prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the water depth in the Greater Ekofisk Area?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: Filip Fremo Minge – Ekofisk
Author: Filip Fremo Minge
Posted on 1  October 2019 12  October 2019
— Sunset over Ekofisk  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The three are operated by ConocoPhillips on behalf of the Ekofisk licensees  The area also embraces former producers Albuskjell, Cod, Edda, Tor, West Ekofisk and Tommeliten G 
These fields all lie within production licence 018 apart from Tommeliten G, which was operated by Statoil from 1976 to 2003 
In all, 31 installations have been positioned in the Greater Ekofisk Area 
First Norwegian offshore field
Ekofisk began production on 15 June 1971, following its discovery in the autumn of 1969  Development of the field has occurred in several phases 
Its central facilities were installed during the early 1970s, with oil initially being buoy-loaded into tankers  From 1975, it has been piped to Teesside in the UK  The gas has been landed by pipeline at Emden in Germany from 1977 
ekofisk i et nøtteskall, engelsk
Jacked up six metres
The water depth in the Greater Ekofisk Area is 70-75 metres  However, declining pressure in the Ekofisk reservoir over the years has caused the seabed to subside 
Efforts began as early as 1985 to safeguard the installations against the effects of this development, and the steel platforms in the Ekofisk Complex were jacked up by six metres in 1987 
In addition, a protective breakwater was installed around the Ekofisk tank in 1989  The rate of seabed subsidence has declined sharply in recent years 
Waterflooding improves recovery
The Ekofisk 2/4 K water injection platform became operational in December 1987 as part of efforts to improve Ekofisk’s recovery factor – the share of petroleum in place actually produced 
Waterflooding capacity on the field to help maintain reservoir pressure was later expanded several times, and had reached just over 500 000 barrels per day by 2019 
Measured in barrels of oil equivalent, the recovery factor on Ekofisk has risen from an original estimate of 17 per cent to over 50 per cent 
Ekofisk I and II plus licence extension
The first phase of development and production on Ekofisk began with initial oil output from the converted Gulftide jack-up rig in 1971 and ended with the start-up of Ekofisk II in 1998 
Large parts of the Greater Ekofisk Area were restructured in the latter year, leading to plans for removing 15 installations – 14 steel platforms and the process facilities on the Ekofisk tank 
plattformer, historie, 2004, driftsenter åpnet,
Embla 2/7 D  Photo: ConocoPhillips/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Designated Ekofisk I, these redundant structures include Ekofisk 2/4 A, 2/4 B, 2/4 FTP, 2/4 Q, 2/4 H, 2/4 R, 2/4 P and 2/4 T 
In addition come the Edda 2/7 C, Albuskjell 1/6 A, Albuskjell 2/4 F, Cod 7/11 A, West Ekofisk 2/4 D, Norpipe 36/22 A and Norpipe 37/4 A installations 
The concrete part of the tank – Ekofisk 2/4 T – will remain  Gulftide was removed as far back as 1974  Two platforms owned by other companies – Ekofisk 2/4 G and 2/4 S – have also gone 
A new plan for development and operation (PDO) of the field (Ekofisk II) was approved in 1994, at the same time as the Ekofisk licence was extended to 2028 
This creates a new Ekofisk Complex with two structures – the Ekofisk 2/4 X wellhead unit installed in the autumn of 1996 and the Ekofisk 2/4 J processing and transport platform in 1997 
Ekofisk II became operational in August 1998 and is intended to produce until 2028  Ekofisk, Eldfisk and Embla are tied back to the new complex, as was Tor until it shut down in December 2015 
Ekofisk West
historie, forsidebilde, 2003, ekofisk vekst godkjent i statsråd
Ekofisk Growth  Illustration: Ståle Ådland
In December 2002, soon after the Conoco-Phillips merger had been announced, the Ekofisk West project was presented to improve oil and gas recovery  Process capacity and reliability on Ekofisk were also to be enhanced 
This development primarily involved the construction and installation of a new platform, Ekofisk 2/4 M, with processing facilities and 24 new wells drilled over five years 
The latter could contribute to improved recovery both because there were more wells and because they would tap new locations in the reservoir  On stream in 2005, 2/4 M was linked to the Ekofisk Complex with a bridge 
Process capacity for produced water was also to be increased through upgrading on Ekofisk 2/4 J and Eldfisk 2/7 E  A third measure concerned laying a power cable from the Ekofisk Complex to 2/4 K in order to make electricity supplies more efficient 
New developments: Eldfisk II and Ekofisk South
Eldfisk 2/7 S løft
The deck of Eldfisk 2/7 S being mated with the steel jacket  Foto: Øyvind Sætre/ConocoPhillips
The plan for development and operation (PDO) of Eldfisk II, approved by the Storting (parliament) on 9 June 2011, includes a new wellhead, process and accommodation platform – Eldfisk 2/7 S 
In addition come 42 new wells as well as upgrades to existing platforms which extend their commercial life 
The PDO for Ekofisk South involves the construction of a new wellhead platform – Ekofisk 2/4 Z – as well as a new subsea water injection facility and 44 additional wells 
ConocoPhillips Norge, 2004 
Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, press release, “Vekstprosjekt på Ekofisk godkjent”, 6 June 2003 
https://www stortinget no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Saker/Sak/?p=50343
https://www stortinget no/globalassets/pdf/innstillinger/stortinget/2010-2011/inns-201011-398 pdf
https://www regjeringen no/no/aktuelt/klart-for-40-nye-ar-pa-ekofisk-feltet/id642376/)
Published 1  October 2019 • Updated 12  October 2019
— Gassterminalen i Emden  Foto: Husmo Foto/Norsk Oljemuseum
Oil terminal in Teesside
Olje- og gassterminalene, engelsk,
Teesside terminal  Brian Henderson Thynne takes samples of refrigerated propane  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The terminal at Teesside in north-east England receives oil and natural gas liquids (NGL) by pipeline from the Ekofisk field  It comprises stabilisation, NGL fractionation, storage tanks for crude oil and an export port 
After arriving through the Norpipe Oil line, crude and NGL are separated and the oil goes through a stabilisation process before reaching the 10 storage tanks, which each hold 750 000 barrels 
The NGLs go to the fractionation facility, with a daily capacity of 64 000 barrels, for separation into methane, ethane, propane, and normal and iso butane 
While the methane (natural gas) is used to fuel the plant, the other products (now known as liquefied petroleum gases – LPG) are made liquid by cooling and stored for export by sea 
One reason for the choice of Teesside as the landfall for the Ekofisk pipeline was the opportunity it offered to install deepwater quays 
The terminal has four of these, with those for crude oil able to handle tankers up to 150 000 deadweight tonnes  The LPG quays can accept carriers loading as much as 60 000 cubic metres 
Two of the crude oil quays lie on the main channel of the River Tees, while the others have been installed in dredged docks 
Gas terminal in Emden
Gas arriving at the Emden terminal from the Ekofisk Complex enters nine parallel treatment trains for cleaning, metering and onward distribution to the buyers 
The North Sea gas is very clean, and needs only limited treatment to remove small amounts of sulphur compounds using an absorption process  Impure molecules from the gas accumulate on the surface of small particles, which act as filter spheres 
Each of the nine trains comprises four process columns and a process oven  The gas enters the top of a column and leaves through the base after passing through the filter spheres 
That leaves the gas ready for sale, and it is piped to the fiscal metering station before entering the buyer receiving pipelines and distribution network 
Three separate commercial pipeline systems connect to the terminal, operated by Ruhrgas, BEB and Gastransport Services (previously Gasunie) respectively  They pipe the gas away on behalf of the gas buyers 
The Norsea Gas Terminal in Emden was officially opened in September 1977 by Norwegian industry minister Bjartmar Gjerde and Phillips executive Gordon Goerin 
Ranking as the first gas sales deal for the Norwegian continental shelf, the Ekofisk agreement paved the way for later contracts covering other fields off Norway 
Regularity at the Emden terminal has been very high, with its own equipment never causing shutdowns  Maintenance takes place when other parts of the system are off line 
The terminal has a daily capacity of about 2 1 million cubic feet of gas per day 
Gas transport restructured
Norpipe AS owned the gas pipeline from Ekofisk to Emden until the transport system for the Norwegian offshore sector was restructured at 1 January 2003 
Norsea Gas A/S furthermore served as the formal owner of the Emden facility, with Phillips Petroleum and then ConocoPhillips as operator for both pipeline and terminal 
olje- og gassterminalene,
Teesside gas terminal  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Since 2007, Norway’s state-owned Gassco company has been responsible for technical operation of the facilities on behalf of their owners 
That included operator responsibility for the H7 and B11 booster platforms along the gas pipeline, which were shut down in 2007 and 2013 respectively and have since been removed 
The Gassled partnership is a project collaboration embracing 10 companies which collective own large parts of the gas infrastructure on the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS) 
A substantial proportion of Norway’s gas deliveries to Germany continues to arrive at the Emden terminal, including the volumes piped from Ekofisk 
Preliminary planning for a new terminal in the German port began in 2011, with Gassled taking the investment decision for this development in the autumn of 2012 
Construction work began in the following year, with the new facility being built on an unused part of the existing terminal site 
The new terminal has not expanded export capacity  But its functionality is well adapted to future processing needs for fields in the Greater Ekofisk Area and other parts of the NCS sending gas through the Norpipe system 
It was officially opened on 24 May 2016 by Elisabeth Aspaker, the Norwegian government minister for the EU and the European Economic Area  That closed a chapter in Ekofisk’s history 
Source: ConocoPhillips Norge
— Gas pipes at Ekofisk  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
In addition to ConocoPhillips’ own production from Ekofisk, these pipelines carry gas and oil from the company’s fields in the UK sector and from other fields on the Norwegian and British continental shelves 
The three fields in the Greater Ekofisk Area are also tied together by pipelines 
Oil pipeline to Teesside
rørledningene, engelsk,
Pipes and oil tanks at the Teesside plant  Photo: ConocoPhillips/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The pipeline linking Ekofisk with the terminal for oil and natural gas liquids (NGL) at Teesside on the north-east English coast became operational in October 1975 
Pumps raise the pressure of the oil and NGL before they start their journey to land  Two pumping stations – 37/4 A and 36/22 A ­– originally stood along the pipeline to maintain this pressure, but have now been disconnected and removed 
The pipeline was installed with the ability to carry a million barrels per day  However, that much capacity has never been required 
In the UK sector, a 24-inch pipeline has been tied in with a Y connection to receive input from several British fields – including the J block developments operated by ConocoPhillips 
Output from the Greater Ekofisk Area is supplemented by crude from Valhall, Hod, Ula and Gyda heading for Teesside, optimising pipeline utilisation and thereby boosting value creation 
The pipeline is owned by Norpipe Oil AS and operated by ConocoPhillips 
Gas pipeline to Emden
Sandbags and gravel were used to cover Norpipe to Emden  Photo: Unknown/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
This pipeline became operational in September 1977  The starting pressure of around 132 bar is provided by compressors on the Ekofisk Complex 
The 443-kilometre distance to Emden was split into three equal sections, with platforms B11 and H7 located at the intermediate points to provide boosting if required 
However, additional compression was seldom needed on the final stage to Emden  H7 was shut down in 2007 and B11 in 2013, and both have since been removed 
These two booster platforms were located in the German sector of the North Sea, while the pipeline also crosses the Danish sector 
The pipeline has been trenched or covered with sand  Its final section passes the island of Juist before making landfall on the coast of East Friesland to the north of Emden 
Its daily capacity is roughly 59 4 million standard cubic metres (2 1 billion cubic feet)  In addition to gas from the Greater Ekofisk Area, it carries output from Valhall, Hod, Ula, Gyda and the Statpipe system (primarily Statfjord and Gullfaks) 
Posted on 24  June 2017 25  October 2019
Embla 2/7 D
This unmanned wellhead facility is remotely controlled from Eldfisk 2/7 S located 5 2 kilometres to the north, where oil and gas output from the platform is also processed 
Unmanned and remotely operated wellhead platform
On stream 12 May 1993
— Embla 2/7 D  Photo: ConocoPhillips
sokkelkart, illustrasjon, blokker, lisens, forsidebilde, engelsk,
Hand-colored map of the licenses of the first licensing round on the Norwegian continental shelf  Norwegian Continental Shelf Map, 1965 
