prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many underclassmen are on the NBA Draft Early-Entry List?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: The Official 2006 NBA Draft Early-Entry List  30 International Players, 62 underclassmen and one lone 5th year high school player make up this year's list, for a total of 93 early-entrants  Extensive commentary and early draft status projections are included   For comparison, in 2005, 108 players declared (61 NCAA, 12 high school, 35 internationals), up from 94 in 2004, and 73 in 2003 
There were no major surprises on the early-entry list, besides a few mid-major, Division II and NAIA players that decided to enter, as well as 5th year high school player Clarence Holloway  Amongst the International players, Hrvoje Peric, Renaldas Seibutis, and Kyrylo Fesenko are considered mild surprises who could end up cracking the 2nd round  NCAA Lottery prospects Joakim Noah, Al Horford, Corey Brewer, Josh McRoberts, Brandon Rush and Tyler Hansbrough decided to sit this one out as expected, as did Marco Belinelli, Uros Tripkovic and Goran Dragic on the international front 
Akbar Abdul-Ahad 6-0, PG, Idaho State Junior No Undrafted Averaged under 6 points in 20 minutes per game playing in the Big Sky  Being the first player on the NBA Draft Early-Entry list will likely go down as the highlight of his basketball career 
Arron Afflalo, 6-5, SG, UCLA Sophomore No Undrafted Afflalo initially told the LA media hes returning to school, but after a deep run in the NCAA tournament-- more in spite of his play than because of it--Afflalo will be testing the waters  Afflalo has very average size, athleticism, perimeter shooting and ball-handling skills  Hes clearly receiving bad advice on where his stock lies 
LaMarcus Aldridge, 6-11, PF/C, Texas Sophomore Yes Top 5 pick Aldridge made his announcement official to enter the draft some weeks ago  He will hire an agent soon (Arn Tellem?) and is considered a lock for the top 5 and a strong candidate for #1 overall 
Morris Almond, 6-6, SG, Rice Junior No ??? Almond announced hell be entering the draft, without an agent  He might be the best scorer in the NCAA youve never heard about  His stats are terrific, despite being the sole focal point of opposing defenses, and hes capable of scoring in a variety of ways, particularly with his jumper  Hes hoping for an invite to Orlando 
Renaldo Balkman, 6-8, PF, South Carolina Junior No Undrafted After winning the NIT MVP award, Balkman has decided to see where he stands in the eyes of the NBA by testing the waters  Hes likely to find them downright freezing, as hes a skinny and undersized power forward with little to no skills who came off the bench for a very average team 
Larry Blair,6-1, SG, Liberty Junior No Undrafted The 22 point per game scorer Blair is attempting to get some exposure for himself by testing the waters 
Will Blalock, Iowa State, 5-11, PG, Junior No Second round pick? Declared for the draft together with Curtis_Stinson after Iowa States coach was fired  Size is a big question mark  Will likely hope to attend the pre-draft camp in Orlando and try to show scouts hes a 1st rounder  Likely returns for his senior year 
Jahsha Bluntt, 6-6, SG, Deleware State Junior No Undrafted Puts up fairly average numbers (14 6 ppg, 41% FG) in one of the worst conferences in America  Looking for exposure at the Orlando pre-draft camp but its highly unlikely to receive it 
Josh Boone, 6-10, PF/C, UConn Junior No First round pick? Boone announced hell be entering the draft without an agent  An up and down season has left his stock in the air, and will likely force him to prove himself at the Orlando pre-draft camp  Would greatly benefit from a productive senior season as an offensive focal point now that UConn has lost almost all of its firepower from last year 
Ronnie Brewer, 6-6, PG/SG, Arkansas Junior No Lottery pick? After initially wavering a bit on his decision, Brewer announced hell be entering the draft without an agent in a press conference  Brewer is considered a likely late lottery pick to mid-first rounder pick, as his physical attributes and array of versatile skills on both ends of the floor are highly sought after 
