prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was Ralph Rokebye's brother?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: Rokebye, Ralph of Yorks, arm  Gloucester Hall, matric  9 Nov , 1582, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1585  See Foster's Inns of Court Register 
Rokebye, Ralph of Herts (? Yorks), gent  Broadgates Hall, matric  entry 28 Feb , 1589-90, aged 14  See pedigree in Foster's Yorkshire Collection 
Rokeby, William (brother of Sir Richard, treasurer of Ireland, son of John, of Thundercliffe Grange, Yorks), fellow of King's Hall, Cambridge, D Can L ; rector of Sandal 1487, and of Halifax, Yorks, 1502, rector of Fakenham, Norfolk, 1496, chancellor of Ireland 1498, and 1515, bishop of Meath, and privy councillor 1507, archbishop of Dublin 1512, archdeacon of Surrey 1520, until his death 29 Nov , 1521  See Ath  ii  717; Cotton, i  25; & Lansdowne MS  979, ff  4, 6 
Rolfe, Augustine (Rolfus) M A  from Queen's Coll , Cambridge, 1595; incorporated 10 July, 1599 
Rolf, Richard B A  from Emanuel Coll , Cambridge, 1584-5 (incorporated 11 July, 1585); M A  1588  See Foster's Graduati Cantab 
Rolfe, William cler  fil  New Coll , matric  10 March, 1656-7, B A  1660, fellow, M A  14 Jan , 1663-4; rector of Brampton 1668, and of Stoke Bruern, Northants, 1676, until his death, buried (at Stoke Bruern) 6 Sept , 1693  See Baker's Northants, i  86 
Rolfe, William s  William, of Stoke-Bruern, Northants, cler  Brasenose Coll  7 July, 1688, aged 16; student of Inner Temple 1692, buried in the Temple church 1 March, 1692-3  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rolle, Denis youngest son John, of Steventon, Devon, equitis  Exeter Coll , matric  15 Feb , 1666-7, aged 17; brother of John same date 
Rolle, Denis s  D , of Heanton, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll  matric  24 Oct , 1687, aged 17; B A  1691, M A  1694 (as Denys), rector of Merton, Devon, 1696  See Samuel 1687, & Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rolle, (Sir) Henry of Devon, arm  fil  Broadgates Hall, matric  14 June, 1594, aged 18; student of Middle Temple 1597 (as son and heir of Henry, of Steventon, Devon, esq ), knighted 23 July, 1603, died in 1617  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rolle, Henry of Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  20 March, 1606-7, aged 17; bar -at-law, Inner Temple, 1618, bencher 1633 (2s  Robert, of Heanton, Devon), M P  Callington 1621-2, 1624-5, Truro 1625-1626, 1628-9, serjeant-at-law 1640, recorder of Dorchester 1636, a judge of king's bench 1645, chief justice of upper bench 1648-55, died 30 July, 1656, buried in Shapwick church, Somerset; brother of Samuel 1605  See Ath  iii  416; & Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rolle, Henry s  Alex , of Tavistock, Devon, gent  Christ Church, matric  23 March, 1696-7, aged 17 
Rolle, John of Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  30 May, 1589, aged 15; B A  8 Feb , 1592-3, M A  25 May, 1596 
Rolle, John 1s  John, of Steventon, Devon, equitis  Exeter Coll , matric  15 Feb , 1666-7, aged 18; of Bicton, Devon; died in his father's lifetime, buried at Bicton 22 April, 1689; brother of Denis 1667, and father of Denis 1698 
Rolle, Richard s  Richard, of Cookeburye, Devon, gent  New Inn Hall, matric  26 Sept , 1634, aged 18; B A  from Jesus Coll , Cambridge, 1638, incorporated from Gloucester Hall 17 Dec , 1639, M A  2 July, 1642, rector of Sheviocke, Cornwall, 1656; father of the next-named  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolle, Richard s  R , of Sheviock, Cornwall, cler  St  Alban Hall, matric  3 July, 1674, aged 17; B A  1678 
Rolle, Robert (Rooles or Roales) fellow New Coll  1551-60 from Mark Lane, city of London, B A  26 June, 1555, M A  26 July, 1560, B D  22 Jan , 1572-3, D D  June, 1585, a teacher in Westminster school; perhaps canon of Combe (4) in Wells, 1574, and rector of Stoke Climsland, Devon, 1574  See O H S  i  345; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolle, Samuel s  Denis, of Great Torrington, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  16 July, 1687, aged 18, B A  1691; bar -at-law Middle Temple 1697; M P  Barnstaple 1705, died 1747; see Denis 1687  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rolle, William B C L  14 July, 1528; perhaps vicar of Yarncombe, Devon, 1536  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rolles, Gabriel (Rooles) B A  from St  John's Coll , Cambridge, 1610-11, M A  1614; incorporated 13 July, 1619, rector of East Locking, Berks, 1620, as Rolle  See Foster's Graduati Cantab 
Rolles, Richard gent  Jesus Coll , matric  1 March, 1632-3, B A  next day, M A  15 Oct , 1635; perhaps created B D  20 Dec  1642, "ex regis gratia," rector of Wavendon, Bucks, and of Witham, Essex, 1646, by the Westminster assembly  See Add  MS  15,670, p  70 
Rolles, William s  Richard, of Lewknor, Oxon, gent  St  John's Coll , matrie  12 March, 1637-8, aged 17, B A  9 Nov , 1641, M A  6 July, 1644; B D  from Jesus Coll  12 Sept , 1661, rector of Wheatfield, Oxon, 1660, and of Chalfont St  Giles, Bucks, 1662  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolles, William created M A  from Exeter Coll  14 April, 1648 
Rolleston, Simon created M A  31 Aug , 1636 
Rolleston, Thomas of Devon, gent  Wadham Coll , matric  12 May, 1620, aged 16 
Rollinson, Francis 1584  See Rallinson 
Rollinson, William s  "Jose," of London, gent  St  John's Coll , matric  7 March, 1694-5, aged 15; perhaps brother of John Rawlinson, of New Coll  1692  See page 1236 
Rolt, Edward youngest son of Tho , of London, equitis  Merton Coll , matric  7 Nov , 1701, aged 15; of Sacomb, Herts, and Chippenham, Wilts, student of Lincoln's Inn, 1702, M P  St  Mawes 1713, Grantham 1715-22, Chippenham 1722; died 22 Dec , 1722; his father knighted 1 Oct , 1682, and died 9 Sept , 1710  See Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary 
Rolte, George s  Thomas, of St  Margarets par  Darenth, Kent, pleb  St  Alban Hall, matric  17 June, 1631, aged 18; B A  20 June, 1631, M A  29 April, 1634, incorporated at Cambridge 1639 
Romane, Edmund pleb  Balliol Coll , matric  20 Feb , 1627-8, aged 18; B A  next day, M A  3 June, 1630 
Romaine, Matthew pleb  Balliol Coll , matric  10 June, 1630, B A  same day, M A  14 May, 1633, vicar of Stoke Gaylard, Dorset, 1639; father of the next  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Romayne, Thomas s  Matth , of Stoke Gaylard, Dorset, minister  Wadham Coll , matric  17 July, 1669, aged 17; B A  from Hart Hall 1673, "the intruded" rector of Stoke Gaylard 1675  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Romayne, William (Ronayne) gent  Trinity Coll , matric  31 July, 1671, aged 16 
Rome, Harcourt s  William, of London, p p  Brasenose Coll , matric  13 Dec , 1672, aged 17 
Rome, William s  G  (? "Gul "), of Northampton (city), pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  11 Dec , 1684, aged 16 
Romney, Joseph B A  from Emanuel Coll , Cambridge, 1610-11, M A  1614; incorporated 8 July, 1614, student of Inner Temple 1610, as of London, gent  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rone, John s  Randolph, of Hanmer, Flints, pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  10 Oct , 1634, aged 18; D D  Trinity Coll , Dublin, 25 Jan , 1666 (as Roane), vicar of Hanmer, Flints, 1644, ejected same year, dean of Clogher 1667, bishop of Killaloe 1675, until his death 5 Sept , 1692  See Cotton's Fasti Ecc  Hib  i  467 
Rone, William of New Coll  1661  See Roane 
Roode, Edward (or Rode) B A  21 July, 1522, M A  26 Nov , 1534; perhaps canon of Southwell 1561-73 
Roode, Edward cler  fil  Merton Coll , matric  22 Nov , 1650; Eton postmaster 1649, fellow 1651, B A  2 March, 1651-2, M A  14 Dec , 1655; incorporated at Cambridge 1657, and LL D  1671; vicar of Gamlingay, co  Cambridge, rector of one moiety 1661, and of the other 1677; died at Cambridge 1689  See Burrows, 525; & O H S  iv  292 
Roode, Onesiphorus s  Edward, of Thame, Oxon, sacerd  New Inn Hall, matric  27 Oct , 1637, aged 16, B A  1 July, 1641; incorporated at Cambridge 1645; chaplain to the house of lords after the expulsion of the bishops; minister of New chapel, Tuttle-Fields, Westminster, 1648, until ejected in 1660  See Calamy, i  195 
Rood, Richard M A  from Pembroke Coll  5 Dec , 1634 
Rooke, John s  Tho , of Broadwell, co  Gloucester, pleb  Pembroke Coll , matric  1 March, 1683-4, aged 17; brother of Thomas 1693 
Rooke, John s  Tho , of Whitchurch, Wilts, gent  Balliol Coll , matric  14 Jan , 1713-14, aged 17 
Rooke, Nicholas s  Arthur, of Totnes, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  10 March, 1670-1, aged 16; B A  1674, M A  1677, rector of Dartington, Devon, 1679  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rooke, Robert "ser " Oriel Coll , matric  1 April, 1656, B A  1659 
Rooke, Robert s  R , p p  St  Alban Hall, matric  30 March, 1677, aged 17 
Rooke, Thomas pleb  Christ Church, matric  3 May, 1659 
Rooke, William (Roock) of Dorset, pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  entry under date 20 March, 1578-9, aged 19; B A  from St  Alban Hall 30 Jan , 1582-3, M A  9 May, 1586 