The Phillips group was awarded block 2/7 as early as 1965, and the Embla reservoir lies in the southern part of this acreage  Drilling began there in 1974 to depths of 4 500-5 000 metres, but pressure and temperature in the wells were too high for testing with the available equipment 
The first production well was not drilled and tested until 1988, followed by a second in 1990  Both yielded very promising results, and the field came on stream in May 1993 
Embla comprises a sandstone reservoir at least 250 million years old  The other fields in the Greater Ekofisk Area comprise fine-grained carbonate rocks deposited about 70 million years ago 
The Embla reservoir has a temperature of 160°C compared with the 125°C normally found in the chalk formations 1 000 metres higher up, and its pressure is almost twice as high 
Fabricated by Heerema in the Netherlands, the Embla 2/7 D jacket (support structure) was installed by the M 7000 crane vessel  It stands 84 metres high and weighs 2 300 tonnes 
A 5 2-kilometre subsea umbilical from Eldfisk comprises three power cables for electricity supply and eight fibreoptic lines handling data transmission and telecommunication 
Eldfisk 2/7 S, embla,
Eldfisk 2/7 S  Photo: ConocoPhillips
The platform has six production wells and an average daily output of roughly 7 000 barrels of oil  All processing and metering took place on Eldfisk 2/7 FTP until 2015, and has now been switched to Eldfisk 2/7 S 
A 14-inch flowline linked 2/7 D with 2/7 FTP and runs today to 2/7 S  Produced at Wick in Scotland, this line was floated out to the field in one piece 
Topside equipment includes the wellhead area, helideck (built by Vindholmen Services in Arendal), crane, control room, workshop, test separator and glycol pump 
Normally unmanned, the platform is maintained as and when required and therefore incorporates a simplified accommodation module with lounge, mess, coffee room, galley, changing room, WC and 12 emergency beds 
More about platforms
Ekofisk 2/4 Z
This installation is a wellhead platform in the Ekofisk Complex 
Gulftide
This four-leg jack-up drilling rig was built in Glasgow during 1967 for Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co 
Posted on 1  September 2019 8  October 2019
— Gulftide with Ekofisk 2/4 A in the background  Photo: Aker Mek  Verksted/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Gulftide was converted to cope with conditions on Ekofisk in the Åmøy Fjord near Stavanger  This jack-up drilling rig was equipped with process equipment and its derrick, helideck, hangar and legs were reinforced 
To win time, it was decided that the discovery well and three appraisals drilled on Ekofisk by Ocean Viking would be completed for production 
Principles for producing from Gulftide were relatively simple  Output flowed from the subsea wellheads to the platform, where it went through two-stage separation to remove gas and water 
With pressure also reduced, the gas was flared off and the oil sent on by flowlines to two loading buoys where shuttle tankers moored to take on cargo 
utbyggingen,
Tankskipet Donovania laster olje fra lastebøyen på Ekofisk  I bakgrunnen skimtes så vidt Gulftide  Foto: ConocoPhillips/Norsk Oljemuseum
Production could only continue while ships were loading  As soon as one tanker had been filled, the oil stream was diverted to the vessel waiting at the other loading buoy 
The problem with this approach was manifested when weather conditions ­– strong winds and/or high waves – forced the tankers to leave the buoys 
If that happened, production from the wellheads had to be suspended immediately  Given the prevailing weather on Ekofisk, that happened regularly  Output was halted for 20 per cent of the time during the first year 
https://ekofisk industriminne no/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/09/Building-Ekofisk mp4
Gulftide was replaced as the temporary production installation in 1974 by the permanent Ekofisk 2/4 A (Alpha) and 2/4 B (Bravo) platforms for production, drilling and quarters 
In addition came the Ekofisk 2/4 C (Charlie) production, drilling and compression facility, the Ekofisk 2/4 FTP (field terminal platform) for production and risers, and Ekofisk 2/4 Q for accommodation 
Oil and gas were produced by 2/4 A, B and C through their own wells for processing in their separation plants and piping on the 2/4 FTP for a three-stage separation process 
At the same time, the tanker loading buoys were moved further from the platforms and the Ekofisk 2/4 T oil storage tank became operational 
This facility was extremely advantageous, because it allowed production to continue virtually regardless of whether bad weather prevented tankers from connecting to the buoys 
Ekofisktanken ble satt i drift i 1974  Foto: ConocoPhillips/Norsk Oljemuseum
The 2/4 FTP platform, where oil and gas from the three producing facilities was processed, had been planned to handle the level of output estimated for the main field 
Clear restrictions had been imposed by the Norwegian government on the amount of gas Phillips was allowed to flare  That also set a ceiling for oil production, since gas accompanies it up from the reservoir 
The solution was to install two powerful compression packages on 2/4 C in order to inject the gas under pressure back into the producing formation 
Accommodation facilities had to be provided on the two first platforms, 2/4 A and B  Where 2/4 C and FTP were concerned, however, they were tied together with bridges and to 2/4 Q 
Published 1  September 2019 • Updated 8  October 2019
Posted on 9  April 2019 25  October 2019
Jack-up drilling rig
Built 1967 in Glasgow for Ocean Drilling & Exploration Co 
Began test production on Ekofisk 15 June 1971
Produced on Ekofisk until 1974
— Gulftide at theEkofisk field  Photo: Terje Tveit/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
gulftide,
Gulftide  Photo: Unknown/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
A mere 17 months after the Ekofisk discovery was announced in December 1969, Gulftide was ready to come on stream as a temporary production platform 
Its official inauguration took place on 9 June, with initial test output commencing on 15 June  Full production began on 8 July 
The rig was chosen because it was available on the market  Established equipment for processing oil and gas was tailored to the limited space on board  Separate flowlines carried wellstreams from four subsea wells  Oil, gas and water were separated on board, with the gas flared and the oil piped to two buoys for loading into shuttle tankers 
Work on the process equipment was relatively simple  The problem was to tailor it to the rig  The subsea wellheads had to be reinforced to meet the demands posed by the North Sea, and a buoy loading system needed to be developed for waters where this technology had never been used before 
To gain time, it was decided that the three appraisal wells drilled by Ocean Viking to map the extent of the field – in addition to the discovery well – would be completed for production 
Første testflamme tent på Ekofisk  På Gulftide
1973, Teddy Broadhurst, gulftide,
arbeidsliv, hjelpearbeider
Gulftide, separator – på bildet kan man se at det er fire brønner 
arbeidsliv, gulftide, pionerkultur, arbeid, dekk, Norges første havbunnsbrønner, historie, 1971,
The producers would be topped with hydraulically controlled wellheads  Such equipment had been tried out on the seabed earlier, but on a limited scale and not in the deep and rough waters found on Ekofisk  This challenge was overcome by having the wellheads manufactured and then reinforced at the Phillips base in Dusavik outside Stavanger  Flowlines and control cables would also be laid from each well to Gulftide, with production comingled in a single riser to the topsides 
Weather conditions also represented a major problem when designing the loading buoys  Phillips itself had experience with such facilities, but the concept had only been used before in harbour-like conditions and waters no deeper than 27 metres  They were now to stand in 70 metres in the middle of the North Sea 
Gulftide was converted in the Åmøy Fjord outside Stavanger to cope with conditions on Ekofisk  The processing facilities were installed and reinforcements made to the derrick, helideck, hangar and leg structures 
Gulftide, Ekofisk 2/4 A, boretårn, flare, 1971, utbygging,
Gulftide with Ekofisk 2/4 A in the background  Photo: Aker Mek  Verksted/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Planning began in late 1970, when Phillips received approval to begin laying the flowlines between wellheads and rig  Brown & Root won this contract, with the first oil pipelines on the Norwegian continental shelf laid by the Hugh W Gordon laybarge 
The production principle on Gulftide was relatively simple  Output flowed from the subsea wellheads to the rig, where it passed through two separation levels to be split into oil and gas while the huge pressure was reduced 
Gas was flared off and the oil was piped to one of the loading buoys where a shuttle tanker was moored  Production could only take place when a ship was present 
Offisiell åpning av norsk oljeproduksjon,
The Greek tanker, Theogennitor, unloads crude oil from loading buoys on the Ekofisk field  Gulftide in the background  Photo: ConocoPhillips/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
As soon as one tanker had become fully laden, the oil flow was switched to the other buoy where another ship was waiting to take on cargo 
The problem with this approach arose when weather conditions meant the tankers had to cast off from the buoys because of strong winds or high waves  The rig then had to shut down production from the wellheads immediately 
Given the weather conditions found on Ekofisk, output regularly had to cease  Production was suspended for 20 per cent of the first year for this reason 
Output began cautiously on 8 July 1971 from a single well  The second producer came on stream that September, the third was ready the following month and all four were producing by February 1972  They each flowed 10 000 barrels of oil per day 
Source: Kvendseth, Stig, Giant discovery, 1988 
Published 9  April 2019 • Updated 25  October 2019
Norpipe H-7
This platform served as a pumping/compressor station to maintain pressure in the 443-kilometre Norpipe gas pipeline from Ekofisk to Emden in Germany, which became operational in September 1977 
Kjappe fakta::
Compressor platform on Ekofisk-Emden gas pipeline
Installed 1976
Operational 1977
Shut down 29 October 2007
Removed 2013
— Norpipe GNSC-H7  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Gas received initial compression to 132 bar at the Ekofisk Complex  The pipeline was divided into three equal lengths, with Norpipe GNSC B11 positioned at the end of the first third to maintain pressure as and when required 
From there, the gas then travelled the next third of the distance to the second and virtually identical compressor platform, H7 
This was also responsible for maintaining pressure, but additional compression was seldom required on this final leg of the journey to Emden 
Both platforms stood on the German continental shelf, but 48 kilometres of the pipeline also ran across the Danish North Sea sector 
The pipeline is trenched or covered with sand  On its final approach to the coast of East Friesland, it passes beneath the island of Juist before making landfall north of Emden 
Capacity in Norpipe is about 60 million standard cubic metres (scm) or 2 1 billion cubic feet per day  In addition to output from the Ekofisk-area fields, it carries gas from Valhall, Ula and the Statpipe system – primarily Statfjord and Gullfaks  Gas was also transported for a time from Hod and Gyda, but that has ceased 
fritid, Norpipe GNSC-H7,
Magnus Refsland and Werner Hein have pulled the crab trap (full of starfish) on the Norpipe H-7 platform  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
Built in 1976, the B11 platform had six decks  Its permanent staffing totalled 14 people, but various service personnel were also often on board  The regular crew included three in catering 
The 11 Phillips employees comprised the offshore installation manager, the nurse/radio operator, eight operators and a roustabout 
In addition to their direct function, the operators covered various other trades which meant the crew was self-sufficient in most circumstances 
Both platforms obtained a satellite antenna in 1986 which allowed them to received Norwegian TV, while the 24-bed accommodation were redecorated in 1981 and upgraded in the summer of 1990 
Work on the upgrading largely comprised converting all cabins to doubles with shower and WC  The galley and changing rooms were renewed and changing facilities for women provided 
A new module with a lounge for non-smokers, a smoking room, gym and pool room was also installed  During this work, the West Gamma accommodation rig was positioned alongside 
Upgrading equipment on the platform was also initiated in 1990  While the pipeline’s original daily capacity had been estimated at 2 100 million standard cubic feet, this was found to have declined after a number of years to 1 975 million 
To return to the original capacity, the compressors needed to be upgraded and power supply from the turbines increased  This was done both on the Ekofisk tank and on the H7 and B11 platforms  Gas coolers on the tank were replaced as well 
Norpipe GNSC-H7, yrker, radiooperatør,
Radio operator Torleif Førland on the platform Norpipe H-7, with his amateur radio  Photo: Husmo Foto/Norwegian Petroleum Museum
The control systems were also upgraded in parallel  Control panels on turbines and compressors were replaced and metering instruments installed to conduct measurements in this equipment 