Bobby Brown, 6-1, PG, Cal-State Fullerton Junior No First round pick? DraftExpress exclusively reported that Brown will be testing the waters  Still considered a bit of a sleeper because of the school he plays for, he will not be hiring an agent at this point  Some scouts are very high on his quickness and perimeter shooting ability and feel he will help his stock tremendously in private workouts 
Shannon Brown, 6-4, SG, Michigan State Junior No First round pick? As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Brown will be testing the waters  He will likely conduct a number of workouts and attend the Orlando pre-draft camp to attempt and gauge where his stock lies  Scouts compare him to Celtic guard Tony Allen, but with a better attitude  Hes a very borderline first rounder in a draft that is stacked with shooting guards 
Derek Burditt, 6-7, SG, Blinn Junior College Sophomore No Undrafted Unknown Junior College prospect  Not ranked as one of the top 25 JUCO players in the country, averaged around 17 points per game  Not burning his draft card as hes not yet an NCAA player, so really doesnt have much to lose, or gain 
Leroy Dawson, 6-2, SG, Emporia State Junior No Undrafted Anonymous Division II player from the MIAA conference  2nd team all conference, averaged 20 points per game  Like MANY on this list, only declaring because he can and has nothing to lose 
Travis DeGroot, 6-4, SG, Delta State Junior No Undrafted Plays in a strong Division II conference, but is at best only the 3rd best prospect on his own team after Jasper Johnson and Jeremy Richardson, and is therefore not a prospect at all 
Guillermo Diaz, 6-2, PG/SG, Miami Junior Yes First round pick? As reported by DraftExpress all year long, Diaz decided to forgo his senior year of college by hiring an agent, Miami based Jason Levien  One of the top athletes and shooters in the draft, which makes for an intriguing combination 
Cem Dinc, 6-10, SF/PF, Indiana Freshman No Undrafted As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Dinc will be testing the waters  The coach that recruited him and then never played him, Mike Davis, resigned, so it would not shock anyone to see Dinc return to play in Europe and become automatically eligible next year after pulling out of this years draft 
Quincy Douby, 6-3, PG/SG, Rutgers Junior No First round pick As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Douby sent out his paperwork to enter the draft  NBA scouts are all over the board on him, with some saying they consider him a 2nd round pick and others saying they would not be surprised if he ended up in the lottery  Terrific shooter and shot creator, averaged 28 ppg in the Big East conference  A real sleeper who will likely play in Orlando 
Mike Efevberha, 6-5, SG, Cal State Northridge Junior ??? Undrafted Ramona Shelburne of the LA Daily News reported that Efevberha will be testing the waters  Efevberha was the leading scorer in the country until he had a falling out with his coach and saw his playing time reduced significantly  Hell likely be looking for an invite to the Orlando pre-draft camp, and does not appear to be likely to head back to school 
Carl Elliot, 6-4, PG, George Washington Junior No Undrafted Elliot is using his use it or lose it draft card as a junior to get some exposure for himself through workouts and try to figure out where he stands in the eyes of the NBA  Elliot has excellent size for the PG position, but is still lacking plenty of all-around polish  His senior year will be essential to his development as a player  Reportedly has a family to support, which makes his decision tough considering how old he is already, despite only being a junior 
Jordan Farmar, 6-2, PG, UCLA Sophomore No First round pick? Farmar was the engine that led his team to the Finals of the NCAA tournament, and the only player that showed up once they got there  He is one of the top playmakers in the country, a Steve Nash type point guard, but his average athleticism, defense and outside shooting means hes only a bubble first-rounder  DraftExpress has been on his bandwagon since day one at UCLA, but is the NBA on it too?
