its coach to sell the program  Spaz doesn't and won't  But I hope that when we hire a new coach that sales and marketing aspect are not ignored  Coaching is primary, but representing BC should always be a factor 
Labels: BC marketing, emmett cleary, Fenway Sports Group, Kaleb Ramsey, Spaziani
Phil Steele talks ACC and other links
Here is Phil Steele previewing the Big East and the ACC 
Former Eagle Tim Bulman signed with New England His teammate Ricky Brown is hanging on too and is now with the Ravens 
Did anyone else hear this comment from Spaz?
"We've tied Chase's hands behind his back his first two years  He's at the point now where he's ready to cross the line "
I know this sort of thing is off the cuff, but why is he saying that he's held a QB back? Am I the only one who gets frustrated by this stuff?
VCU hired BC grad Ed McLaughlin as their new AD  If and when Gene retires McLaughlin will be one of top targets to replace him 
This is from earlier in the week, but I am glad Kimble is confident  I think he could have a big season 
Emmett Cleary provides some insights into how the offense will change 
Labels: BC women's soccer, fire Spaz, Links, Ricky Brown, Spaz, tim bulman
Viva Espana: what you need to know about the basketball team's trip to Spain
NCAA rules allow a basketball team to take an overseas summer tour once every four years  These trips are a huge advantage as they allow the team to play together and at a high level during a dead period  In addition to improving skills, the trips also bond teams together and help the coaches experiment with different rotations and lineups  In the past BC has traveled to France, Switzerland and Australia  In a little less than a month, BC will take its first trip to Spain  This is our first tour under Donahue and a critical chance for this team to get better  Below are some of the facts, figures, schedules and nuggets about the trip 
All players can and will attend, including new freshmen Joe Rahon, Olivier Hanlan and incoming Senior Andrew Van Nest  Transfer Alex Dragicevich cannot go 
Aside from the players, the rest of the travel party includes the coaching staff, a trainer, a sports information director, and two managers 
Some of the schedule is still being finalized, but here are BC's current plans for games:
August 27 Madrid - Game 1
August 29 Valencia – Game 2 (ACB Team - Valencia Basket)
August 31 Barcelona - Game 3 (ACB Team - Penya or Manresa)
September 1 Barcelona - Game 4 (LEB Team)
The team leaves Boston on August 25  In each city they will practice and see some of the local sights  They also have community service time scheduled  The team returns on September 3  Classes begin back in Boston the next day 
The games will be played with international rules, courts and FIBA balls 
BC doesn't know if the referees will speak any English (but they're hoping) 
For any Eagle fans in Spain, try to catch a game or two  It should be fun  For those of us stateside, there are presently no official broadcasts but I imagine an internet feed will pop up for some of the action 
Labels: BC basketball, spain trip, Steve Donahue
Key Players for 2012: Dominic Appiah
Sophomore Defensive Tackle, Dominic Appiah
What he's been: Appiah surprised many last year  Playing for the first time after redshirting his freshman year, Appiah ended up starting most of the games  He made his presence known quickly with the ability to get an inside push and make plays in the backfield  Appiah was new to the inside but he showed natural ability and moved very well considering he played nearly 30 pounds lighter in high school 
What he needs to be: We need Appiah to be like B J  Raji or Ron Brace  We don't have as many difference makers in other areas of the defense  If Appiah and Ramsey partner to become a dominant force -- like Brace and Raji -- it will create all sorts of opportunities for the rest of the defense  If the two of them can control the line of scrimmage we can become one of the elite DLines in the ACC 
Why I like his chances to shine: It feels like I am head of the Appiah fan club  Spaz doesn't even have him at the top of the preseason depth chart  Of all the guys I have profiled, he would probably be viewed as the least likely to make an impact  He's still young  He's still learning the position and he's still getting used to moving with his added bulk  But I saw enough moments that I believe Appiah can be a great DT  He has the push, the leverage and surprising speed for big guy  Other teams had trouble handling him last year  If Appiah remains focused and works hard, he is going to dominate every interior lineman in the conference  And if Ramsey and Appiah both play well, BC will be a bowl team again 
Labels: 2012 Preview, Dominic Appiah, Kaleb Ramsey, Key Players, Season Previews
ACC Media roundup and other links
The ACC Media voted BC 5th overall in the Atlantic Division  That's not particularly surprising since the majority of the reporters are from Carolina and still view us as a secondary program  Although I teased him on twitter, even Meter avoided his usual "BC: 1st" vote 
The recurring question for Spaz was regarding Kuechly  He handles it well and points to Ramsey as the type of player who can fill the void  Not too many asked Spaz about the "Hot Seat " (I didn't embed that video due to the auto play issues )
It will be interesting to see if BC benefits from the looming exodus at Penn State  We are positioned well since we have scholarship space and recruited many of their kids  But I wonder if Spaz will have any hesitation in taking advantage of his alma mater 
Virginia Athlete Atem Ntantang committed to BC 
The ACC Digital Network is running a countdown of great moments  Of course they included BC comeback against Virginia Tech  It doesn't have Chris Fowler yelling "Lane Stadium goes silent" but it does have Meter losing it 
BC is one of the schools to leverage the transfer up phenomenon in college football 
Labels: ACC Media Day, basketball transfers, Links, Meterparel, Recruiting, Spaz, Video
ACC Kickoff, Day 1 -- UPDATE
UPDATE: I took down the video since it was auto playing for people  You can listen to Ramsey and Cleary here 
I hoped that Spaz would address the Penn State situation  Knowing that those types of questions were coming, the ACC coaches released a joint statement on Penn State and Paterno  Someone should still ask Spaz on Monday since he does know Sandusky and played under Paterno 
This is a shot of Kaleb Ramsey talking to the media  And here is all the players together  Cleary also fielded questions, including those about biology and chemistry 
I expect more on Monday when Spaz talks  I also think all the newspaper guys (including Blauds) will write up their interviews from Sunday into Monday posts 
Labels: ACC Media Day, emmett cleary, Kaleb Ramsey, Video
The field is finished
Reader Doug took these pictures yesterday  I think the field and wall look great  The next step will be hearing how the players like the look and feel 
Labels: Alumni Stadium renovations, Astro Turf, pics
Questions I want asked at the ACC Media Days
The ACC convenes this weekend in Greensboro for the annual ACC Media Days  I am not going  But I do have questions I would ask 
Questions for Frank Spaziani
-- Is he aware of the "hot seat" talk? Does he feel the pressure  How does he get the team and staff to focus? Is it impacting recruiting?
-- What are his expectations for the season? Does he see the team competing for a division title?
-- What attracted him to Doug Martin's offense? What are his expectations for the offense? Does he think the increased tempo will impact the defensive side of the ball?
-- What will Bollman's role be as "running game coordinator"? Is Bollman using different techniques and or approaches to the offensive line play?
-- What traits was he looking for as he hired new coaches to replace the departed?
-- As a Penn State alum and former player, what are his thoughts on the Freeh report? Are the former players talking among themselves about what they can do to help rebuild the Penn State football reputation? What does he want done with the Paterno statue?
-- When did the staff approach him about moving to the left side? How is he preparing for the new position?
--Who is leading the OL drills in the offseason?
-- How are things different with a new position coach? What will fans see?
-- What aspects of his game is he focusing on this year?
-- How is Chase Rettig adjusting to the new offense?
-- Which offensive player will surprise BC fans this year? Who is going to make a big leap?
-- What are his expectations for the season? How important is it to the Seniors to get back to a winning record and a bowl game?
-- How is his health?
-- What was it like to sit out a season?
-- Earlier in his career there was speculation that he might transfer from BC  How does it feel to be a 5th year senior at BC now?
-- Last year BC played more three man fronts than ever before  Will we see more of that this year?
-- Does the talk of an NFL career add any extra motivation?
We know Blauds and HD will be in Greensboro  Hopefully they or others will slip in one or two of these questions  I don't expect anything particularly revealing, but I would like to hear Spaz talk about the pressure of the season 
Labels: ACC Media Day, emmett cleary, fire Spaz, Kaleb Ramsey, Speculating with Spaz
Willis commits, decommits and then commits, and other links
It was a strange night if you follow BC recruiting on Twitter  First Rivals reported Georgia running back Myles Willis' commitment  Then Willis himself took to twitter to say that he didn't commit  Later in the night he clarified that he did commit  Regardless, it seems like it is over and he seems like a good pickup  He plays for local Atlanta power Marist  I will try to check out one of his games this fall 
One of the great under-appreciated aspects of BC sports is "For Boston " However, the bloggers at Atlantic Coast Convos have great taste as they listed our fight song as the best in the ACC  (Am I the only one singing "For Boston" to himself right now?)
BCeagles com put out another player Q&A, this time with basketball transfer Alex Dragicevich  Dennis Clifford is one of the players who has made an early impression on Alex 
Labels: Alex Dragicevich, BC Marching Band, For Boston, Myles Willis
Wey Q&A and other links
BCeagles com posted a Q & A with Patrick Wey  He talks about his summer training and trying to win another National Championship 
BC basketball fans will enjoy this pic of the early '90s stars 
Although she still has two more years of High School volleyball player Brittany Pavich committed to BC 
From earlier in the week, here is an article on new commitment Matt Milano 
Baseball player John Nicklas is ready to make an impact 
Labels: BC Hockey, Bill Curley, Links, malcolm huckaby, Matt Milano, Patrick Wey
Key Players for 2012: Ian White
Junior Center, Ian White
What he's been: The redshirt JR has played a lot and almost all of it at guard  What's been frustrating is that White would be very, very good in some games and then off in others  Because he is playing primarily inside, the issues usually involve getting overpowered by bigger DTs  Like most of the olinemen the past few years, White's flashed moments of greatness but lacked consistency 
What he needs to be: In my opinion the offensive line play really started falling apart after Matt Tennant left  I think Centers are underappreciated   at times even by their own coaches  It seems like the Spaz/Devine MO was to put the best five on the field regardless of positional fit and not to worry about rejiggering the lineup  The way the staff yo-yo'd Mark Spinney and others at Center the past two years hurt our consistency  And it impacts the QB position too  White's new to the role, so this could lead to more chaos  I hope not  We need him to be good from Day 1  He needs to set the tone for the OL and communicate with Rettig  Other players are important, but White -- or whoever starts at Center -- will be the keystone to the offense 
Why I like his chances to shine: Like Cleary, I think White is one of those guys who would have thrived under old BC regimes  He's been smart and tough from the minute he was eligible to play  He might not be as powerful as needed, but now as a redshirt JR, he should be fully matured  Plus playing Center doesn't require as much power and is more reliant on smarts and quickness 
I don't know if White will be our starting Center for Miami or even later into the season  Under Devine positions and the depth chart were constantly being tweaked  I pray things are different with Bollman  Let White learned to be a Center  He has a chance to be a great one 
Labels: 2012 Preview, Ian White, Jim Bollman, Key Players, Preseason, Sean Devine
How I talk myself into thinking we are going to be good   
You can see it on the BC message boards  You can see it on twitter and on the blogs  Optimism is rising  People are looking forward to the BC Football season  On Eagle Outsider they sarcastically call this "10-2 season " It is that time of year when every aspect of the team and season still has hope and promise  Despite my best judgement and spending half of my posts speculating on Spaz's future, I am falling into this same trap  The closer we get to kickoff and the more I read, the more I think BC might surprise people this year  I am not ready to post my predictions for the season, but here are a few reasons why I do think this team should be bowl bound 
It looks tougher on paper than it really is  Our toughest opponents come to us  We play three of our first four at home  Playing FSU and Georgia Tech on back-to-back weeks is a bit rough, but playing Georgia Tech any time forces a team to regroup  If you have to play a gimmick offense, you might as well do it after facing a top 10 team  Maybe it will serve as a rally point after playing the 'Noles 
Underrated talent
Look at that depth chart again  It is not an all star lineup, but I think our front seven will be better than last year  I love some of the young DBs (Keyes, Asprilla) and think with a healthy Noel and improved ALJ, we can be solid defensively  I still think Chase Rettig can be great  I have real hope for Doug Martin and think our WR and TE talent is good enough  The biggest question is the offensive line  But as someone who has preached for a OL coaching change, I keep telling myself that Bollman will make a difference 
Emotion and Pride
Football is an emotional game and emotional sport  Point fingers at whomever you like, but BC had awful team and coaching chemistry last season  When I see Al Washington posting on Facebook about his excitement, when I hear about the 5th year Seniors wanting to end their careers on a high note, when I look at the new field, I think that positive energy and emotion will carry us to an extra win or two 
As long as these two (see pic below) stay out of the way and Spaz coaches to win, I think this might be a fun season  Is anyone else talking themselves into a big year?
Labels: 2012, 2012 Preview, 2012 Schedule, Chase Rettig, Doug Martin, fire Spaz, Speculating with Spaz
Key Players for 2012: Jim Noel
Senior Safety, Jim Noel
What he's been: A contributor since day one, Noel has grown from back up to fill in starter, to a full time starter over three years  While primarily a safety, BC has also used him at corner  He missed a good portion of 2011, leaving our already depleted secondary without an impact player  Noel has never been a big hitter or ballhawk, but he's been good in coverage and done what's been asked 
What he needs to be: Noel needs to take over  Our defense is at its best when we have safeties with great anticipation  If you design your defense to exploit QB mistakes, you need a smart and athletic Safety to be in the right place at the right time  One of the reasons we struggled ending drives last year and giving up big plays to teams like Central Florida was because our safeties just couldn't make plays  Noel was doing his best filling in at Corner, while Syvlia, Hughes and Rositano kept getting burned  Hopefully Noel can focus on one area this year, stay healthy and have a big season 
Why I like his chances to shine: Look back on the interceptions Noel has made  They are often really great athletic plays  Few are gimmes that just landed in his hand  If he can be that great for 12 games and get even a little help from his other safeties, he will have a big year 
Last season BC only had 13 interceptions  It was our lowest output since the TOB years  If Noel can help end a few drives with big takeaways, BC could be a strong defensive team again 
Labels: Jim Noel, Key Players, Preseason
Precamp Depth Chart and other links
BC updated the depth chart in time for preseason camps to begin  This should be viewed as temporary and not who will start Labor Day weekend  There will be injuries and position switches that will alter things a bit  Hopefully no one is kicked off the team between now and the start of the season 
Florida DB Matt Milano committed to BC over the weekend  Milano also had offers from Arizona and Air Force 
Andy Katz listed BC among the possible destinations for BU transfer Jake O'Brien  Rumor is Providence is his most likely destination  I hope he gives BC a long look  He'd be another no risk big man for Donahue and give us some nice depth 
Labels: Jake O'Brien, Links, Matt Milano
Coaches to Watch this fall Part 4: Current Offensive Coordinators
Since everyone has Spaz on the Hotseat List, now is as good a time as any to look at future BC head coaching candidates  Unlike our past profile series, the timing and style on these posts will be a little different  Instead of being weeks or days away from a potential change, we have the benefit of a whole season to evaluate these guys  Some stocks will rise, while others will fall and it will make our usual scoreboard watching that much more interesting 
The natural inclination would be for BC to replace Spaz with an offensive guy  Unfortunately there is not a great pool of candidates among current college offensive coordinators  There are plenty of good coordinators, but I don't know how many are ready to be head coaches or coach at a place like BC  These are some of the more prominent names  After the 2012 season, we'll have a better idea of if they are ready to take on an FBS head coaching job 
Chad Morris
Offensive Coordinator, Clemson
Chad Morris was coaching high school football three years ago  His meteoric rise to Clemson's playcaller is another example of how much college football has changed  Gus Malzahn and guys like Chip Kelly and Art Briles before him shot from relative obscurity to changing college football within a few season  Pedigree and climbing the ladders doesn't mean as much anymore  All that matters is how you score and Morris showed that he could give new life to Clemson's attack  Like the others mentioned Morris emphasized tempo and a no huddle  His track record is impressive, as is his reputation for teaching and implementing this offense 
What to Watch for in 2012: Can Clemson keep it up? The ACC now has a chance to adjust to his scheme  It will also be interested to know what Morris wants to do  All these guys want to be head coaches, but is he willing to roll the dice on a job like BC? Would he even fit in? BC's very different from coaching high school in west Texas 
Offensive Coordinator, Wisconsin
The Badgers have been a good proving ground for coordinators  I like the fit for BC since Wisconsin tends to develop and recruit like we do  They also have run "pro style" offenses with an emphasis on OL and the running attacks  Canada will be new there this fall, but he's got BCS experience and led explosive offenses in the MAC too  If Canada became a candidate for BC, I would have hesitation about his time at Indiana  They threw it a ton while he was calling plays but didn't win much 
What to Watch in 2012: Will Canada keep throwing it at the more conservative Wisconsin? If Wisconsin keeps up their recent success will he emerge as a candidate elsewhere?
Bill Lazor
Offensive Coordinator, Virginia
Lazor's been a good coordinator at Virginia  He's not changing the game but they've been better than they were before he got there and they've been consistent  Lazor's ACC experience -- especially at a school like UVA -- translates well to BC (as it did for TOB years ago)  He can also sell his NFL ties to recruits  He played at Cornell and is from Scranton, so geography and academics wouldn't be an issue 
What to Watch for in 2012: How will UVA handle their pending QB controversy  Will they also move up within the ACC or stay middle of the pack offensively?
Offensive Coordinator, Alabama
Nussmeier moves from Washington to being the playcaller at the Defending National Champions  He's got a good profile for a rising coach in that he played professionally, coached in college, the NFL and Canada, and is now at an elite program  He runs a pro-style west coast offense, so the transition to BC would be relatively easy  Nussmeier lacks any obvious ties to BC or the northeast 
What to Watch in 2012: How will Nussmeier adjust to the pressure cooker of Saban and Alabama? Saban's offensives have been bland but effective  I expect more of the same this year  It doesn't make for compelling football but working for Saban can be good training for future head coaches 
Labels: Bill Lazor, Chad Morris, Coaches to Watch, fire Spaz, Matt Canada
ICYMI: Links from the past week
Phil Steele thinks we will score more points this season 
Kevin Pierre-Louis was named to the Nagurski watch list 
Pennsylvania Tight End strongly considered BC but verballed to UConn instead  BC's interest seemed to fade as other Tight Ends/Defensive Ends committed