While the nearest neighbour to B11 was a Danish oil field, H7 stood in the middle of the shipping channel  M/S Hero broke down 15 nautical miles west of the latter platform at around 13 00 on 12 November 1977 
By 21 00, the ship was still adrift and heading directly for H7, and all 14 crew on the platform made ready to evacuate by helicopter – the waves were too high for the lifeboats  The wreck passed at 21 40 with a clearance of 400 metres 
German cargo carrier Reint collided with H7 on 30 September 1995, despite efforts by the standby ship to avert the threat  Production was halted as a safety measure, but the platform luckily suffered only minor damage  The collision was caused by inadequate watchkeeping on the ship’s bridge 
Operator responsibility for B11 and H7 was transferred at the beginning of 2003 to Norway’s state-owned Gassco company, which runs the Norwegian gas transport network 
This change had little significance for operation of the platforms, since the actual work was still carried out by ConocoPhillips as a technical service provider to Gassco 
H7 was shut down in 2007, and removal had been completed in 2013  In connection with preparations to remove the structure, operator responsibility was transferred to Statoil as the company in charge of the project on Gassco’s behalf 
Published 24  August 2016 • Updated 22  October 2019
Phillips inundates Sola with oil revenues
person by Kristin Øye Gjerde
Stavanger and neighbouring Sola were the first Norwegian local authorities to experience fantastic oil-related growth after the award of the first exploration licences in 1965 
— Phillips er i ferd med å etablere seg på Norscobasen nederst til høyre Ca 1972 Foto: Norsk fly og flyfoto/Norsk Oljemuseum
The Shell refinery at Risavika in Sola was completed two years later, while the Norsco base in Tananger became operational as early as 1966 
But things really took off once the Ekofisk field had been discovered in the autumn of 1969 and started trial production on 14 July 1971 
Operator Phillips Petroleum Company moved its offices from the Dusavik base outside Stavanger to Tananger in Sola, and Shell could finally start refining Norwegian rather than imported crude 
Sola’s population now rose steadily from 8 400 in 1965 to 15 000 two decades later, and jobs grew even faster – from about 2 000 in 1970 to almost 8 000 in 1985  That averages 10 per cent annually 
Phillips and Shell became cornerstone companies  A large part of their workforce, particularly in Phillips, worked offshore  In addition came newly established oil supply firms 
More jobs were also created in retail, public administration, education, health and social care, personal services and so forth 
Although traditional agriculture remained important for the local authority, the number of farmers gradually declined as a result of mechanisation [REMOVE]Fotnote: This article is based on the chapter “Elverket i Oljealderen” in I det regionale spenningsfelt  Sola Energi 1913-1999, Kristin Øye Gjerde 
Boreskipet Drillship ligger ved kai på Norscobasen i Tananger (1968)  Foto: NOM/Norsk Fly og Flyfoto
Boreskipet Drillship ligger ved kai på Norscobasen i Tananger (1968)  Foto: Norsk Fly og Flyfoto/Norsk Oljemuseum
The “agio tax”
The sharp rise in Sola’s revenues was attributable entirely to the oil industry, and it found itself in an enviable position during this period  Tax revenues rose even faster than population and jobs 
To give an indication, the local authority’s overall income from wealth and income taxes rose from NOK 9 3 million in 1966 to NOK 198 million in 1990  The biggest growth came in 1978-82, when it averaged 39 per cent a year [REMOVE]Fotnote: Sola local authority, plans 
The secret behind this sharp increase was the tax paid by the oil companies – primarily Phillips – on agio, or the percentage fee charged when exchanging one currency for another 
Under Norwegian law at the time, the companies paid tax on their interest income to the local authority where they had their head office  In making this rule, however, the government had failed to take account of the considerable sums involved 
As operator of the Greater Ekofisk Area, Phillips had placed capital to be used for new investment in banks around the world – particularly the UK 
These deposits yielded substantial interest payments, and tax was payable on converting this income into Norwegian kroner [REMOVE]Fotnote: Toralv Torstenbø, former chief executive officer in Sola local authority, interviewed by Kristin Øye Gjerde, 22 February 2001 
Sola council is said to have almost gone into shock the first time Phillips paid this agio tax  It suddenly had more money than it could spend 
During the 1970s and early 1980s, Sola’s municipal income always exceeded the budgeted amount  Large sums could be transferred every year to a capital fund 
Since the local authority was in a growth phase, additional funding was needed for the big developments it faced  While the rest of Norway experienced a slump in the late 1970s, Sola continued in top gear without a sign of unemployment 
Net income tax revenues came to NOK 55 5 million in 1978, while net spending was NOK 31 9 million  And these fantastic results went on improving 
By 1982, wealth and income taxes yielded NOK 203 4 million – compared with a budget of NOK 146 million, which was upgraded to NOK 190 million during the year 
According to Toralv Torstensbø, the financial controller, agio tax accounted for almost half this amount – in other words, as much as the tax paid by all other enterprises, private individuals and industry in Sola 
Its chief executive officer became a little overweening  In his comments on the 1982 budget, he declared that it would be “natural for Sola local authority to feel a strong regional responsibility and not to be too strict about the traditional division of costs between state, county and local authority ”
In line with this open-handed policy, Sola paid for both road projects and an upper secondary modern school which the county council was supposed to fund [REMOVE]Fotnote: Chief executive officer’s budget proposal for Sola local authority covering 1974-85 
Tightening up petroleum tax
This unexpected prosperity undoubtedly created some jealously in the neighbouring local authorities, and the media began to show an interest in the issue 
Local daily Stavanger Aftenblad interviewed Sola’s chief executive and controller in 1981, when its photographer took a shot which illustrated the boundless wealth – Torstensbø stood showering hundred-krone notes over his colleague 
This story was not only read by the paper’s regular subscribers  The following day, 150 copies were distributed to members of the Storting (parliament) 
That in turn prompted Centre Party representative Lars Velsand to make a passionate speech in which he described the position as a misuse of tax revenues 
He called on the government to intervene so that individual local authorities were unable to benefit in this way  Nor was he alone in finding it unreasonable that a small community like Sola should get so much money 
The result was an amendment to the Petroleum Tax Act on 11 June 1982, which specified that the proceeds from the agio tax should be transferred in future to central government 
Løfteskipet Uglen i aksjon ved Norscobasen i juli 1980  Foto: NOM/Norsk Fly og Flyfoto
Løfteskipet Uglen i aksjon ved Norscobasen i juli 1980  Foto: Norsk Fly og Flyfoto/Norsk Oljemuseum
Unfortunately, however, Sola had got used to consuming these revenues  It is easy to learn expensive habits, but not so straightforward to shrug them off again 
Matters had become a little unusual when the council’s executive board adopted the style of the oil company chiefs and took a helicopter outing during an ordinary budget meeting [REMOVE]Fotnote: Oskar Goa, former chief technical officer in Sola local authority, interviewed by Kristin Øye Gjerde, 23 October 2000 
However, most of the tax money benefitted the general public  Paying for Sola upper secondary school and new national and county highways is an example of this 
The council also invested on local authority school buildings and community facilities such as the big sports complex at Åsen, with an outdoor athletics ground and two modern indoor arenas  Dysjaland and Tananger also acquired new sports arenas 
A new cultural centre built in central Sola has a distinctive architecture in brick and glass, with a grassed roof to blend with the surrounding Jæren landscape  With two stages and a public library, this became the community’s main venue for events and so forth 
The local authority thereby built up a very good infrastructure  Power cables were laid in the same trenches as water and sewage pipes, a network of cycle lanes was built and street lighting installed 
On the downside, virtually all these investments boosted operating expenses  The council’s running costs rose by an annual average of 30 per cent in 1978-84, with the biggest growth in the last three years of the period 
So the calls by Storting representatives to transfer agio tax receipts from councils to central government represented a real threat to local politicians 
Sola joined forces with other local authorities in the same position, including Stavanger, Oslo and Bærum as well as Rogaland county council 
A delegation met the Storting’s standing committee on finance to present their case, and secured a commitment to accept a phased reduction in revenues over four years 
The local authorities would receive 80 per cent of agio tax receipts during the first year, then 60 per cent, 40 per cent and finally 20 per cent [REMOVE]Fotnote: Amendment to the Petroleum Tax Act adopted on 14 May 1982 
In reality, however, the run-down percentages were adjusted to extend over five years in annual steps of 80, 60, 20, 20 and 20 per cent  The total amount going to the local authorities was the same 
The arrangement was controversial to the last, and also uncertain because it had to be approved in each annual government budget 
Living within its means
After the tax change, Sola’s chief executive officer saw the writing on the wall  It seemed “to be unquestionable that [Sola] has seen its best days in purely financial terms and must return to setting tougher priorities for various assignments,” he asserted in connection with the budget process for 1983 [REMOVE]Fotnote: Chief executive officer’s budget proposal for Sola local authority, 1983 
It took the politicians a little longer to accept this reality, but they were forced to reduce investment and operating expenditures in the years which followed 
Cutting back on the new sports arenas and cultural centre was not very desirable  Nor was it pleasant to have to slow down  But savings had to be made, and long-terms spending plans were removed from the budget for possible reintroduction later 
A raft of measures were stripped from the budget in 1985, such as extensions to and modernisation of schools, sports arenas and swimming pools, a new somatic nursing home, housing for the intellectually disabled and sheltered housing  Grants for national and county roads were reduced [REMOVE]Fotnote: Chief executive officer’s budget proposal for Sola local authority, 1985 
Once the government’s compensation scheme had ended, Torstensbø – now chief executive officer – told Stavanger Aftenblad that he did not want to paint too gloomy a picture 
“But it’s clear that we must set much more moderate financial priorities than we’ve been used to  To sum up the position, we were previously flush with cash and poor in facilities  We’re now flush with facilities and poor in cash ”[REMOVE]Fotnote: Stavanger Aftenblad, ”Alt blir dyrere i det rike Sola”, 19 May 1987 
Sola kulturhus fotografert vinteren 2004
Rogaland county council also raised the question of whether it would be possible to establish a permanent arrangement which allowed local authorities and counties to benefit from some of the tax revenues paid by local oil companies 
The council pointed out that it was otherwise normal practice for Norwegian companies to pay taxes to the local communities they were based in 
This request was turned by Labour finance minister Gunnar Berge because the councils concerned still benefitted from bigger tax payments by oil company employees and on property [REMOVE]Fotnote: Stavanger Aftenblad, “Rogaland reiser skattekrav på ny”, 16 January 1988 
According to Torstensbø, this was only partly true  The big oil companies were not so significant for Sola’s income once the agio tax was excluded 
About NOK 2 million was received annually from Phillips, primarily in property tax  The most important taxpayers in the local authority were the roughly 90 companies at Aker Base  These were service providers such as Halliburton, Schlumberger and Baker Hughes 
At the same time, Sola acquired a steadily growing number of affluent residents and a growing share of its revenue came from income tax  Despite the cut-backs, it remained prosperous 
Published 29  July 2019 • Updated 29  July 2019
More about economy
Participants in Ekofisk
The question of who “owns” Ekofisk is not straightforward  In simple terms, however, the field and the rest of Norway’s continental shelf (NCS) belongs to the Norwegian state  This was determined on 14 June 1963, when the Storting (parliament) passed the Act Relating to Exploration for and Exploitation of Submarine Natural Resources  This permits licences to be awarded on certain terms 
Riding out the oil crisis
The greatest-ever oil bonanza, with oil prices hitting USD 130 per barrel, came to an abrupt end in 2014, when the cost of a barrel of crude slumped to less than USD 50 from June to December  And the bottom had still not been reached – this was only the start of a new oil crisis which lasted several years  What effect did this have on ConocoPhillips’ financial position off Norway?