Nick Fazekas, 6-11, PF, Nevada Junior No First round pick? Fazekas announced hell be entering the draft without an agent and will likely return to Nevada if it looks like hes not going to be a first round pick  If hes not a first rounder this year, its hard to imagine him ever being one since there isnt much left for him to accomplish individually in the NCAA  An interesting candidate for the pre-draft camp in Orlando 
Thomas Gardner, 6-5, SG, Missouri Junior No Second round pick? The St  Louis Post Dispatch reported that Gardner will enter the draft  Firing of underachieving Missouri coach Quin Snyder appeared to be the straw the broke the camels back  Gardner will have to hope to get invited to Orlando, but moving into the first round appears unlikely without an incredible performance there 
Rudy Gay, 6-8, SF, UConn Sophomore Yes Top 10 pick Gay announced hes leaving UConn at a press conference on campus, with Coach Calhoun by his side  He will hire an agent eventually  Size, length, incredible talent and athleticism means he might have the most upside of any player in this draft  Does he have the fire to capitalize on it though?
Reggie George, 6-10, PF, Robert Morris Chicago (NAIA) Junior No Undrafted Transfer from Iowa State had a nice season in the NAIA and is looking to capitalize on it by gaining some exposure for himself 
Daniel Gibson, 6-2, PG/SG, Texas Sophomore ??? Second round pick As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Gibson will be entering the draft  There appears to be a conflict between Gibson and Texas regarding what his role will be next year, specifically whether or not hell be playing the point, meaning its unclear whether or not hell be returning  Gibson will likely go to Orlando to help him decide what his next step is  Showing off some PG skills will be essential there 
Aaron Gray, 7-0, Center, Pitt Junior No First round pick? After a disappointing end to his season, being outplayed by Patrick OBryant in the NCAA tournament, Gray has put that behind him and entered his name in the draft without an agent  Hes yet another underclassmen with huge questions marks about his pro potential that will likely have to go to the Orlando pre-draft camp to show he is worthy of a first round pick  Made some great strides this year, but still has a ways to go, especially conditioning-wise 
LeShawn Hammett 6-0, PG, St  Francis Junior No Undrafted Undersized combo guard played only 7 minutes in the mighty Northeast Conference before being suspended indefinitely for conduct detrimental to team  The NBA is clearly the only goal left for him to achieve 
Brandon Heath, 6-3, PG/SG, San Diego State Junior No Second round pick? Streaky shooting combo guard Heath announced the he will test the NBA draft process this summer, and is hoping for an invite to the Orlando pre-draft camp  MWC player of the year; has a lot of wrinkles to his game that need to be ironed out before he can legitimately think about the NBA 
Tedric Hill, 6-10, PF, Gulf Coast Community College Sophomore Yes Undrafted Ineligible to return to school after flunking out of college once again  Has bounced around over the past few years, and received some early hype from wannabe draftniks such as Gregg Doyel (CBS-Sportsline) and Sam Smith (Chicago Tribune) who compare him to Kevin Garnett  Very athletic we're told, but has absolutely no idea how to play the game  Has no chance of being drafted without an amazing showing at the Orlando pre-draft camp 
Clarence Holloway 7-0, Center, IMG Academy (Prep School) 5th year High School No Undrafted Lone high school player in this years age-limit depleted draft  Former Louisville commit never got eligible for college and was always considered too slow and heavy to make much of an impact anyway  Reportedly lost weight and improved his grades this past year at IMG and is currently being recruited by UConn, Kansas State and Oklahoma, amongst others 
Ekene Ibekwe, 6-9, PF, Maryland Junior No Undrafted Sources told DraftExpress exclusively that Ibekwe will be testing the waters  Likely only making this move because he can, as his chances of being drafted are very low  Athletic and long, but still lacking any type of polish 
Donald Jeffers, 6-8, PF, Roxbury Community College Sophomore No Undrafted Anonymous junior college player 