Rooke, William of Dorset, gent  New Coll , matric  12 July, 1605, aged 18; B A  21 Feb , 1608-9, chaplain, M A  16 Dec , 1611, rector of North Cheriton, Somerset, 1618  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rooke, William s  J , of Workington, Cumberland, p p  Queen's Coll , matric  22 Oct , 1669, aged 17; B A  1674, M A  1677, B D  1690, vicar of Plumstead, Kent, 1691, and rector of Hadley, Hants, 1695  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rookes, Christopher (Rokys or Rokkis) B A  8 July, 1522, M A  1 July, 1527, B D  supd  Oct , 1540; principal of Magdalen Hall 1529-32, vicar of Stanstead Abbots, Herts, 1534  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rookes, Jonas B A  from Magdalen Hall 24 April, 1599, M A  11 Feb , 1601-2 (2s  William, of Roydes Hall); vicar of Penistone, Yorks, 1619, see Foster's Index Eccl ; styled fellow and bursar of University Coll  in Foster's Yorkshire Collection, possibly brother of the next-named 
Rookes, Robert of Yorks, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  14 May, 1602, aged 19; possibly brother of the last-named 
Ro(o)kes, William demy Magdalen Coll  1544, B A  supd  1551, fellow 1552-71, M A  27 April, 1556, B Med  supd  24 April, 1561  See Bloxam, iv  99 
Rookes, William s  William, of Rhodes Hall, Yorks, gent  University Coll , matric  30 June, 1665, aged 16; died at Oxford in 1667 
Roope, Ambrose s  A , of Dartmouth Parva, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  15 March, 1671-2, aged 16 
Roope, George s  Ant , of Bradford, Wilts, gent  Hart Hall, matric  10 Oct , 1702, aged 15 
Roope, John s  Nicholas, of Dartmouth, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  17 Nov , 1637, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1638  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Roope, Nicholas of Devon, gent  Broadgates Hall, matric  6 Feb , 1606-7, aged 18; B A  6 Nov , 1610; probably father of the last-named 
Rooper, Thomas s  T , of London, gent  Trinity Coll , matric  9 July, 1699, aged 16; B A  1703, M A  19 Feb , 1705-6, as Roper 
Rooper, William of St  Alban Hall 1667  See Roper 
Roos, Brian D Can L  or doctor of decrees of the university of Valentia; incorporated 3 Feb , 1510-11; died 1529, buried in the church of Chelray  See Fasti, i  31 
Root, Isaac pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  2 July, 1658, admitted to Merchant Taylors' school 1649 (only son of Isaac, merchant taylor); born in Trinity parish 20 Aug , 1641  See Robinson, i  193 
Roots, Richard s  Tho , of Tunbridge, Kent, gent  St  John's Coll , matric  26 Dec , 1689, aged 15; demy Magdalen Coll  1690-1702, B A  1693, M A  1696, rector of Chilmarck, Wilts, 1702-27, canon of Sarum 1722, rector and vicar of Bishopstone, Wilts, 1728; brother of William 1699  See Rawl  iii  447, and xix  90; Bloxam, vi  111; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roots, Thomas of Sussex, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  entry 17 Nov , 1581, aged 13; B A  supd  1 July, 1584, bar -at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1594  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rootes, Thomas s  William, of Tunbridge, Kent, pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  31 Jan , 1628-9, aged 23; B A  12 Feb , 1628-9, vicar of Long Stanton All Saints, co  Cambridge, 1630  See Add  MSS  15,669-70; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Rootes, Thomas pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  2 July, 1658; B A  1661, M A  1666; possibly father of Richard 1689, and William 1699 
Roots, William s  Tho , of Tunbridge, Kent, gent  Christ Church, matric  16 March, 1698-9, aged 18; B A  1704; clerk Magdalen Coll  1705-11, M A  1707, rector of Little Berkhampstead, Herts, 1714; brother of Richard 1689  See Bloxam, ii  85; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roper, Francis s  Robert, of Trimdon, co  Durham, gent  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  16 Dec , 1661, aged 18; probably identical with Francis, son of Robert, of Kelloe, co  Durham, farmer, was admitted sizar of St  John's Coll , Cambridge, 21 Sept , 1658, aged 16; fellow, B A  1662-3, M A  1666, B D  1673, vicar of Waterbeach, co  Cambridge, 1678, canon of Ely 1686-90, rector of Northwold, Norfolk, 1687, died 13 April, 1719  See Mayor, 138; Surtees' Durham, i  107; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roper, John (or Rooper) demy Magdalen Coll , from Berks, M A  fellow, 1483, D D  disp  27 June, 1506, (first) Margaret professor of divinity, 1500, vice-chancellor of the university 1505, and 1511, principal of Salesurry and George Hall, rector of Witney, Oxon, 1493, vicar of St  Mary's church, Oxford, canon of Cardinal Coll  1532; died May, 1534  See Ath  i  76; & Landsowne MS  979, f  118 
Roper, John B A  disp  4 July, 1512 
Roper, Thomas of Trinity Coll  1699  See Rooper 
Roper, Philip of Kent, arm  Gloucester Hall, matric  7 Sept , 1588, aged 15 (subscribes Rooper) 
Roper, William (subscribes Rooper) of co  Hereford, militis fil  St  Alban Hall, matric  entry dated 5 June, 1607, aged 13; probably of Malmains, Kent, 2nd son of Sir Christopher Roper, afterwards 2nd baron Teynham  See Foster's Peerage 
Roscarrock, Henry of Cornwall, arm  Hart Hall, matric  entry under date 17 Dec , 1576, aged 21; probably son of Thomas, of Roscarrock, and brother of the next, and of Richard 1581 
Roscarrock, John B A  11 Feb , 1576-7; perhaps from Exeter Coll  (and 1s  Thomas, of Roscarrock, Cornwall); died 24 Nov , 1608; brother of Henry and Richard  See O H S  xii  65 
Roscarrock, Nicolas (Roiscariot) B A  supd  3 May, 1568, student Inner Temple 1571, as of Roscarrock, Cornwall  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Roscarrock, Richard of Cornwall, arm  Broadgates Hall, matric  entry under date circa 1581, aged 19; student of Middle Temple 1583 (as 3s  Thomas, of Roscarrock, Cornwall, esq ), brother of Henry and John  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rosdell, Christopher of Yorks, pleb  St  Edmund Hall, matric  entry under date 22 Dec , 1576, aged 22, B A  4 July, 1576; rector of St  Bennet Sherehog, London, 1579, and vicar of Somerton, Somerset, 1582  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Christopher s  John, of Marlow, Bucks, gent  Christ Church, matric  13 Feb , 1622-3, aged 21, B A  same day; rector of Hutton, Essex, 1642  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, Christopher s  Giles, of Lynn Regis, Norfolk, gent  Lincoln Coll , matric  8 July, 1670, aged 15; student of Gray's Inn, 1673  See Foster's Gray's Inn Register 
Rose, Gilbert Augustinian Canon, B D  supd  22 May, 1512, and supd  12 Dec , 1519, for incorporation as D D 
Rose, Henry "ser " Lincoln Coll , matric  22 July, 1658, B A  16 Jan , 1660-1, fellow 1662 from Pirton, Oxon, M A  1663 (incorporated at Cambridge 1688), B D  1672; minister of All Saints, Oxford, but running much into debt, and marrying beneath himself, left his fellowship and church about 1674, retired to London, and at length to Ireland  See Ath  iv  561 
Rose, Hugh s  "Dav  Ni " (Nigg 4to ), of Ross, Scotland, p p  (subs  pleb )  Balliol Coll , matric  3 April, 1707, aged 20; B A  1709 
Rose, John B A  8 June, 1519, fellow Merton Coll  1523, M A  31 March, 1525; one of these names vicar of Shoreham, Kent, 1536  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, John of co  Leicester, pleb  Merton Coll , matric  24 Nov , 1581, aged 21 
Rose, John s  Jeremy, of Swell, co  Gloucester, pleb  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  12 Dec , 1623, aged 15; B A  4 July, 1626 
Rose, John s  Rich , of Halberton, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  14 May, 1688, aged 17 
Rose, John s  J , of West Derby, co  Lancaster, pleb  University Coll , matric  7 March, 1712-13, aged 18, B A  1716; rector of Bilborough, Notts, 1722  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Jonathan s  Th , of Mickleton, co  Gloucester, pleb  St  Alban Hall, matric  16 May, 1677, aged 18; B A  9 Feb , 1680-1 
Rose, Joseph s  Thomas, of Sturminster Newton, Dorset, pleb  Oriel Coll , matric  12 Dec , 1623, aged 19 
Rose, Richard B A  from Exeter Coll  14 June, 1621; perhaps student of Middle Temple 1622 (as son and heir of John, of Lyme, Dorset, gent ), and M P  Lyme Regis April-May, 1640, 1640 (l p ), till his death after 1648  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg  & Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary 
Rose, Richard arm  Exeter Coll , matric  29 March, 1656; student of Lincoln's Inn 1659, as 4s  Richard, of Wootton Fitzwarren, Dorset, esq  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rose, Richard s  Richard, of Monks Kirby, co  Warwick, pleb  Magdalen Coll , matric  3 May, 1672, aged 16 (as Rosse); chorister 1670-6  See Bloxam, i  95 
Rose, Richard s  R(ichard), of Wyng, Bucks, gent  Trinity Coll , matric  7 May, 1680, aged 16; bar -at-law, Inner Temple, 1699  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rose, Stephen of co  Gloucester, pleb  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  21 Jan , 1619-20, aged 16; B A  13 Nov , 1621, M A  2 July, 1625, vicar of Aldermaston 1627, and rector of Barkham 1633, and of Arborfield, Berks, 1640, and perhaps of Hartley Mawditt, Hants, 1652  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, Stephen "ser " Lincoln Coll , matric  19 Nov , 1650 
Rose, Stephen "servi  fil " Magdalen Coll , matric  19 Nov , 1650 (subscribes "serv ") 
Rose, Stephen "ser " Magdalen Coll , subscribed 23 Nov , 1655; B A  from Wadham Coll  1659, vicar of Cold Overton, co  Leicester, 1662-3, and rector of Woolhampton, Berks, 1667-95, father of Temple  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Temple s  Step , of Woolhampton, Berks, cler  Trinity Coll , matric  29 March, 1693, aged 17, B A  1696 