ground_truth: The water depth in the Greater Ekofisk Area is 70-75 meters.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is Professor Tulis's forthcoming book?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: UT College of Liberal Arts: College of Liberal Arts University of Texas at Austin Departments Graduate Resources Undergraduate Resources Courses Online Courses Dean's Office Alumni & Giving Faculty by Department Search the College of Liberal Arts
next profile Jeffrey Tulis Associate Professor — Ph D ,
E-mail: tulis@austin utexas edu
Office: MEZ 3 152
Political Theory and American Politics
Professor Tulis's interests bridge the fields of political theory and American politics, including more specifically, American political development, constitutional theory, political philosophy and the American presidency  His publications include The Presidency in the Constitutional Order (LSU, 1981; Transaction, 2010), The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, 1987), The Constitutional Presidency (Johns Hopkins 2009), The Limits of Constitutional Democracy (Princeton, 2010) and recent journal articles and chapters on constitutional interpretation, the logic of political change, and the meaning of political success  Four collections of essays on The Rhetorical Presidency with responses by Tulis have been published, including a special double issue of Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society, (2007), where his book is described as "one of the two or three most important and perceptive works written by a political scientist in the twentieth century "
He has served as President of the Politics and History Section of the American Political Science Association  He received the President's Associates Teaching Excellence Award at the University of Texas  He has held research fellowships from NEH, ACLS, Olin Foundation, Harvard Law School, and the Mellon Preceptorship at Princeton University, where he taught before moving to Texas  He has held visiting positions at Notre Dame and Harvard  He has served as associate chair of the Department of Government from 1989-2001 and was acting chair during 1992-93  and for part of each year between 1989 and 2001  During the academic year 2008-09, he was a Laurance S  Rockefeller Visiting Fellow at the University Center for Human Values at Princeton  During Spring 2016, he was a Dahrendorf Visiting Fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science 
His forthcoming books include: Legacies of Losing in American Politics, with Nicole Mellow (University of Chicago Press, Fall 2017), and an expanded edition of The Rhetorical Presidency in the Princeton Classics series (Princeton, Fall 2017)  For two decades he served as co-editor of the Johns Hopkins Series in Constitutional Thought, and he currently co-edits (with Sanford Levinson) Constitutional Thinking, a Series at the University Press of Kansas 
GOV 370L • Pres In Constitutional Ord 38840 • Spring 2017 Meets MW 2:30PM-4:00PM CAL 221 show description
GOV 370 Seminar: The Presidency in the Constitutional Order
Spring 2017 Unique # 38840
MW 2:30 to 4pm GDC 2 402
Jeffrey K  Tulis
In this Seminar we will discuss a series of constitutional problems including: the problem of executive energy in the American Constitution; presidential selection and the problem of political legitimacy; separation of powers; delegation of powers, the constitutional status of war and foreign affairs, administration and bureaucracy and the meaning of leadership in the constitutional order 
Seminar will meet twice a week and regular attendance and thorough preparation for discussion is expected  Unexcused absence from more than three classes will result in failure of the participation component of the course  There will also be pop quizzes on the reading that will count as part of your participation grade  In addition to class participation, course requirements include four short analytic essays, and one in-class test  The course grade will be calculated as follows:
Seminar participation: 20%
In-class test: 20%
Three analytic essays 60% (20% each)
Class participation is especially important  Preparation for seminar and for your in-class test will be enhanced by careful note taking on the readings  If students appear to be unprepared, pop quizzes will be given and the grades on them will affect the participation component of your course grade 
Texts: (tentative)
Joseph M  Bessette and Jeffrey K  Tulis, The Constitutional Presidency
Michael Nelson, The Presidency in the Political System (tenth edition)
Richard Ellis and Michael Nelson, Debating the Presidency (third edition)
The Federalist (any edition, or online) GOV 310L • American Government-Honors 38335 • Fall 2016 Meets TTH 3:30PM-5:00PM BEN 1 106 show description
GOV 310 (Honors) (38335) Fall 2016
TTH 3:30-5:00pm, BEN 1 106
This honors seminar offers an introduction to American politics that emphasizes the confluence of ideas, mores, institutions, and interests, in the constitutional system  This course covers more theory, and the readings are more demanding, than other versions of GOV 310  One of the main objectives of the course is to deepen your understanding of the practical aspects of contemporary public affairs by developing your ability to understand the theoretical foundations of American politics  Although we cover the nuts and bolts of politics there is much more theory in this version of GOV 310  If you have registered for this section mainly because 310 is a legislative requirement that you need to fulfill, this is not the right version for you  There is a substantial workload in this class 
Regular attendance, thorough and timely preparation, and active participation are all necessary to do well 
Four essays (approximately 1000 words each)  Three of these will be assigned analytic essay topics  The last will be a book review of a title chosen by the student from a long list of provided possibilities  (15% each essay, 60% of total course grade)
Two in-class tests  These will count 15% each, 30% of total course grade 
Class participation  (10% of course grade)  Both informed participation and occasional leadership of the seminar will be graded 
No make-up exams or late papers, except for documented medical or other emergencies 
Mark Landy and Sidney M  Milkis, American Government: Enduring Principles, Critical Choices, Third Edition
Mary Nichols and David Nichols, Readings in American Government, Ninth Edition
Thomas Mann and Norman Ornstein, Its Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided With the New Politics of Extremism
Bruce Ackerman,Before the Next Attack: Preserving Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism GOV 381L • Constitutional Conflict 38660 • Fall 2016 Meets W 3:30PM-6:30PM BAT 5 102 show description
GOV 381L Fall 2016
Constitutional Conflict
W 3:30-6:30pm, BAT 5 102
Many of the most important debates regarding the nature and character of contemporary American politics are essentially arguments regarding the structure of separation of powers  In this seminar we will consider such questions as whether the American system is prone to deadlock of stalemate in the construction of national policy; whether conflict is a hindrance to institutional responsibility or an essential attribute of responsibility; whether there are “political questions” especially suitable to resolution between President and Congress; how one can distinguish salutary from pathological conflict, and whether it is truly possible to harness the ambition of office holders to the duties of their office 
More specifically, we will review literature and arguments regarding constitutional reform; divided government; separation of powers theory; and case studies of Supreme Court appointments; the budget process; and war powers and foreign affairs  In these contexts we will also discuss current controversies surrounding war authorization, intelligence and secrecy, sequestration, government shut downs and budget resolutions, and debt ceiling politics 
The course is designed to accommodate two different student needs: it will provide a good overview of important literature relevant to the comprehensive examination in American politics and it will provide opportunities for research  This subject area is a treasure trove of “hot” topics, publication possibilities, subjects for MA theses and Ph D  dissertations  I will tailor the written requirements to the objectives of individual students 
1  All students will prepare a short analytic essay early in the semester, and an annotated bibliography at mid-semester  These assignments will count (30%) of the grade 
2  Students interested primarily in exam preparation will complete an examination near the end of the semester based on study questions assigned in advance  OR
Students interested in research will write a 20-25 page paper  (60%)
3  A basic requirement of the course is that students prepare for each seminar by carefully reading the material assigned for that week  Class discussion is an essential component of the course  (10%)
Tentative Texts:
Jones, Separate But Equal Branches
Silverstein, Imbalance of Powers
Wilson & Schram, Separation of Powers and Good Government
Burgess, Contest for Constitutional Authority
Farrier, Passing the Buck: Congress, the Budget and Deficits
Weissman, A Culture of Deference
Zeisberg, War Powers: The Politics of Constitutional Authority
Fisher, Congressional Abdication on War and Spending
Lowi, The End of Liberalism GOV 379S • Regime Persp Amer Poltc-Honors 38105 • Spring 2016 Meets TH 3:30PM-6:30PM GAR 1 134 (also listed as CTI 335, LAH 350) show description
GOV 379S Regime Perspectives on American Politics
This is a seminar on American politics and culture  Two purposes govern the selection of texts for the course and guide our discussion of them  All of our texts attempt to look at American politics as a whole  Most books and courses on America look at only a part, such as the Presidency, or elections, or popular culture  Here we attempt to think about how the parts of America fit together  Even when these texts speak about a part, for example an institution such as the presidency or the Congress, they present the topic from a vantage point on the whole polity  To see the polity as a whole also means that we will have to revisit and rethink aspects of our political life that we take for granted – that we don’t examine because those parts have become so natural or familiar to us  Seeing the polity whole enables us to render the familiar unfamiliar, to make what we take for granted strange and new 
To see the polity as a whole requires that we get some distance from our subject, much as to see the planet earth as a whole requires one to look at it from outer space  Just as it is difficult to get visual perspective on a place living within it, it is difficult to understand the promise or pathologies of a regime from within  To get critical distance from our politics, we will closely study three sets of texts that look at American politics from a distance  The first part of the course will recover the perspective of the founding debate between Federalists and Anti-federalists  This fundamental debate reveals what is a stake in the basic architecture of the American regime  The second part of the course is a close study of Tocqueville’s Democracy in America  Regarded by many as the best book ever written on democracy and the best book written on America, Tocqueville sees our polity whole because he looks at it from the vantage point of Europe, in general, and France, in particular  In the third part of the seminar we think about American politics from the perspective of thoughtful commentators who feel only nominally included in the polity  Half in and half out, these extraordinary black American writers reveal fissures and fault lines in the American regime  We end the class with a discussion of America’s place in the world today – examining a speech by a writer who articulately raises challenges to our self-understanding that are inarticulately expressed today in rage and ranting from enemies of the United States 
Three take home analytic essays, chosen from a list of topics I provide, each weighted 25% of the course grade  Late essays will not be accepted, except with a doctor’s excuse or a Dean’s excuse for family emergency 
OR as an option: you may write the two short essays (both together weighted 25%) and do a longer 15 page paper on a topic of your choice in consultation with me (weighted 50% of your course grade)  Government honors students who are thinking of doing an honors thesis next year may prefer this option to begin to develop research and writing skills for longer work  Students who prefer this option will need to designate their preferred third short essay and have discussed with me a topic for their long paper by March 30  Texts:
Selected Anti-Federalist writings
Tocqueville, Democracy in America
Essays, speeches and articles by Frederick Douglass, W E B  Dubois, Booker T  Washington, James Baldwin and Ralph Ellison GOV 382M • Democratic Theory 38120 • Spring 2016 Meets M 3:30PM-6:30PM BAT 1 104 show description
GOV 382M (38120)
Democratic Theory Spring 2016
This is a graduate seminar on contemporary topics in democratic theory  Topics to be covered include: democratic epistemology; deliberative democracy; the meaning of the people; oracular democracy; agonistic democracy; and possibly new theories of republicanism, representation and partisanship 
Texts (tentative)
Helene Landemore, Democratic Reason
Jeffrey Edward Green, The Eyes of the People
Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Why Deliberative Democracy?
Alan Keenan, Democracy in Question
Jason Frank, Constituent Moments
Jason Frank, Publius and Political Imagination
Nadia Urbanati, Democracy Disfigured
Russell Muirhead, Partisanship in a Polarized Age
Bryan Garsten, manuscript
Active seminar participation; an annotated bibliography or review essay; a research/analytic paper  GOV 310L • American Government-Honors 37615 • Fall 2015 Meets TTH 2:00PM-3:30PM BEN 1 106 show description
TTH 2-3:30/BEN 1 106
Bruce Ackerman,Before the Next Attack: Preserving Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism GOV 370L • Presidency In Constitutl Order 37845 • Fall 2015 Meets TTH 5:00PM-6:30PM PAR 310 show description
GOV 370L (37845)
TTH 5-6:30 PAR 310
The Presidency in the Constitutional Order
A study of the place of the presidency in the American political order that stresses tension between power and accountability inherent in the office and the system  Topics include: separation of powers, presidential selection, impeachment, relations with Congress and bureaucracy, emergency powers, presidential character, and leadership 
This is a very demanding writing flag class  If you are enrolling in this class just in order to satisfy the writing flag, you are in the wrong class  Interest in political theory and willingness to work very hard are necessary for success in this class 
Joseph M  Bessette, The Constitutional Presidency
Andrew Rudalevige, The New Imperial Presidency
Bruce Ackerman, The Rise and Decline of the American Republic
Michael Nelson, ed , The Presidency in the Political System
Michael Nelson, ed , The Evolving Presidency
Louis Fisher, Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President
Active and prepared class participation
Regular quizzes on the reading
Four analytic essays (approximately 1200 words) 
One term paper, (approximately 5000 words)  GOV 379S • Regime Persp On Amer Politics 38100 • Spring 2015 Meets T 3:30PM-6:30PM MEZ 1 104 (also listed as LAH 350) show description
Essays, speeches and articles by Frederick Douglass, W E B  Dubois, Booker T  Washington, James Baldwin and Ralph Ellison GOV 382M • Tocqueville 38135 • Spring 2015 Meets M 3:30PM-6:30PM BAT 5 102 show description
This graduate seminar will be devoted to close readings of two principal writings of Tocqueville: Democracy in America and The Ancien Regime and the Revolution  We will also assess some of the best secondary studies of Tocqueville, including work by Sheldon Wolin, Harvey Mansfield, Delba Winthrop, Jon Elster, Francois Furet, and a book by Pierre Manent 
Course requirements will include two very short analytic essays and one seminar paper (20-25 pages)  GOV 310L • American Government-Honors 38722 • Fall 2014 Meets TTH 2:00PM-3:30PM GAR 2 112 show description
Joseph M  Bessette and John J  Pitney, American Government and Politics: Deliberation, Democracy and Citizenship
Mary Nichols and David Nichols, Readings in American Government
Bruce Ackerman,Before the Next Attack: Preserving Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism GOV 370L • Presidency In Constitutl Order 38977 • Fall 2014 Meets TTH 9:30AM-11:00AM CBA 4 332 show description
A study of the place of the presidency in the American political order that stresses
tension between power and accountability inherent in the office and the system 
Topics include: separation of powers, presidential selection, impeachment,
relations with Congress and bureaucracy, emergency powers, presidential
character, and leadership 
This is a very demanding writing flag class  If you are enrolling in this class just in order
to satisfy the writing flag, you are in the wrong class  Interest in political theory and willingness
to work very hard are necessary for success in this class 
One term paper, (approximately 5000 words)  GOV 379S • Regime Persp On Amer Politics 39395 • Spring 2014 Meets T 3:30PM-6:30PM MEZ 1 104 (also listed as CTI 335, LAH 350) show description
Essays, speeches and articles by Frederick Douglass, W E B  Dubois, Booker T  Washington, James Baldwin and Ralph Ellison GOV 381L • Constitutional Conflict 39415 • Spring 2014 Meets M 3:30PM-6:30PM BAT 1 104 show description
Lowi, The End of Liberalism GOV 330K • The American President 39140 • Fall 2013 Meets MW 3:00PM-4:30PM MEZ B0 306 show description
This course offers an over view of the place of the presidency in the American political order  Topics covered include: constitutional design of the office; nominations and elections; legislative leadership; leadership of the bureaucracy; staffing and organizing the White House; the presidency and the judiciary; war and emergencies  We will spend extra time this fall on the presidential campaign and election of 2012 
Two in-class examinations (50% of the final grade)
One short (1000 word) take-home essay (30% of the final grade)
Class participation and quizzes (20% of the final grade)
Richard J  Ellis, The Development of the American Presidency (Routledge, 2012)
Richard J  Ellis and Michael Nelson, eds, Debating the American Presidency, (2nd edition, CQ Press, 2009)
Packet of selected primary texts (to be linked or posted on Blackboard)  GOV 330K • The American President 39145 • Fall 2013 Meets MW 5:00PM-6:30PM MEZ B0 306 show description
Packet of selected primary texts (to be linked or posted on Blackboard)  GOV 381L • American Founding 39040 • Spring 2013 Meets T 6:30PM-9:30PM BAT 1 104 show description
NOTE WELL: Course meets Tuesdays, 6:30 to 9:30pm
Batts Hall 1 104
This is a seminar on American political thought and constitutional design  It is designed for students of American politics and political theory  The principal themes include: 1) the nature of founding and its constitutive significance; 2) the relation of structure and power in American politics; 3) the meaning and significance of the Federalist/Anti-Federalist debate; 4) the philosophic background of the American founding; and 5) the relevance of the founding to debate to prospects for, and pathologies of, American politics today 
We will conduct a close reading of the Madison’s Notes, of The Federalist, and selected Anti-Federalist writings  We will also study a larger and growing body of secondary literature on the constitutional convention, ratification and early American political thought 
James Madison, Notes of the Debates: In the Federal Convention of 1787
The Federalist (Rossiter, ed )
The Anti-Federalist (Storing, ed )
David Brian Robertson, The Constitution and America’s Destiny (2005)
Pauline Maier, Ratification (2012)
Gordon Wood, The Idea of America (2011)
Jack Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics & Ideas in the Making of the Constitution
Herbert Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (1981)
Numerous essays and articles (to be posted on line or gathered in packet)
Grading: Active seminar participation, including three short papers and presentations (40%) and one article-length seminar paper (60%) T C 357 • Amer Founding/Probs Const Des 43095 • Spring 2013 Meets M 3:30PM-6:30PM CRD 007B show description
The American Founding and Problems of Constitutional Design
Jeffrey Tulis, Associate Professor, Department of Government
Sanford Levinson, Professor, School of Law
This Plan II seminar will be built around a close reading of the debates that informed the drafting and ratification of the U S  Constitution  We aim to recover the perspective of these founding thinkers -- their way of thinking -- as much as their concrete ideas, in order to raise fundamental questions about the American political order today  Are some of the most important pathologies of American politics today rooted in design features of our original political architecture? Are the original answers to basic founding questions (such as "how democratic is our Constitution?) still adequate for contemporary circumstances? What features of the Constitution should we preserve and what features should we amend, if possible? Would it be good for the polity as a whole to reconsider these questions in a new constitutional convention today, or would such an event be a political nightmare? Our reading will include notes from the founding conventions, writings by Federalists and Anti-Federalists, and present-day critiques of the American political order  Our aim will be to generate a dialogue between the thought of the founders and some of the best present day critics and supporters of the Constitution 
James Madison, Notes of the Debates in the Federal Convention
The Federalist, ed  Clinton Rossiter
The Anti-Federalist, ed  Herbert Storing
Pauline Maier, Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788
Sanford Levinson, Framed: America’s 51 Constitutions and the Crisis of Governance
Bruce Ackerman, The Decline and Fall of the American Republic
Robert Goldwin, ed  How Democratic is the Constitution?