Alexander Johnson, 6-9, PF, Florida State Junior Yes First round pick? Sources told DraftExpress, that Johnson will be hiring an agent, mainly because he is already 23 years old  Hes considered intriguing because of his strength, raw offensive tools and freakish athleticism at the 4 position, and could work his way into the 1st round with strong workouts 
David Johnson, 6-7, PF, Clinton Junior College Sophomore No Undrafted 6-7 JUCO power forward who averaged 2 points and 3 rebounds per game 
Trey Johnson, 6-5, SG, Jackson State Junior No Undrafted Small school prolific scorer and one of the most accurate perimeter shooters in the country will attempt to draw some more attention to himself by testing the waters this summer  Johnson is hoping for a chance to prove himself in the Orlando pre-draft camp in June 
Coby Karl, 6-4, PG/SG, Boise State Junior No Undrafted Son of Denver Nuggets head Coach George Karl put up nice numbers (17 ppg, 5 rebs, 4 assists, 39 5% 3P) in the underrated WAC conference  Had surgery in March to remove a cancerous lump from his thyroid 
Mark Konecny, 6-10, Center, Lambuth (NAIA) Junior No Undrafted Transfer from Syracuse with mediocre production is looking for any type of exposure he can get before he graduates next season 
Kyle Lowry, 6-1, PG, Villanova Sophomore No First round pick NCAA tournament performance showed that he definitely needs another year, but regardless, Lowry is in  For now its without an agent  Considering the lack of quality point guard prospects in this draft, Lowry is likely a first round pick  Says he will attend the Orlando pre-draft camp if invited 
Aleks Maric, 6-11, Center, Nebraska Sophomore No Undrafted As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Maric will be testing the waters  What may have played a role in this is the fact that the assistant coach that recruited him at Nebraska, Scott Spinelli, just moved on to Wichita State  Maric is considered a very average athlete who is still very raw and is therefore likely to go undrafted should he decide to stay in  Thanks to his Croatian passport, there is money waiting for him overseas if he chooses to take it 
Japhet McNeil, 5-10, PG, East Carolina Junior No Undrafted Severely undersized PG averaged 4 points and 5 6 assists in watered down Conference USA 
Paul Millsap, 6-8, PF, Louisiana Tech Junior Yes First round pick? As expected, Millsap has declared his intentions to enter the NBA draft, and according to sources hired an agent as well  Millsap has likely achieved just about everything he can in college at this point, and will land somewhere in the 20-40 part of the draft depending on workouts and measurements 
Matt Mitchell, 6-0, PG, Southern University-New Orleans Junior No Undrafted Anonymous NAIA player 
Adam Morrison, 6-8, SF, Gonzaga Junior Yes Top 5 pick As DraftExpress exclusively reported that Morrison will be declaring for the draft and hiring Chicago based agent Mark Bartelstein  Morrison, the top scorer in college basketball, is expected to be a top 5 pick and potentially the #1 pick overall  Questions linger about his athleticism and defense, but no one questions his passion, talent or feel for the game 
Patrick O'Bryant, 7-0, Center, Bradley Sophomore Likely First round pick NBA sources in Portsmouth told DraftExpress exclusively that OBryant will be testing the waters without an agent, but is likely to go all the way once he hears that hes a lock for the 1st round  His steady improvement, strong sophomore season, outstanding NCAA tournament and considerable upside means hes probably gone  O'Bryant since confirmed both DraftExpresss reports, particularly the one about hiring an agent in the Tri-State area (Andy Miller) should he decide to go all the way 
Evan Patterson, 6-7, SF, Texas Wesleyan Junior No Undrafted Mediocre numbers (11 ppg, 2 rebs) in a mediocre Southland conference 
Danilo Pinnock, 6-5, SG, George Washington Junior No Undrafted The extremely athletic Pinnock has told GWs student paper hell be testing the waters  Pinnock will attempt to capitalize on his teams success this year by potentially attending the NBA pre-draft camp in Orlando  Pinnock will have to show better ball-handling and perimeter shooting ability than he did during the regular season 