ground_truth: No excessive overloading and no use for illegal activity.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the effect of the proximity of superconductivity on the Kondo effect?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: \section{Introduction}
\label{sec:Intro}

The exchange interactions control the magnetic order and properties of a vast number of materials
\cite{White2006Dec}
and lead to many fascinating phenomena, such as various types of the Kondo effect 
\cite{Kondo,NozieresBlandin,Pustilnik_Glazman} 
Double quantum dots (DQDs), and in general multi-impurity systems, constitute
a convenient and controllable playground,
where nearly as much different exchange mechanisms compete with each other to
shape the ground state of the system 
\emph{Local exchange} between the spin of a quantum dot (QD)
and the spin of conduction band electrons gives rise to the
Kondo effect \cite{Kondo,Hewson_book}  
\emph{Direct exchange} arriving with an additional side-coupled QD may destroy it or lead to the 
two-stage Kondo screening \cite{Pustilnik_Glazman,Cornaglia,Granger,ZitkoBonca,ZitkoPRB2010,Ferreira} 
In a geometry where the two QDs contact the same lead, conduction band electrons 
mediate the \emph{RKKY exchange} \cite{RK,K,Y}  The RKKY interaction competes
with the Kondo effect and leads to the quantum phase transition of a still debated nature
\cite{Doniach,Jones,Affleck,Bork,Neel,KondoRKKYexp,Hans,Hans2,Fabian} 
Moreover, in DQDs coupled in series also \emph{superexchange} can alter the Kondo physics significantly
\cite{Zitko_2QDEx,Sela} 

Recently, hybrid quantum devices, in which the interplay between various magnetic correlations
with superconductivity (SC) plays an important role, have become an important direction of research
\cite{hybridQDs,SCspintronics}  In particular, chains of magnetic atoms on SC surface have proven 
to contain self-organized Majorana quasi-particles and exotic spin textures
\cite{Braunecker,Klinovaja,Vazifeh,Yazdani},
while hybrid DQD structures have been used to split the Cooper pairs coherently into two entangled 
electrons propagating to separated normal leads \cite{CPS1,CPS2,CPS4,CPS5,CPS9} 
The latter is possible due to non-local (\emph{crossed}) Andreev reflections (CARs),
in which each electron of a Cooper pair tunnels into different QD, and
subsequently to attached lead  Such processes give rise to an exchange mechanism \cite{Yao},
that we henceforth refer to as \emph{the CAR exchange}, which can greatly modify
the low-temperature transport behavior of correlated hybrid nanostructures 

The CAR exchange may be seen as RKKY-like interaction between
two nearby impurities on SC surface \cite{Yao} 
The effect can be understood as a consequence
of spin-dependent hybridization of the Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR)
states \cite{Yu,Shiba,Rusinov} in SC contact,
caused both by the overlap of their wave functions
and their coupling to Cooper-pair condensate 
This process is the most effective when the YSR states 
are close to the middle of the SC gap, {\it e g } in the YSR-screened phase \cite{YSRscreening} 
The mechanism presented here is essentially the same,
yet in the considered regime can be understood
perturbatively without referring to YSR states,
as a consequence of the non-local pairing induced by SC electrode  
In particular, the presence of YSR bound states close to the Fermi level 
is not necessary for significant consequences for the Kondo physics, 
as long as some inter-dot pairing is present  