a course packet of selected articles, essays, and additional primary materials 
Class participation, including at least one presentation of a short discussion paper 25%
One take-home analytic essay 25%
One term paper 50%
About the Professors:
Professor Tulis's interests bridge the fields of political theory and American politics, including more specifically, American political development, constitutional theory, political philosophy and the American presidency  He received the President's Associates Teaching Excellence Award at the University of Texas  He has held research fellowships from NEH, ACLS, Olin Foundation, Harvard Law School, and the Mellon Preceptorship at Princeton University, where he taught before moving to Texas  He has held visiting positions at Notre Dame and Harvard  During the academic year 2008-09, he was a Laurance S  Rockefeller Visiting Fellow at the University Center for Human Values at Princeton 
Proefessor Levinson holds the W  St  John Garwood and W  St  John Garwood, Jr  Centennial Chair in Law, he joined the University of Texas Law School in 1980  Previously a member of the Department of Politics at Princeton University, he is also a Professor in the Department of Government at the University of Texas  The author of over 350 articles and book reviews in professional and popular journals--and a regular contributor to the popular blog Balkinization  He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Law and Courts Section of the American Political Science Association in 2010  He has been a visiting faculty member of the Boston University, Georgetown, Harvard, New York University, and Yale law schools in the United States and has taught abroad in programs of law in London; Paris; Jerusalem; Auckland, New Zealand; and Melbourne, Australia 
GOV 330K • The American President 38675 • Fall 2012 Meets MW 3:00PM-4:30PM MEZ B0 306 show description
Packet of selected primary texts (to be linked or posted on Blackboard)  GOV 330K • The American President 38675 • Fall 2011 Meets MW 3:30PM-5:00PM WAG 420 show description
see syllabus GOV 330K • The American President 38680 • Fall 2011 Meets MW 5:30PM-7:00PM UTC 1 146 show description
see syllabus GOV 379S • Regime Persp On Amer Polit-Hon 39110 • Spring 2011 Meets W 3:30PM-6:30PM BAT 5 102 (also listed as CTI 326, LAH 350) show description
To see the polity as a whole requires that we get some distance from our subject, much as to see the planet earth as a whole requires one to look at it from outer space  Just as it is difficult to get visual perspective on a place living within it, it is difficult to understand the promise or pathologies of a regime from within it  To get critical distance from our politics, we will closely study three sets of texts that look at American politics from a distance  The first part of the course will recover the perspective of the founding debate between Federalists and Anti-federalists  This fundamental debate reveals what is a stake in the basic architecture of the American regime  The second part of the course is a close study of Tocqueville’s Democracy in America  Regarded by many as the best book ever written on democracy and the best book written on America, Tocqueville sees our polity whole because he looks at it from the vantage point of Europe, in general, and France, in particular  In the third part of the seminar we think about American politics from the perspective of thoughtful commentators who feel only nominally included in the polity  Half in and half out, these extraordinary black American writers reveal fissures and fault lines in the American regime  We end the class with a discussion of America’s place in the world today – examining a speech by a writer who articulately raises challenges to our self-understanding that are inarticulately expressed today in rage and ranting from enemies of the United States 
Four take home writing assignments  Analytic essays, each 1000-1500 words  (Grades weighted: 10%, 25%, 25%, and 25%) Late essays will not be accepted, except with a doctor’s excuse or a Dean’s excuse for family emergency  Regular preparation and class participation: 15% 
OR as an option: By prior arrangement with me by the due date of the second analytic essay, students may substitute one longer research paper (15 – 20 pages) for two of the last three analytic papers This paper will be on a topic of the students choosing , if I approve, and the due date will be the same as the last assigned analytic essay  This project would count 50% of the students course grade 
Selected writings by Frederick Douglass, W E B  Dubois, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin
Solzhenitsyn, “A World Split Apart”
Tocqueville, Democracy in America GOV 382M • Tocqueville 39150 • Spring 2011 Meets T 6:30PM-9:30PM BAT 5 102 show description
See syllabus GOV 370L • President, Congress, And Court 38695 • Fall 2010 Meets TTH 8:00AM-9:30AM UTC 3 112 show description
Course Description: A Study of the political relationship of the President, Congress and Court in the American constitutional order  Has this relationship changed over the course of American history? Is American national politics prone to stalemate or deadlock between the branches regarding major issues of public policy? Do we have a new “imperial presidency?” Should the Court arbitrate disputes between the President and Congress over custody of their respective powers? Has Congress abdicated its constitutional responsibilities? We will examine questions like these in light of practical problems such as executive privilege and secrecy, the war on terror, budget politics and controversies regarding appointments to the Supreme Court  Grading:Three in class essay tests, for which study questions will be distributed in advance  The exam questions will be chosen from the list of study questions  (25% each) One short take home essay (10% each)  Class participation and attendance (15%)  Tentative Texts: The FederalistFisher, Congressional Abdication on War and SpendingRudalevige, The New Imperial PresidencyBessette and Tulis, The Constitutional PresidencySkowronek, Presidency in Political TimeGoldsmith, The Terror PresidencyA course packet of articles and essays GOV 370L • President, Congress, And Court 38700 • Fall 2010 Meets TTH 5:00PM-6:30PM UTC 3 122 show description
Course Description: A Study of the political relationship of the President, Congress and Court in the American constitutional order  Has this relationship changed over the course of American history? Is American national politics prone to stalemate or deadlock between the branches regarding major issues of public policy? Do we have a new “imperial presidency?” Should the Court arbitrate disputes between the President and Congress over custody of their respective powers? Has Congress abdicated its constitutional responsibilities? We will examine questions like these in light of practical problems such as executive privilege and secrecy, the war on terror, budget politics and controversies regarding appointments to the Supreme Court  Grading:Three in class essay tests, for which study questions will be distributed in advance  The exam questions will be chosen from the list of study questions  (25% each) One short take home essay (10% each)  Class participation and attendance (15%)  Tentative Texts: The FederalistFisher, Congressional Abdication on War and SpendingRudalevige, The New Imperial PresidencyBessette and Tulis, The Constitutional PresidencySkowronek, Presidency in Political TimeGoldsmith, The Terror PresidencyA course packet of articles and essays GOV 312L • Iss & Policies In Amer Gov-Hon 38698 • Spring 2010 Meets MW 3:30PM-5:00PM UTC 3 104 show description
Government 312L satisfies the second half of the mandated six hours of government that every UT student must take  Course covers analysis of varying topics concerned with American political institutions and policies, including the United States Constitution, and assumes basic knowledge of government from GOV 310L, which is a prerequiste  May be taken for credit only once  GOV 370L • President, Congress, And Court 38966 • Spring 2010 Meets MW 5:00PM-6:30PM MEZ B0 306 show description
Prerequisite: Six semester hours of lower-division coursework in government 
GOV 370L • President, Congress, And Court 39295 • Fall 2009 Meets TTH 2:00PM-3:30PM UTC 3 112 show description
GOV 370L • President, Congress, And Court 39435 • Spring 2008 Meets MW 3:00PM-4:30PM PAR 203 show description
GOV 312L • Iss & Policies In Am Gov-Hon-W 38615-38620 • Spring 2007 Meets MW 11:00AM-12:00PM MEZ B0 306 show description
Government 312L satisfies the second half of the mandated six hours of government that every UT student must take  Course covers analysis of varying topics concerned with American political institutions and policies, including the United States Constitution, and assumes basic knowledge of government from GOV 310L, which is a prerequiste  May be taken for credit only once  GOV 312L • Iss & Policies In Am Gov-Hon-W 37600-37605 • Spring 2006 Meets MW 11:00AM-12:00PM MEZ B0 306 show description
Government 312L satisfies the second half of the mandated six hours of government that every UT student must take  Course covers analysis of varying topics concerned with American political institutions and policies, including the United States Constitution, and assumes basic knowledge of government from GOV 310L, which is a prerequiste  May be taken for credit only once  GOV 312L • Iss & Policies In Am Gov-Hon-W 34900-34905 • Spring 2004 Meets MW 11:00AM-12:00PM BUR 134 show description
Government 312L satisfies the second half of the mandated six hours of government that every UT student must take  Course covers analysis of varying topics concerned with American political institutions and policies, including the United States Constitution, and assumes basic knowledge of government from GOV 310L, which is a prerequiste  May be taken for credit only once  GOV 312L • Iss & Policies In Am Gov-Hon-W 34495-34500 • Spring 2003 Meets MW 11:00AM-12:00PM UTC 1 130 show description
Government 312L satisfies the second half of the mandated six hours of government that every UT student must take  Course covers analysis of varying topics concerned with American political institutions and policies, including the United States Constitution, and assumes basic knowledge of government from GOV 310L, which is a prerequiste  May be taken for credit only once  Publications
Tulis, JK (2011), "Plausible Futures," in Dunn, Charles W  (ed ) The Presidency in the Twenty-First Century, University Press of Kentucky Tulis, J K  and Macedo, S  (2010) The Limits of Constitutional Democracy, Princeton University Press Tulis, J K  and Macedo, S  (2010) "Constitutional Boundaries," in The Limits of Constitutional Democracy, Princeton University Press Tulis, JK (2010), "The Possibility of Constitutional Statesmanship," in Tulis, JK and Macedo, S (eds ) The Limits of Constitutional Democracy, Princeton University Press Tulis, J  (2009) The Constitutional Presidency  Johns Hopkins University Press Tulis, J  (2009) Impeachment in the Constitutional Order  In J  Tulis & J M  Bessette (Eds ), The Constitutional Presidency  Johns Hopkins University Press Tulis, J  & Bessette, J M  (2009) On the Constitution, Politics, and the Presidency  In J  Tulis & J M  Bessette (Eds ), The Constitutional Presidency  Johns Hopkins University Press Tulis, J (and Bessette, J M) (2010) The Presidency in the Constitutional Order: Historical Perspectives, Reissued Classics Series, Transaction Publishers,Tulis, J and Bessette, J M  (2010, "Introduction to the Transaction Edition," The Presidency in the Constitutional Order: Historical Perspectives, Transaction Publishers 
Tulis, JK, (2009) "The Two Constitutional Presidencies," in Nelson, Michael (ed ) The Presidency in the Political System, Congressional Quarterly Press Tulis, J  & Mellow, N  (2007) Andrew Johnson and the Politics of Failure  In S  Skowronek & M  Glassman (Eds ), Formative Acts: Reckoning with Agency in American Politics  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press Tulis, J  (2007, September) The Rhetorical Presidency in Retrospect  Critical Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Politics and Society, 19(2&3)  Curriculum Vitae



ground_truth: Legacies of Losing in American Politics and an expanded edition of The Rhetorical Presidency in the Princeton Classics series.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What are the three synthetic types of vitamin K?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3: Vitamin K - Wikipedia
(Redirected from Vitamin k)
This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources  Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can  Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed  (November 2015)
This article is about the family of vitamers  For vitamin K1 the form usually used as a supplement, see Phytomenadione 
Vitamin K structures  MK-4 and MK-7 are both subtypes of K2 
Vitamin K deficiency, Warfarin overdose
Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues  The vitamin K-related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions, which they cannot do otherwise  Without vitamin K, blood coagulation is seriously impaired, and uncontrolled bleeding occurs  Low levels of vitamin K also weaken bones and promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues[citation needed] 
Chemically, the vitamin K family comprises 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (3-) derivatives  Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 [1] Vitamin K2, in turn, consists of a number of related chemical subtypes, with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms 
Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, is made by plants, and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis  It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K  It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K, including its activity in the production of blood-clotting proteins  Animals may also convert it to vitamin K2 
Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K1 into vitamin K2  In addition, bacteria typically lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K2 to produce a range of vitamin K2 forms, most notably the MK-7 to MK-11 homologues of vitamin K2  All forms of K2 other than MK-4 can only be produced by bacteria, which use these forms in anaerobic respiration  The MK-7 and other bacterially derived forms of vitamin K2 exhibit vitamin K activity in animals, but MK-7's extra utility over MK-4, if any, is unclear and is a matter of investigation 