Rose, Thomas Minorite, B D  22 June, 1509 
Rose, Thomas of Herts, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  10 Oct , 1589, aged 15 
Rose, Thomas s  Seth, of Telscombe, Sussex, sacerd  Oriel Coll , matric  5 June, 1640, aged 18; his father rector of Telscombe 1604, etc  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Thomas s  Edw , 
Context 3: consumption influences mercury: Topics by WorldWideScience org
Sample records for consumption influences mercury
Epidemiologic confirmation that fruit consumption influences mercury exposure in riparian communities in the Brazilian Amazon
Sousa Passos, Carlos Jose; Mergler, Donna; Fillion, Myriam; Lemire, Melanie; Mertens, Frederic; Guimaraes, Jean Remy Davee; Philibert, Aline
Since deforestation has recently been associated with increased mercury load in the Amazon, the problem of mercury exposure is now much more widespread than initially thought  A previous exploratory study suggested that fruit consumption may reduce mercury exposure  The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of fruit consumption on the relation between fish consumption and bioindicators of mercury (Hg) exposure in Amazonian fish-eating communities  A cross-sectional dietary survey based on a 7-day recall of fish and fruit consumption frequency was conducted within 13 riparian communities from the Tapajos River, Brazilian Amazon  Hair samples were collected from 449 persons, and blood samples were collected from a subset of 225, for total and inorganic mercury determination by atomic absorption spectrometry  On average, participants consumed 6 6 fish meals/week and ate 11 fruits/week  The average blood Hg (BHg) was 57 1Â±36 3 Î¼g/L (median: 55 1 Î¼g/L), and the average hair-Hg (HHg) was 16 8Â±10 3 Î¼g/g (median: 15 7 Î¼g/g)  There was a positive relation between fish consumption and BHg (r=0 48; P 2 =36 0%) and HHg levels (fish: Î²=1 2, P 2 =21 0%)  ANCOVA models showed that for the same number of fish meals, persons consuming fruits more frequently had significantly lower blood and HHg concentrations  For low fruit consumers, each fish meal contributed 9 8 Î¼g/L Hg increase in blood compared to only 3 3 Î¼g/L Hg increase for the high fruit consumers  In conclusion, fruit consumption may provide a protective effect for Hg exposure in Amazonian riparians  Prevention strategies that seek to maintain fish consumption while reducing Hg exposure in fish-eating communities should be pursued
Influence of mercury bioaccessibility on exposure assessment associated with consumption of cooked predatory fish in Spain 
Torres-Escribano, Silvia; Ruiz, Antonio; Barrios, Laura; VÃ©lez, Dinoraz; Montoro, Rosa
Predatory fish tend to accumulate high levels of mercury (Hg)  Food safety assessment of these fish has been carried out on the raw product  However, the evaluation of the risk from Hg concentrations in raw fish might be modified if cooking and bioaccessibility (the contaminant fraction that solubilises from its matrix during gastrointestinal digestion and becomes available for intestinal absorption) were taken into account  Data on Hg bioaccessibility in raw predatory fish sold in Spain are scarce and no research on Hg bioaccessibility in cooked fish is available  The aim of the present study was to evaluate Hg bioaccessibility in various kinds of cooked predatory fish sold in Spain to estimate their health risk  Both Hg and bioaccessible Hg concentrations were analysed in raw and cooked fish (swordfish, tope shark, bonito and tuna)  There were no changes in Hg concentrations during cooking  However, Hg bioaccessibility decreased significantly after cooking (42 Â± 26% in raw fish and 26 Â± 16% in cooked fish), thus reducing in swordfish and tope shark the Hg concentration to which the human organism would be exposed  In future, cooking and bioaccessibility should be considered in risk assessment of Hg concentrations in predatory fish  Copyright Â© 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 
Intake of mercury through fish consumption
Sarmani, S B ; Kiprawi, A Z ; Ismail, R B ; Hassan, R B ; Wood, A K ; Rahman, S A 
Fish has been known as a source of non-occupational mercury exposure to fish consuming population groups, and this is shown by the high hair mercury levels  In this study, hair samples collected from fishermen and their families, and commercial marine fishes were analyzed for mercury and methylmercury by neutron activation and gas chromatography  The results showed a correlation between hair mercury levels and fish consumption patterns  The levels of mercury found in this study were similar to those reported by other workers for fish consuming population groups worldwide  (author)
Fish consumption limit for mercury compounds
Abbas Esmaili-Sari
Full Text Available Background and objectives: Methyl mercury can carry out harmful effects on the reproductive, respiratory, and nervous system of human  Moreover, mercury is known as the most toxic heavy metal in nature  Fish and seafood consumption is the major MeHg exposure route for human  The present study tries to cover researches which have been conducted on mercury levels in 21 species of fish from Persian Gulf, Caspian Sea and Anzali Wetland during the past 6 years, and in addition to stating mercury level, it provides recommendations about the restriction of monthly fish consumption for each species separately  Material and methods: Fish samples were transferred to the laboratory and stored in refrigerator under -20oC until they were dissected  Afterwards, the muscle tissues were separated and dried  The dried samples were ground and changed into a homogenous powder and then the mercury concentration rate has been determined by advanced mercury analyzer, model 254  Results: In general, mercury contamination in fishes caught from Anzali Wetland was much more than fishes from Caspian Sea  Also, from among all studied fishes, oriental sole (Euryglossa orientalis, caught from Persian Gulf, allocated the most mercury level to itself with the rate of 5 61ml per kg , therefore, it exercises a severe consumption restriction for pregnant women and vulnerable groups  Conclusion: Based on the calculations, about 50% of fishes, mostly with short food chain, can be easily consumed during the year  However, with regard to Oriental sole (Euryglossa orientalis and shark (Carcharhinus dussumieri, caught from Persian Gulf, special consideration should be taken in their consumption  On the other hand, careful planning should be made for the high rate of fish consumption among fishing community 
Hair Mercury Concentrations and Fish Consumption Patterns in Florida Residents
Adam M  Schaefer
Full Text Available Mercury exposure through the consumption of fish and shellfish represents a significant public health concern in the United States  Recent research has demonstrated higher seafood consumption and subsequent increased risk of methylmercury exposure among subpopulations living in coastal areas  The identification of high concentrations of total mercury in blood and skin among resident Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL, a coastal estuary in Florida, alerted us to a potential public health hazard in the contiguous human population  Therefore, we analyzed hair mercury concentrations of residents living along the IRL and ascertained their sources and patterns of seafood consumption  The total mean mercury concentration for 135 residents was 1 53 Â± 1 89 Âµg/g  The concentration of hair mercury among males (2 02 Â± 2 38 Âµg/g was significantly higher than that for females (0 96 Â± 0 74 Âµg/g (p < 0 01  Log transformed hair mercury concentration was significantly associated with the frequency of total seafood consumption (p < 0 01  Individuals who reported consuming seafood once a day or more were 3 71 (95% CI 0 84â€“16 38 times more likely to have a total hair mercury concentration over 1 0 Âµg/g, which corresponds approximately to the U S  EPA reference dose, compared to those who consumed seafood once a week or less  Hair mercury concentration was also significantly higher among individuals who obtained all or most of their seafood from local recreational sources (p < 0 01  The elevated human mercury concentrations mirror the elevated concentrations observed in resident dolphins in the same geographical region  The current study is one of the first to apply the concept of a sentinel animal to a contiguous human population 
Fish consumption and bioindicators of inorganic mercury exposure
Sousa Passos, Carlos Jose; Mergler, Donna; Lemire, Melanie; Fillion, Myriam; Guimaraes, Jean Remy Davee
Background: The direct and close relationship between fish consumption and blood and hair mercury (Hg) levels is well known, but the influence of fish consumption on inorganic mercury in blood (B-IHg) and in urine (U-Hg) is unclear  Objective: Examine the relationship between fish consumption, total, inorganic and organic blood Hg levels and urinary Hg concentration  Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 171 persons from 7 riparian communities on the Tapajos River (Brazilian Amazon), with no history of inorganic Hg exposure from occupation or dental amalgams



ground_truth: Sir Richard.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What did the decision to base the water rates on usage reflect?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: Time to clean house in Paso Robles Home