The proximity of SC induces pairing in QDs \cite{RozhkovArovas,Buitelaar} 
and tends to suppress the Kondo effect if the superconducting energy gap $2\Delta$ 
becomes larger than the relevant Kondo temperature $T_K$ 
\cite{Buitelaar2002Dec,adatomsSC,Kondo_vs_SC1,Kondo_vs_SC2,Zitko_Kondo-Andreev,Zitko_S-QD-N,IW_Sau,YSRscreening} 
Moreover, the strength of SC pairing can greatly affect the Kondo physics in the sub-gap transport regime:
For QDs attached to SC and normal contacts, it can enhance the Kondo effect
\cite{DomanskiIW,KWIW,part1}, while
for DQD-based Cooper pair splitters, it tends to suppress both the $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ and $\mathrm{SU}(4)$ Kondo effects \cite{IW_Kacper} 
Our main result is that the non-local pairing induced by superconducting 
proximity effect, which gives rise to CAR exchange, can be the sole cause of the Kondo screening 
Moreover, relatively small values of coupling to SC, $\GS{}\ll U$, are sufficient for the effect to occur 
This is in contrast to the DQD system considered in Ref ~\cite{part1},
where only one of the quantum dots is proximized, such that 
CAR exchange cannot arise,
and the Kondo physics becomes qualitatively
affected only for $\GS{}\sim U/2$ %


\begin{figure}[bt]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{Fig1 png}
\caption{
		 (a) Schematic of the considered system  Left/right (L/R) lead
		 is coupled to the first quantum dot (QD1), while superconductor
		 is attached to both QD1 and QD2 
		 (b)-(d) illustrate an example of direct spin exchange:
		 spin-up electron from the initial state (b) hops to the other QD (c) and spin-down electron 
		 hops back (d)  Note, that the final state is in fact the same singlet state, 
		 only with opposite sign 
		 (e)-(g) show an example of process contributing to crossed Andreev reflection (CAR) exchange 
		 A Cooper pair from SC approaches DQD (e) and two singlets of the same charge 
		 are formed (f), before the Cooper pair is re-emitted (g) 
		 (h)-(j) present an example of RKKY process: an electron scattered off
		 one QD (h) mediates the spin exchange towards the other (i), before it is finally scattered
		 off there, too (j) 
		 }
\label{fig:system}
\end{figure}


In this paper we discuss the CAR-induced Kondo screening in a setup comprising T-shaped DQD
with normal and superconducting contacts, see \fig{system}(a) 
We note that despite quite generic character of CAR exchange,
and its presence in systems containing at least two localized electrons
coupled close to each other to the same SC bath,
to best of our knowledge CAR-induced screening
has hardly been identified in previous studies
\cite{CPS1,CPS2,CPS4,CPS5,CPS9,IW_Kacper,IW_Sau,Zitko_Josephson,Zitko_S2QD,Martinek2017} 
In the system proposed here [\fig{system}(a)], its presence is evident 
Moreover, CAR exchange magnitude can be directly related to the relevant energy scales, such as the Kondo 
temperature, which provides a fingerprint for quantitative experimental verification of our predictions  

The paper is organized as follows  In \Sec{model} we describe the considered system 
and present the model we use to study it  In \Sec{scales} the relevant energy scales are estimated
to make the discussion of main results concerning CAR-induced Kondo effect in \Sec{main} more clear  
Finally, the influence of effects neglected in \Sec{main} are presented in the following sections,
including CAR exchange interplay with RKKY interaction (\Sec{RKKY}), particle-hole asymmetry (\Sec{asym}),
couplings asymmetry (\Sec{x}) and reduced efficiency of CAR coupling (\Sec{coef})  In summary,
the effects discussed in \Sec{main} remain qualitatively valid in all these cases 
The paper is concluded in \Sec{conclusions} 


\section{Model}
\label{sec:model}

The schematic of the considered system is depicted in \fig{system}(a) 
It contains two QDs attached to a common SC lead 
Only one of them (QD1) is directly attached to the left (L) and right (R) normal leads,
while the other dot (QD2) remains coupled only through QD1 
The SC is modeled by the BCS Hamiltonian, 
$H_{\mathrm{S}}=\sum_{\mathbf{k}\sigma}\xi_{\mathbf{k}}a_{\mathbf{k}\sigma}^{\dag}a_{\mathbf{k}\sigma}-\Delta\sum_{\mathbf{k}}(a^\dag_{\mathbf{k}\uparrow}a_{-\mathbf{k}\downarrow}^{\dag}+a_{-\mathbf{k}\downarrow}a_{\mathbf{k}\uparrow})$,
with energy dispersion $\xi_{\mathbf{k}}$, energy gap $2\Delta>0$ and $a_{\mathbf{k}\sigma}$ annihilation operator 
of electron possessing spin $\sigma$ and momentum $\mathbf{k}$  The coupling between
SC and QDs is described by the hopping Hamiltonian 
$H_{\mathrm{TS}}=\sum_{i\mathbf{k}\sigma}v_{\mathrm{S}i}(d^\dagger_{i\sigma}a^{}_{\mathbf{k}\sigma}+h c )$,
with $d^\dagger_{i\sigma}$ creating a spin-$\sigma$ electron at QD$i$  The matrix element 
$v_{\mathrm{S}i}$ and the normalized density of states of SC in normal state, $\rho_{\rm S}$, 
contribute to the coupling of QD$i$ to SC electrode as $\GS{i} = \pi \rho_{\rm S} |v_{{\rm S}i}|^2$  
We focus on the sub-gap regime, therefore, we integrate out SC degrees of freedom lying outside the energy gap \cite{RozhkovArovas} 
This gives rise to the following effective Hamiltonian,
$H_{\mathrm{eff}}=H_{\mathrm{SDQD}}+H_{\rm L}+H_{\rm R}+H_{\rm T}$, 
where 
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\rm SDQD} 	& = & 
				\sum_{i\sigma} \varepsilon_{i} n_{i\sigma} 
				+\sum_{i} U n_{i\uparrow} n_{i\downarrow} 
				+U' (n_1-1)(n_2-1) 
				\nonumber\\
				&+&\sum_\sigma t(d^\dagger_{1\sigma}d^{}_{2\sigma} + h c ) 
				+J \vec{S}_1\vec{S}_2
				\nonumber\\
				&+&\sum_{i} \!\!\left[ \Gamma_{{\rm S}i} (d^\dagger_{i\uparrow} d^\dagger_{i\downarrow} \!+\! h c )
				+\Gamma_{\rm SX} (d^\dagger_{i\uparrow} d^\dagger_{\bar{i}\downarrow} \!+\! h c ) \right]
	\label{H_DQD} 
\end{eqnarray}
is the Hamiltonian of the SC-proximized DQD
\cite{IW_Kacper,Walldorf2018Feb}, with QD$i$ energy level $\varepsilon_i$,
inter-site (intra-site) Coulomb interactions $U'$ ($U$),
inter-dot hopping $t$, and CAR coupling $\GS{\rm X}$ 
$n_{i\sigma}=d^\dagger_{i\sigma}d^{}_{i\sigma}$ denotes the electron number operator 
at QD$i$, $n_i=n_\uparrow+n_\downarrow$, and $\bar{i}\equiv 3-i$  
Our model is strictly valid in the regime where $\Delta$ is the largest 
energy scale  Nevertheless, all discussed phenomena are
present in a full model for energies smaller than SC gap 
Moreover, by eliminating other consequences of the presence of SC lead,
our model pinpoints the fact that the non-local pairing is 
sufficient for the occurrence of the CAR exchange 
The presence of out-gap states shall result mainly in additional broadening of DQD energy levels,
changing the relevant Kondo temperatures 
We note that the procedure of integrating out out-gap states neglects the 
RKKY interaction mediated by SC lead and other possible indirect exchange mechanisms%
 \footnote{
 Note, that by RKKY interaction we mean only such an effective exchange, 
 which arises due to multiple scattering of a single electron or hole, see \fig{system}(h)-(j) 
 Other mechanisms leading to the total indirect exchange are considered separately 
 In particular, in the large gap limit, exchange described in Ref ~\cite{Yao} is in fact reduced to
 the CAR exchange, and additional antiferromagnetic contribution would arise for finite gap 
 }  
To compensate for this,
we explicitly include the Heisenberg term $ J \vec{S}_1\vec{S}_2$ in
$H_{\rm SDQD}$, with $\vec{S}_i$ denoting the spin operator of QD$i$
and a Heisenberg coupling $J$ substituting the genuine RKKY exchange 

The normal leads are treated as reservoirs of noninteracting electrons,
$H_{r}=\sum_{\mathbf{k}\sigma}\varepsilon_{r\mathbf{k}}c^\dagger_{r\mathbf{k}\sigma}c^{}_{r\mathbf{k}\sigma}$,
where $c^{}_{r\mathbf{k}\sigma}$ annihilates an electron of spin 
$\sigma$ and momentum $\mathbf{k}$ in lead $r$ ($r={\rm L,R}$) with the corresponding energy $\varepsilon_{r\mathbf{k}\sigma}$ 
The tunneling Hamiltonian reads,
$H_{\rm T} = \sum_{r\mathbf{k}\sigma} v_{r} (d^\dagger_{1\sigma}c^{}_{r\mathbf{k}\sigma} + h c )$,
giving rise to coupling between lead $r$ and QD$i$ of strength $\Gamma_r = \pi \rho_r |v_r|^2$,
with $\rho_r$ the normalized density of states of lead $r$ and $v_r$ the 
local hopping matrix element, assumed momentum-independent 
We consider a wide-band limit, assuming constant $\Gamma_r=\Gamma/2$
within the cutoff $\pm D = \pm 2U$ around the Fermi level  

For thorough analysis of the CAR exchange mechanism and its consequences
for transport, we determine the linear conductance between the two normal leads from
\begin{equation}
G = \frac{2e^2}{h} \pi \Gamma \int \left[ -\frac{\partial f_T}{\partial\omega} \right] \mathcal{A}(\omega) {\rm d} \omega ,
\label{G}
\end{equation}
where $f_T$ is the Fermi function at temperature $T$,
while $\mathcal{A}(\omega)$ denotes the normalized local spectral density 
of QD1 \cite{fn1} 
Henceforth, unless we state otherwise, we assume a maximal CAR coupling, 
$\GS{\rm X} = \sqrt{\GS{1}\GS{2}}$ \cite{IW_Kacper,Walldorf2018Feb},
$\GS{1}=\GS{2}=\GS{}$ and consider DQD tuned to the particle-hole symmetry point, 
$\varepsilon_1=\varepsilon_2=-U/2$  However, these assumptions are not crucial for the results presented
here, as discussed in Secs ~\ref{sec:asym}-\ref{sec:coef} 

