prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What models were used for dialect identification?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: Paper Info

Title: Two-stage Pipeline for Multilingual Dialect Detection
Publish Date: Unkown
Author List: Ankit Vaidya (from Pune Institute of Computer Technology), Aditya Kane (from Pune Institute of Computer Technology)

Figure

Figure 1: Class distribution of dialects
Figure 2: System diagram for dialect classification The LID classifies the input into one of 3 languages The sample is then further classified into dialects by language specific models 
Figure 3: Confusion matrix of 9-way classification Note that rows are normalized according to the number of samples is that class 
Our complete results for Track-1 using the two-stage dialect detection pipeline Model-* denotes the language of the models used for the experiments 
Performance on Track-1 validation dataset of individual models used in the two-stage pipeline "Lg" stands for language of the model used 
Comparative results of two-way classification using the finetuned (F T ) predictions and predictions adapted from three-way classification models 

abstract

Dialect Identification is a crucial task for localizing various Large Language Models  This paper outlines our approach to the VarDial 2023 DSL-TL shared task  Here we have to identify three or two dialects from three languages each which results in a 9-way classification for Track-1 and 6-way classification for Track-2 respectively 
Our proposed approach consists of a two-stage system and outperforms other participants' systems and previous works in this domain  We achieve a score of 58 54% for Track-1 and 85 61% for Track-2  Our codebase is available publicly 1  

Introduction

Language has been the primary mode of communication for humans since the pre-historic ages  Studies have explored the evolution of language and outlined mathematical models that govern the intricacies of natural language   Inevitably, as humans established civilization in various parts of the world, this language was modified by, and for the group of people occupied by that particular geographical region 
This gave rise to multiple national dialects of the same language  The VarDial workshop (colocated with EACL 2023) explores various dialects and variations of the same language  We participated in the Discriminating Between Similar Languages -True Labels (DSL-TL) shared task  In this task, the participants were provided with data from three languages, with each language having three varieties 
This shared task consisted of two tracks -Track-1 featuring nine-way classification and Track-2 featuring six-way classification  The second track included two particular national dialects of each language (eg  American English and British English), and the first track had one general  We ranked 1 st in both of the tracks 
Moreover, we beat the next best submission by a margin of 4 5% in the first task and 5 6% in the second task We were the only team to surpass the organizer baseline scores  We present our winning solution in this paper  We used an end-to-end deep learning pipeline which consisted of a language identification model and three language-specific models, one for each language 
We converged upon the best combination by doing an elaborate analysis of various models available  Furthermore, in this work we also analyze the performance of the pipeline as a whole and also provide an ablation study  Lastly, we provide some future directions in this area of research 

Related Work

The present literature encompasses various aspects of dialect identification  We study this from three perspectives: large language models, language identification and dialect classification problems 

Large Language Models

The success of transformers and BERT based models was inevitable since the initial boom of the transformer  2017) model  In recent years, many other architectures like RoBERTa and ELECTRA have further pushed the state-of-the-art in this domain  Moreover, autoregressive models like GPT and GPT-2 have also shown their prowess 
Multilingual versions of RoBERTA, namely XLM-RoBERTa are also available  Lastly, language specific models like Spanish BERT (la Rosa y Eduardo G  Ponferrada y Manu Romero y Paulo Villegas y Pablo González de Prado Salas y María Grandury, 2022) and Portuguese BERT are available as well  Our winning solution makes use of these large language models trained on specific languages 

Language Identification Models

Many multilingual language identification models have been developed in order to classify the language of the input sentence beforehand  Even though the initial works used n-gram models and generative mixture models or even conditional random fields and other classical machine learning methods like naive bayes , modern methods have shifted to the use of deep learning for language identification  
Recent works have mainly focused on deep learning based language identification, where handling codemixed data is a big challenge in the domain  For our experiments, we use a version of XLM-RoBERTa finetuned on a language identification dataset 2   This model has near-perfect test accuracy of 99 6% 

Dialect Classification

Dialect classification has been previously solved using statistical methods like Gaussian Mixture Models and Frame Selection Decoding or Support Vector Machines (SVM)   It has been explored relatively sparsely, mostly in the case for local languages   Deep learning approaches have been explored in previous editions of the VarDial workshop shared tasks and otherwise  
Dialect classification was also explored previously as a part of other shared tasks   We want to stress that given the multilingual nature of the dataset, using the present methods directly was not an option  In our work, although we take inspiration from the previous works, we propose a novel system that surpasses the performance of the previous systems by a large margin 

Data

The dataset  We observed that the class PT-BR had the most number of samples (2,724) and the class EN had the least number of samples (349), and thus the imbalance ratio was almost 1:8  We have illustrated the data distribution in Figure   We tried to mitigate this imbalance using over-sampling and weighted sampling methods 
However, the improved data sampling method did not affect the performance 

System Description

This was a problem of multi-class classification having 9 classes for Track-1 and 6 classes for Track-2  The samples were belonging to 3 languages having 3 varieties each, so the classification pipeline was made in 2 stages  The Language Identification (LID) model which is the first stage classifies the sentence into 3 languages: English (EN), Spanish (ES) and Portuguese (PT) 
The LID is a pretrained XLM-RoBERTa that is fine-tuned for the task of language identification  It is able to classify the input sentence into 20 languages  We classify and separate the samples according to their language  The samples corresponding to the specific languages are then fed into the language specific models for dialect identification 
For dialect identification we have used models like BERT and RoBERTa with a linear layer connected to the pooler output of the models  Then fine-tuning is done on the models for dialect identification   using the samples corresponding to the specific languages  For the task of dialect identification we experimented with several pretrained models like XLM-RoBERTa, BERT, ELECTRA, GPT-2 and RoBERTa 
All models were fine-tuned for 20 epochs with a learning rate of 1e-6 and weight decay 1e-6 with a batch size of 8  The best performing model checkpoint was chosen according to the epoch-wise validation macro-F1 score  5 Experiments and Results

Experiments using Large Language Models

For the task of Dialect Identification we have tried various language specific models like XLM-RoBERTa, BERT, ELECTRA, RoBERTa and GPT- 2  The base variant of all these models were used and all the models were used through the Hugging-Face library  The pooler output of these models was passed through a linear layer and the models were fine-tuned 
First, we experimented with different models for Track-1  All the models were trained for 20 epochs with learning rate 1e-6, weight decay 1e-6 and a batch size of 8  We used XLM-RoBERTa as the baseline for all 3 languages  The best performing models for the English language were RoBERTa and BERT whereas GPT-2 was the worst performing 
Similarly the language specific versions of RoBERTa and BERT performed well for the Spanish and Portuguese respectively  Overall the worst performing model was GPT-2 across all 3 languages  The validation F1 scores are present in Table   The two best-performing models for every language were chosen for Track-2 
The same procedure as specified above was used and the F1 scores are present in Table   The train and validation F1 scores for 2-class classification are higher for all models as compared to the F1 score of the same models for 3-class classification  This was mainly due to the poor representation and accuracy of classification of the third class 
We observed symptoms of overfitting in all models after 12-15 epochs and the best validation F1 score was obtained in the range of 4-8 epochs 

LID experiments

The pipeline for dialect identification is divided into two parts as the sentences in the dataset belong to different languages  The stages are described in Section 4  The XLM-RoBERTa we have used for language classification has a test accuracy of 99 6% meaning it correctly classifies all input sentences and hence, can be considered as a perfect classifier 
For the final pipeline we experimented using the two best performing models for each language in Track-1 and Track-2  For both the tracks we experimented with all 8 (2 3 ) possible combinations of models and calculated the validation F1 score for the combined validation dataset which had sentences belonging to all languages 
The validation scores for Track-1 and Track-2 are shown in Table and Table respectively  For both the tracks, the three pipelines with the best validation F1 scores were chosen for submission 