Front Page » Time to clean house in Paso Robles
September 5, 2010 Opinion By JIM REED
I’d like to give you an update on the issue of our civil servants cramming hundreds of millions of dollars in spending down our throats after the people of Paso Robles voted down the water rate increase last November  The rate increase is being hung up in the courts by the City Attorney  What was supposed to be a quick issue to get in front of a judge, has been drug out as long as possible by the City Attorney 
Even if the courts throw out the current rate increase, I expect that our civil servants will just change a couple of words in the rate increase notice and force the same old plan on us again 
There is a real problem with the people we have hired to work for us in Paso Robles  It seems that decisions are made based on some agenda, even if it is contrary to citizens’ wishes 
City Councilmen Ed Steinbeck, Nick Gilman and Mayor Duane Picanco, on August 19th, voted unanimously to hire the same law firm employed by the City of Bell  You may have heard the recent news story about the City of Bell’s corrupt city representatives 
This law firm allowed the elected officials and City employees to pillage the General Fund for their own benefit, contrary to the rights and interests of the citizens  We are already paying several City employees $12,000 per month with equally ridiculous benefits and pensions  What does this say about our elected representatives?
I believe most residents are like me  We elect people we believe have our best interest in mind  Over the last few years I have seen that nothing is farther from the truth  The people we have elected have lost track of the fact that “the City” exists to protect and deliver services to the citizens  To them it is some all-important ideal they strive to cultivate and improve according to their agenda  They have forgotten that they are elected to represent the citizens 
We have an election coming up in November  We have the opportunity to elect some responsible, principled people to represent us  If we elect more people from within this system, we will get more of the same type of government  We need to look at where the new candidates stand  Will they lawfully represent the citizens of the city? Or, are they happy with the way things are being run?
We have stood together in the past and have made real significant changes in important matters that are going to affect our lives for years to come  There are several thousand citizens that made their voice heard on the water issue, more than enough votes to make a change in our city government 
Please come out and vote for a democratic representative governing body for Paso Robles instead of the tyrannical leadership that exists now 
Jim Reed is a longtime resident of Paso Robles 
Subjects: Opinion Paso Robles Paso Robles City Council Vote	Related:
<- Previous Next ->	Endless Summer Nights at Edna Valley, event photos Trial postponed for Paso Robles woman accused of forgery The comments below represent the opinion of the writer and do not represent the views or policies of CalCoastNews com  (moderator@calcoastnews com Comment Guidelines )
2 whatisup says:	09/13/2010 at 9:27 pm
pasoobserver – Here is something to observe and get you going in the right direction:
California Government Code Section 65584
(a) (1) For the fourth and subsequent revisions of the
housing element pursuant to Section 65588, the department shall
determine the existing and projected need for housing for each region
pursuant to this article  For purposes of subdivision (a) of Section
65583, the share of a city or county of the regional housing need
shall include that share of the housing need of persons at all income
levels within the area significantly affected by the general plan of
(2) While it is the intent of the Legislature that cities,
counties, and cities and counties should undertake all necessary
actions to encourage, promote, and facilitate the development of
housing to accommodate the entire regional housing need, it is
recognized, however, that future housing production may not equal the
regional housing need established for planning purposes 
(b) The department, in consultation with each council of
governments, shall determine each region’s existing and projected
housing need pursuant to Section 65584 01 at least two years prior to
the scheduled revision required pursuant to Section 65588  The
appropriate council of governments, or for cities and counties
without a council of governments, the department, shall adopt a final
regional housing need plan that allocates a share of the regional
housing need to each city, county, or city and county at least one
year prior to the scheduled revision for the region required by
Section 65588  The allocation plan prepared by a council of
governments shall be prepared pursuant to Sections 65584 04 and
65584 05 with the advice of the department 
(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the due dates for
the determinations of the department or for the council of
governments, respectively, regarding the regional housing need may be
extended by the department by not more than 60 days if the extension
will enable access to more recent critical population or housing
data from a pending or recent release of the United States Census
Bureau or the Department of Finance  If the due date for the
determination of the department or the council of governments is
extended for this reason, the department shall extend the
corresponding housing element revision deadline pursuant to Section
65588 by not more than 60 days 
(d) The regional housing needs allocation plan shall be consistent
with all of the following objectives:
(1) Increasing the housing supply and the mix of housing types,
tenure, and affordability in all cities and counties within the
region in an equitable manner, which shall result in each
jurisdiction receiving an allocation of units for low- and very low
(2) Promoting infill development and socioeconomic equity, the
protection of environmental and agricultural resources, and the
encouragement of efficient development patterns 
(3) Promoting an improved intraregional relationship between jobs
(4) Allocating a lower proportion of housing need to an income
category when a jurisdiction already has a disproportionately high
share of households in that income category, as compared to the
countywide distribution of households in that category from the most
recent decennial United States census 
(e) For purposes of this section, “household income levels” are as
determined by the department as of the most recent decennial census
pursuant to the following code sections:
(1) Very low incomes as defined by Section 50105 of the Health and
(2) Lower incomes, as defined by Section 50079 5 of the Health and
(3) Moderate incomes, as defined by Section 50093 of the Health
and Safety Code 
(4) Above moderate incomes are those exceeding the moderate-income
level of Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code 
(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, determinations
made by the department, a council of governments, or a city or county
pursuant to this section or Section 65584 01, 65584 02, 65584 03,
65584 04, 65584 05, 65584 06, 65584 07, or 65584 08 are exempt from
the California Environmental Quality Act (Division 13 (commencing
with Section 21000) of the Public Resources Code) 
pasoobserver says:	09/13/2010 at 6:52 pm
To whatisup —- First of all, I reviewed AB 602 Assembly Bill  Thanks  I am sorry to inform you but AB 602 is not the LAW as you so stated in your blog  I contacted the Deputy Chief Council’s office in Sacramento handling AB 602 to confirm your misstatement of facts  You know,in the English language, It shouldn’t be so difficult to answer some simple questions with a “YES” or “NO” answer  Yet, you are reluctant to do so, but you go on and on with a thesis along with some rhetoric  I never talked about a court suit over the “water issue”, I asked YOU, not about waiting for a court decision  Maybe, you did with some other people  Also, I was not ranting about the wineries usage of water  My response to you on your vague question about “there are people not paying their fair share for their use of water”  I related, are you talking about the wineries? I am well aware that most of the wineries are outside the city limits using the same aquifer  You took my question out of context , nice try! You are just being a popinjay and rhetorical  Also, you didn’t answer another question about “what is the unit cost of water” in Templeton? as compared to Paso Robles 
whatisup says:	09/13/2010 at 8:54 pm
I am on a well  I am sure you are capable of doing your own homework  I also am quite sure if you really contacted the Deputy Chief Counsel’s Office you have been set straight  What I gave you is a proposed small adjustment in the wide range of laws that make up the California Housing element  I assumed you could stumble onto the facts based on what I gave you  By the way, I believe you can review the Paso Robles Housing element plan on the City’s website or at the Library  The California Housing Element Laws that all cities and counties have to follow have been in place for almost 25 years  I realize you don’t actually have a clue how to look the laws up  Either educate yourself or keep making a fool of yourself, your choice  A simple Google search of California Housing Element Laws will get you going  Good Luck!