Leon Powe, 6-7, PF, Cal Sophomore No Second round pick Powe announced hell be testing the waters in a statement released by Cal  Where he ends up being projected depends heavily on how his knee checks out  Powe is already considered a serious tweener by NBA scouts, and had a hard time this season gaining back much of the explosiveness he had earlier in his career  Could realistically go undrafted should he decide to stay in 
Richard Roby, 6-5, SG, Colorado Sophomore Likely Second round pick As first indicated by DraftExpress Roby has decided to test the waters  Disappeared against any major competition he went up against, particularly towards the end of the season  Roby will likely have to put on weight in the next few months and show off his perimeter stroke in the Orlando pre-draft camp  Sources tell us that he is on the verge of making a huge mistake by hiring an agent 
Rajon Rondo, 6-2, PG, Kentucky Sophomore Yes First round pick As expected, Rondo has decided to enter the NBA draft, and has also hired an agent, Bill Duffy  Despite an inconsistent sophomore season, most scouts weve spoken to still had him as at least the #2 point guard on their board because of his intriguing upside  Workouts will be huge for him 
Blake Schilb, 6-7, SG/SF, Loyola Chicago Junior No Undrafted Declared his intentions to enter the draft, without an agent, and is hoping for an invite to Orlando  Schlib is sorely lacking in the quickness and explosiveness departments that scouts demand from swingman prospects, but he makes up for it with his skill set to a certain extent  Regardless, sources tell us he wont be invited to Orlando, meaning he has to go back to school 
Mustafa Shakur, 6-4, PG, Arizona Junior No Second round pick? According to the Arizona Star, Shakur will likely enter his name in the draft, without an agent  Lute Olson confirmed it, saying he is not concerned about it  Shakur is hoping for an Orlando invite to show what he thinks he couldnt at Point Guard U 
Cedric Simmons, 6-9, PF/C, NC State Sophomore No First round pick? Simmons is reportedly "exploring his options," in regards to the 2006 NBA draft, but will do so without an agent  Nice size, frame, length, athleticism and defensive skills make him a very intriguing prospect 
Marcus Slaughter, 6-8, PF, San Diego State Junior Yes Second round pick? After burning his lone draft card a year early last June, despite being considered a marginal prospect, Slaughter has announced that he will be hiring agent Dan Fegan and forfeiting his remaining college eligibility  Slaughters father thinks that There was nothing else for Marcus to do at San Diego State  Many would disagree with that 
Curtis Stinson, 6-3, PG/SG, Iowa State Junior Yes Second round pick After swearing up and down last month that he has no intention on entering the draft, Stinson did just that  His coach Wayne Morgan, who he was very close to, was fired, resulting in him hiring agent Kevin Bradbury  The 23 year old combo guard will have to go to the Orlando pre-draft camp and impress if he wants to come close to being a 1st rounder 
Tyrus Thomas, 6-9, PF, LSU Freshman Yes Top 5 pick As DraftExpress exclusively reported Thomas called a press conference to announce his intentions to enter the 2006 NBA draft, as well as hire agents Brian Elfus and Mike Siegel  SEC Freshman of the year could be the most athletic player in the draft, as well as the player with the most overall upside 
PJ Tucker, 6-5, SF, Texas Junior No Second round pick As reported all year long by DraftExpress, Tucker will be entering the draft without an agent  Considering that hes a 6-5 combo forward with tremendous skills, his stock widely fluctuates depending on who is being asked  Phenomenal basketball player, but is severely lacking in 2-3 inches of height  Will likely need a strong showing at the Orlando pre-draft camp to have a legitimate shot at the 1st round  Some scouts compare him to Bonzi Wells 
Junior No Undrafted Undersized Division II post player has no chance of being drafted despite 20+8 averages 