Using 3-way classifier as a 2-way classifier

In Track-1, participants are expected to train a classifier which classifies amongst 9 classes, and in Track-2, participants are expected to train a classifier which classifies amongst 6 classes  These 6 classes are a proper subset of the 9 classes from Track-1  Thus, an intuitive baseline for Track-2 is to use the model finetuned for Track-1, whilst considering only the relevant classes for the latter task 
The classes EN , ES and P T , i e  the classes without any national dialect associated with them are not included in Track-2 as compared to Track-1  Thus, we calculate the predictions for the Track-2 validation dataset using the models for Track-1 and exclude the metrics for Track-1 specific classes to get the metrics for this "adapted" 2-way classification 
We show the results of this experiment in Table and observe that, as expected, the adapted 2-way classification performs worse compared to the explicitly finetuned variant 

Results for Track-1 and Track-2

We now present our experiments and their performance for both tracks  Our experiments for Track-1 are described in Table and our experiments for Track-2 are described in Table   The participants were allowed three submissions for evaluation on the test set, so we submitted predictions using the three systems which performed the best on the validation set 
As mentioned in Section 5 2, we performed 2 3 , i e  a total of 8 experiments using the two best models for each language  We observed that RoBERTa base on English, Spanish BERT base on Spanish and Portuguese BERT base performed the best on the testing set for Track-1  The same combination, with RoBERTa base for English, worked best for Track-2 
All of our submissions were the top submissions for each track, which surpassed the next best competitors by a margin of 4 5% and 5 6% for Track-1 and Track-2 respectively 

Ablation of best submissions

We hereby make some observations of our submissions and other experiments  To assist this, we plot the confusion matrices of our best submissions for Track-1 and Track-2 in Figures respectively  Note that these confusion matrices have their rows (i e  true labels axes) normalized according to the number of samples in the class 
Here are observations from our experiments: 1  BERT-based models outperform other models across all languages: We observe that BERT-based models outperform ELECTRA-based and GPT-2-based models, as shown in Table   We speculate this is because of the inherent architecture of BERT, which combines semantic learning with knowledge retention 
This combination of traits is particularly useful for this task  2  Common labels perform the worst across all languages: We observe that the common labels EN , ES and P T perform the worst, both in the individual as well as the two-stage setup  We hypothesize this is because of the absence of dialect specific words, or words that are specific to the geographical origin of the national dialect (for example, "Yankees" for EN-US and "Oxford" for EN-GB) 
3  English models work better than models of other languages: It can be noted from Figures 4 and 3 that the English models have the best performance across all classes  This can be attributed to two reasons: absence of national dialect specific words and lesser pretraining data in the case of Portuguese 
4  British English is most correctly classified class: We can observe that the Spanish or Portuguese models make equal number of mistakes in the case of either national dialect, in the case of Track-2 (see Figure )  However, in the case of English, the label EN − GB is correctly classified for more than 95% of the cases 
We speculate this is because British English involves slightly distinctive grammar and semantics, which help the model separate it from other classes  5  The proposed 2-step method is scalable for multiple language dialect classification: We can strongly assert that the novel 2-step deep learning method for multilingual dialect classification is a scalable method for the task due to two specific reasons: firstly, the multilingual models (like XLM-RoBERTa) might not have the vocabulary as well as the learning capabilities to learn the minute differences between individual dialects 
Secondly, this system can be quickly expanded for a new language by simply adding a language specific dialect classifier, provided the language identification model supports that particular language 