\section{Estimation of relevant energy scales}
\label{sec:scales}

Since we analyze a relatively complex system, let us build up the understanding of its behavior starting
from the case of a QD between two normal-metallic leads, which can be obtained in our 
model by setting $t=\GS{}=J=U'=0$  Then, the conductance as a function of temperature, $G(T)$, grows
below the Kondo temperature $T_K$ and reaches maximum for $T\to 0$, $G(T\!=\!0)=G_{\rm max}$ 
At particle-hole symmetry point, the unitary transmission is achieved, $G_{\rm max}= G_0 = 2e^2/h$;
see short-dashed line in \fig{G-T}(a) 
An experimentally relevant definition of $T_K$ is that at $T=T_K$ 
$G(T)=G_{\rm max}/2$  $T_K$ is exponentially small in 
the local exchange $J_0 = 8\Gamma / (\pi \rho U)$, and is approximated by
$T_K \approx D \exp[-1/(\rho J_0)]$ \cite{Hewson_book} 

The presence of a second side-coupled QD, $t,U'>0$, significantly enriches the physics of the system 
by introducing direct exchange between QDs, see \fig{system}(b-d) 
In general, effective inter-dot exchange can be defined as energy difference between 
the triplet and singlet states of isolated DQD, 
$J^{\mathrm{eff}} = E_{S=1} - E_{\rm GS}$  Unless $U$ becomes very large, superexchange can be neglected
\cite{Zitko_2QDEx} and $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$ is determined by \emph{direct exchange}, $J^{\mathrm{eff}}\approx 4t^2/(U-U')>0$ 
When the hopping $t$ is tuned small \cite{CPS1}, one can expect $J^{\mathrm{eff}}\lesssim T_K$, which 
implies the two-stage Kondo screening \cite{Pustilnik_Glazman,Cornaglia} 
Then, for $T \ll T_K$, the local spectral density of QD1 serves as a band of width $\sim T_K$ for QD2 
The spin of an electron occupying QD2 
experiences the Kondo screening below the associated Kondo temperature
\begin{equation}
T^* = a T_K \exp(- b T_K / J_{\rm eff})
\label{Tstar}
\end{equation}
with $a$ and $b$ constants of order of unity \cite{Pustilnik_Glazman,Cornaglia} 
This is reflected in conductance, which drops to $0$ with lowering $T$, maintaining characteristic 
Fermi-liquid 
$G\sim T^2$ dependence \cite{Cornaglia}; see the curves indicated with squares 
in \fig{G-T}(a)  Similarly to $T_K$, experimentally relevant definition of $T^*$ is that 
$G(T\!=\!T^*) = G_{\rm max}/2$  Even at the particle-hole 
symmetry point $G_{\rm max} < G_0$, because the single-QD strong-coupling fixed point 
is unstable in the presence of QD2 and $G(T)$ does not achieve $G_0$ exactly,
before it starts to decrease 


The proximity of SC gives rise to two further exchange mechanisms that
determine the system's behavior  First of all, the (conventional)
\emph{RKKY interaction} appears, $J \sim \GS{}^2$ \cite{RK,K,Y}  
Moreover, the \emph{CAR exchange} emerges as a consequence of finite $\GS{}$ \cite{Yao}  
It can be understood on the basis 
of perturbation theory as follows  DQD in the inter-dot singlet state may absorb
and re-emit a Cooper pair approaching from SC; see \fig{system}(e)-(g)  As a second-order
process, it reduces the energy of the singlet, which is the ground state of isolated DQD 
A similar process is not possible in the triplet state due to spin conservation 
Therefore, the singlet-triplet energy splitting $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$ is increased (or generated for $t=J=0$)  
More precisely, the leading ($2$nd-order in $t$ and $\GS{}$) terms
in the total exchange are 
\begin{equation}
J^{\mathrm{eff}} 	\approx 	J + \frac{4t^2}{U-U'+\frac{3}{4}J} + \frac{4\GS{}^2}{U+U'+\frac{3}{4}J} 
\label{Jeff}
\end{equation}
Using this estimation, one can predict $T^*$ for finite $\GS{}$, $t$ and $J$ with \eq{Tstar} 
Apparently, from three contributions corresponding to:
(i) RKKY interaction, (ii) direct exchange and (iii) CAR exchange, only the first may bear a negative (ferromagnetic) sign 
The two other contributions always have an anti-ferromagnetic nature 
More accurate expression for $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$ is derived in Appendix~\ref{sec:downfolding}
[see \eq{A_J}] by the Hamiltonian down-folding procedure  The relevant terms differ 
by factors important only for large $\GS{}/U$  
Finally, it seems worth stressing that normal leads are not necessary for CAR exchange to occur 
At least one of them is inevitable for the Kondo screening though, and two symmetrically coupled 
normal leads allow for measurement of the normal conductance 


It is also noteworthy that inter-dot Coulomb interactions
decrease the energy of intermediate states contributing to direct exchange 
[\fig{system}(c)], while increasing the energy of intermediate
states causing the CAR exchange [\fig{system}(f)] 
This results in different dependence of corresponding terms in \eq{Jeff} on $U'$ 
As can be seen in \figs{G-T}(b) and \ref{fig:G-T}(c), it has a significant effect 
on the actual values of $T^*$ 

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{Fig2 pdf}
\caption{(a) Linear conductance $G$ as function of $T$ calculated for 
		 $\varepsilon_1=\varepsilon_2=-U/2$, $\Gamma=U/5$, $U'=U/10$ and different situations, 
		 as indicated  The quantity $\xi\equiv\sqrt{\GS{}^2+t^2}$ is fixed 
		 for different curves drawn with the same dashing style 
		 Note the logarithmic scale on both axes 
		 %
		 (b) Points show $T^*/T_K$ calculated by NRG from curves in subfigure (a)  
		 Lines present the fit to \eq{Tstar} with $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$ obtained from \eq{Jeff} 
		 %
		 (c) The same as (b), only for $U'=0$ 
		 %
		 (d) and (e) show the residual conductance $G_{\mathrm{min}} \equiv G(T \!=\! 0)$ as a function of
		 $\GS{}$ for $t=0$ (denoted "CAR") and $t=\GS{}$ (denoted "Both")  
		 Dotted line is a guide for eyes  $U'=U/10$ in (b) and (d) and $U'=0$ in (c) and (e) 
		}
\label{fig:G-T}
\end{figure}

\section{CAR exchange and Kondo effect}
\label{sec:main}

To verify \eqs{Tstar}-(\ref{Jeff}) we calculate $G$ using
accurate full density matrix numerical renormalization group (NRG) technique \cite{WilsonNRG,Weichselbaum,FlexibleDMNRG,fn2} 
We compare $U'=0$ case with experimentally relevant value $U'=U/10$ \cite{Keller2013Dec} 
While for two close adatoms on SC surface RKKY interactions may lead to prominent consequences
\cite{Klinovaja}, the conventional ({\it i e } non-CAR) contribution should 
vanish rapidly when the inter-impurity distance $r$ exceeds a few lattice constants \cite{RKKYrange,SC_RKKY}  
Meanwhile, the CAR exchange may remain significant for $r$ of the order
of coherence length of the SC contact \cite{Yao}  Therefore, we first neglect the conventional RKKY coupling and analyze its consequences in Sec ~\ref{sec:RKKY} 

The main results are presented in \fig{G-T}(a), showing the temperature dependence of $G$
for different circumstances  
For reference, results for $\GS{}=0$ are shown, exhibiting 
the two-stage Kondo effect caused by \emph{direct} exchange mechanism 
As can be seen in \figs{G-T}(b) and \ref{fig:G-T}(c), an excellent agreement of $T^*$ found from NRG calculations and \eq{Tstar} 
is obtained with $a=0 42$ and $b=1 51$, the same for both $U'=0$ and $U'=U/10$  Note, 
however, that $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$ is different in these cases, cf  \eq{Jeff},
and $U'$ leads to increase of $T^*$ 

Furthermore, for $t=0$ and $\GS{}>0$ the two-stage Kondo effect caused solely by the \emph{CAR
exchange} is present; see \fig{G-T}(a) 
Experimentally, this situation
corresponds to a distance between the two QDs smaller than the superconducting coherence length,
but large enough for the exponentially suppressed direct hopping to be negligible 
While intuitively one could expect pairing to compete with any kind of magnetic ordering,
the Kondo screening induced by CAR exchange is a beautiful example of a superconductivity
in fact leading to magnetic order, namely the formation of the Kondo singlet 
This CAR-exchange-mediated Kondo screening is our main finding 
For such screening, \eq{Tstar} is still fulfilled with very similar 
parameters, $a=0 37$ ($a=0 35$) and $b=1 51$ ($b=1 50$) for $U'=0$ ($U'=U/10$),
correspondingly; see \figs{G-T}(b-c) 
Moreover, as follows from \eq{Jeff}, $U'$ reduces CAR exchange, and therefore diminishes $T^*$ 
For the same values of $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$, the dependence of $G(T)$ for $t=0$ and $\GS{}>0$ is hardly different 
from the one for $\GS{}=0$ and $t>0$ for $T\geq T^*$ (results not shown) 
However, $G(T)$ saturates at residual value $G_{\mathrm{min}}$ as $T\to 0$ only for finite
$\GS{}$, which at particle-hole symmetry makes $G_{\mathrm{min}}$
the hallmark of SC proximity and the corresponding CAR exchange processes 
From numerical results, one can estimate it as
\begin{equation}
G_{\mathrm{min}} = \frac{e^2}{h} \cdot c \, \frac{\GS{}^2}{U^2} 
	\qquad {\scriptstyle (\GS{1}=\GS{2}=\GS{})} ,
\label{Gmin}
\end{equation}
with $c\approx 2 25$, barely depending on $U'$ and getting smaller for $t>0$  
This is illustrated in \figs{G-T}(d-e), where the dotted line corresponds to \eq{Gmin} with $c=2 25$  

Lastly, in \fig{G-T}(a) we also present the curves obtained for $t=\GS{}$ chosen such, 
that the quantity $\xi=\sqrt{t^2+\GS{}^2}$ remains the same 
in all the cases 
This is to illustrate what happens when \emph{both} (direct and CAR) exchange interactions are
present  \fig{G-T}(c) clearly shows that $T^*$ remains practically unaltered for $U'=0$ 
The comparison with \fig{G-T}(b) proves that in this case it practically does not depend 
on $U'$  The enhancement of direct exchange is compensated by the decrease of the CAR one  
On the contrary, $G_{\mathrm{min}}$ decreases for larger $t$ below the estimation given by Eq ~(\ref{Gmin}), 
as can be seen in \figs{G-T}(d-e)  

While analyzing the results concerning $G_{\mathrm{min}}(\GS{})$ plotted in \figs{G-T}(d-e) 
one needs to keep in mind that $G_{\mathrm{min}}$ is obtained at deeply cryogenic conditions  To illustrate
this better, $G(\GS{})$ obtained for $t=0$ and $T=10^{-6}U$ is plotted with solid line 
in \fig{3}  Clearly, for weak $\GS{}$ the system exhibits rather conventional (single-stage)
Kondo effect with $G=G_{\mathrm{max}}\approx 2e^2/h$, while QD2 is effectively decoupled ($G_{\mathrm{max}}<2e^2/h$
in the proximity of SC lead \cite{KWIW})  Only for larger values of $\GS{}$
the CAR exchange is strong enough, such that $T^*>T$ and the dependence $G(\GS{})$ continuously 
approaches the $T=0$ limit estimated by \eq{Gmin} and presented in \figs{G-T}(d-e) 