Ian Vouyoukas, 6-10, Center, St  Louis Junior ??? Undrafted Vouyoukas declared his intentions to enter the draft, supposedly without an agent  Sources in Europe tell us he is likely to return to Greece to take a large contract offer from a first division team once he realizes he has no chance of being drafted  Vouyoukas is a nice mid-major big man who has improved somewhat in his junior season, but does not possess the necessary combination of athleticism and size required of an NBA center 
Darius Washington, 6-2, PG, Memphis Sophomore Likely First round pick? DraftExpress exclusively reported that Washington will be in the draft  It appears that hell be hiring an agent as well, despite not being anywhere near a lock for the first round 
Albert Weber, 6-3, SG, Connors State Sophomore No Undrafted Transfer from Alabama led his conference in scoring and is considered one of the top Junior College players in the country  Not officialy an NCAA player yet, and has not committed to any school yet, so really doesn't stand much to lose (or gain) from this move 
Marcus Williams, 6-3, PG, UConn Junior Yes Late Lottery-Mid-First As expected, Williams is expected to announce that hes hired Calvin Andrews of BDA Sports Management as his agent at a press conference next week  A strong junior season and outstanding NCAA tournament, establishing himself as one of the purest playmakers in the nation, means hes likely one of the first PGs taken 
Andriy Agafonov, 6-8, PF, Khimik 1986 Ukraine Undrafted Ukrainian power forward played 15 minutes and scored 6 points with 4 4 rebounds per game playing for FIBA EuroCup participants, and is declaring in hopes of getting his name out as he has one more draft card to burn after this before becoming automatically eligible 
Nemanja Aleksandrov, 7-0, SF/PF, KK Reflex 1987 Serbia & Montenegro ??? American agent has been telling us all year that hes likely to enter  Still hasnt played a game this year after taking slow recovery process from torn ACL  Once regarded as a prodigy and potential #1 overall pick, but injuries mean he hasnt played in nearly two years and is now considered damaged goods  Might just look for an attractive team to guarantee him in the 2nd round and develop him in the NBDL 
Pape-Philippe Amagou, 6-1, PG, Le Mans 1985 France ??? Amagous American agent has informed us that he will enter the NBA Draft this year, and participate in the Reebok Eurocamp in Treviso  Shares playmaking duties and spotlight with fellow early-entrant Yannick Bokolo 
Andrea Bargnani, 7-0, PF, Benetton Treviso 1985 Italy Top 5 pick Bargnani's Italian agent Stefano Meller told DraftExpress in Portsmouth that the Italian star power forward will definitely be entering the NBA draft  Bargnani is in the process of hiring an American agent and the only question is how long will it take for him to make it over to the US after Benetton finishes up in the Italian playoffs, which could last as far as mid-June  He is expected to be a top 5 pick with a shot at going #1 depending on how the lottery plays out  Considered a phenomenal talent thanks to his excellent size, perimeter skills and athleticism relative to height 
Yannick Bokolo, 6-3, PG/SG, Le Mans 1985 France ??? Terrific athlete who is still making the transition to playing the point full time 
Carlos Cedeno, 6-5, SG, Guaiqueries 1985 Venezuela Undrafted Relatively unknown Venezuelan player  Has some international experience at the junior levels 
Tadija Dragicevic, 6-8, PF, Red Star Belgrade 1986 Serbia & Montenegro Undrafted Undersized power forward barely played in the Adriatic League this past season 
Lior Eliyahu, 6-9, SF/PF, Galil Elyon 1985 Israel Second round pick? Prolific and athletic Israeli combo forward will be entering the NBA draft this year looking for certain guarantees from an NBA team in the 1st or 2nd round  Eliyahu is still in the Israeli army and will stay overseas for another year regardless of what happens  He'll be represented by the American agency Entersport in the United States  A midseason injury set him back from being the top Israeli player in the league despite his youth 
Rudy Fernández, 6-5, SG, DKV Joventut 1985 Spain First round pick? Has some minor buyout issues to deal with to make sure he can stay in the draft  Excellent season in Spain has him projected as a pretty solid first round pick  Improved outside shooting, and still the same excellent athlete, passer, defender and all-around player hes always been  Still very skinny too 