Conclusion

In this paper we propose a two-stage classification pipeline for dialect identification for multilingual corpora  We conduct thorough ablations on this setup and provide valuable insights  We foresee multiple future directions for this work  The first is to expand this work to many languages and dialects 
Secondly, it is a worthwhile research direction to distill this multi-model setup into a single model with multiple prediction heads  The obvious limitation of this system is the excessive memory consumption due to the usage of language specific models  For low resource languages this system is difficult to train and scale 
We hope that these problems will be addressed by researchers in future works 
Context 2: Vitamin K - Wikipedia
(Redirected from Vitamin k)
This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources  Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can  Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed  (November 2015)
This article is about the family of vitamers  For vitamin K1 the form usually used as a supplement, see Phytomenadione 
Vitamin K structures  MK-4 and MK-7 are both subtypes of K2 
Vitamin K deficiency, Warfarin overdose
Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues  The vitamin K-related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions, which they cannot do otherwise  Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs  Low levels of vitamin K also weaken bones and promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues[citation needed] 
Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives  Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 [1] Vitamin K2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms 
Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, is made by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis  It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K  It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins  Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2 
Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K1 into vitamin K2  In addition, bacteria typically lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K2 to produce a range of vitamin K2 forms, most notably the MK-7 to MK-11 homologues of vitamin K2  All forms of K2 other than MK-4 can only be produced by bacteria, which use these forms in anaerobic respiration  The MK-7 and other bacterially derived forms of vitamin K2 exhibit vitamin K activity in animals, but MK-7's extra utility over MK-4, if any, is unclear and is a matter of investigation 
Three synthetic types of vitamin K are known: vitamins K3, K4, and K5  Although the natural K1 and all K2 homologues and synthetic K4 and K5 have proven nontoxic, the synthetic form K3 (menadione) has shown toxicity [2]
1 2 Cardiovascular health
1 4 Coumarin poisoning
4 1 Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2
4 2 Vitamin K2
6 Absorption and dietary need
7 Dietary reference intake
10 Biochemistry
10 1 Function in animals
10 2 Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins
10 3 Methods of assessment
10 4 Function in bacteria
11 Injection in newborns
11 3 Controversy
A review of 2014 concluded that there is positive evidence that monotherapy using MK-4, one of the forms of Vitamin K2, reduces fracture incidence in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, and suggested further research on the combined use of MK-4 with bisphosphonates  In contrast, an earlier review article of 2013 concluded that there is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation helps prevent osteoporosis or fractures in postmenopausal women [3]
A Cochrane systematic review of 2006 suggested that supplementation with Vitamin K1 and with MK4 reduces bone loss; in particular, a strong effect of MK-4 on incident fractures among Japanese patients was emphasized [4]
A review article of 2016 suggested to consider, as one of several measures for bone health, increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K1 and K2 [5]
Cardiovascular health[edit]
Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening,[6] but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease [7]
One 10-year population study, the Rotterdam Study, did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone (mainly MK-4 from eggs and meat, and MK-8 and MK-9 from cheese) and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older men and women [8]
Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth; there is however no good medical evidence that supports such claims [9]
Coumarin poisoning[edit]
Vitamin K is part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide (coumarin poisoning) [10]
Although allergic reaction from supplementation is possible, no known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or menaquinone (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K, so no tolerable upper intake level (UL) has been set [11]
Blood clotting (coagulation) studies in humans using 45 mg per day of vitamin K2 (as MK-4)[12] and even up to 135 mg per day (45 mg three times daily) of K2 (as MK-4),[13] showed no increase in blood clot risk  Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg/kg, body weight did not alter the tendency for blood-clot formation to occur [14]
Unlike the safe natural forms of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 and their various isomers, a synthetic form of vitamin K, vitamin K3 (menadione), is demonstrably toxic at high levels  The U S  FDA has banned this form from over-the-counter sale in the United States because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, and cytotoxicity in liver cells [2]
Phylloquinone (K1)[15][16] or menaquinone (K2) are capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of the anticoagulant warfarin (tradename Coumadin)  Warfarin works by blocking recycling of vitamin K, so that the body and tissues have lower levels of active vitamin K, and thus a deficiency of vitamin K 
Supplemental vitamin K (for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin, and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs [17] Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable [17] The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose, and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient [citation needed] The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect, and neither warfarin or vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given [18]
The newer anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban have different mechanisms of action that do not interact with vitamin K, and may be taken with supplemental vitamin K [19][20]
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)  In menaquinone, the side chain is composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues  The most common number of these residues is four, since animal enzymes normally produce menaquinone-4 from plant phylloquinone 
A sample of phytomenadione for injection, also called phylloquinone
The three synthetic forms of vitamin K are vitamins K3 (menadione), K4, and K5, which are used in many areas, including the pet food industry (vitamin K3) and to inhibit fungal growth (vitamin K5) [21]
Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2[edit]
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) – both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain  Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain 
The MK-4 form of vitamin K2 is produced by conversion of vitamin K1 in the testes, pancreas, and arterial walls [22] While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation, the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, as it occurs in germ-free rats[23][24] and in parenterally-administered K1 in rats [25][26] In fact, tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK-4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90% of the available K1 into MK-4 [27][28] There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K1 to produce menadione as an intermediate, which is then condensed with an activated geranylgeranyl moiety (see also prenylation) to produce vitamin K2 in the MK-4 (menatetrione) form [29]
Vitamin K2[edit]
Main article: Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) includes several subtypes  The two subtypes most studied are menaquinone-4 (menatetrenone, MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) 
Vitamin K1, the precursor of most vitamin K in nature, is a stereoisomer of phylloquinone, an important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an electron acceptor in photosystem I during photosynthesis  For this reason, vitamin K1 is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants (green leaves, and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce, kale and spinach), but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues (roots, fruits, etc )  Iceberg lettuce contains relatively little  The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function (as "vitamin K") in animals, where it performs a completely different biochemical reaction 
Vitamin K (in animals) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues  The modified residues are often (but not always) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains  Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium, and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins [30]
At this time[update], 17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered, and they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes:
Blood coagulation: prothrombin (factor II), factors VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z[31]
Bone metabolism: osteocalcin, also called bone Gla protein (BGP), matrix Gla protein (MGP),[32] periostin,[33] and the recently discovered Gla-rich protein (GRP) [34][35]
Vascular biology: growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6)[36]
Unknown function: proline-rich γ-carboxyglutamyl proteins (PRGPs) 1 and 2, and transmembrane γ-carboxy glutamyl proteins (TMGs) 3 and 4 [37]
Like other lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D and E), vitamin K is stored in the fatty tissue of the human body 
Absorption and dietary need[edit]
Previous theory held that dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the small intestine was heavily damaged, resulting in malabsorption of the molecule  Another at-risk group for deficiency were those subject to decreased production of K2 by normal intestinal microbiota, as seen in broad spectrum antibiotic use [38] Taking broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce vitamin K production in the gut by nearly 74% in people compared with those not taking these antibiotics [39] Diets low in vitamin K also decrease the body's vitamin K concentration [40] Those with chronic kidney disease are at risk for vitamin K deficiency, as well as vitamin D deficiency, and particularly those with the apoE4 genotype [41] Additionally, in the elderly there is a reduction in vitamin K2 production [42]
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) updated an estimate of what constitutes an adequate intake (AI) for vitamin K in 2001  The NAM does not distinguish between K1 and K2 – both are counted as vitamin K  At that time there was not sufficient evidence to set the more rigorous estimated average requirement (EAR) or recommended dietary allowance (RDA) given for most of the essential vitamins and minerals  The current daily AIs for vitamin K for adult women and men are 90 μg and 120 μg respectively  The AI for pregnancy and lactation is 90 μg  For infants up to 12 months the AI is 2–2 5 μg, and for children aged 1 to 18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg  As for safety, the FNB also sets tolerable upper intake levels (known as ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient  In the case of vitamin K no UL is set, as evidence for adverse effects is not sufficient  Collectively EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as dietary reference intakes [43] The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and did not set an UL [44]
For U S  food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of daily value (%DV)  For vitamin K labeling purposes the daily value was 80 μg, but as of May 2016 it has been revised upwards to 120 μg  A table of the pre-change adult daily values is provided at reference daily intake  Food and supplement companies have until 28 July 2018 to comply with the change 
See also: Vitamin K2 § Dietary sources
K1 (μg)[45]
Kale, cooked
Collards, cooked
Collards, raw
Swiss chard, cooked
Swiss chard, raw
Turnip greens, raw
Romaine lettuce, raw
Table from "Important information to know when you are taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K", Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Drug Nutrient Interaction Task Force [46]