TO WHATISUP — I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHAT LAW YOU ARE REFERRING TO THAT SAYS “WE” THE PEOPLE HAVE TO SUBSIDIZE NEW DEVELOPMENT? AGAIN, FOR THE THIRD TIME, YOU FAILED TO ANSWER MY QUESTIONS POSED TO YOU IN MY PRIOR RESPONSES TO YOU ON SEPT 10TH &11TH  IS THERE A REASON WHY YOU DON’T WANT TO ANSWER THEM? YOU DO WHAT OUR ELECTED OFFICIALS DO SO WELL, AND THAT IS “IN ONE EAR AND OUT OF THE OTHER EAR” IT SEEMS TO ME THAT YOU ARE EITHER EMPLOYED BY THE CITY OR YOU HAVE OTHER DEALING WITH THE CITY, SO BE IT  IT APPEARS TO ME THAT YOU THINK THE CITY DOES EVERYTHING RIGHT  APPARENTLY, YOU PRESENT YOURSELF AS BEING VERY BIAS ON CITY DECISIONS  IT LIKE THEY CAN’T DO ANYTHING WRONG ACCORDING TO YOUR LOGIC  THEY KNOW WHAT IS BEST FOR THE CITIZENS OF PASO,THAT IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF ARROGANCE ALONG WITH NARCISSISM 
WHAT PEOPLE ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT THAT DOESN’T PAY THEIR FAIR SHARE OF WATER? ARE YOU REFERRING TO THE WINERIES USING THE SAME AQUIFER?
I BELIEVE YOU RELATED THAT YOU RESIDE IN TEMPLETON, BUT YOU OWN PROPERTY IN PASO  BY THE WAY, WHAT IS THE COST PER UNIT OF WATER USAGE IN TEMPLETON COMPARED TO PASO? OF COURSE, TEMPLETON IS IN AN UNINCORPORATED AREA (COUNTY JURISDICTION) 
WELL, I GAVE YOU SOME SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO PAY FOR THE NACIMIENTO WATER PIPELINE AND SEWER TREATMENT PLANT  ALSO, REMEMBER IT’S THE CITIZENS’ MONEY THAT IS BEING SPENT  WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL, IS LET THE CITIZENS OF PASO DECIDE WITH THEIR VOTE ON HOW TO FINANCE THIS HUGE CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT EXPENDITURE  JUST BE IN COMPLIANCE WITH STATE PROPOSITION 218 AND STOP CIRCUMVENTING THE LAW 
WOULD YOU OBJECT TO HAVING TO FINANCE SOME NEW BONDS ON YOUR PROPERTY TAX BILL AS A ” SPECIAL TAX” OR AN ASSESSMENT TAX” TO PAY FOR THE NACIMIENTO WATER PIPELINE AND SEWER TREATMENT PLANT? A PERCENTAGE OF PASO CITIZENS FINANCE LOCAL SCHOOL BONDS ON THEIR PROPERTY TAX BILL AND DON’T HAVE ANY KIDS GOING TO SCHOOL  HOW ABOUT THAT COMPARISON FOR YOU TO THINK ABOUT? WHAT SAY YOU?
I say less CapsLock, please 
whatisup says:	09/12/2010 at 11:41 pm
I have answered your questions  I have been quite detailed in my answers and I am sorry if you can’t deal with the detail  I guess it is your inconvenient truth  You do seem to like to deflect and go around in circles  Another example, now you are ranting about the wineries using the same aquaifier as the City  Let me be clear for you, I don’t like the amount of water the wineries are using  However, the wineries are in the County, not in the City and the City can’t do anything about it  They wineries are allowed to take the water they are taking even if it drops the City’s water levels in their wells  You need to complain to Sacramento  It sounds like you just don’t want to pay anything for the infrastructure because you really just don’t want it built 
Several of your observations of my opinions are bizarre considering I have stated several times I believe the Courts need to decide if Paso Robles has, or has not followed the rules as to funding the infrastucture  Obviously, as I have stated before, if the City loses the lawsuit the infrastructure will have to be paid out of the City’s General Fund until a new method of payment is voted on by the Citizens of Paso Robles  Pretty clear 
Your idea of charging based on a special assesment rather than the amount of water a property uses means that people who use little water, but live on a more expensive property will pay more than their share, based on their water usage  In addition, how do you deal with a rental unit where the renter is supposed to pay the water bill? Your idea is inherantly unfair, but my guess is it will favor you, so you don’t care if it is unfair and other people would pay part of your share  You also have decided that since I have alternative ideas to yours I must work for, or have business with the City of Paso Robles, another attempt to deflect from the issue  However, once again, I have never worked for the City or have ever done business with the City and don’t expect to ever do business with the City  I do own property in the City which is why I pay attention  Finally, it turns out there needs to be a fix to the housing element laws, the existance of which you are questioning  As I understand it the fix to the housing elemnt laws is because of some lawsuit  This should give you all the information you need to educate yourself on the California Housing Element laws that every city and county in California has to follow:
BILL ANALYSIS ————————————————————
|SENATE RULES COMMITTEE | AB 602|
|Office of Senate Floor Analyses | |
|1020 N Street, Suite 524 | |
|(916) 651-1520 Fax: (916) | |
|327-4478 | |
———————————————————— THIRD READING
Bill No: AB 602
Author: Feuer (D), et al
Amended: 8/20/10 in Senate
SENATE TRANSPORTATION & HOUSING COMM : 6-3, 6/29/10
AYES: Lowenthal, DeSaulnier, Kehoe, Pavley, Simitian, Wolk
NOES: Huff, Ashburn, Harman
ASSEMBLY FLOOR : Not relevant
SUBJECT : Statute of limitations on housing element
SOURCE : California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation
Housing California DIGEST : This bill states the intent of the Legislature
in enacting this bill to modify the courts opinion in Urban
Habitat Program v  City of Pleasanton (2008) 164
Cal App 4th 1561, with respect to the interpretation of
Section 65009 of the Government Code, and revises and
clarifies statute of limitations and remedies for specified
housing related challenges 
Senate Floor Amendments of 8/20/10 revise the statute of
limitations and remedies for specified housing-related
ANALYSIS : The Planning and Zoning Law requires cities
and counties to prepare and adopt a general plan, including
a housing element, to guide the future growth of a
community  Following a staggered statutory schedule,
cities and counties located within the territory of a
metropolitan planning organization (MPO) must revise their
housing elements every eight years, and cities and counties
in rural non-MPO regions must revise their housing elements
every five years  These five- and eight-year periods are
known as the housing element planning period 
Before each revision, each community is assigned its fair
share of housing for each income category through the
regional housing needs assessment (RHNA) process  A
housing element must identify and analyze existing and
projected housing needs, identify adequate sites with
appropriate zoning to meet its share of the RHNA, and
ensure that regulatory systems provide opportunities for,
and do not unduly constrain, housing development  The
reviews both draft and adopted housing elements to
determine whether or not they are in substantial compliance
with the law  The Planning and Zoning Law and the Subdivision Map Act
also includes a number of sections governing zoning and
entitlements specifically related to housing, including:
? The Housing Accountability Act, which requires a city or
county to make one or more specified findings in order to
disapprove a particular housing development 
? A provision requiring cities and counties, when adopting
an ordinance which limits the number of housing units
which may be constructed on an annual basis, to make
findings as to the public health, safety, and welfare
benefits that justify reducing the housing opportunities
of the region  ? Density bonus law, which requires cities and counties to
grant a developer a density bonus, incentives, and
concessions when the developer proposes to include
specified percentages of affordable housing within a
development  ? The Least Cost Zoning Law, which requires cities and AB 602
counties to designate and zone sufficient vacant land for
residential use with appropriate standards to meet
housing needs for all income categories and to contribute
to producing housing at the lowest possible cost 
? A requirement that, when determining whether to approve a
tentative subdivision map, a city or county shall apply
only those ordinances, policies, and standards in effect
as of the date the developer’s application is deemed
Prior to a recent court decision, it was understood that
current law allowed a party to challenge the adequacy of a
city’s or county’s housing element at any time during a
planning period, provided that the challenger brought the
action “in support of or to encourage or facilitate the
development of housing that would increase the community’s
supply of [affordable] housing ” The challenging party was
required first to serve the city or county with a notice
identifying the deficiencies in the housing element  After
60 days or the date on which the city or county took final
action in response to the notice, whichever occurred first,
the challenging party had one year to file the action in
court  This process and statute of limitations also
applied to actions brought pursuant to the housing-related
statutes listed above  In 2006 Urban Habitat Program brought suit to challenge the
City of Pleasanton’s housing policies, including the city’s
annual cap on housing permits and the city’s cap on the
aggregate number of permissible housing units, both of
which Urban Habitat claimed were insufficient to allow the
city to meet its RHNA obligation  In 2008, the First