Kyrylo Fesenko, 6-11, PF, Azovmash 1986 Ukraine Second Round Pick More to come 
Rafael Hettsheimeir, 6-9, Center, Akasvayu Girona 1986 Brazil Undrafted Undersized Brazilian center did not overly impress at the Nike Hoop Summit, showing that he will likely lack mobility until he takes off some weight 
Marko Lekic, 6-11, PF, Atlas 1985 Serbia & Montenegro ??? American agent Marc Cornstein, Lekic told us hell be putting his name in the draft this year once again  Still a bit of an unknown, numbers are fairly average in the Serbian YUBA league 
Damir Markota, 6-11, SF/PF, Cibona Zagreb 1985 Croatia Second round pick American agent Marc Cornstein told us Markota will definitely be putting his name in the draft once again  He had a breakout season in the Euroleague and Adriatic league before a groin injury slowed him down and eventually forced him to have minor surgery  Likely wont be able to come to the States until very late in the process  Does not have a buyout 
Mickael Mokongo, 5-11, PG, Chalon 1986 France ??? DraftExpress was exclusively informed hell be in the draft  Considered a talented athlete, but lack of size and the fact that he missed a large chunk of the season due to injury means his draft stock is very much up in the air still 
Brad Newley, 6-6, SG, 1985 Australia Second round pick Newely has told the Australian media that hes entering the draft  Hired Philadelphia based agent Leon Rose  Scouts who saw him play in Argentina last summer like his athleticism  Desperately lacking exposure, but agent appears to be unwilling to provide him with it 
Oleksiy Pecherov, 6-11, PF, Racing Basket 1985 Ukraine Second round pick DraftExpress received indication that Pecherov will be entering his name in the draft after a nice 2nd half regular season in France  Pecherov has his draft card in hand one year before he becomes automatically eligible, meaning he has nothing to lose  Has some nice skills facing the basket, but is still very soft and underdeveloped 
Hrvoje Peric, 6-8, SF, KK Split 1985 Croatia Second round pick? Good athlete who is still coming into his own as a basketball player  Did not play in the Adriatic League this season  Definitely needs at least another year in Europe, but could use the exposure that declaring for the draft provides 
Kosta Perovic, 7-2, Center, Partizan 1985 Serbia & Montenegro Undrafted? DraftExpress has been told that Partizan needs Perovic to be drafted this year to relieve them of his 500,000$ salary next year as well as help them financially with buyout money for their budget  Unfortunately this is happening about 3 years too late as weve seen little to no improvement from Perovic over that span 
Georgios Printezis, 6-9, PF, Olympiakos 1985 Greece Undrafted Greek power forward played 9 minutes and scored 4 points per game playing for a Euroleague team, and is declaring in hopes of getting his name out before he becomes automatically eligible next year 
Milovan Rakovic, 6-10, PF, Atlas 1985 Serbia & Montenegro ??? American agent Marc Cornstein told us Rakovic will be putting his name in the draft  Still an unknown player, puts up nice numbers on occasion in the fairly weak Serbian YUBA league 
Alexandr Rindin, 7-5, Center, Gala Baku 1985 Azerbaijan Undrafted Huge body, complete unknown  5 points, 5 rebounds per game in FIBA Europe Cup 
Sergio Rodríguez, 6-3, PG, Estudiantes 1986 Spain First round pick Rodríguezs agent in the States told DraftExpress exclusively hell be in the draft, likely for good if he gets a commitment in the 1st round  A disappointing start to his season both in Spain and the ULEB cup made this European prodigy point guard fall on most teams draft boards, but Rodríguez picked things up substantially towards the end of the year and is now playing terrific basketball  Weak NCAA PG crop could put him in the lottery with good workouts 
Dusan Sakota, 6-10, SF/PF, Panathinaikos 1986 Greece Undrafted Fairly unathletic perimeter oriented big man was in the draft last year already  Plays for one of the best teams in Europe and rarely sees the floor for meaningful minutes 
Renaldas Seibutis 6-5, SG, Olympiakos 1985 Lithuania Undrafted One of the most productive players in Europe in his age group considering the level he plays at  Important cog on an excellent team, but lacks athleticism and isnt as good of a shooter as you would hope at this point in his career 