\section{CAR-RKKY competition}
\label{sec:RKKY}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0 98\linewidth]{Fig3 pdf}
\caption{Linear conductance $G$ vs  $\GS{}$ calculated
		 for $t=0$, $\Gamma=U/5$, $U'=U/10$, finite $T=10^{-6}U$
		 and different values of RKKY coupling $J$, as indicated  
		 Inset shows QD1 spectral function $\mathcal{A}(\omega)$ as a function of energy $\omega$
		 for points on $J=-0 1U$ curve, indicated with corresponding symbols 
		}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure}

Let us now discuss the effects introduced by the conventional RKKY interaction 
We choose $t=0$ for the sake of simplicity and
analyze a wide range of $\GS{}$, starting from the case of anti-ferromagnetic 
RKKY interaction ($J>0$)  Large $J>0$ leads to the formation of a molecular singlet in the 
nanostructure  This suppresses the conductance, unless $\GS{}$ becomes of the order of $U/2$, 
when the excited states of DQD are all close to the ground state  This is illustrated 
by double-dotted line in \fig{3} 
Smaller value of $J>0$ causes less dramatic consequences, namely it just increases $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$ according
to \eq{Jeff}, leading to enhancement of $T^*$, cf  \eq{Tstar}  This is presented with
dot-dashed line in \fig{3} 

The situation changes qualitatively for ferromagnetic RKKY coupling, $J<0$ 
Then, RKKY exchange and CAR exchange have opposite signs and compete with each other 
Depending on their magnitudes and temperature, one
of the following scenarios may happen 

For $J^{\mathrm{eff}} > 0$, {\it i e } large enough $\GS{}$, and $T<T^*$, the system is in the 
singlet state due to the two-stage Kondo screening of DQD spins  $G(T\!=\!0)$ is reduced 
to $G_{\mathrm{min}}$, which tends to increase for large negative $J$; see dashed lines in \fig{3}  
In the inset to \fig{3}, the spectral density of QD1 representative for this regime is plotted 
as curve indicated by triangle  It corresponds to a point on the $J=-0 1U$ curve in the main 
plot, also indicated by triangle  The dip in $\mathcal{A}(\omega)$ has width of order of $T^*$ 

For finite $T$, there is always a range of sufficiently small $|J^{\mathrm{eff}}|$, where QD2 becomes effectively
decoupled, and, provided $T<T_K$, $G$ reaches $G_{\mathrm{max}}$ due to conventional Kondo effect 
at QD1  This is the case for sufficiently small $\GS{}$ for $J=0$ or $J=-0 01U$, and in the narrow
range of $\GS{}$ around the point indicated by a circle in \fig{3} for $J=-0 1U$ (for $J=0 01U$, 
the considered $T$ is close to $T^*$ and $G$ does not reach $G_{\rm max}$)  The conventional Kondo effect manifests itself with 
a characteristic peak in $\mathcal{A}(\omega)$, as illustrated in the inset in \fig{3} with line denoted by circle 

Finally, large enough $J^{\mathrm{eff}} < 0$ and low $T$, give rise to an effective ferromagnetic coupling of DQDs 
spins into triplet state  Consequently, the underscreened Kondo effect occurs 
\cite{Mattis,NozieresBlandin} for weak $\GS{}$ and, {\it e g }, $J=-0 1U$; 
see the point indicated by square in \fig{3} 
This leads to $G=G_{\mathrm{max}}$ and a peak in $\mathcal{A}(\omega)$, whose shape is significantly different from the
Kondo peak, cf  the curve denoted by square in the inset in \fig{3}  



\section{Effects of detuning from the particle-hole symmetry point}
\label{sec:asym}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0 98\linewidth]{Fig4 pdf}
\caption{
         (a) Linear conductance between the normal leads $G$ as a function of temperature $T$
         for parameters corresponding to \fig{G-T}(a) with $\xi=U/10$, and additional curves for finite 
         detuning from particle-hole symmetry point, $\delta_1=-\delta_2$, 
         and two values of $\xi=\sqrt{t^2+\GS{}^2}$, as indicated in the figure 
         (b) $G_{\mathrm{min}} \equiv G(T \!=\! 0)$ as a function of QD1 detuning $\delta_1$ for different
         exchange mechanisms, $\xi=U/10$ and $\delta_2=\pm\delta_1$ (as indicated) 
		}
\label{fig:asym}
\end{figure}

At PHS $G_{\mathrm{min}}=G(T \!=\! 0)=0$ in the absence of superconducting lead, making $G_{\mathrm{min}} > 0$ a hallmark
of SC-induced two-stage Kondo effect  However, outside of PHS point $G_{\mathrm{min}} > 0$ even in the case of 
the two-stage Kondo effect caused by the direct exchange  
Exact PHS conditions are hardly possible in real systems, and the fine-tuning of the QD energy
levels to PHS point is limited to some finite accuracy 
Therefore, there may appear a question, if the results obtained at PHS are of any importance for the
realistic setups  As we show below --- they are,
in a reasonable range of detunings $\delta_i=\varepsilon_i +U/2$ 

In \fig{asym}(a) we present the $G(T)$ dependence in and outside the PHS, corresponding to 
parameters of \fig{G-T}(a)  
Clearly, for considered small values of $\delta_1=\delta_2=\delta$, 
$G_{\mathrm{min}}<10^{-3}e^2/h$ for direct exchange only, while $G_{\mathrm{min}}$ in the presence of a superconductor is 
significantly increased and close to the PHS value  Furthermore, for $|\delta_1| \sim |\delta_2| 
\sim \delta$, the residual conductance caused by the lack of PHS, $G_{\mathrm{min}} \approx e^2/h \cdot (\delta/U)^2$,
which is a rapidly decreasing function in the vicinity of PHS point, as illustrated in \fig{asym}(b)
with lines denoted by a square  Evidently, in the regime $|\delta_i| < 0 01U$ the residual conductance
caused by SC is orders of magnitude larger, leading to the plateau in $G_{\mathrm{min}}(\delta_1)$ dependence,
visible in \fig{asym}(b) 
Taking into account that the realistic values of $U$ in the semiconductor quantum dots are rather 
large, this condition seems to be realizable by fine-tuning of QD gate voltages 

Lastly, let us point out that while in the presence of only one exchange mechanism, \emph{CAR} or
\emph{direct}, $G_{\mathrm{min}}(\delta_1)$ dependencies depicted in \fig{asym}(b) are symmetrical with respect
to sign change of $\delta_1$, for \emph{both} exchange mechanisms the dependence is non-symmetric  

\section{Effects of asymmetry of couplings to superconductor}
\label{sec:x}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=0 98\linewidth]{Fig5 pdf}
\caption{
		 (a) Linear conductance between the normal leads, $G$, as a function of temperature, $T$,
		 for parameters corresponding to \fig{G-T}(a) with $\xi=U/10$, for different values 
		 of asymmetry coefficient $x$ [see \eq{xGS}], in the presence of \emph{CAR} exchange only 
		 %
		 (b) The second-stage Kondo temperature $T^*$ normalized by $T_K$ as a function of $x$, 
		 calculated with the aid of NRG (points) and a fit to \eq{Tstar} (lines) 
		 with $J^{\mathrm{eff}}$ from \eq{Jeff} 
		 %
		 (c) The zero-temperature conductance $G_{\mathrm{min}}$ as a function of QD1 coupling to SC lead, $\GS{1}$,
		 compiled from data obtained at different circumstances (as indicated in the legend)
		 for different $x$  Dotted line corresponds to \eq{Gmin2} with $c=2 25$ 
		}
\label{fig:x}
\end{figure}

Similarly to PHS, the ideal symmetry in the coupling between respective QDs and SC lead is hardly possible
in experimental reality  As shown below, it does not introduce any qualitatively new features 
On the other hand, it decreases the second stage Kondo temperature, which is already small, therefore,
quantitative estimation of this decrease may be important for potential experimental approaches 
To analyze the effects of $\GS{1}\neq\GS{2}$, we introduce the asymmetry parameter $x$ and extend
the definition of $\GS{}$,
\beq
x = \frac{\GS{1}-\GS{2}}{\GS{1}+\GS{2}}, \quad \GS{} = \frac{\GS{1}+\GS{2}}{2} 
\label{xGS}
 \end{equation} 
Note, that even for a fixed $\GS{}$, the actual CAR coupling $\GS{\rm X}=\GS{}\sqrt{1-x^2}$ decreases
with increasing $|x|$, which is a main mechanism leading to a decrease of $T^*$ outside the $x=0$ point
visible in \figs{x}(a) and (b)  To illustrate this, the curves corresponding to \emph{both} exchange
mechanisms were calculated using $x$-dependent $t=\GS{\rm X}$ instead of $t=\xi/\sqrt{2}$  
Therefore, $\xi$ was generalized for $x\neq 0$ by setting $\xi=\sqrt{t^2(1-x^2)^{-1}+\GS{}^2}$ 
Clearly, in \fig{x}(b) the curves for different exchange mechanisms are very similar and differ mainly 
by a constant factor, resulting from different influence of $U'$; see \Sec{scales}  
The magnitude of $T^*$ changes is quite large, exceeding an order of magnitude for $x=\pm 0 5$ 
and $\xi=U/20$  Moreover, $T^* \to 0$ for $x\to\pm 1$  Consequently, for strongly asymmetric
devices one cannot hope to observe the second stage of Kondo screening 

A careful observer can note that the $T^*(x)$ dependency is not symmetrical; note for example different 
$T^*$ for $x=\pm 0 5$ in \fig{x}(a)  This is caused by the dependence of the first stage Kondo temperature
$T_K$ on $\GS{1}$ \cite{part1,DomanskiIW},
\beq
\widetilde{T}_K(\GS{1}) = T_K \cdot \exp\!\left( \frac{\pi}{2} \frac{\GS{1}^2}{\Gamma U}\right) 
 \end{equation} 
Here, $T_K$ is, as earlier, defined in the absence of SC, while $\widetilde{T}_K$ is a function 
of $\GS{1}$, such that $G(\widetilde{T}_K) = G_{\rm max}(\GS{1})/2$ in the absence of QD2  
As $\widetilde{T}_K$ grows for increasing $\GS{1}$ (or $x$), $T^*$ decreases according to \eq{Tstar}  
Its $\GS{}$ dependence can be accounted for by small changes in the coefficients $a$ and $b$ in \eq{Tstar}, 
as long as $x$ is kept constant  

To close the discussion of $T^*(x)$ dependence let us point out, that in \eq{A_J} 
there appears a correction to \eq{Jeff} for $x\neq 0$  However, it is very small due to additional
factor $\GS{}^2/U^2$ in the leading order  Its influence on curves plotted in \fig{x}(b) is hardly visible 