Vitamin K1 is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as dandelion greens (which contain 778 4 μg per 100 g, or 741% of the recommended daily amount), spinach, swiss chard, lettuce and Brassica vegetables (such as cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils; some fruits, such as avocados, kiwifruit and grapes, are also high in vitamin K  By way of reference, two tablespoons of parsley contains 153% of the recommended daily amount of vitamin K [47] Some vegetable oils, notably soybean oil, contain vitamin K, but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the USDA-recommended levels [48] colonic bacteria synthesize a significant portion of humans' vitamin K needs; newborns often receive a vitamin K shot at birth to tide them over until their colons become colonized at five to seven days of age from the consumption of breast milk 
The tight binding of vitamin K1 to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts makes it less bioavailable  For example, cooked spinach has a 5% bioavailability of phylloquinone, however, fat added to it increases bioavailability to 13% due to the increased solubility of vitamin K in fat [49]
Main article: Vitamin K deficiency
Average diets are usually not lacking in vitamin K, and primary deficiency is rare in healthy adults  Newborn infants are at an increased risk of deficiency  Other populations with an increased prevalence of vitamin K deficiency include those who suffer from liver damage or disease (e g  alcoholics), cystic fibrosis, or inflammatory bowel diseases, or have recently had abdominal surgeries  Secondary vitamin K deficiency can occur in people with bulimia, those on stringent diets, and those taking anticoagulants  Other drugs associated with vitamin K deficiency include salicylates, barbiturates, and cefamandole, although the mechanisms are still unknown  Vitamin K1 deficiency can result in coagulopathy, a bleeding disorder [50]Symptoms of K1 deficiency include anemia, bruising, nosebleeds and bleeding of the gums in both sexes, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women 
Osteoporosis[51][52] and coronary heart disease[53][54] are strongly associated with lower levels of K2 (menaquinone)  Vitamin K2 (as menaquinones MK-4 through MK-10) intake level is inversely related to severe aortic calcification and all-cause mortality [8]
Function in animals[edit]
Mechanism of action of vitamin K1 
The function of vitamin K2 in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate (Glu) amino acid residue in a protein, to form a gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residue  This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein, which is then known as a "Gla protein"  The presence of two −COOH (carboxylic acid) groups on the same carbon in the gamma-carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions  The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla-protein enzymes, such as the so-called vitamin K-dependent clotting factors discussed below 
Within the cell, vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone, catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) [55] Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called gamma-glutamyl carboxylase[56][57] or the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase  The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time  The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled  Vitamin K epoxide is then reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR  The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle [58] Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K1 because, in part, vitamin K1 is continuously recycled in cells [59]
Warfarin and other 4-hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR [60] This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues, such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient  This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla  Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors, they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and cannot activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury  As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression, warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid overdose 
Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins[edit]
Main article: Gla domain
The following human Gla-containing proteins ("Gla proteins") have been characterized to the level of primary structure: blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, anticoagulant proteins C and S, and the factor X-targeting protein Z  The bone Gla protein osteocalcin, the calcification-inhibiting matrix Gla protein (MGP), the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein (Gas6), and the four transmembrane Gla proteins (TMGPs), the function of which is at present unknown  Gas6 can function as a growth factor to activate the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulate cell proliferation or prevent apoptosis in some cells  In all cases in which their function was known, the presence of the Gla residues in these proteins turned out to be essential for functional activity 
Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish  The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood-clotting system  In some cases, activation is accomplished by snake Gla-containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones, leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting 
Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla-containing proteins is synthesized by the fish-hunting snail Conus geographus [61] These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides, or conotoxins, which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human  Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues [62]
Methods of assessment[edit]
Vitamin K status can be assessed by:
The prothrombin time (PT) test measures the time required for blood to clot  A blood sample is mixed with citric acid and put in a fibrometer; delayed clot formation indicates a deficiency  This test is insensitive to mild deficiency, as the values do not change until the concentration of prothrombin in the blood has declined by at least 50% [63]
Undercarboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II); in a study of 53 newborns, found "PT (prothrombin time) is a less sensitive marker than PIVKA II",[64] and as indicated above, PT is unable to detect subclinical deficiencies that can be detected with PIVKA-II testing 
Plasma phylloquinone was found to be positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in elderly British women, but not men,[65] but an article by Schurgers et al  reported no correlation between FFQ[further explanation needed] and plasma phylloquinone [66]
Urinary γ-carboxyglutamic acid responds to changes in dietary vitamin K intake  Several days are required before any change can be observed  In a study by Booth et al , increases of phylloquinone intakes from 100 μg to between 377 and 417 μg for five days did not induce a significant change  Response may be age-specific [67]
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOc) levels have been inversely correlated with stores of vitamin K[68] and bone strength in developing rat tibiae  Another study following 78 post-menopausal Korean women found a supplement regimen of vitamins K and D, and calcium, but not a regimen of vitamin D and calcium, was inversely correlated with reduced UcOc levels [69]
Function in bacteria[edit]
Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli found in the large intestine, can synthesize vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7 or MK-7, up to MK-11),[70] but not vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)  In these bacteria, menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules, during oxygen-independent metabolic energy production processes (anaerobic respiration) [71] For example, a small molecule with an excess of electrons (also called an electron donor) such as lactate, formate, or NADH, with the help of an enzyme, passes two electrons to menaquinone  The menaquinone, with the help of another enzyme, then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant, such fumarate or nitrate (also called an electron acceptor)  Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water, respectively 
Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source, ATP, in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration, except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen, but fumarate or nitrate  In aerobic respiration, the final oxidant is molecular oxygen (O2), which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water  E  coli, as facultative anaerobes, can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone-mediated anaerobic respiration 
Injection in newborns[edit]
The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts  Human milk contains 1–4 μg/L of vitamin K1, while formula-derived milk can contain up to 100 μg/L in supplemented formulas  Vitamin K2 concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K1  Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0 25–1 7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births [72] Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin, so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency 
Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, blood transfusions, brain damage, and death  Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn  Intramuscular administration is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration [73][74]
As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0 5–1 mg of vitamin K1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth [74]
In the UK vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours [75] This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second-line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month [76]
Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice, when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer,[77] however, poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two [78] Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013,[79] after treating children for serious bleeding problems  They cited lack-of newborn vitamin K administration, as the reason that the problems occurred, and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose 
In the early 1930s, Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet [80] He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College (OAC) [81] McFarlane, Graham and Richardson, working on the chick feed program at OAC, had used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow  They noticed that chicks fed only fat-depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites [82] Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet  It appeared that – together with the cholesterol – a second compound had been extracted from the food, and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin  The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal, in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin  Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K [83] Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K (K1 and K2) published in 1939  Several laboratories synthesized the compound(s) in 1939 [84]
For several decades, the vitamin K-deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods: the chicks were made vitamin K-deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K-containing food  The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content  Three groups of physicians independently found this: Biochemical Institute, University of Copenhagen (Dam and Johannes Glavind), University of Iowa Department of Pathology (Emory Warner, Kenneth Brinkhous, and Harry Pratt Smith), and the Mayo Clinic (Hugh Butt, Albert Snell, and Arnold Osterberg) [85]
The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life-threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith, Warner, and Brinkhous [86]
The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974, when three laboratories (Stenflo et al ,[87] Nelsestuen et al ,[88] and Magnusson et al [89]) isolated the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor prothrombin (factor II) from cows that received a high dose of a vitamin K antagonist, warfarin  It was shown that, while warfarin-treated cows had a form of prothrombin that contained 10 glutamate (Glu) amino acid residues near the amino terminus of this protein, the normal (untreated) cows contained 10 unusual residues that were chemically identified as γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)  The extra carboxyl group in Gla made clear that vitamin K plays a role in a carboxylation reaction during which Glu is converted into Gla 
The biochemistry of how vitamin K is used to convert Glu to Gla has been elucidated over the past thirty years in academic laboratories throughout the world 
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ground_truth: BERT, RoBERTa, ELECTRA, GPT-2, and XLM-RoBERTa.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin K for adult women and men?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