Three synthetic types of vitamin K are known: vitamins K3, K4, and K5  Although the natural K1 and all K2 homologues and synthetic K4 and K5 have proven nontoxic, the synthetic form K3 (menadione) has shown toxicity [2]
1 2 Cardiovascular health
1 4 Coumarin poisoning
4 1 Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2
4 2 Vitamin K2
6 Absorption and dietary need
7 Dietary reference intake
10 Biochemistry
10 1 Function in animals
10 2 Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins
10 3 Methods of assessment
10 4 Function in bacteria
11 Injection in newborns
11 3 Controversy
A review of 2014 concluded that there is positive evidence that monotherapy using MK-4, one of the forms of Vitamin K2, reduces fracture incidence in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, and suggested further research on the combined use of MK-4 with bisphosphonates  In contrast, an earlier review article of 2013 concluded that there is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation helps prevent osteoporosis or fractures in postmenopausal women [3]
A Cochrane systematic review of 2006 suggested that supplementation with Vitamin K1 and with MK4 reduces bone loss; in particular, a strong effect of MK-4 on incident fractures among Japanese patients was emphasized [4]
A review article of 2016 suggested to consider, as one of several measures for bone health, increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K1 and K2 [5]
Cardiovascular health[edit]
Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening,[6] but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease [7]
One 10-year population study, the Rotterdam Study, did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone (mainly MK-4 from eggs and meat, and MK-8 and MK-9 from cheese) and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in older men and women [8]
Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth; there is however no good medical evidence that supports such claims [9]
Coumarin poisoning[edit]
Vitamin K is part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide (coumarin poisoning) [10]
Although allergic reaction from supplementation is possible, no known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or menaquinone (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K, so no tolerable upper intake level (UL) has been set [11]
Blood clotting (coagulation) studies in humans using 45 mg per day of vitamin K2 (as MK-4)[12] and even up to 135 mg per day (45 mg three times daily) of K2 (as MK-4),[13] showed no increase in blood clot risk  Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg/kg, body weight did not alter the tendency for blood-clot formation to occur [14]
Unlike the safe natural forms of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 and their various isomers, a synthetic form of vitamin K, vitamin K3 (menadione), is demonstrably toxic at high levels  The U S  FDA has banned this form from over-the-counter sale in the United States because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions, hemolytic anemia, and cytotoxicity in liver cells [2]
Phylloquinone (K1)[15][16] or menaquinone (K2) are capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of the anticoagulant warfarin (tradename Coumadin)  Warfarin works by blocking recycling of vitamin K, so that the body and tissues have lower levels of active vitamin K, and thus a deficiency of vitamin K 
Supplemental vitamin K (for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin, and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs [17] Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable [17] The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose, and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient [citation needed] The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect, and neither warfarin or vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given [18]
The newer anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban have different mechanisms of action that do not interact with vitamin K, and may be taken with supplemental vitamin K [19][20]
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)  In menaquinone, the side chain is composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues  The most common number of these residues is four, since animal enzymes normally produce menaquinone-4 from plant phylloquinone 
A sample of phytomenadione for injection, also called phylloquinone
The three synthetic forms of vitamin K are vitamins K3 (menadione), K4, and K5, which are used in many areas, including the pet food industry (vitamin K3) and to inhibit fungal growth (vitamin K5) [21]
Conversion of vitamin K1 to vitamin K2[edit]
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) – both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain  Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain 
The MK-4 form of vitamin K2 is produced by conversion of vitamin K1 in the testes, pancreas, and arterial walls [22] While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation, the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria, as it occurs in germ-free rats[23][24] and in parenterally-administered K1 in rats [25][26] In fact, tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK-4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90% of the available K1 into MK-4 [27][28] There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K1 to produce menadione as an intermediate, which is then condensed with an activated geranylgeranyl moiety (see also prenylation) to produce vitamin K2 in the MK-4 (menatetrione) form [29]
Vitamin K2[edit]
Main article: Vitamin K2
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) includes several subtypes  The two subtypes most studied are menaquinone-4 (menatetrenone, MK-4) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) 
Vitamin K1, the precursor of most vitamin K in nature, is a stereoisomer of phylloquinone, an important chemical in green plants, where it functions as an electron acceptor in photosystem I during photosynthesis  For this reason, vitamin K1 is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants (green leaves, and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce, kale and spinach), but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues (roots, fruits, etc )  Iceberg lettuce contains relatively little  The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function (as "vitamin K") in animals, where it performs a completely different biochemical reaction 
Vitamin K (in animals) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residues  The modified residues are often (but not always) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains  Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium, and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins [30]
At this time[update], 17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered, and they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes:
Blood coagulation: prothrombin (factor II), factors VII, IX, and X, and proteins C, S, and Z[31]
Bone metabolism: osteocalcin, also called bone Gla protein (BGP), matrix Gla protein (MGP),[32] periostin,[33] and the recently discovered Gla-rich protein (GRP) [34][35]
Vascular biology: growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6)[36]
Unknown function: proline-rich γ-carboxyglutamyl proteins (PRGPs) 1 and 2, and transmembrane γ-carboxy glutamyl proteins (TMGs) 3 and 4 [37]
Like other lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D and E), vitamin K is stored in the fatty tissue of the human body 
Absorption and dietary need[edit]
Previous theory held that dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the small intestine was heavily damaged, resulting in malabsorption of the molecule  Another at-risk group for deficiency were those subject to decreased production of K2 by normal intestinal microbiota, as seen in broad spectrum antibiotic use [38] Taking broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce vitamin K production in the gut by nearly 74% in people compared with those not taking these antibiotics [39] Diets low in vitamin K also decrease the body's vitamin K concentration [40] Those with chronic kidney disease are at risk for vitamin K deficiency, as well as vitamin D deficiency, and particularly those with the apoE4 genotype [41] Additionally, in the elderly there is a reduction in vitamin K2 production [42]
The National Academy of Medicine (NAM) updated an estimate of what constitutes an adequate intake (AI) for vitamin K in 2001  The NAM does not distinguish between K1 and K2 – both are counted as vitamin K  At that time there was not sufficient evidence to set the more rigorous estimated average requirement (EAR) or recommended dietary allowance (RDA) given for most of the essential vitamins and minerals  The current daily AIs for vitamin K for adult women and men are 90 μg and 120 μg respectively  The AI for pregnancy and lactation is 90 μg  For infants up to 12 months the AI is 2–2 5 μg, and for children aged 1 to 18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg  As for safety, the FNB also sets tolerable upper intake levels (known as ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient  In the case of vitamin K no UL is set, as evidence for adverse effects is not sufficient  Collectively EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as dietary reference intakes [43] The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and did not set an UL [44]
For U S  food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of daily value (%DV)  For vitamin K labeling purposes the daily value was 80 μg, but as of May 2016 it has been revised upwards to 120 μg  A table of the pre-change adult daily values is provided at reference daily intake  Food and supplement companies have until 28 July 2018 to comply with the change 
See also: Vitamin K2 § Dietary sources
K1 (μg)[45]
Kale, cooked
Collards, cooked
Collards, raw
Swiss chard, cooked
Swiss chard, raw
Turnip greens, raw
Romaine lettuce, raw
Table from "Important information to know when you are taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K", Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Drug Nutrient Interaction Task Force [46]
Vitamin K1 is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as dandelion greens (which contain 778 4 μg per 100 g, or 741% of the recommended daily amount), spinach, swiss chard, lettuce and Brassica vegetables (such as cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils; some fruits, such as avocados, kiwifruit and grapes, are also high in vitamin K  By way of reference, two tablespoons of parsley contains 153% of the recommended daily amount of vitamin K [47] Some vegetable oils, notably soybean oil, contain vitamin K, but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the USDA-recommended levels [48] colonic bacteria synthesize a significant portion of humans' vitamin K needs; newborns often receive a vitamin K shot at birth to tide them over until their colons become colonized at five to seven days of age from the consumption of breast milk 
The tight binding of vitamin K1 to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts makes it less bioavailable  For example, cooked spinach has a 5% bioavailability of phylloquinone, however, fat added to it increases bioavailability to 13% due to the increased solubility of vitamin K in fat [49]
Main article: Vitamin K deficiency
Average diets are usually not lacking in vitamin K, and primary deficiency is rare in healthy adults  Newborn infants are at an increased risk of deficiency  Other populations with an increased prevalence of vitamin K deficiency include those who suffer from liver damage or disease (e g  alcoholics), cystic fibrosis, or inflammatory bowel diseases, or have recently had abdominal surgeries  Secondary vitamin K deficiency can occur in people with bulimia, those on stringent diets, and those taking anticoagulants  Other drugs associated with vitamin K deficiency include salicylates, barbiturates, and cefamandole, although the mechanisms are still unknown  Vitamin K1 deficiency can result in coagulopathy, a bleeding disorder [50]Symptoms of K1 deficiency include anemia, bruising, nosebleeds and bleeding of the gums in both sexes, and heavy menstrual bleeding in women 
Osteoporosis[51][52] and coronary heart disease[53][54] are strongly associated with lower levels of K2 (menaquinone)  Vitamin K2 (as menaquinones MK-4 through MK-10) intake level is inversely related to severe aortic calcification and all-cause mortality [8]
Function in animals[edit]
Mechanism of action of vitamin K1 
The function of vitamin K2 in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate (Glu) amino acid residue in a protein, to form a gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) residue  This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein, which is then known as a "Gla protein"  The presence of two −COOH (carboxylic acid) groups on the same carbon in the gamma-carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions  The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla-protein enzymes, such as the so-called vitamin K-dependent clotting factors discussed below 
Within the cell, vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone, catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) [55] Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla; this enzyme is called gamma-glutamyl carboxylase[56][57] or the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase  The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time  The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled  Vitamin K epoxide is then reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR  The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle [58] Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K1 because, in part, vitamin K1 is continuously recycled in cells [59]
Warfarin and other 4-hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR [60] This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues, such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient  This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla  Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors, they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and cannot activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury  As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression, warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid overdose 