District California Court of Appeals issued an unpublished
decision in the case of Urban Habitat Program v  City of
Pleasanton allowing the case to proceed with respect to
some causes of action, but ruling that the challenge to the
housing element itself was time-barred  The court stated:
Although the statute does not specify the time within
which [a deficiency] notice must be given, it is our
conclusion that the statute must be interpreted as
containing a time limit within which this requirement
must be met? In sum, a party bringing a challenge AB 602
governed by section 65009, subdivision (d), has 90
days from the date a legislative action is taken or
approval is given to notify the local land use
authority of any claimed deficiencies in such an
action or approval  Its claim then accrues 60 days
after it gives this notice 
In other words, instead of being able to initiate a
challenge to a deficient housing element at any time during
the planning period, housing advocates and other interested
parties may now only initiate such a challenge by
submitting a deficiency notice within 90 days of the
housing element’s adoption 
1 Removes from the current list of city or county actions
which may be challenged pursuant to Government Code 65009
notice and accrual provisions those actions related to
the Housing Accountability Act, the Subdivision Map Act,
and the application of a Density Bonus ordinance to a
particular project, all of which are project-specific
actions  The bill maintains the ability to use these
notice and accrual provisions to challenge the adequacy
of a city’s or county’s density bonus ordinance
2 Extends lengthening the time in which a deficiency notice
may be served to cover all remaining city or county
actions described in this section of law, as opposed to
just housing element challenges  In other words, the
amendments apply the longer timeframe to serve the
deficiency notice to actions relating to the Least Cost
Zoning Law, annual limits on housing permits, and the
adequacy of a density bonus ordinance, in addition to
housing element law  3 Provides that an entity challenging such an action in
support of affordable housing may serve the deficiency
notice up to five years after the city’s or county’s
action  After 60 days or the date on which the city or
county takes final action in response to the notice,
whichever occurs first, the challenging party has one
year to file an action in court, except that the lawsuit AB 602
may not be filed more than five years after the city’s or
county’s action  In other words, the entity must file
the lawsuit within one year of the expiration of the
deficiency notice or within five years of the city’s or
county’s action, whichever occurs first 
4 Provides that a housing element from a prior planning
period may not be challenged if the city or county has
adopted a revised housing element for the new planning
Government Code 65755   Current law requires a court, if it
finds any portion of a general plan, including a housing
element, out of compliance with the law, to include within
its order or judgment one or more of the following remedies
for any or all types of developments or any or all
geographic segments of the city or county until the city or
county has complied with the law:
? Suspend the authority of the city or county to
issue building permits 
grant zoning changes and/or variances 
grant subdivision map approvals 
? Mandate the approval of building permits for
residential housing that meet specified criteria 
? Mandate the approval of final subdivision maps for
housing projects that meet specified criteria 
? Mandate the approval of tentative subdivision maps
for residential housing projects that meet specified
This bill clarifies that in any action or proceeding
brought pursuant to the notice and accrual provisions of
Government Code Section 65009 described above, neither the
court remedies described above nor any injunction against
the development of a housing project shall abrogate,
impair, or otherwise interfere with the full exercise of
the rights and protections granted to an applicant for a
tentative map or a vesting tentative map under specified
provisions of the Subdivision Map Act or to a developer
under a specified provision relating to development AB 602
Under current law, HCD operates a number of grant programs
to which cities and counties may apply  In many cases, the
law requires a city or county to have an HCD-approved
housing element in order to be eligible for funding  This bill provides that if a third-party challenges the
adequacy of a housing element in court and the court finds
that the housing element substantially complies with all of
the requirements of housing element law, the element shall
be deemed to be in compliance for purposes of state housing
The statutory language interpreted by the court and at
issue in this bill was added to statute by AB 998 (Waters),
Chapter 1138, Statutes of 1983, a bill sponsored by the
League of California Cities and the California Building
Industry Association  AB 998 created a short statute of
limitations period for land use decisions generally but
provided a specific exception to protect the ability to
challenge deficient housing elements  The Senate Housing
and Land Use Committee and the Senate Third Reading
analysis of the bill stated that the bill:
Specifies that for challenges in support of low- and
moderate-income housing requirements, the petitioner
shall notice local government 60 days prior to filing
action  The [one-year] statute of limitations then
begins on the first day the legislative body fails to
In the intervening 25 years prior to the Urban Habitat
ruling, housing advocates filed and successfully settled at
least ten cases in which the 60-day deficiency notice was
sent more than 90 days after adoption of the city’s or
county’s housing element  In none of these cases was the
timeliness on the advocates’ suit contested  Likewise, six
bills amended other portions of this statute during those
intervening years, and there was never any controversy
surrounding the lack of a deadline for housing advocates to
serve a deficiency notice nor any attempt to change the AB 602
statute in this regard  Current level of housing element compliance   According to
HCD’s website as of June 7, 2010, only 46 percent of cities
and counties have adopted an HCD-approved housing element
for the current planning period that began in 2005 for the
San Diego region, 2008 for the Southern California, Fresno,
Kern, and Sacramento regions, and the summer of 2009 for
the remaining areas of the state  Unlocking the private market   The purpose of housing
element law is to create opportunities for the private
housing market to function  Builders cannot build without
access to appropriately zoned land, and current land use
plans in many cities and counties in California fail to
provide sufficient opportunities to accommodate projected
population growth  The San Diego Association of
Governments’ Regional Comprehensive Plan describes this
typical California paradox in the following way:
Under current plans and policies, more than 90 percent
of [the San Diego region’s] remaining vacant land
designated for housing is planned for densities of
less than one home per acre, and most is in the rural
back country areas dependent upon scarce groundwater
supplies  And of the remaining vacant land planned for
housing in the 18 incorporated cities, only about
seven percent is planned for multifamily housing  When
taken together, the current land use plans of the 19
local jurisdictions do not accommodate the amount of
growth anticipated in our region  SANDAG’s population
forecast, which reflects the current adopted local
land use plans in the region, projects that while
population will increase by 37 percent by 2030,
housing will grow by just 30 percent  The forecast
shows that if local plans are not changed, demand for
housing will continue to outpace the supply, just as
Housing element law addresses this problem directly by
requiring cities and counties to zone land at appropriate
densities to accommodate the projected housing needs of all
income groups and to remove constraints that prevent such
sites from being developed at the allowed densities  AB 602
Cities and counties, however, are not required to build
housing because that is the role of private developers 
The law holds cities and counties accountable only for that
which they control: zoning and land use entitlements 
Without the ability to enforce housing element law, the
market’s ability to meet housing demand may well remain
locked up 
FISCAL EFFECT : Appropriation: No Fiscal Com : No
SUPPORT : (Verified 8/23/10)
California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation (co-source)
Housing California (co-source)
Advocates for Affordable Homes in Fremont
California Coalition for Rural Housing
Community Housing Improvement Program
Community Housing Works
Eden Housing
Fair Housing of Marin
Grassroots Leadership Network of Marin
Kennedy Commission
Public Advocates, Inc
San Diego Housing Federation
Self-Help Enterprises
Sierra Club of California
American Planning Association, California Chapter
JA:nl 8/23/10 Senate Floor Analyses SUPPORT/OPPOSITION: SEE ABOVE
pasoobserver says:	09/11/2010 at 11:17 pm