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Gilbert, R  (1998)  "Vitamin K For Newborn Babies" (PDF)  Department of Health  Retrieved 12 Oct 2014  ^ "Postnatal care: Routine postnatal care of women and their babies [CG37]"  www nice org uk  NICE  Jul 2006  Retrieved 12 Oct 2014  ^ Parker, L ; Cole, M ; Craft, A  W ; Hey, E  N  (1998)  "Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England: retrospective case-control study"  BMJ (Clinical Research Edition)  316 (7126): 189–193  doi:10 1136/bmj 316 7126 189  PMC 2665412  PMID 9468683  ^ McMillan, D  D  (1997)  "Routine administration of vitamin K to newborns"  Paediatric Child Health  2 (6): 429–431  ^ "Newborns get rare disorder after parents refused shots"  Having four cases since February just at Vanderbilt was a little bit concerning to me ^ Dam, C  P  H  (1935)  "The Antihaemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick: Occurrence And Chemical Nature"  Nature  135 (3417): 652–653  doi:10 1038/135652b0  ^ Dam, C  P  H  (1941)  "The discovery of vitamin K, its biological functions and therapeutical application" (PDF)  Nobel Prize Laureate Lecture  ^ McAlister, V  C  (2006)  "Control of coagulation: a gift of Canadian agriculture" (PDF)  Clinical and Investigative Medicine  29 (6): 373–377  ^ MacCorquodale, D  W ; Binkley, S  B ; Thayer, S  A ; Doisy, E  A  (1939)  "On the constitution of Vitamin K1"  Journal of the American Chemical Society  61 (7): 1928–1929  doi:10 1021/ja01876a510  ^ Fieser, L  F  (1939)  "Synthesis of Vitamin K1"  Journal of the American Chemical Society  61 (12): 3467–3475  doi:10 1021/ja01267a072  ^ Dam, C  P  H  (12 Dec 1946)  "The discovery of vitamin K, its biological functions and therapeutical application" (PDF)  Nobel Prize lecture  ^ Warner, E  D ; Brinkhous, K  M ; Smith, H  P  (1938)  "Bleeding Tendency of Obstructive Jaundice"  Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine  37 (4): 628–630  doi:10 3181/00379727-37-9668P  ^ Stenflo, J; Fernlund, P ; Egan, W ; Roepstorff, P  (Jul 1974)  "Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin"  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  71 (7): 2730–2733  doi:10 1073/pnas 71 7 2730  PMC 388542  PMID 4528109  ^ Nelsestuen, G  L ; Zytkovicz, T  H ; Howard, J  B  (Oct 1974)  "The mode of action of vitamin K  Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin" (PDF)  Journal of Biological Chemistry  249 (19): 6347–6350  PMID 4214105  ^ Magnusson, S ; Sottrup-Jensen, L ; Petersen, T  E ; Morris, H  R ; Dell, A  (Aug 1974)  "Primary structure of the vitamin K-dependent part of prothrombin"  FEBS Letters  44 (2): 189–193  doi:10 1016/0014-5793(74)80723-4  PMID 4472513  Bibliography[edit]
Rhéaume-Bleue, Kate (2012)  Vitamin K2 and the Calcium Paradox  John Wiley & Sons, Canada  ISBN 1-118-06572-7  External links[edit]
"Vitamin K: Another Reason to Eat Your Greens"  v
TPP / ThDP (B1)
FMN, FAD (B2)
NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH (B3)
Coenzyme A (B5)
PLP / P5P (B6)
THFA / H4FA, DHFA / H2FA, MTHF (B9)
AdoCbl, MeCbl (B12)
Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2)
non-vitamins
Coenzyme B
Heme / Haem (A, B, C, O)
Molybdopterin/Molybdenum cofactor
THMPT / H4MPT
Fe2+, Fe3+
vitamins: see vitamins
Antihemorrhagics (B02)
(coagulation)
Phytomenadione (K1)
Menadione (K3)
intrinsic: IX/Nonacog alfa
VIII/Moroctocog alfa/Turoctocog alfa
extrinsic: VII/Eptacog alfa
common: X
II/Thrombin
I/Fibrinogen
XIII/Catridecacog
combinations: Prothrombin complex concentrate (II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S)
Carbazochrome
thrombopoietin receptor agonist (Romiplostim
Eltrombopag)
Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester
Epinephrine/Adrenalone
amino acids (Aminocaproic acid
Aminomethylbenzoic acid)
serpins (Aprotinin
Alfa1 antitrypsin
Camostat) 
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(e) THIS SITE, INCLUDING ANY CONTENT OR INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN IT OR ANY SITE-RELATED SERVICE, IS PROVIDED "AS IS," WITH NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED  TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMISSIBLE PURSUANT TO APPLICABLE LAW, BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ANY WARRANTIES THAT MAY ARISE FROM COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES REGARDING THE SECURITY, RELIABILITY, TIMELINESS, AND PERFORMANCE OF ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES FOR ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE OBTAINED THROUGH THE SITE  NO OPINION, ADVICE OR STATEMENT OF BROADJAM OR ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS, AGENTS, MEMBERS OR VISITORS, WHETHER MADE ON THE SITE OR OTHERWISE, SHALL CREATE ANY WARRANTY  BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES FOR SERVICES OR GOODS RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS APPEARING ANYWHERE ON THE SITE, AS WELL AS FOR ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED ANYWHERE ON THE SITE 
(f) BROADJAM AND ITS AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS, SPONSORS AND AGENTS DO NOT WARRANT THAT YOUR USE OF THE SITE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, ERROR-FREE OR SECURE, THAT DEFECTS WILL BE CORRECTED, OR THAT THE SITE OR THE SERVER(S) ON WHICH THE SITE IS HOSTED ARE FREE OF VIRUSES OR OTHER HARMFUL COMPONENTS  YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING ALL TELEPHONE, COMPUTER HARDWARE AND OTHER EQUIPMENT NEEDED TO ACCESS AND USE THE SITE, AND ALL CHARGES RELATED THERETO  YOU ASSUME ALL RESPONSIBILITY AND RISK FOR YOUR USE OF THE SITE AND ANY SERVICE AND YOUR RELIANCE THEREON  YOU UNDERSTAND AND AGREE THAT YOU DOWNLOAD OR OTHERWISE OBTAIN MATERIAL, INFORMATION OR DATA THROUGH THE USE OF THE SITE AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION AND RISK AND THAT YOU WILL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGES TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM OR LOSS OF DATA THAT RESULTS FROM THE DOWNLOAD OF SUCH MATERIAL, INFORMATION OR DATA 
(g) SOME STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU  YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS THAT VARY FROM STATE TO STATE AND JURISDICTION TO JURISDICTION  PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW YOU HEREBY WAIVE THE PROVISIONS OF ANY STATE LAW LIMITING OR PROHIBITING SUCH EXCLUSIONS 
(a) NEITHER BROADJAM NOR ANY OF OUR AFFILIATES, LICENSORS, SUPPLIERS, ADVERTISERS OR SPONSORS, NOR OUR OR THEIR DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, CONSULTANTS, AGENTS OR OTHER REPRESENTATIVES (TOGETHER, FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, "BROADJAM"), ARE RESPONSIBLE OR LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, PUNITIVE OR OTHER DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF DATA OR LOST PROFITS), UNDER ANY CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, WARRANTY, STRICT LIABILITY OR OTHER THEORY ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING IN ANY WAY TO USE OR MISUSE OF OR RELIANCE ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE OR ANY LINKED SITE, EVEN IF BROADJAM HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL BROADJAM'S TOTAL CUMULATIVE LIABILITY UNDER THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED THE TOTAL AMOUNT PAID BY YOU, IF ANY, TO ACCESS THE SITE  SUCH LIMITATION OF LIABILITY SHALL APPLY WHETHER THE DAMAGES ARISE FROM USE OR MISUSE OF AND/OR RELIANCE ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE, FROM INABILITY TO USE THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE, OR FROM THE INTERRUPTION, SUSPENSION, OR TERMINATION OF THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE (INCLUDING SUCH DAMAGES INCURRED BY THIRD PARTIES)