Gamma-carboxyglutamate proteins[edit]
Main article: Gla domain
The following human Gla-containing proteins ("Gla proteins") have been characterized to the level of primary structure: blood coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X, anticoagulant proteins C and S, and the factor X-targeting protein Z  The bone Gla protein osteocalcin, the calcification-inhibiting matrix Gla protein (MGP), the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein (Gas6), and the four transmembrane Gla proteins (TMGPs), the function of which is at present unknown  Gas6 can function as a growth factor to activate the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulate cell proliferation or prevent apoptosis in some cells  In all cases in which their function was known, the presence of the Gla residues in these proteins turned out to be essential for functional activity 
Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish  The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood-clotting system  In some cases, activation is accomplished by snake Gla-containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones, leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting 
Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla-containing proteins is synthesized by the fish-hunting snail Conus geographus [61] These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides, or conotoxins, which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human  Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues [62]
Methods of assessment[edit]
Vitamin K status can be assessed by:
The prothrombin time (PT) test measures the time required for blood to clot  A blood sample is mixed with citric acid and put in a fibrometer; delayed clot formation indicates a deficiency  This test is insensitive to mild deficiency, as the values do not change until the concentration of prothrombin in the blood has declined by at least 50% [63]
Undercarboxylated prothrombin (PIVKA-II); in a study of 53 newborns, found "PT (prothrombin time) is a less sensitive marker than PIVKA II",[64] and as indicated above, PT is unable to detect subclinical deficiencies that can be detected with PIVKA-II testing 
Plasma phylloquinone was found to be positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in elderly British women, but not men,[65] but an article by Schurgers et al  reported no correlation between FFQ[further explanation needed] and plasma phylloquinone [66]
Urinary γ-carboxyglutamic acid responds to changes in dietary vitamin K intake  Several days are required before any change can be observed  In a study by Booth et al , increases of phylloquinone intakes from 100 μg to between 377 and 417 μg for five days did not induce a significant change  Response may be age-specific [67]
Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOc) levels have been inversely correlated with stores of vitamin K[68] and bone strength in developing rat tibiae  Another study following 78 post-menopausal Korean women found a supplement regimen of vitamins K and D, and calcium, but not a regimen of vitamin D and calcium, was inversely correlated with reduced UcOc levels [69]
Function in bacteria[edit]
Many bacteria, such as Escherichia coli found in the large intestine, can synthesize vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7 or MK-7, up to MK-11),[70] but not vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)  In these bacteria, menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules, during oxygen-independent metabolic energy production processes (anaerobic respiration) [71] For example, a small molecule with an excess of electrons (also called an electron donor) such as lactate, formate, or NADH, with the help of an enzyme, passes two electrons to menaquinone  The menaquinone, with the help of another enzyme, then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant, such fumarate or nitrate (also called an electron acceptor)  Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water, respectively 
Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source, ATP, in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration, except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen, but fumarate or nitrate  In aerobic respiration, the final oxidant is molecular oxygen (O2), which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water  E  coli, as facultative anaerobes, can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone-mediated anaerobic respiration 
Injection in newborns[edit]
The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30–60% that of adult values; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts  Human milk contains 1–4 μg/L of vitamin K1, while formula-derived milk can contain up to 100 μg/L in supplemented formulas  Vitamin K2 concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K1  Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant's life is estimated at 0 25–1 7%, with a prevalence of 2–10 cases per 100,000 births [72] Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin, so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency 
Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe, leading to hospitalization, blood transfusions, brain damage, and death  Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn  Intramuscular administration is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration [73][74]
As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding, the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0 5–1 mg of vitamin K1 be administered to all newborns shortly after birth [74]
In the UK vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours [75] This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second-line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month [76]
Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice, when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer,[77] however, poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies, and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two [78] Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013,[79] after treating children for serious bleeding problems  They cited lack-of newborn vitamin K administration, as the reason that the problems occurred, and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose 
In the early 1930s, Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol-depleted diet [80] He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College (OAC) [81] McFarlane, Graham and Richardson, working on the chick feed program at OAC, had used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow  They noticed that chicks fed only fat-depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites [82] Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet  It appeared that – together with the cholesterol – a second compound had been extracted from the food, and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin  The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal, in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin  Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K [83] Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K (K1 and K2) published in 1939  Several laboratories synthesized the compound(s) in 1939 [84]
For several decades, the vitamin K-deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods: the chicks were made vitamin K-deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K-containing food  The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content  Three groups of physicians independently found this: Biochemical Institute, University of Copenhagen (Dam and Johannes Glavind), University of Iowa Department of Pathology (Emory Warner, Kenneth Brinkhous, and Harry Pratt Smith), and the Mayo Clinic (Hugh Butt, Albert Snell, and Arnold Osterberg) [85]
The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life-threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith, Warner, and Brinkhous [86]
The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974, when three laboratories (Stenflo et al ,[87] Nelsestuen et al ,[88] and Magnusson et al [89]) isolated the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor prothrombin (factor II) from cows that received a high dose of a vitamin K antagonist, warfarin  It was shown that, while warfarin-treated cows had a form of prothrombin that contained 10 glutamate (Glu) amino acid residues near the amino terminus of this protein, the normal (untreated) cows contained 10 unusual residues that were chemically identified as γ-carboxyglutamate (Gla)  The extra carboxyl group in Gla made clear that vitamin K plays a role in a carboxylation reaction during which Glu is converted into Gla 
The biochemistry of how vitamin K is used to convert Glu to Gla has been elucidated over the past thirty years in academic laboratories throughout the world 
^ "Vitamin K Overview"  University of Maryland Medical Center  ^ a b Higdon, Jane (Feb 2008)  "Vitamin K"  Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University  Retrieved 12 Apr 2008  ^ Hamidi, M  S ; Gajic-Veljanoski, O ; Cheung, A  M  (2013)  "Vitamin K and bone health"  Journal of Clinical Densitometry (Review)  16 (4): 409–413  doi:10 1016/j jocd 2013 08 017  PMID 24090644  ^ Cockayne, S ; Adamson, J ; Lanham-New, S ; Shearer, M  J ; Gilbody, S; Torgerson, D  J  (Jun 2006)  "Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"  Archives of Internal Medicine (Review)  166 (12): 1256–1261  doi:10 1001/archinte 166 12 1256  PMID 16801507  ^ O'Keefe, J  H ; Bergman, N ; Carrera Bastos, P ; Fontes Villalba, M ; Di Nicolantonio, J  J ; Cordain, L  (2016)  "Nutritional strategies for skeletal and cardiovascular health: hard bones, soft arteries, rather than vice versa"  Open Heart (Review)  3 (1): e000325  doi:10 1136/openhrt-2015-000325  PMC 4809188  PMID 27042317  ^ Maresz, K  (Feb 2015)  "Proper Calcium Use: Vitamin K2 as a Promoter of Bone and Cardiovascular Health"  Integrative Medicine (Review)  14 (1): 34–39  PMC 4566462  PMID 26770129  ^ Hartley, L ; Clar, C ; Ghannam, O ; Flowers, N ; Stranges, S ; Rees, K  (Sep 2015)  "Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"  The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Systematic review)  9 (9): CD011148  doi:10 1002/14651858 CD011148 pub2  PMID 26389791  ^ a b Geleijnse, J  M ; Vermeer, C ; Grobbee, D  E ; Schurgers, L  J ; Knapen, M  H ; van der Meer, I  M ; Hofman, A ; Witteman, J  C  (Nov 2004)  "Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study"  Journal of Nutrition  134 (11): 3100–3105  PMID 15514282  ^ Ades, T  B , ed  (2009)  "Vitamin K"  American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed )  American Cancer Society  pp  558–563  ISBN 978-0-944235-71-3  ^ Lung, D  (Dec 2015)  Tarabar, A , ed  "Rodenticide Toxicity Treatment & Management"  Medscape  WebMD  ^ Rasmussen, S  E ; Andersen, N  L ; Dragsted, L  O ; Larsen, J  C  (Mar 2006)  "A safe strategy for addition of vitamins and minerals to foods"  European Journal of Nutrition  45 (3): 123–135  doi:10 1007/s00394-005-0580-9  PMID 16200467  ^ Ushiroyama, T ; Ikeda, A ; Ueki, M (Mar 2002)  "Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women"  Maturitas  41 (3): 211–221  doi:10 1016/S0378-5122(01)00275-4  PMID 11886767  ^ Asakura, H ; Myou, S ; Ontachi, Y ; Mizutani, T ; Kato, M ; Saito, M ; Morishita, E ; Yamazaki, M ; Nakao, S  (Dec 2001)  "Vitamin K administration to elderly patients with osteoporosis induces no hemostatic activation, even in those with suspected vitamin K deficiency"  Osteoporosis International  12 (12): 996–1000  doi:10 1007/s001980170007  PMID 11846334  ^ Ronden, J  E ; Groenen-van Dooren, M  M ; Hornstra, G ; Vermeer, C  (Jul 1997)  "Modulation of arterial thrombosis tendency in rats by vitamin K and its side chains"  Atherosclerosis  132 (1): 61–67  doi:10 1016/S0021-9150(97)00087-7  PMID 9247360  ^ Ansell, J ; Hirsh, J ; Poller, L ; Bussey, H ; Jacobson, A ; Hylek, E (Sep 2004)  "The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy"  Chest  126 (3 Suppl ): 204S–233S  doi:10 1378/chest 126 3_suppl 204S  PMID 15383473  ^ Crowther, M  A ; Douketis, J  D ; Schnurr, T ; Steidl, L ; Mera, V ; Ultori, C ; Venco, A ; Ageno, W  (Aug 2002)  "Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin-associated coagulopathy  A randomized, controlled trial"  Annals of Internal Medicine  137 (4): 251–254  doi:10 7326/0003-4819-137-4-200208200-00009  PMID 12186515  ^ a b "Important Information to Know When You Are Taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K" (PDF)  National Institute of Health Clinical Center Drug-Nutrient Interaction Task Force  Retrieved 17 Apr 2015  ^ "Guidelines For Warfarin Reversal With Vitamin K" (PDF)  American Society of Health-System Pharmacists  Retrieved 17 Apr 2015  ^ "Pradaxa Drug Interactions"  Pradaxapro com  19 Mar 2012  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ Bauersachs, R ; Berkowitz, S  D ; Brenner, B ; Buller, H  R ; Decousus, H ; Gallus, A  S ; Lensing, A  W ; Misselwitz, F ; Prins, M  H ; Raskob, G  E ; Segers, A ; Verhamme, P ; Wells, P ; Agnelli, G ; Bounameaux, H ; Cohen, A ; Davidson, B  L ; Piovella, F ; Schellong, S  (Dec 2010)  "Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism"  New England Journal of Medicine  363 (26): 2499–2510  doi:10 1056/NEJMoa1007903  PMID 21128814  ^ McGee, W  (1 Feb 2007)  "Vitamin K"  MedlinePlus  Retrieved 2 Apr 2009  ^ Shearer, M  J ; Newman, P  (Oct 2008)  "Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K"  Thrombosis and Haemostasis  100 (4): 530–547  doi:10 1160/TH08-03-0147  PMID 18841274  ^ Davidson, R  T ; Foley, A  L ; Engelke, J  A ; Suttie, J  W  (Feb 1998)  "Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone-4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria"  Journal of Nutrition  128 (2): 220–223  PMID 9446847  ^ Ronden, J  E ; Drittij-Reijnders, M  J ; Vermeer, C ; Thijssen, H  H  (Jan 1998)  "Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone–menaquinone-4 conversion in the rat"  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta  1379 (1): 69–75  doi:10 1016/S0304-4165(97)00089-5  PMID 9468334  ^ Thijssen, H   H ; Drittij-Reijnders, M  J  (Sep 1994)  "Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone-4"  The British Journal of Nutrition  72 (3): 415–425  doi:10 1079/BJN19940043  PMID 7947656  ^ Will, B  H ; Usui, Y ; Suttie, J  W  (Dec 1992)  "Comparative metabolism and requirement of vitamin K in chicks and rats"  Journal of Nutrition  122 (12): 2354–2360  PMID 1453219  ^ Davidson, R  T ; Foley, A  L ; Engelke, J  A ; Suttie, J  W  (Feb 1998)  "Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone-4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria"  Journal of Nutrition  128 (2): 220–223  PMID 9446847  ^ Ronden, J  E ; Drittij-Reijnders, M  J ; Vermeer, C ; Thijssen, H  H  (Jan 1998)  "Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone-menaquinone-4 conversion in the rat"  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta  1379 (1): 69–75  doi:10 1016/S0304-4165(97)00089-5  PMID 9468334  ^ Al Rajabi, Ala (2011)  The Enzymatic Conversion of Phylloquinone to Menaquinone-4 (PhD thesis)  Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy  ^ Furie, B ; Bouchard, B  A ; Furie, B  C  (Mar 1999)  "Vitamin K-dependent biosynthesis of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid"  Blood  93 (6): 1798–1808  PMID 10068650  ^ Mann, K  G  (Aug 1999)  "Biochemistry and physiology of blood coagulation"  Thrombosis and Haemostasis  82 (2): 165–174  PMID 10605701  ^ Price, P  A  (1988)  "Role of vitamin-K-dependent proteins in bone metabolism"  Annual Review of Nutrition  8: 565–583  doi:10 1146/annurev nu 08 070188 003025  PMID 3060178  ^ Coutu, D  L ; Wu, J  H ; Monette, A ; Rivard, G  E ; Blostein, M  D ; Galipeau, J (Jun 2008)  "Periostin, a member of a novel family of vitamin K-dependent proteins, is expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells"  Journal of Biological Chemistry  283 (26): 17991–18001  doi:10 1074/jbc M708029200  PMID 18450759  ^ Viegas, C  S ; Simes, D  C ; Laizé, V ; Williamson, M  K ; Price, P  A ; Cancela, M  L  (Dec 2008)  "Gla-rich protein (GRP), a new vitamin K-dependent protein identified from sturgeon cartilage and highly conserved in vertebrates"  Journal of Biological Chemistry  283 (52): 36655–36664  doi:10 1074/jbc M802761200  PMC 2605998  PMID 18836183  ^ Viegas, C  S ; Cavaco, S ; Neves, P  L ; Ferreira, A ; João, A ; Williamson, M  K ; Price, P  A ; Cancela, M  L ; Simes, D  C  (Dec 2009)  "Gla-rich protein is a novel vitamin K-dependent protein present in serum that accumulates at sites of pathological calcifications"  American Journal of Pathology  175 (6): 2288–2298  doi:10 2353/ajpath 2009 090474  PMC 2789615  PMID 19893032  ^ Hafizi, S ; Dahlbäck, B  (Dec 2006)  "Gas6 and protein S  Vitamin K-dependent ligands for the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily"  The FEBS Journal  273 (23): 5231–5244  doi:10 1111/j 1742-4658 2006 05529 x  PMID 17064312  ^ Kulman, J  D ; Harris, J  E ; Xie, L ; Davie, E  W  (May 2007)  "Proline-rich Gla protein 2 is a cell-surface vitamin K-dependent protein that binds to the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein"  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  104 (21): 8767–8772  doi:10 1073/pnas 0703195104  PMC 1885577  PMID 17502622  ^ "Vitamin K"  MedlinePlus  US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health  Sep 2016  Retrieved 26 May 2009  ^ Conly, J; Stein, K  (Dec 1994)  "Reduction of vitamin K2 concentrations in human liver associated with the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials"  Clinical and Investigative Medicine  17 (6): 531–539  PMID 7895417  ^ Ferland, G ; Sadowski, J  A ; O'Brien, M  E  (Apr 1993)  "Dietary induced subclinical vitamin K deficiency in normal human subjects"  Journal of Clinical Investigation  91 (4): 1761–1768  doi:10 1172/JCI116386  PMC 288156  PMID 8473516  ^ Holden, R  M ; Morton, A  R ; Garland, J  S ; Pavlov, A ; Day, A  G ; Booth, S  L  (Apr 2010)  "Vitamins K and D status in stages 3-5 chronic kidney disease"  Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology  5 (4): 590–597  doi:10 2215/CJN 06420909  PMC 2849681  PMID 20167683  ^ Hodges, S  J ; Pilkington, M  J ; Shearer, M  J ; Bitensky, L ; Chayen, J (Jan 1990)  "Age-related changes in the circulating levels of congeners of vitamin K2, menaquinone-7 and menaquinone-8"  Clinical Science  78 (1): 63–66  PMID 2153497  ^ "Vitamin K"  Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (PDF)  National Academy Press  2001  p  162–196  ^ Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF), European Food Safety Authority, 2006 ^ a b Rhéaume-Bleue, p  42
^ "Important information to know when you are taking: Warfarin (Coumadin) and Vitamin K" (PDF)  National Institutes of Health Clinical Center  ^ "Nutrition Facts and Information for Parsley, raw"  Nutritiondata com  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ "Nutrition facts, calories in food, labels, nutritional information and analysis"  Nutritiondata com  13 Feb 2008  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ "Vitamin K"  Vivo colostate edu  2 Jul 1999  Retrieved 21 Apr 2013  ^ "Vitamin K"  Micronutrient Data Centre  ^ Ikeda, Y ; Iki, M ; Morita, A ; Kajita, E ; Kagamimori, S ; Kagawa, Y ; Yoneshima, H  (May 2006)  "Intake of fermented soybeans, natto, is associated with reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study"  Journal of Nutrition  136 (5): 1323–1328  PMID 16614424  ^ Katsuyama, H ; Ideguchi, S ; Fukunaga, M ; Saijoh, K ; Sunami, S  (Jun 2002)  "Usual dietary intake of fermented soybeans (Natto) is associated with bone mineral density in premenopausal women"  Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology  48 (3): 207–215  doi:10 3177/jnsv 48 207  PMID 12350079  ^ Sano, M ; Fujita, H ; Morita, I ; Uematsu, H ; Murota, S  (Dec 1999)  "Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) induces iNOS in bovine vascular smooth muscle cells: no relationship between nitric oxide production and gamma-carboxylation"  Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology  45 (6): 711–723  doi:10 3177/jnsv 45 711  PMID 10737225  ^ Gast, G  C ; de Roos, N  M ; Sluijs, I ; Bots, M  L ; Beulens, J  W ; Geleijnse, J  M ; Witteman, J  C ; Grobbee, D  E ; Peeters, P  H ; van der Schouw, Y  T  (Sep 2009)  "A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease"  Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases  19 (7): 504–510  doi:10 1016/j numecd 2008 10 004  PMID 19179058  ^ Oldenburg, J ; Bevans, C  G ; Müller, C  R ; Watzka, M  (2006)  "Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1): the key protein of the vitamin K cycle"  Antioxidants & Redox Signaling  8 (3–4): 347–353  doi:10 1089/ars 2006 8 347  PMID 16677080  ^ Suttie, J  W  (1985)  "Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase"  Annual Review of Biochemistry  54: 459–477  doi:10 1146/annurev bi 54 070185 002331  PMID 3896125  ^ Presnell, S  R ; Stafford, D  W  (Jun 2002)  "The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase"  Thrombosis and Haemostasis  87 (6): 937–946  PMID 12083499  ^ Stafford, D  W  (Aug 2005)  "The vitamin K cycle"  Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis  3 (8): 1873–1878  doi:10 1111/j 1538-7836 2005 01419 x  PMID 16102054  ^ Rhéaume-Bleue, p  79 
^ Whitlon, D  S ; Sadowski, J  A ; Suttie, J  W  (Apr 1978)  "Mechanism of coumarin action: significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition"  Biochemistry  17 (8): 1371–1377  doi:10 1021/bi00601a003  PMID 646989  ^ Terlau, H ; Olivera, B  M  (Jan 2004)  "Conus venoms: a rich source of novel ion channel-targeted peptides"  Physiological Reviews  84 (1): 41–68  doi:10 1152/physrev 00020 2003  PMID 14715910  ^ Buczek, O ; Bulaj, G ; Olivera, BM (Dec 2005)  "Conotoxins and the posttranslational modification of secreted gene products"  Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences  62 (24): 3067–3079  doi:10 1007/s00018-005-5283-0  PMID 16314929  ^ "Prothrombin Time"  WebMD  ^ Dituri, F ; Buonocore, G ; Pietravalle, A ; Naddeo, F ; Cortesi, M; Pasqualetti, P; Tataranno M  L ; R , Agostino (Sep 2012)  "PIVKA-II plasma levels as markers of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in term infants"  Journal of Maternal, Fetal & Neonatal Medicine  25 (9): 1660–1663  doi:10 3109/14767058 2012 657273  PMID 22280352  ^ Thane, C  W ; Bates, C  J ; Shearer, M  J ; Unadkat, N; Harrington, D  J ; Paul, A  A ; Prentice, A ; Bolton-Smith, C  (Jun 2002)  "Plasma phylloquinone (vitamin K1) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people"  British Journal of Nutrition  87 (6): 615–622  doi:10 1079/BJNBJN2002582  PMID 12067432  ^ McKeown, N  M ; Jacques, P  F ; Gundberg, C  M ; Peterson, J  W ; Tucker, K  L ; Kiel, D  P ; Wilson, P  W ; Booth, SL (Jun 2002)  "Dietary and nondietary determinants of vitamin K biochemical measures in men and women" (PDF)  Journal of Nutrition  132 (6): 1329–1334  PMID 12042454  ^ Yamano, M ; Yamanaka, Y ; Yasunaga, K ; Uchida, K  (Sep 1989)  "Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats"  Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi  52 (6): 1078–1086  PMID 2588957  ^ Matsumoto, T ; Miyakawa, T ; Yamamoto, D  (Mar 2012)  "Effects of vitamin K on the morphometric and material properties of bone in the tibiae of growing rats"  Metabolism  61 (3): 407–414  doi:10 1016/j metabol 2011 07 018  PMID 21944271  ^ Je, S -H ; Joo, N -S ; Choi, B -H ; Kim, K -M ; Kim, B -T ; Park, S -B ; Cho, D -Y ; Kim, K -N ; Lee, D -J  (Aug 2011)  "Vitamin K supplement along with vitamin D and calcium reduced serum concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin while increasing bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women over sixty-years-old"  Journal of Korean Medical Science  26 (8): 1093–1098  doi:10 3346/jkms 2011 26 8 1093  PMC 3154347  PMID 21860562  ^ Bentley, R ; Meganathan, R  (Sep 1982)  "Biosynthesis of vitamin K (menaquinone) in bacteria" (PDF)  Microbiological Reviews  46 (3): 241–280  PMC 281544  PMID 6127606  ^ Haddock, B  A ; Jones, C  W  (Mar 1977)  "Bacterial respiration" (PDF)  Bacteriological Reviews  41 (1): 47–99  PMC 413996  PMID 140652  ^ Shearer, M  J  (Jan 1995)  "Vitamin K"  Lancet  345 (8944): 229–234  doi:10 1016/S0140-6736(95)90227-9  PMID 7823718  ^ Greer, J  P ; Foerster, J ; Lukens, J  N ; Rodgers, G  M ; Paraskevas, F ; Glader, B  (eds )  Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (11th ed )  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkens  ^ a b American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn  (Jul 2003)  "Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn  American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn" (PDF)  Pediatrics  112 (1 1): 191–192  doi:10 1542/peds 112 1 191  PMID 12837888  ^ Logan, S ; Gilbert, R  (1998)  "Vitamin K For Newborn Babies" (PDF)  Department of Health  Retrieved 12 Oct 2014  ^ "Postnatal care: Routine postnatal care of women and their babies [CG37]"  www nice org uk  NICE  Jul 2006  Retrieved 12 Oct 2014  ^ Parker, L ; Cole, M ; Craft, A  W ; Hey, E  N  (1998)  "Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England: retrospective case-control study"  BMJ (Clinical Research Edition)  316 (7126): 189–193  doi:10 1136/bmj 316 7126 189  PMC 2665412  PMID 9468683  ^ McMillan, D  D  (1997)  "Routine administration of vitamin K to newborns"  Paediatric Child Health  2 (6): 429–431  ^ "Newborns get rare disorder after parents refused shots"  Having four cases since February just at Vanderbilt was a little bit concerning to me ^ Dam, C  P  H  (1935)  "The Antihaemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick: Occurrence And Chemical Nature"  Nature  135 (3417): 652–653  doi:10 1038/135652b0  ^ Dam, C  P  H  (1941)  "The discovery of vitamin K, its biological functions and therapeutical application" (PDF)  Nobel Prize Laureate Lecture  ^ McAlister, V  C  (2006)  "Control of coagulation: a gift of Canadian agriculture" (PDF)  Clinical and Investigative Medicine  29 (6): 373–377  ^ MacCorquodale, D  W ; Binkley, S  B ; Thayer, S  A ; Doisy, E  A  (1939)  "On the constitution of Vitamin K1"  Journal of the American Chemical Society  61 (7): 1928–1929  doi:10 1021/ja01876a510  ^ Fieser, L  F  (1939)  "Synthesis of Vitamin K1"  Journal of the American Chemical Society  61 (12): 3467–3475  doi:10 1021/ja01267a072  ^ Dam, C  P  H  (12 Dec 1946)  "The discovery of vitamin K, its biological functions and therapeutical application" (PDF)  Nobel Prize lecture  ^ Warner, E  D ; Brinkhous, K  M ; Smith, H  P  (1938)  "Bleeding Tendency of Obstructive Jaundice"  Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine  37 (4): 628–630  doi:10 3181/00379727-37-9668P  ^ Stenflo, J; Fernlund, P ; Egan, W ; Roepstorff, P  (Jul 1974)  "Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin"  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  71 (7): 2730–2733  doi:10 1073/pnas 71 7 2730  PMC 388542  PMID 4528109  ^ Nelsestuen, G  L ; Zytkovicz, T  H ; Howard, J  B  (Oct 1974)  "The mode of action of vitamin K  Identification of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin" (PDF)  Journal of Biological Chemistry  249 (19): 6347–6350  PMID 4214105  ^ Magnusson, S ; Sottrup-Jensen, L ; Petersen, T  E ; Morris, H  R ; Dell, A  (Aug 1974)  "Primary structure of the vitamin K-dependent part of prothrombin"  FEBS Letters  44 (2): 189–193  doi:10 1016/0014-5793(74)80723-4  PMID 4472513  Bibliography[edit]
Rhéaume-Bleue, Kate (2012)  Vitamin K2 and the Calcium Paradox  John Wiley & Sons, Canada  ISBN 1-118-06572-7  External links[edit]
"Vitamin K: Another Reason to Eat Your Greens"  v
TPP / ThDP (B1)
FMN, FAD (B2)
NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH (B3)
Coenzyme A (B5)
PLP / P5P (B6)
THFA / H4FA, DHFA / H2FA, MTHF (B9)
AdoCbl, MeCbl (B12)
Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2)
non-vitamins
Coenzyme B
Heme / Haem (A, B, C, O)
Molybdopterin/Molybdenum cofactor
THMPT / H4MPT
Fe2+, Fe3+
vitamins: see vitamins
Antihemorrhagics (B02)
(coagulation)
Phytomenadione (K1)
Menadione (K3)
intrinsic: IX/Nonacog alfa
VIII/Moroctocog alfa/Turoctocog alfa
extrinsic: VII/Eptacog alfa
common: X
II/Thrombin
I/Fibrinogen
XIII/Catridecacog
combinations: Prothrombin complex concentrate (II, VII, IX, X, protein C and S)
Carbazochrome
thrombopoietin receptor agonist (Romiplostim
Eltrombopag)
Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester
Epinephrine/Adrenalone
amino acids (Aminocaproic acid
Aminomethylbenzoic acid)
serpins (Aprotinin
Alfa1 antitrypsin
Camostat) 



ground_truth: Vitamins K3, K4, and K5.