To whatisup — Thank you for your response to my comments  However, you failed to answer some of my questions that I mentioned to you  It’s almost like dealing with some City officials  They just let the public vent at their bimonthly council meetings  In my opinion, it’s difficult to deal with narcissism and arrogance  Over the years, there has been some very good input to our elected officials on how to proceed on the Nacimiento water pipeline,but it fell on deaf ears  You wanted me to answer some of your questions,but you did not answer some of my questions  Again, are you willing to subsidize new development?,Yes?or No?, are you willing to pay for a commodity that you are not receiving? Yes?or No? and another question for you  Are you willing to pay over 300% on your water bills within the five (5) year plan that the City has proposed? Also, the water rates will be subject to later increases too  By the way, I do concur with the city’s plan of “you pay for the amount of water units you use”  (748 gal=one unit)  However, the higher water rates are not good for our senior citizens on fixed incomes and other struggling families in our community  My first suggestion years ago was desalination  The response was it was too expensive  Of course, now it is more expensive  I would suggest that our elected officials recall the existing bonds (The bonds can be recalled early)  The City council can explain to the citizens in detail with financing of new bonds at a lower interest rate as of now for the sewer plant and Nacimiento water pipeline and present their new proposal in compliance with Proposition 218  Let the citizens of Paso VOTE on the financing bonds for their approval  Most of the citizens,that I had spoken to were not happy with the way our City Council handled the Nacimiento water pipeline project  The citizens of Paso didn’t give our City Council a “BLANK CHECK” for $176 million to spend without voter approval  I would suggest that it be a “special tax” or “an assessment” be levied on our property taxes  A percentage of those bonds can be deducted on Federal Income taxes  As it is now, a” fee” on a capital funding project is not deductible  Of course, there are homeowners would not go for this suggestion due to our poor economy  My analogy mentioned above would be, you would get something back on a “special tax” or an “assessment” verses nothing on a “fee”  What say you?
whatisup says:	09/12/2010 at 9:02 am
Unfortunately the law says we have to subsidize new development in California  I don’t like it, but it is the law  I know paying using the property taxes was bandied about  The argument against it was it would mean some would be paying for water they aren’t using and others could be big water users, but pay a small special assessment on their property taxes  I think the decision that was made to base it on usage was out of fairness  It seems to me if people are using water and not paying their share of the costs it is not fair  The Senior issue is very difficult  If someone is retired for twenty years is it realistic to think prices don’t go up during the 20 years of retirement  Think what prices were in 1990 compared to today  Should Seniors never have to pay for capital improvements? Paso Robles also had very low water rates  Rates that are no longer possible given the circumstances  Desalination will happen eventually  California is out of water  If you want to pay $1,000,000 a gallon there is no more allotable water of any consequence in California  The expense will be tremendous — still have to build a desalination plant, still have to build a pipeline  I don’t know if the plant has to be built along the ocean or if the salt water could be piped over to Paso Robles  If it has to be built along the ocean, Paso Robles doesn’t own land on the ocean and, in any case, the environmentalists will keep it in courts for years as they have done so for other proposed desalination plants in Southern California  Eventually necessity will force desalination past the environmentalists, but not yet 
pasojim says:	09/13/2010 at 7:46 am
Whatisup – On one of your previous post you made the comment you haven’t heard any of the legal suggestions for the water issue, But you obviously have  That is a good thing  So we can move the discussion ahead 
Once, again this was handled incorrectly by our city custodians from the beginning  And now here we are  The public is not supporting this very expensive, very limited benefit project  As you said, until a plan is developed that the public can support, things don’t look good 
All this discussion about the water issue has only reinforced my opinion the issue hasn’t been about water, only how the plan should be paid for  Or more specifically, to what extent do we allow our elected custodians and our un-elected GOD tzar decide which laws they will follow and which laws they will ignore  When the City GOD tzar tell citizens at a council meeting if we don’t agree with the City’s plan, then we should just sue him, and when the City Attorney explains to a citizen at a City Council meeting that she does have to respond to their questions because she does NOT work for them  When the project is voted down by the citizens and the council brings it right back up, it is clear that our elected representatives are not doing their job providing direction to their employees and listening to and representing the CITIZENS 
The subject of the original post was the need to elect different representation  I think with all the conversation made on this post, as well as the post on Cal Coast about the hiring of the new legal firm you were involved in, Supports my original opinion 
Context 3:  During the rising water season in 2004, participants responded to a dietary survey, based on a seven-day recall of fish and fruit consumption frequency, and socio-demographic information was recorded  Blood and urine samples were collected  Total, organic and inorganic Hg in blood as well as U-Hg were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry  Results: On average, participants consumed 7 4 fish meals/week and 8 8 fruits/week  Blood total Hg averaged 38 6 Â± 21 7 Î¼g/L, and the average percentage of B-IHg was 13 8%  Average organic Hg (MeHg) was 33 6 Â± 19 4 Î¼g/L, B-IHg was 5 0 Â± 2 6 Î¼g/L, while average U-Hg was 7 5 Â± 6 9 Î¼g/L, with 19 9% of participants presenting U-Hg levels above 10 Î¼g/L  B-IHg was highly significantly related to the number of meals of carnivorous fish, but no relation was observed with non-carnivorous fish; it was negatively related to fruit consumption, increased with age, was higher among those who were born in the Tapajos region, and varied with community  U-Hg was also significantly related to carnivorous but not non-carnivorous fish consumption, showed a tendency towards a negative relation with fruit consumption, was higher among men compared to women and higher among those born in the region  U-Hg was strongly related to I-Hg, blood methyl Hg (B-MeHg) and blood total Hg (B-THg)  The Odds Ratio (OR) for U-Hg above 10 Î¼g/L for those who ate > 4 carnivorous fish
Methyl mercury exposure in Swedish women with high fish consumption
Bjoernberg, Karolin Ask [Division of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm (Sweden); Vahter, Marie [Division of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm (Sweden); Grawe, Kierstin Petersson [Toxicology Division, National Food Administration, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala (Sweden); Berglund, Marika [Division of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm (Sweden)]  E-mail: Marika Berglund@imm ki se
We studied the exposure to methyl mercury (MeHg) in 127 Swedish women of childbearing age with high consumption of various types of fish, using total mercury (T-Hg) in hair and MeHg in blood as biomarkers  Fish consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), including detailed information about consumption of different fish species, reflecting average intake during 1 year  We also determined inorganic mercury (I-Hg) in blood, and selenium (Se) in serum  The average total fish consumption, as reported in the food frequency questionnaire, was approximately 4 times/week (range 1 6-19 times/week)  Fish species potentially high in MeHg, included in the Swedish dietary advisories, was consumed by 79% of the women  About 10% consumed such species more than once a week, i e , more than what is recommended  Other fish species potentially high in MeHg, not included in the Swedish dietary advisories, was consumed by 54% of the women  Eleven percent never consumed fish species potentially high in MeHg  T-Hg in hair (median 0 70 mg/kg; range 0 08-6 6 mg/kg) was associated with MeHg in blood (median 1 7 {mu}g/L; range 0 30-14 {mu}g/L; r {sub s}=0 78; p<0 001)  Hair T-Hg, blood MeHg and serum Se (median 70 {mu}g/L; range 46-154 {mu}g/L) increased with increasing total fish consumption (r {sub s}=0 32; p<0 001, r {sub s}=0 37; p<0 001 and r {sub s}=0 35; p=0 002, respectively)  I-Hg in blood (median 0 24 {mu}g/L; range 0 01-1 6 {mu}g/L) increased with increasing number of dental amalgam fillings  We found no statistical significant associations between the various mercury species measured and the Se concentration in serum  Hair mercury levels exceeded the levels corresponding to the EPA reference dose (RfD) of 0 1 {mu}g MeHg/kg b w  per day in 20% of the women  Thus, there seems to be no margin of safety for neurodevelopmental effects in fetus, for women with high fish consumption unless they decrease their intake of certain fish species 