ground_truth: 90 μg for women and 120 μg for men.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are the restrictions on the use of Broadjam's servers?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  THIS LIMITATION SHALL ALSO APPLY WITH RESPECT TO DAMAGES INCURRED BY REASON OF OTHER SERVICES OR GOODS RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED AT, IN OR THROUGH THE SITE, AS WELL AS BY REASON OF ANY INFORMATION OR ADVICE RECEIVED THROUGH OR ADVERTISED ON THE SITE OR RECEIVED THROUGH ANY LINKS PROVIDED ON THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  THIS LIMITATION SHALL ALSO APPLY, WITHOUT LIMITATION, TO THE COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, LOST PROFITS, AND LOST DATA  SUCH LIMITATION SHALL FURTHER APPLY WITH RESPECT TO THE PERFORMANCE OR NONPERFORMANCE OF THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE OR ANY INFORMATION OR MERCHANDISE THAT APPEARS ON, OR IS LINKED OR RELATED IN ANY WAY TO, THE SITE OR ANY BROADJAM SERVICE  SUCH LIMITATION SHALL APPLY NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAILURE OF ESSENTIAL PURPOSE OF ANY LIMITED REMEDY AND TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW 
(b) SOME STATES OR OTHER JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU  PROVIDED, HOWEVER, THAT TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW YOU HEREBY WAIVE THE PROVISIONS OF ANY STATE LAW LIMITING OR PROHIBITING SUCH EXCLUSIONS OR LIMITATIONS 
(c) WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL BROADJAM BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY DELAY OR FAILURE IN PERFORMANCE RESULTING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY FROM ACTS OF NATURE, FORCES, OR CAUSES BEYOND ITS REASONABLE CONTROL, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, INTERNET FAILURES, COMPUTER EQUIPMENT FAILURES, TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT FAILURES, OTHER EQUIPMENT FAILURES, ELECTRICAL POWER FAILURES, STRIKES, LABOR DISPUTES, RIOTS, INSURRECTIONS, CIVIL DISTURBANCES, SHORTAGES OF LABOR OR MATERIALS, FIRES, FLOODS, STORMS, EXPLOSIONS, ACTS OF GOD, EPIDEMIC, WAR, GOVERNMENTAL ACTIONS, ORDERS OF DOMESTIC OR FOREIGN COURTS OR TRIBUNALS, NON-PERFORMANCE OF THIRD PARTIES, OR LOSS OF OR FLUCTUATIONS IN HEAT, LIGHT, OR AIR CONDITIONING 
(a) All content included on this Site, including but not limited to text, graphics, logos, button icons, images, data compilations, code and source code, multimedia content, including but not limited to images, illustrations, audio and video clips, html and other mark up languages, and all scripts within the Site or associated therewith, are the property of Broadjam or its content suppliers and is protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved  The compilation of all content on this Site is the exclusive property of Broadjam and is protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved  All software used on this site is the property of Broadjam or its software suppliers and is protected by United States and international copyright laws with All Rights Reserved 
(b) "Broadjam," "Broadjam Top 10," "Metajam", "broadjam com", "Musicians of Broadjam," Mini MoB, PRIMO MoB and other trademarks, service marks, logos, labels, product names and service names appearing on the Site (collectively, the "Marks") are owned or licensed by Broadjam  Marks not owned by Broadjam or its subsidiaries are the property of their respective owners, who may or may not be affiliated with, connected to, or sponsored by Broadjam 
(c) You agree not to copy, display or otherwise use any Marks without Broadjam's prior written permission  The Marks may never be used in any manner likely to cause confusion, disparage or dilute the Marks and/or in connection with any product or service that is not authorized or sponsored by Broadjam 
(a) We make no representation that products or services available on or through the Site or any Service are appropriate or available for use in other locations other than the United States  Those who choose to access the Site or any Service from other locations do so on their own initiative and at their own risk, and are responsible for compliance with local laws, if and to the extent local laws are applicable  By accessing the Site or using any Services you are consenting to have your personal data transferred to and processed in the United States 
(b) Products, including software, made available through the Site or any Service are further subject to United States export controls  You agree to comply with all applicable laws regarding the transmission of technical data exported from the United States or the country in which you reside  No such products may be downloaded or otherwise exported or re-exported (i) into (or to a national or resident of) any country to which the U S  has embargoed goods; or (ii) to anyone on the U S  Treasury Department's list of Specially Designated Nationals or the U S  Commerce Department's Table of Deny Orders  By downloading any product available through the Site or any Service, you represent and warrant that you are not located in, under the control of, or a national or resident of any such country or on any such list  We reserve the right to limit the availability of the Site and/or any Service or product described thereon to any person, geographic area or jurisdiction, at any time and in our sole discretion, and to limit the quantities of any such Service or product that we provide 
Broadjam may also provide access to certain services (including, without limitation and by way of example only: advertising, promotion, and submission processing services for contests, radio play, publishing, placement and licensing opportunities) that are supplied by others ("Third Party Services")  YOU EXPRESSLY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT BROADJAM BEARS NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR THIRD PARTY SERVICES; BROADJAM EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY/ALL LIABILITY FOR THIRD PARTY SERVICES; AND BROADJAM MAKES NO WARRANTY, REPRESENTATION OR GUARANTEE TO YOU REGARDING ANY ASPECT OF THIRD PARTY SERVICES  ANY CLAIM YOU MAY HAVE REGARDING ANY THIRD PARTY SERVICE MUST BE PURSUED DIRECTLY AND EXCLUSIVELY WITH THE INDIVIDUAL OR GROUP, WHETHER OR NOT ORGANIZED AS A LEGAL ENTITY (THE "THIRD PARTY PROVIDER"), THAT SUPPLIED THE THIRD PARTY SERVICE  BROADJAM IS NOT A PARTY TO ANY RULES, CONTRACTS OR OTHER AGREEMENTS BETWEEN YOU AND ANY THIRD PARTY PROVIDER, AND YOU EXPRESSLY AGREE NOT TO JOIN OR ATTEMPT TO JOIN BROADJAM AS A PARTY IN ANY DISPUTE BETWEEN YOU AND ANY THIRD PARTY PROVIDER 
Upon receipt of your written request, Broadjam will remove any of your Materials from the Site within a reasonable period of time  Broadjam's licenses to use such Materials will continue for any copies of such Materials that may have been disseminated in any format or media prior to the actual removal of such Materials from the Site 
You agree that, at any time, Broadjam may revise, change or modify any terms and conditions of this Agreement and/or any aspect of any Service, without notice to you  You can review the most current version of this Agreement at any time at: http://www broadjam com  When using any Service, you and Broadjam shall also be subject to any guidelines, Policies or rules applicable to such Service which may be posted on the Site from time to time  All such guidelines, Policies or rules are hereby incorporated by reference into this Agreement and you agree to their terms  Any such revisions, changes or modifications shall be binding and effective immediately upon posting of same to the Site 
(a) Your rights under this Agreement are not assignable and any attempt by your creditors to obtain an interest in your rights under this Agreement, whether by attachment, levy, garnishment or otherwise, renders this Agreement voidable at Broadjam's option 
(b) This Agreement is binding onthe Parties and their respective heirs, legatees, executors, successors and assigns  Except for Policies and other agreements incorporated by reference herein, this Agreement is the entire agreement between the Parties and supersedes all prior written or oral agreements between the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof  If any portion of this Agreement is found to be void or unenforceable, the remaining portion shall be enforceable with the invalid portion removed, giving all reasonable construction to permit the essential purposes of the Agreement to be achieved  The Parties' various rights and remedies hereunder shall be construed to be cumulative 
(c) This Agreement shall be deemed to have been made in the State of Wisconsin, and it shall be governed by the substantive laws of the State of Wisconsin without regard to any applicable conflict of laws provisions  The Parties submit to jurisdiction in the state and federal courts sitting in Dane County, Wisconsin, and you hereby waive any jurisdictional, venue or inconvenient forum objections  Provided, however, that if we are sued or joined in an action in any other court or forum in respect of any matter which may give rise to a claim by us hereunder, you consent to the jurisdiction of such court or forum over any such claim  Nothing in this paragraph or Agreement constitutes our consent to the assertion of personal jurisdiction over Broadjam otherwise than in Wisconsin 
(d) Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be construed to require the commission of any act contrary to law  Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed or deemed to create any partnership, agency, joint venture, employment or franchise relationship between the Parties 
(e) Each Party hereto agrees to execute all further and additional documents as may be necessary or desirable to effectuate and carry out the provisions of this Agreement 
(f) Captions and headings used in this Agreement are for purposes of convenience only and shall not be deemed to limit, affect the scope, meaning or intent of this Agreement, nor shall they otherwise be given any legal effect 
(g) No breach of this Agreement by Broadjam shall be deemed material unless the Party alleging such breach shall have given Broadjam written notice of such breach, and Broadjam shall fail to cure such breach within thirty (30) days after its receipt of such notice 