In turn, let us examine the $x$ dependence of the $T=0$ conductance $G_{\mathrm{min}}$  As can be seen 
in \fig{x}(a), it monotonically increases with $x$, as it crosses $x=0$ point  In fact, \eq{Gmin}
can be generalized to
\beq
G_{\mathrm{min}} = \frac{e^2}{h} \cdot c \, \frac{\GS{1}^2}{U^2} ,
\label{Gmin2}
 \end{equation} 
with $c\approx 2 25$ (indicated by a dotted line in \fig{x}(c))  Note that $G_{\mathrm{min}}$ is proportional to 
$\GS{1}^2=(x+1)^2 \GS{}^2$, instead of simply $\GS{}$, cf  \eq{Gmin}  The values of $G_{\mathrm{min}}$ obtained
from all analyzed $G(T)$ dependencies for different $x$ have been compiled in \fig{x}(c) 
It is evident, that \eq{Gmin2} is approximately fulfilled for all the considered cases 

Finally, it seems noteworthy that the normal-lead coupling asymmetry, 
$\Gamma_{\rm L}\neq \Gamma_{\rm R}$, is irrelevant for the results except for a constant factor
diminishing the conductance $G$ \cite{KWIWJB-asym} 



\section{The role of CAR efficiency}
\label{sec:coef}

\begin{figure}[tb]
\includegraphics[width=0 98\linewidth]{Fig6 pdf}
\caption{Linear conductance between the normal leads
		 $G$ as a function of coupling to SC lead, $\GS{}$, for indicated values of RKKY exchange $J$
		 and the efficiency of CAR processes reduced by factor (a) $\mathcal{C}=0 9$ and (b) $\mathcal{C}=0 5$ 
		 Other parameters as in \fig{3} 
		 Insets: QD1 local spectral density $\mathcal{A}(\omega)$ as a function of energy $\omega$
		 for points on $J=-0 1U$ curve, indicated with corresponding symbols 
		} 
\label{fig:C}
\end{figure}

Up to this point we assumed $\GS{\rm X} = \sqrt{\GS{1}\GS{2}}$, which is valid when the two 
quantum dots are much closer to each other than the coherence length in the superconductor 
This does not have to be the case in real setups, yet relaxing this assumption does not 
introduce qualitative changes  Nevertheless, the model cannot be extended to inter-dot 
distances much larger than the coherence length, where $\GS{\rm X}\to 0$ 

To quantitatively analyze the consequences of less effective Andreev coupling we define the 
CAR efficiency as $\mathcal{C} \equiv \GS{\rm X} / \sqrt{\GS{1}\GS{2}}$ and analyze $\mathcal{C} < 1$
in the wide range of $\GS{1}=\GS{2}=\GS{}$ and other parameters corresponding to \fig{3}  
The results are presented in \fig{C} 

Clearly, decreasing $\mathcal{C}$ from $\mathcal{C}=1$ causes diminishing of $\GS{\rm X}$, and consequently of CAR 
exchange  For a change as small as $\mathcal{C}=0 9$, the consequences reduce to some shift of the 
conventional Kondo regime, compare \fig{C}(a) with \fig{3}  Stronger suppression of CAR may, 
however, increase the SC coupling necessary to observe the second stage of Kondo screening caused
by CAR outside the experimentally achievable range, see \fig{C}(b)  Moreover, the reduced $T^*$
leads to narrowing of the related local spectral density dip, while the
increased critical $\GS{}$ necessary for the observation of the second stage of screening leads to the
shallowing of the dip  This is visible especially in the inset in \fig{C}(b) 


\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:conclusions}

The CAR exchange mechanism is present in any system comprising at least
two QDs or magnetic impurities coupled to the same superconducting contact
in a way allowing for crossed Andreev reflections 
In the considered setup, comprised of two quantum dots in a T-shaped geometry 
with respect to normal leads and proximized by superconductor,
it leads to the two-stage Kondo
screening even in the absence of other exchange mechanisms 
This CAR induced exchange screening is characterized by a residual 
low-temperature conductance at particle-hole symmetric case 
We have also shown that the competition between CAR exchange and RKKY
interaction may result in completely different Kondo screening scenarios 

The presented results bring further insight into the low-temperature
behavior of hybrid coupled quantum dot systems, which hopefully could be verified
with the present-day experimental techniques 
Moreover, non-local pairing is present also in bulk systems such as non-$s$-wave superconductors 
The question if an analogue of discussed CAR exchange may play a role there
seems intriguing in the context of tendencies of many strongly correlated materials
to possess superconducting and anti-ferromagnetic phases 


\begin{acknowledgments}
This work was supported by the National Science Centre in Poland through project no 
2015/19/N/ST3/01030 
We thank J  Barna\'{s} and T  Maier for valuable discussions 
\end{acknowledgments}