Bjoernberg, Karolin Ask; Vahter, Marie; Grawe, Kierstin Petersson; Berglund, Marika
We studied the exposure to methyl mercury (MeHg) in 127 Swedish women of childbearing age with high consumption of various types of fish, using total mercury (T-Hg) in hair and MeHg in blood as biomarkers  Fish consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), including detailed information about consumption of different fish species, reflecting average intake during 1 year  We also determined inorganic mercury (I-Hg) in blood, and selenium (Se) in serum  The average total fish consumption, as reported in the food frequency questionnaire, was approximately 4 times/week (range 1 6-19 times/week)  Fish species potentially high in MeHg, included in the Swedish dietary advisories, was consumed by 79% of the women  About 10% consumed such species more than once a week, i e , more than what is recommended  Other fish species potentially high in MeHg, not included in the Swedish dietary advisories, was consumed by 54% of the women  Eleven percent never consumed fish species potentially high in MeHg  T-Hg in hair (median 0 70 mg/kg; range 0 08-6 6 mg/kg) was associated with MeHg in blood (median 1 7 Î¼g/L; range 0 30-14 Î¼g/L; r s =0 78; p s =0 32; p s =0 37; p s =0 35; p=0 002, respectively)  I-Hg in blood (median 0 24 Î¼g/L; range 0 01-1 6 Î¼g/L) increased with increasing number of dental amalgam fillings  We found no statistical significant associations between the various mercury species measured and the Se concentration in serum  Hair mercury levels exceeded the levels corresponding to the EPA reference dose (RfD) of 0 1 Î¼g MeHg/kg b w  per day in 20% of the women  Thus, there seems to be no margin of safety for neurodevelopmental effects in fetus, for women with high fish consumption unless they decrease their intake of certain fish species
Fish Consumption and Mercury Exposure among Louisiana Recreational Anglers
Lincoln, Rebecca A; Shine, James P; Chesney, Edward J
Background: Methylmercury (MeHg) exposure assessments among average fish consumers in the U S  may underestimate exposures among U S



ground_truth: Fairness.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the conclusion of the study?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  subpopulations with high intakes of regionally specific fish  Objectives: We examined relationships between fish consumption, estimated mercury (Hg) intake      , and measured Hg exposure among one such potentially highly-exposed group, recreational anglers in Louisiana USA  Methods: We surveyed 534 anglers in 2006 using interviews at boat launches and fishing tournaments combined with an internet-based survey method  Hair samples from 402 of these anglers were       collected and analyzed for total Hg  Questionnaires provided information on species-specific fish consumption over 3 months prior to the survey  Results: Anglers' median hair-Hg concentration was 0 81 Âµg/g (n=398; range: 0 02-10 7 Âµg/g), with 40% of participants above 1 Âµg/g, the level that approximately   
Umbilical cord blood and placental mercury, selenium and selenoprotein expression in relation to maternal fish consumption
Gilman, Christy L ; Soon, Reni; Sauvage, Lynnae; Ralston, Nicholas V C ; Berry, Marla J 
Seafood is an important source of nutrients for fetal neurodevelopment  Most individuals are exposed to the toxic element mercury through seafood  Due to the neurotoxic effects of mercury, United States government agencies recommend no more than 340 g (12 oz) per week of seafood consumption during pregnancy  However, recent studies have shown that selenium, also abundant in seafood, can have protective effects against mercury toxicity  In this study, we analyzed mercury and selenium levels an   
Factors that negatively influence consumption of traditionally    
Factors that negatively influence consumption of traditionally fermented milk     in various countries of sub-Saharan Africa and a number of health benefits to human     influence consumption of Mursik, a traditionally fermented milk product fromÂ    
Mercury exposure as a function of fish consumption in two Asian communities in coastal Virginia, USA 
Xu, Xiaoyu; Newman, Michael C
Fish consumption and associated mercury exposure were explored for two Asian-dominated church communities in coastal Virginia and compared with that of two non-Asian church communities  Seafood-consumption rates for the Chinese (36 9Â g/person/day) and Vietnamese (52 7Â g/person/day) church communities were greater than the general United States fish-consumption rate (12 8Â g/person/day)  Correspondingly, hair mercury concentrations for people from the Chinese (0 52Â Âµg/g) and the Vietnamese church (1 46Â Âµg/g) were greater than the overall level for United States women (0 20Â Âµg/g) but lower than the published World Health Organization exposure threshold (14Â Âµg/g)  A conventional regression model indicated a positive relationship between seafood consumption rates and hair mercury concentrations suggesting the importance of mercury exposure through seafood consumption  The annual-average daily methylmercury intake rate for the studied communities calculated by Monte Carlo simulations followed the sequence: Vietnamese communityÂ >Â Chinese communityÂ >Â non-Asian communities  Regardless, their daily methylmercury intake rates were all lower than the United States Environmental Protection Agency reference dose of 0 1Â Âµg/kg body weight-day  In conclusion, fish-consumption patterns differed among communities, which resulted in different levels of mercury exposure  The greater seafood and mercury ingestion rates of studied Asian groups compared with non-Asian groups suggest the need for specific seafood consumption advice for ethnic communities in the United States  Otherwise the health benefits from fish consumption could be perceived as trivial compared with the ill-defined risk of mercury exposure 
Feather growth influences blood mercury level of young songbirds 
Condon, Anne M; Cristol, Daniel A
Dynamics of mercury in feathers and blood of free-living songbirds is poorly understood  Nestling eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) living along the mercury-contaminated South River (Virginia, USA) had blood mercury levels an order of magnitude lower than their parents (nestling: 0 09 +/- 0 06 mg/kg [mean +/- standard deviation], n = 156; adult: 1 21 +/- 0 57 mg/kg, n = 86)  To test whether this low blood mercury was the result of mercury sequestration in rapidly growing feathers, we repeatedly sampled free-living juveniles throughout the period of feather growth and molt  Mean blood mercury concentrations increased to 0 52 +/- 0 36 mg/kg (n = 44) after the completion of feather growth  Some individuals had reached adult blood mercury levels within three months of leaving the nest, but levels dropped to 0 20 +/- 0 09 mg/kg (n = 11) once the autumn molt had begun  Most studies of mercury contamination in juvenile birds have focused on recently hatched young with thousands of rapidly growing feathers  However, the highest risk period for mercury intoxication in young birds may be during the vulnerable period after fledging, when feathers no longer serve as a buffer against dietary mercury  We found that nestling blood mercury levels were not indicative of the extent of contamination because a large portion of the ingested mercury ended up in feathers  The present study demonstrates unequivocally that in songbirds blood mercury level is influenced strongly by the growth and molt of feathers 
High mercury seafood consumption associated with fatigue at specialty medical clinics on Long Island, NY
Shivam Kothari
Full Text Available We investigated the association between seafood consumption and symptoms related to potential mercury toxicity in patients presenting to specialty medical clinics at Stony Brook Medical Center on Long Island, New York  We surveyed 118 patients from Aprilâ€“August 2012 about their seafood consumption patterns, specifically how frequently they were eating each type of fish, to assess mercury exposure  We also asked about symptoms associated with mercury toxicity including depression, fatigue, balance difficulties, or tingling around the mouth  Of the 118 adults surveyed, 14 consumed high mercury seafood (tuna steak, marlin, swordfish, or shark at least weekly  This group was more likely to suffer from fatigue than other patients (pÂ =Â 0 02  Logistic regression confirmed this association of fatigue with frequent high mercury fish consumption in both unadjusted analysis (ORÂ =Â 5 53; 95% CI: 1 40â€“21 90 and analysis adjusted for age, race, sex, income, and clinic type (ORÂ =Â 7 89; 95% CI: 1 63â€“38 15  No associations were observed between fish intake and depression, balance difficulties, or tingling around the mouth  Findings suggest that fatigue may be associated with eating high mercury fish but sample size is small  Larg



ground_truth: The conclusion was that fruit consumption may provide a protective effect for mercury exposure in Amazonian riparians.