(h) All notices required to be sent to Broadjam under this Agreement shall be in writing and shall be sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, postage paid, or by overnight delivery service, to Broadjam Inc , 211 S  Paterson St  Ste  360 Madison, WI 53703 Attention: Legal (or such other address or addresses as may be designated by Broadjam herein) 
(i) All duties, liabilities, obligations, warranties, representations, covenants, authorizations, agreements and restrictions undertaken by and/or imposed upon you in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to apply jointly and severally to all members collectively and each member individually of any group at any time comprising the Artist whose recordings or other Materials you post, upload or otherwise make available to Broadjam  You affirmatively represent that you have the authority to bind all such individuals to the terms and conditions of this Agreement 
(j) You agree that regardless of any statute or law to the contrary, any claim or cause of action against Broadjam, arising out of or related to use of the Site or any Service, must be filed within one (1) year after such claim or cause of action arose or be forever barred 
Sacramento, California 95834, or by telephone at (800) 952-5210 
available by contacting Broadjam at the above address, Attention: Customer Service 
(m) This Agreement has no intended third party beneficiaries 
(a) This Article II applies to any Person (hereinafter a "Subscriber") who subscribes to any member subscription service offered by Broadjam, including but not limited to, by way of example, Mini MoB or PRIMO MoB (hereinafter a "Subscription Service")  For purposes of this Agreement all Subscribers are also Users as defined herein 
(b) You agree to provide true, accurate, current and complete information about yourself as prompted by the subscription registration processes (such information being your "Account Information")  You further agree that, in providing such Account Information, you will not knowingly omit or misrepresent any material facts or information and that you will promptly enter corrected or updated Account Information, or otherwise advise us promptly in writing of any such changes or updates  You further consent and authorize us to verify your Account Information as required for your use of and access to the Site and any Service, as applicable 
(c) As a Subscriber, you will receive a unique username and password in connection with your account (collectively referred to herein as your "Username")  You agree that you will not allow another person to use your Username to access and use the Site or any Service under any circumstances  You are solely and entirely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your Username and for any charges, damages, liabilities or losses incurred or suffered as a result of your failure to do so  Broadjam is not liable for any harm caused by or related to the theft of your Username, your disclosure of your Username, or your authorization to allow another person to access and use the Site or any Service using your Username  Furthermore, you are solely and entirely responsible for any and all activities that occur under your account, including, but not limited to, any charges incurred relating to the Site or any Service  You agree to immediately notify us of any unauthorized use of your account or any other breach of security known to you  You acknowledge that the complete privacy of your data transmitted while using the Site or any Service cannot be guaranteed 
The term of any Subscription Service shall commence when the Subscriber initiates payment for such Subscription Service or, if the Subscription Service is complimentary, when the Subscriber registers for such Subscription Service  All Subscription Services will extend for an initial period of oneyear (the "Term") and, unless terminated as provided herein, shall renew automatically for successive one-year periods  During the Term, the Subscriber shall be afforded the full use and benefit of the applicable Subscription Service as described on the Site (the "Service Benefits"), which Service Benefits may be revised by Broadjam from time to time without notice to the Subscriber  Due to technical considerations, certain Service Benefits may not be available to the Subscriber immediately upon commencement of the Term, but shall be provided to the Subscriber as soon as commercially reasonable  Please direct any questions about Subscription Services or Service Benefits to Broadjam by email at: customerservice@broadjam com or by US mail at: Broadjam Inc , 100 S  Baldwin St  Ste  #204, Madison, WI 53703, Attn: Customer Service 
(b) maintain and update such information as needed to keep it current, complete and accurate 
Subscriber acknowledges that Broadjam relies and will rely upon the accuracy of such information as supplied by Subscriber 
(a) Termination by Subscriber  Subscriber may terminate any Subscription Service at any time by providing Broadjam with written notice pursuant to this Agreement  Written notice will be followed by a confirmation request from Broadjam Customer Service  Confirmation is required to implement termination  Such termination will be effective after the paid period  In the case of termination by the Subscriber, the period that is already paid for will not be reimbursed  The Subscription Service will remain active until the end of the paid period 
(a) As consideration for a Subscription Service, Subscriber agrees to pay Broadjam all applicable subscription fees as posted on the Site at the time Subscriber applies for the Subscription Service  All subscription fees are due immediately pursuant to the payment option Subscriber chooses, and are non-refundable except as otherwise provided herein  Broadjam may exercise all available remedies to collect fees due and owing for any Subscription Service 
(b) Broadjam may, at its sole discretion and for any Subscription Service, offer Subscriber the option to pay Subscriber's annual subscription fee in monthly installments (a "Payment Plan")  If Subscriber elects a Payment Plan, Subscriber agrees to provide Broadjam with a valid credit card number, which Broadjam will charge on a monthly basis for twelve (12) consecutive months, in an amount each month equal to 1/12th of the subscription fee for the Subscription Service, plus a finance charge, until the Subscription Service is terminated pursuant to this Agreement  By providing credit card billing information, Subscriber shall be authorizing Broadjam to charge that credit card until termination of the Subscription Service  Broadjam shall have the right immediately to discontinue Subscriber's Service Benefits if Broadjam does not receive payment when due 
In order to change any of Subscriber's account information, Subscriber must use the User Name and the Password that Subscriber selected when Subscriber registered as a Broadjam User  In no event will Broadjam be liable for any unauthorized use or misuse of Subscriber's User Name and Password 
Subscriber agrees that Subscriber's failure to abide by any provision of this Agreement or any Broadjam operating rule or policy, Subscriber's willful provision of inaccurate or unreliable information as part of the application process, Subscriber's failure to update Subscriber's information to keep it current, complete or accurate, and/or Subscriber's failure to respond to inquiries from Broadjam concerning the accuracy of Subscriber's account information shall be considered a material breach of this Agreement  If within ten (10) calendar days after Broadjam provides notice (in any form and via any method of delivery) to Subscriber of such material breach, Subscriber fails to provide evidence, reasonably satisfactory to Broadjam, that Subscriber has not breached its obligations under this Agreement, Broadjam may terminate all Services, Subscription and otherwise, without further notice to Subscriber 
This Article III applies to any Person (hereinafter a "Hosting Subscriber") who subscribes to any web hosting subscription service offered by Broadjam, including but not limited to, by way of example, PRIMO MoB (hereinafter a "Hosting Service")  For purposes of this Agreement all Hosting Subscribers are also Subscribers and Users as defined herein 
Hosting Subscriber's Website will not be used in connection with any illegal activity 
(b) Hosting Subscriber is responsible for ensuring that there is no excessive overloading on Broadjam's DNS or servers  Broadjam prohibits the use of software or scripts run on its servers that cause the server to load beyond a reasonable level, as determined by Broadjam  Hosting Subscriber agrees that Broadjam reserves the right to remove Hosting Subscriber's Website temporarily or permanently from its hosting servers if Hosting Subscriber's Website threatens the stability of Broadjam's network 
(c) Hosting Subscriber may not use Broadjam's servers or Hosting Subscriber's Website as a source, intermediary, reply to address, or destination address for mail bombs, Internet packet flooding, packet corruption, denial of service, or any other abusive activities  Server hacking or other perpetration of security breaches is strictly prohibited and Broadjam reserves the right to remove websites that contain information about hacking or links to such information  Use of Hosting Subscriber's Website as an anonymous gateway is prohibited 
engage in any other activity deemed by Broadjam to be in conflict with the spirit or intent of this Agreement or any Broadjam policy 
Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Broadjam shall attempt to provide Hosting Services for twenty-four (24) hours a day, seven (7) days a week throughout the term of Hosting Subscriber's subscription  Hosting Subscriber agrees that from time to time the Hosting Service may be inaccessible or inoperable for any reason, including, without limitation, equipment malfunctions; periodic maintenance procedures or repairs which Broadjam may undertake from time to time; or causes beyond the control of Broadjam or which are not reasonably foreseeable by Broadjam, including, without limitation, interruption or failure of telecommunication or digital transmission links, hostile network attacks, network congestion or other failures  Hosting Subscriber agrees that Broadjam makes no representation or assurance that Hosting Services will be available on a continuous or uninterrupted basis 