Context 3: 
Temple closed on Jersey prospect Jarred Alwan  That's a big coup considering how hard BC went after him 
Former Eagle Steve Hailey now coaches on the Boston AAU circuit  Maybe that will help us with local talent 
BC still has interest in Ohio RB Keith Watkins 
Labels: Kevin Pierre-Louis, Links, Phil Steele, Steve Hailey
No King at BC may be a good thing
Nearly everything that needs to be said about Penn State and Joe Paterno has been said  But one point that Bruce Feldman made regarding College Football's King culture reminded me of how different BC is from most FBS schools  We don't and never have had a "King " I've often longed for that iconic winner that could serve as the face of the program, but maybe it is better that we don't  For whatever we miss by not having a "Woody" or a "JoePa" or "Bear" we also avoid the power struggles and corruption that often comes with an all-powerful Head Coach 
What does a King really provide anyway? Branding   a little nostalgia   someone to embrace  But it doesn't really win you football games or make you a better school  Florida State's losing in the final Bowden years proved that and Penn State has a permanent stain on their whole community because of their Kingdom 
BC's had some dynamic leaders, but none have ever stayed long enough to reach statue status  Our winningest coach and longest tenured even left and no one put up a fight to keep him  TOB could have been our icon  A little more fire and one or two more critical wins and we would have celebrated him like other schools have done with their biggest winners  But it wasn't to be and that's probably a good thing 
When I've profiled coaching candidates in the past, I've hoped that one would stay for a long time  That's changed  I don't want a guy who want to be bigger than the University  Things are better that way 
Labels: Bruce Feldman, college football, penn state, TOB
Key Players for 2012: Emmett Cleary
This is a series on the key players for the 2012 season  Big things are expected for some, while others will need to improve over their previous performances  If 2012 is a good year, it will be in part to the key players overachieving 
Senior Offensive Tackle, Emmett Cleary
What he's been: A long-time starter and one of the leaders on offense  Cleary has played on both sides of the line and at both guard and tackle  When he first arrived, Jags said that he could be the next Costanzo  Tall and lean (for a lineman) Cleary's been a consistent contributor like Costanzo (playing in 36 games and starting 26) yet he's never been the consistently great like Costanzo  How much of Cleary's occasional mistakes or setback are due to talent, coaching or the offense? I think it's been a bit of everything 
What he needs to be: Good isn't good enough anymore  Cleary takes on the big responsibility of left tackle this year  Rettig has been running for his life the past three years  If the offense is ever going to take off, they need to improve pass protection  That will start with Cleary  And in the ACC, he'll be facing some of the top defensive linemen in the country on a weekly basis  Cleary's always been good with speed guys on the edge  He'll also need to improve on run blocking  If Martin uses more stretches and zones like Logan, that will leave Cleary often sealing off edges on run plays 
Why I like his chances to shine: We've seen offensive lineman make huge leaps from season to season before  Part of it is maturing into their bodies and understanding the position  But a lot is coaching  I think Cleary has been underserved in that department  Even if Bollman is not some OL guru, I think Cleary playing in a more pass happy, up tempo offense will play to his strengths  I think his leadership position and the coaching staff's confidence in him will make him shine at LT  I think he will live up to his potential and have multiple games where he dominates and plays mistake free football  Plus he still has the NFL on his horizon  If he can perform at an elite level, he can jump up from a late round afterthought to a high-round pick 
I think if Cleary stays healthy, he shoot up draft boards  If BC's offense breaks out of its doldrums he'll be named an all conference player 
Labels: 2012 Preview, emmett cleary, Jim Bollman, Key Players
BC using coordinators as face(s) of the program?
BC posted this "thank you" video as an invite to a special practice for season ticket holders  Notice anyone missing? It is just a silly Youtbue video but I find it very telling that the school left out the Head Coach  This is college football  Your head coach is the face of the program  Ours isn't even mentioned in a direct marketing message to our most loyal customers 
There are many likely explanations for Spaz's absence  He's not particularly good on camera  He's never really shown any sort of enthusiasm for this sort of thing  And I think BC has heard enough to know that Spaz is not very popular with our fan base  No reason to trot him out when it will just dampen excitement about the upcoming season 
I like Bill McGovern and Doug Martin  Both are capable coordinators and leaders  Martin's been a head coach and I know McGovern wants to be one, so giving them face time is not a bad idea  Let's hope they are also given autonomy this year (which hasn't been Spaz's strong suit with coordinators)  If these two are given real power, season ticket holders will probably be happy they renewed 
Labels: BC marketing, Bill McGovern, Doug Martin, fire Spaz, Speculating with Spaz, Video
Optimism from Football Outsiders and other links
I am a sucker for football analytics and I also really respect CBS's Matt Hinton  So when his ACC preview piece on Football Outsiders listed BC with a  500 record and a 3rd place finish in the division, I was pleasantly surprised  FO is betting on our returning players and the positive trends of the last few games of 2011  I still don't know what to think about the upcoming season, but my love for BC and articles like this have me looking on the bright side 
BC is sending Emmett Cleary and Kaleb Ramsey to Greensboro to represent the school during ACC media days  I think this is actually a great sign for BC and for both players  I expected Cleary to have a break out season last year  He was good, but not all conference  Maybe this year is his chance to shine and get on NFL radars  Ramsey has always had the talent  His health and attitude have been bigger issues  If he is healthy and focused this year, he will be a game changer on D 
Here is more on our newest recruit out of Cincinnati Truman Gutapfel 
Chris Pantale is on the Mackey watch list  The award is given annually to the country's best Tight End 
Beaver Country Day big man Jacquil Taylor is generating local interest  BC has yet to offer, but is following him 
BCeagles com posted a Q&A with Bobby Swiggert yesterday  I found his talk about paring down the offense encouraging  We need to work on execution not diversity of plays 
HD put out this offseason filler piece ranking coaching jobs in the ACC  I don't really care where she perceives us  When the job changes we will be very attractive to the right guy for us 
Labels: Bobby Swigert, Chris Pantale, emmett cleary, Heather Dinich, Kaleb Ramsey, Links, Recruiting, Truman Gutapfel
Where is the one that got away?
While we've struggled recruiting Massachusetts players this year, we've cleaned up in Connecticut and in Ohio  Those local kids (or other lay-up recruits) we miss generate plenty of frustration but they happen every year  What's fortunate about our misses though, is that very few have come back to haunt us  When was the last time a great recruit spurned BC and became a star? I can think of a few over the years, but most of the recruits that "got away" had middling careers elsewhere 
Some recent examples of guys who spurned us include Graham Stewart, Arthur Lynch and Joe Boisture  All three committed to BC at one point only to rethink their decisions and go to bigger programs  Stewart washed out at Florida and is now sitting out a transfer year at UConn  Boisture is out of football altogether  Lynch has been a backup at Georgia  He has a chance for a bigger role this season, but so far has not lived up to the hype that surrounded his recruitment  Even with our terrible offense, Chris Pantale has had a much more productive Tight End career 
The closest thing I can think of to a recent recruit who had success elsewhere is Virginia OT Oday Aboushi  But should he even count? He didn't spurn BC  Our admissions office turned him down after he verbaled to BC  Prior to that, you would have to go back to Dorian Bryant  But like Aboushi, his case was less about being seduced by a bigger, flashier program and more about not meeting BC's minimum standards for admissions at one point in time 
Where these guys all over-hyped by the recruiting services? Where they wrong fits at their post-BC choices? I don't know  I do think a program like BC is probably more patient with players than some of the bigger programs  We won't rush a guy out of the program to free up a scholarship  We prefer to redshirt  And I think the nature of a program -- with good academic support and less of a big school mentality -- keeps kids from falling through the cracks  Every recruit thinks they are going to be a star, so selling them on development and a safety net doesn't sway many, but it should  If anything BC should use a guy like Marcus Grant -- a local kid who left a Big Ten program to come "home" as an example to Massachusetts recruits  Massachusetts kids keep leaving to play at the "highest level " Our counter should be that we will develop them for life and the NFL (the real highest level) and not chew them up and spit them out like a football factory 
I am sure that there will be a guy in the near future who decommits from BC and becomes a star  Or a guy we should have had who leads another team to glory  Right now I am just glad that we have very few regrets when it comes to old recruits  Our recruiting still has major challenges, but that's one area where things have broken our way 
[Note to commentors: let me know if you think I missed any recruits who "got away "]
Labels: Graham Stewart, Joe Boisture, mike siravo, Recruiting, Spaz recruiting
Key Players for 2012: Kevin Pierre-Louis
Junior Linebacker, Kevin Pierre-Louis
What he's been: BC's second-leading tackler  On most teams KPL would already be a star  But he played next to college football's tackling machine  There wasn't much room for headlines or an extra tackle with Luke Kuechly doing so much  Pierre-Louis also missed three games last year and played through pain in others  When healthy, he showed great anticipation and was a very solid tackler  In a way, he's a lot like Kuechly 
What he needs to be: KPL needs to be more of a game changer  He's got the speed and instincts to do it  Also, his role won't be in the middle, so he can take chances that Kuechly could not  Ideally he'd have a season like Herzy's 2008  Where on one play he's blitzing the QB and on the next he's running a fumble back  While our scheme has defined much of the defensive success the past five years, we've also benefited from great individual performances  To be great again, we need someone with the tools like KPL to become elite 
Why I like his chances to shine: KPL played really well in the first half of 2011  If he had stayed healthy, he would've been all conference  There's no reason he can't be even better this year  We'll miss Kuechly, but the defensive line might be better this year -- that will create more opportunities for big plays from Pierre-Louis  I also like his stats  His tackles for loss and pass break ups in a shortened season give me hope that he'll do even more when playing in all games and playing at 100% 
I think KPL takes off this year  I think he'll be first team ACC, lead BC with over 110 tackles, and have at least two INTs and two fumble recoveries 
Labels: 2012 Preview, Kevin Pierre-Louis, Key Players
Montel Harris to Temple now officially official
Although it's been rumored and reported multiple times over the past few months, Montel Harris finally enrolled in Temple over the weekend  Supposedly the delay was due to Harris completing his academic commitments to BC  To be eligible at Temple, Montel must have completed his BC degree 
All the past comments hold true for me  I hope Montel has a great end to his career and gets his shot at the NFL  He was a pleasure to watch the past four years 
Labels: Kevin Rogers, Montel Harris, Ryan Day, Temple
What would Spaz need to do to hold on?
I've been speculating about new coaches all summer, but what if Spaz actually pulls through? Crystal Ball Run thinks it could happen  Ultimately it will come down to our record  In my opinion, this is how it would play out  Let me know your thoughts in the comments 
4-8 or worse   
Spaz is gone  Back to back 8 loss seasons would be too much  The diehards are already calling for his head  Another embarrassing and hard to watch season would kill goodwill among the casual BC fans 
8-4 or better   
Spaz is safe  We have the talent and the schedule to be this good  I don't think it will happen, but if it does we will see Year 5 of the Spaz era 
6 or 7 wins   
Spaz "retires " He gets his money  He gets to go out with a winning record  He saves face  This is probably the best outcome for everyone 
This is the unknown in my opinion  I could see the powers that be wanting to keep him one more year  Especially if we end on a high note 
Labels: Coach Flip is running the show, fire Spaz, Speculating with Spaz
Coaches to Watch this fall Part 3: Current Defensive Coordinators
BC has turned to college coordinators in the past to step up as Head Coach  While there is risk with any hire, the nice thing about a rising coordinator is that they've usually proven themselves adapt at one phase of the game and you have the chance to hire the next great football mind  Plus most coordinators come in hungry and hard working, looking to make the most of their first chance as a head coach  Because Spaz is a a defensive coach, I am sure BC fans will want a replacement with an offensive background, but that doesn't mean we should overlook these guys 
Pat Narduzzi
Defensive Coordinator, Michigan State
Until Bruce Feldman dropped his name as a Spaz replacement, I don't think many BC fans were even thinking about Narduzzi  On paper he's a very solid candidate  He's got BCS experience at Michigan State  The Spartans love him and recently gave him a huge raise  While they haven't been elite, I like what Michigan State has done under Dantonio (and Narduzzi)  They overachieve given their talent base and work hard on the recruting front  Because of his stops in Cincinnati and growing up in northeast Ohio, Narduzzi has ties to our important midwest recruiting territories  What I like most about him as a candidate is his time at Rhode Island  I don't think our new head coach needs ties to BC, but I do think it helps if he comes in with an understanding of what BC is and can be  If you've coached at URI, you know what New England football is like  You know about the difference in fan interest and the space crunch BC is under  And you'll know that BC can be successful with the right coaching 
What to Watch for in 2012: How high Narduzzi's profile rises  He interviewed for head coaching jobs last year  If Michigan State continues to improve and Narduzzi earns more accolades, other schools will have interest 
Mark Stoops
Defensive Coordinator, Florida State
Normally I would worry about the fit of a guy like Stoops  He's coming from a football factory  His last name brings some good and bad baggage  But I do think there are some strong pluses in his candidacy at BC  Like Narduzzi, Stoops has deep ties to the Ohio Catholic high school circuit  He also has a good understanding of the ACC landscape after stops in Miami and Florida State  His FSU defenses still begin with the 4-3, so he could take our current roster and install his own system  Although the Stoops name isn't a household name in Boston, his track record, name and personality would be an easy sell to the BC faithful 
What to Watch for in 2012: How Florida State handles their expectations  If this is the year they finally return to being "Florida State" Stoops will get much of the credit and be a hot name  Even if they are good, not great, he's still viable at BC 
Defensive Coordinator, Texas
Due to his unusual path into coaching and his sudden rise, Diaz is a very hot name among coordinators  Aside from his time coaching at other ACC schools, there's not much tying him to BC  But I think his ability to recruit, his Xs and Os and the ability to be the face of the program deserve consideration  Diaz is young, but serving as a coordinator at Texas is a good proving ground  Mack Brown is in CEO mode, so his coordinators do much of the heavy lifting  It's great preparation for making the jump to head coach 
What to Watch for in 2012: TOB's potential retirement  Diaz is one of the names on many NC State wish lists  If TOB steps down, some in their fan base will make a big push for Diaz to return to Raleigh 
Defensive Coordinator, Notre Dame
Diaco is one of the most relentless recruiters in college football  If he took over at BC, I think we could upgrade our talent quickly  The New Jersey native has plenty of ACC experience and has recruited at schools with academic restrictions  I don't love his scheme (3-4) and have a few concerns about his defenses being good but never dominant  But he would be a very good fit at BC and worth the risk 
What to Watch for in 2012: An Irish implosion  Although his seat is not as hot as Spaz's, Kelly needs to win this year  If he's fired, we can't hire his fired defensive coordinator  The perception would be terrible among fans and recruits 
Labels: Bob Diaco, Coach Flip is running the show, Coaches to Watch, fire Spaz, Manny Diaz, Mark Stoops, Pat Narduzzi, Speculating with Spaz
More people to follow
A little over a month ago, I posted a few BC related names that you should follow  Now, I have a few more   
BC Hockey Blog: twitter and blog  The diehard hockey fans already follow, but for those more casual BC hockey fans, this is a good place to keep up with our best team 
Warren K  Zola: twitter  BC's Assistant Dean of Graduate programs is pretty plugged into the student athlete scene at BC  He contributes to the Huffington Post on Sports Law, sports news and College Sports 
Lou Imbriano: twitter  The former Patriots executive and current BC professor tweets about a variety of sports and sports marketing news  In my opinion, BC should be leaning on him more with regards to how we market our programs 
BC Che Chi's: twitter  A parody account that only a BC alum would understand  Parody accounts are tough to sustain, but I look forward to Che Chi's contributions come football season 
Justin Rowland: twitter  The Rivals recruiting writer is breaking more and more BC news lately  If you follow recruiting, you should probably follow Rowland 
Labels: BC Hockey, BC voices, follow, twitter, Warren Zola
Pass the Van Nest koolaid and other links
The Globe's feature on 5th year basketball transfer Andrew Van Nest has me fired up  Aside from being a good story, what if this kid can actually play? I know he didn't see the court much at Harvard, but do you trust Tommy Amaker when it comes to managing a roster? The best part of the Van Nest situation is that there is no risk to BC  If he doesn't pan out, he is gone within a year  But who knows, maybe he can give us 10 minutes a game  We need another big body and 6'11 with shooting touch translates into most leagues 
Earlier in the week, the ACC locked in a deal with the Orange Bowl  There is still plenty of conjecture about what it means but there are some strong points in the deal  First the ACC will be able to sell the media rights  That gives us the chance to earn similar dollars to the Big Four conferences  Second, the Orange Bowl will be a New Year's Day game  That's huge as it should help travel and ticket sales  Finally Notre Dame will have an affiliation to the game  One more tie to the Irish is a good thing from a TV standpoint 
Connecticut WR Dave Coggins supposedly verbaled to BC the other day  Rivals says it is not a sure thing yet  BC offered a scholarship to Ohio Dlineman Truman Gutapfel  BC is hoping to get two Florida targets as a packaged deal 
Another Cincinnati-area BC target Evan Jansen committed to Indiana  BC also lost out to California offensive lineman Alex Redmond  Florida LB Nick Internicola seemed like a solid BC target, but he committed to Rutgers earlier this week 
Matt Humphrey is adjusting to his third college team 
Parker Milner has impressed the Bruins at their developmental camp 
Labels: Andrew Van Nest, Dave Coggins, Links, Matt Humphrey, Orange Bowl, Parker Milner, Truman Gutapfel
History Lesson: the Eagle
In honor of the 4th of July, I thought it might be a good time to revisit one of the symbols BC shares with our great nation: the eagle 
Although the Eagle is now synonymous with BC through statues and other references on campus, we were without an official mascot during our first few decades  In 1920 the Heights published a cartoon showing a cat licking a plate of its sports rivals  Yes, we could have been the "Cats " While that would have inspired plenty of nicknames and unique imagery, Father McLaughlin didn't think a cat was the proper representative for our university  He suggested the eagle due to its majesty, power and freedom  We officially became the "Eagles" that same year 
Contrary to millions of sports writers' work, we are not the "golden eagles " And despite Baldwin's looks and name we are not the "bald eagles" either 
Two other FBS programs also use the eagle as their mascot  Like us Eastern Michigan is just the Eagles  Southern Mississippi uses Golden Eagles 
I can't find any evidence that McLaughlin wanted to tie BC's symbols to those of the United States, but it is a nice connection 
Labels: Angry Chicken Logo, Baldwin, bc history, BC logo, U-S-A, We are BC
More Turf news
This is bordering on overkill, but I am going all in   
The good people at AstroTurf have premiered a live video feed of the Alumni Stadium turf installation  Now instead of spending your holiday week outdoors with family and friends, you can watch as synthetic grass is laid down in Chestnut Hill 
Labels: Alumni Stadium renovations, Astro Turf, grass, Turf
Keep fighting the good fight Lax diehards!
AJ's tweet brought the following comments on BC's Facebook page to my attention  After BC posted an update on the new field, Gene and Spaz's critics took to Facebook to vent  The usual complaints about both guys, tailgating and the state of the program filled the discussion  But what stood out to me was one simple comment from Connor Wilson: "bring back lacrosse " I don't share the BC Lax community's mission, but I respect their passion  Lacrosse is never coming back, but that doesn't mean BC shouldn't hear about it every day 
Labels: bring back lacrosse, Coach Flip is running the show, Gene D, Lacrosse
Anderson interview and other links
BCeagles com posted a Q&A with Ryan Anderson  He talked about his summer break and his new teammates  Hopefully the new guys are as far along as Anderson feels they are 
HD is banking on our experience as a reason we could surprise people this year 
BC keeps hitting Ohio prospects hard  The latest target is Cinci LB Marcus Oliver 
Here is more on future Eagle Dan Monteroso  Monteroso also generated some interest from basketball schools  Maybe Spaz will let him play basketball in the Spring 
This matrix took a different look at the Hot Seat issue  With regards to losing and underachieving, Spaz is not as bad as some of the bigger names on the list 
Former eagles Carolyn Swords and Molly Schaus discussed how Title IX impacted their sporting careers 
Labels: Carolyn Swords, Dan Monteroso, fire Spaz, HD, Hot Seat, Links, Marcus Oliver, Ryan Anderson
NFL attendance problems a lesson for BC
BC's faced some attendance issues the past few years  We like to blame the tailgating or Spaz or the schedule, but the reality is there are multiple factors  Just look at the attendance issues facing the most popular league in American sports -- the NFL  If they can't get butts in the seats, how can BC? The NFL has a few different solutions in play  Perhaps, BC can learn from them 
Fewer Seats
The NFL is lowering the bar, so that blackout rules don't require sellouts  Blackouts are not an issue in college, but perhaps few seats will help demand and make Alumni seem full  I don't want to tear out seats, but maybe we can replace the bleachers with actual seats  That would take up more space, eliminate seats and improve the watching experience 
The internet has added fluidity to the ticket market  It used to be BC fans would buy season ticket packages to assure themselves Notre Dame tickets or some other desirable game  Now most know that they can buy the game they want without committing to others they don't  One way to win them back is to lower the investment  BC will miss out on the mark up of the premium games, but at least they will have more people invest in a whole season  BC is indirectly doing this already with their discounts of the less desirable games  If the NFL is lowering prices on parking and concessions, BC should also explore it  Like the NFL we are getting more and more money from TV  Why not make the ingame experience more affordable 
In-game experience
This has been discussed ad nauseum, but needs to be looked at again  I don't think it is as simple as the NFL's push for wireless  We need the game day experience to be inviting from the moment the gates open to the moment the last fan is leaving  It is about the music, the ushers, the video boards, the halftime, the activities during commercial breaks  I don't want BC to turn into a barrage of nonsense, but we can do more 
I don't go to many BC games  That's mostly because of my location  But I also like the watching the game in my home  The convenience, the visuals, and the costs all factor into my decision  But live sports is still a great experience   especially college football  I just hope BC doesn't wait around until the Alumni is empty 