At all times, Hosting Subscriber shall bear full risk of loss and damage to Hosting Subscriber's Website and all of Hosting Subscriber's Website content  Hosting Subscriber is solely responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of Hosting Subscriber's Password and account information  Hosting Subscriber agrees that Hosting Subscriber is solely responsible for all acts, omissions and use under and charges incurred with Hosting Subscriber's account or password or any of Hosting Subscriber's Website content  Hosting Subscriber shall be solely responsible for undertaking measures to: (i) prevent any loss or damage to Hosting Subscriber's Website content; (ii) maintain independent archival and backup copies of Hosting Subscriber's Website content; (iii) ensure the security, confidentiality and integrity of all of Hosting Subscriber's Website content transmitted through or stored on Broadjam servers; and (iv) ensure the confidentiality of Hosting Subscriber's password  Broadjam's servers and Hosting Services are not an archive and Broadjam shall have no liability to Hosting Subscriber or any other person for loss, damage or destruction of any of Hosting Subscriber's content  If Hosting Subscriber's password is lost, stolen or otherwise compromised, Hosting Subscriber shall promptly notify Broadjam, whereupon Broadjam shall suspend access to Hosting Subscriber's Website by use of such password and issue a replacement password to Hosting Subscriber or Hosting Subscriber's authorized representative  Broadjam will not be liable for any loss that Hosting Subscriber may incur as a result of someone else using Hosting Subscriber's password or account, either with or without Hosting Subscriber's knowledge  However, Hosting Subscriber could be held liable for losses incurred by Broadjam or another party due to someone else using Hosting Subscriber's account or password 
(a) Broadjam does not tolerate the transmission of spam  We monitor all traffic to and from our Web servers for indications of spamming and maintain a spam abuse compliant center to register allegations of spam abuse  Customers suspected to be using Broadjam products and services for the purposeof sending spam are fully investigated  Once Broadjam determines there is a problem with spam, Broadjam will take the appropriate action to resolve the situation  Our spam abuse compliant center can be reached by email at hosting@broadjam com 
(c) Broadjam will not allow its servers or services to be used for the purposes of spam as described above  In order to use our products and services, Hosting Subscriber shall abide by all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to the Can-Spam Act of 2003 and the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, as well as Broadjam's no-spam policies  Commercial advertising and/or bulk emails or faxes may only be sent to recipients who have already "opted-in" to receive messages from the sender specifically  They must include a legitimate return address and reply-to address, the sender's physical address, and an opt-out method in the footer of the email or fax  Upon request by Broadjam, conclusive proof of optin may be required for an email address or fax number 
(d) If Broadjam determines that Hosting Services are being used in association with spam, Broadjam will re-direct, suspend, or cancel such Hosting Service for a period of no less than 2 days  The Hosting Subscriber will be required to respond by email to Broadjam stating that Hosting Subscriber will cease to send spam and/or have spam sent on their behalf  Broadjam will require a non-refundable reactivation fee to be paid before Hosting Subscriber's Website, email boxes and/or other Hosting Services are reactivated  In the event Broadjam determines the abuse has not stopped after services have been restored the first time, Broadjam may terminate all Services associated with the Hosting Subscriber 
This Article IV applies to all Users 
Fees and prices appearing on the Site are based on United States dollars  Payments for any Service or purchase made on or through the Site shall be made to Broadjam in United States dollars, except as provided in Section 4 05 herein 
You agree to pay for all fees and charges incurred under your Broadjam account or Username  If you have configured the account associated with your Username (your "Account") to pay for Services or purchases with a credit or debit card or similar form of payment (a "Card" payment method), you authorize any and all charges and fees incurred under your Account to be billed from time to time to your Card account  Regardless of the method of payment, it is your sole responsibility to advise Broadjam of any billing problems or discrepancies within thirty (30) days after such discrepancies or problems become known to you  Your Card issuer agreement governs the use of your designated Card account in connection with any fee, purchase or Service; you must refer exclusively to such issuer agreement, and not this Agreement, to determine your rights and liabilities as a Cardholder  If you submit a payment that results in Broadjam being charged non-sufficient funds, chargeback fees, or other similar fees, you agree to reimburse all such fees 
Monthly Billing Subscriptions  No refunds will be issued for monthly billing subscriptions  If monthly billing is selected and is not cancelled by the end of the monthly period (30 days from the sign up date), your Card will be billed at the beginning of the next 30 day period  In order to avoid additional charges to your Card, you must contact Broadjam Customer Service by email (customerservice@broadjam com) at least 5 days before your next billing period, to cancel your Subscription Service  Your email should include the following: registered name on the account, registered email address on the account, and the service to be cancelled  Notice will be followed by a confirmation request from Broadjam Customer Service  Confirmation is required to implement cancellation 
(a) Merchants who elect to be paid in Purchase Credits ("PCs") for sales at Broadjam, Buyers who choose to purchase PCs and Users who otherwise obtain PCs (collectively, "Holders" of PCs) shall hold PCs subject to the provisions of this Section 4 05 as well as all rules and policies posted on the Site relating to PCs 
(b) PCS ARE NONRETURNABLE AND NONREFUNDABLE 
(c) PCs do not have an expiration date  However, if there exists rules defined by the laws of your state that require Broadjam to terminate your right to use PCs if you have not used them within a specified number of years  Under those laws, Broadjam will attempt to contact you before terminating your right to use PCs 
(e) Holders shall have no right to demand cash or any other thing of value in exchange for PCs, except as provided in Section 4 05 (d) 
(f) Interest shall not accrue on PCs 
(a) Buyers who choose to purchase the Primo MoB membership which includes complimentary Weekly Submission Credits ("WSCs") for the term of the membership purchased for use towards Music Licensing Opportunities services and shall hold WSCs subject to the provisions of this Section 4 06 as well as all rules and policies posted on the Site relating to WSCs 
(b) WSCs ARE NONRETURNABLE AND NONREFUNDABLE 
(c) One WSC is available for use each week for the duration of the membership purchased  One WSC is available each week starting Sunday at 12:00 am midnight CST  If unused, each WSC will expire on the following Sunday at 11:59 pm CST 
ii  wholly controlled by Broadjam 
(f) Holders shall have no right to demand cash or any other thing of value in exchange for WSCs, except as provided in Section 4 06 (e) 
(g) Interest shall not accrue on WSCs 
(a) Buyers who choose to purchase the Film/TV membership which includes complimentary Monthly Submission Credits ("MSCs") for the term of the membership purchased for use towards Music Licensing Opportunities services and shall hold MSCs subject to the provisions of this Section 4 07 as well as all rules and policies posted on the Site relating to MSCs 
(b) MSCs ARE NONRETURNABLE AND NONREFUNDABLE 
(c) One MSC is available for use each month for the duration of the membership purchased  One MSC is available each month starting the first day of the month at 12:00 am midnight CST  If unused, each WSC will expire on the last day of the month at 11:59 pm CST 
(f) Holders shall have no right to demand cash or any other thing of value in exchange for MSCs, except as provided in Section 4 07 (e) 
(g) Interest shall not accrue on MSCs 
Checks issued by Broadjam to any User, for any purpose, are VOID after 180 days from the date of issue  Users who fail to cash Broadjam-issued checks within such 180-day period will be charged a $2 00 fee for re-depositing funds from the stale check to the User's account  Users requesting replacement checks will be charged an additional $5 00 fee for issuance of the replacement check 
The following shall apply if you purchase Broadjam's Deliveries services 
Refunds will not be issued for Broadjam Deliveries services  If you experience a technical problem related to Broadjam Deliveries services, Broadjam will take steps in accordance with Section 1 10 to ensure your transaction is completed successfully  Broadjam may at its sole discretion convey complimentary services to you in the event of a verified technical problem 
The following shall apply if you purchase Broadjam's Music Software services 
Refunds will not be issued for Music Software services  If you experience a technical problem related to Broadjam Music Software services, Broadjam will take steps in accordance with Section 1 10 to ensure your transaction is completed successfully  Broadjam may at its sole discretion convey complimentary services to you in the event of a verified technical problem 



ground_truth: No excessive overloading and no use for illegal activity.