ground_truth: It tends to suppress the Kondo effect.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When will BC leave Boston?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 4:  The best performing model checkpoint was chosen according to the epoch-wise validation macro-F1 score  5 Experiments and Results

Experiments using Large Language Models

For the task of Dialect Identification we have tried various language specific models like XLM-RoBERTa, BERT, ELECTRA, RoBERTa and GPT- 2  The base variant of all these models were used and all the models were used through the Hugging-Face library  The pooler output of these models was passed through a linear layer and the models were fine-tuned 
First, we experimented with different models for Track-1  All the models were trained for 20 epochs with learning rate 1e-6, weight decay 1e-6 and a batch size of 8  We used XLM-RoBERTa as the baseline for all 3 languages  The best performing models for the English language were RoBERTa and BERT whereas GPT-2 was the worst performing 
Similarly the language specific versions of RoBERTa and BERT performed well for the Spanish and Portuguese respectively  Overall the worst performing model was GPT-2 across all 3 languages  The validation F1 scores are present in Table   The two best-performing models for every language were chosen for Track-2 
The same procedure as specified above was used and the F1 scores are present in Table   The train and validation F1 scores for 2-class classification are higher for all models as compared to the F1 score of the same models for 3-class classification  This was mainly due to the poor representation and accuracy of classification of the third class 
We observed symptoms of overfitting in all models after 12-15 epochs and the best validation F1 score was obtained in the range of 4-8 epochs 

LID experiments

The pipeline for dialect identification is divided into two parts as the sentences in the dataset belong to different languages  The stages are described in Section 4  The XLM-RoBERTa we have used for language classification has a test accuracy of 99 6% meaning it correctly classifies all input sentences and hence, can be considered as a perfect classifier 
For the final pipeline we experimented using the two best performing models for each language in Track-1 and Track-2  For both the tracks we experimented with all 8 (2 3 ) possible combinations of models and calculated the validation F1 score for the combined validation dataset which had sentences belonging to all languages 
The validation scores for Track-1 and Track-2 are shown in Table and Table respectively  For both the tracks, the three pipelines with the best validation F1 scores were chosen for submission 

Using 3-way classifier as a 2-way classifier

In Track-1, participants are expected to train a classifier which classifies amongst 9 classes, and in Track-2, participants are expected to train a classifier which classifies amongst 6 classes  These 6 classes are a proper subset of the 9 classes from Track-1  Thus, an intuitive baseline for Track-2 is to use the model finetuned for Track-1, whilst considering only the relevant classes for the latter task 
The classes EN , ES and P T , i e  the classes without any national dialect associated with them are not included in Track-2 as compared to Track-1  Thus, we calculate the predictions for the Track-2 validation dataset using the models for Track-1 and exclude the metrics for Track-1 specific classes to get the metrics for this "adapted" 2-way classification 
We show the results of this experiment in Table and observe that, as expected, the adapted 2-way classification performs worse compared to the explicitly finetuned variant 

Results for Track-1 and Track-2

We now present our experiments and their performance for both tracks  Our experiments for Track-1 are described in Table and our experiments for Track-2 are described in Table   The participants were allowed three submissions for evaluation on the test set, so we submitted predictions using the three systems which performed the best on the validation set 
As mentioned in Section 5 2, we performed 2 3 , i e  a total of 8 experiments using the two best models for each language  We observed that RoBERTa base on English, Spanish BERT base on Spanish and Portuguese BERT base performed the best on the testing set for Track-1  The same combination, with RoBERTa base for English, worked best for Track-2 
All of our submissions were the top submissions for each track, which surpassed the next best competitors by a margin of 4 5% and 5 6% for Track-1 and Track-2 respectively 

Ablation of best submissions

We hereby make some observations of our submissions and other experiments  To assist this, we plot the confusion matrices of our best submissions for Track-1 and Track-2 in Figures respectively  Note that these confusion matrices have their rows (i e  true labels axes) normalized according to the number of samples in the class 
Here are observations from our experiments: 1  BERT-based models outperform other models across all languages: We observe that BERT-based models outperform ELECTRA-based and GPT-2-based models, as shown in Table   We speculate this is because of the inherent architecture of BERT, which combines semantic learning with knowledge retention 
This combination of traits is particularly useful for this task  2  Common labels perform the worst across all languages: We observe that the common labels EN , ES and P T perform the worst, both in the individual as well as the two-stage setup  We hypothesize this is because of the absence of dialect specific words, or words that are specific to the geographical origin of the national dialect (for example, "Yankees" for EN-US and "Oxford" for EN-GB) 
3  English models work better than models of other languages: It can be noted from Figures 4 and 3 that the English models have the best performance across all classes  This can be attributed to two reasons: absence of national dialect specific words and lesser pretraining data in the case of Portuguese 
4  British English is most correctly classified class: We can observe that the Spanish or Portuguese models make equal number of mistakes in the case of either national dialect, in the case of Track-2 (see Figure )  However, in the case of English, the label EN − GB is correctly classified for more than 95% of the cases 
We speculate this is because British English involves slightly distinctive grammar and semantics, which help the model separate it from other classes  5  The proposed 2-step method is scalable for multiple language dialect classification: We can strongly assert that the novel 2-step deep learning method for multilingual dialect classification is a scalable method for the task due to two specific reasons: firstly, the multilingual models (like XLM-RoBERTa) might not have the vocabulary as well as the learning capabilities to learn the minute differences between individual dialects 
Secondly, this system can be quickly expanded for a new language by simply adding a language specific dialect classifier, provided the language identification model supports that particular language 

Conclusion

In this paper we propose a two-stage classification pipeline for dialect identification for multilingual corpora  We conduct thorough ablations on this setup and provide valuable insights  We foresee multiple future directions for this work  The first is to expand this work to many languages and dialects 
Secondly, it is a worthwhile research direction to distill this multi-model setup into a single model with multiple prediction heads  The obvious limitation of this system is the excessive memory consumption due to the usage of language specific models  For low resource languages this system is difficult to train and scale 
We hope that these problems will be addressed by researchers in future works 



ground_truth: August 25.