Saer Sene, 7-0, Center, Pepinster 1986? Senegal First round pick? Freakishly long and athletic African prospect who played extremely well at the Nike Hoop Summit  Many question his age and lack of productivity in the very average Belgian league A player teams will want to look at closely 
Sidiki Sidibe, 7-1, Center, Levallois 1985 France ??? 7-1, 265 pound volleyball player and former Kansas State commit will be in this years draft according to his American agent  Too raw to get any playing time whatsoever in French 2nd division 
Tiago Splitter, 7-0, PF/C, Tau Vitoria 1985 Brazil Lottery pick Splitters American agent Herb Rudoy told DraftExpress exclusively hes entering the draft Splitter is having a terrific season in both the ACB Spanish League and the Euroleague, but lack of buyout in his contract means he might not be able to stay in  CBA rules allow him to withdraw and become automatically eligible next season  Tau Vitorias president was quoted saying Splitter will be back in Spain next season 
Sun Yue, 6-9, PG/SF, Aoshen 1985 China Second round pick? Super talented tall point guard with decent athleticism and nice defensive skills  Lacks strength and outside shooting ability  Level of competition is mediocre in American semi-pro ABA league, which makes him an intriguing candidate for Orlando pre-draft camp 
Ali Traore, 6-9, PF, Roanne 1985 France ??? Puts up nice numbers in France  Will participate at the Reebok Eurocamp in Treviso 
Ejike Ugboaja, 6-8, PF, Union Bank Lagos 1985 Nigeria Undrafted Plays for Nigerian National Team 
Goran Dragic, 6-4, PG, Geoplin Slovan 1986 Agent initially notified us that Dragic will be entering the draft, but in the end decided to keep him out  His buyout was always a question mark 
Leigh Enobakhare, 6-10, Center, Oostende 1986 Agent Ugo Udezue from BDA Sports Management told us that Enobakhare will be entering the draft  In the end he must have heard that he is not considered a prospect at all, and decided to keep him out of the draft 
Cartier Martin, 6-8, SF/PF, Kansas State Junior Martin pondered entering his name in the draft, especially after the firing of Kansas State coach Jim Wooldridge 
Nick Young, 6-6, SG, USC Sophomore Young told the LA Daily News in February that hes staying at USC for another year 
D J  Strawberry, 6-5, SG/SF, Maryland Junior Strawberry initially intended to test the waters, but eventually ended up not doing so once he found out that his chances of being drafted are almost non-existent 
Al Thornton, 6-7, SF/PF, Florida State Sophomore Implied earlier on in the year that he might put his name in, but sources recently told us it appears that he will return for his senior year  Tallahassee media backs this up 
Marcus Williams (AZ), 6-8, SG/SF, Arizona Freshman After initially appearing to be gone after numerous definitive reports, Williams surprised everyone and thrilled Arizona fans by announcing in a press conference hell be returning for his sophomore year 
Josh McRoberts, 6-11, PF, Duke Freshman After being upset by LSU in the Sweet Sixteen, McRoberts was quoted saying Ill be at Duke next year   Duke issued a press release a month later confirming this 
Yi Jianlian, 7-0, PF, Guangdong 1987? International Jianlian announced in a press conference that hell be staying in China  A CBA official was also quoted on this matter, sounding as if they were the main factor for him staying put 
Acie Law, 6-3, PG, Texas A&M Junior After a fantastic showing in the NCAA tournament, Law helped his NBA draft stock considerably but will return for his senior year where A&M is expected to make a run at possibly winning the Big 12 
Joakim Noah, 6-11, PF/C, Florida Sophomore Huge 2nd half regular of the regular season and NCAA tournament boosted his stock into as high as the top 5  Noah came out and said afterwards hes staying regardless 
Al Horford, 6-9, PF, Florida Sophomore Horford indicated all season long that hes staying at least one more year, but playing extremely well in winning the national championship gave him a realistic chance at being a lottery pick  Regardless, Horford announced he'll return 
Corey Brewer, 6-8, SF, Florida Sophomore Brewer indicated all season long that hes staying at least one more year, but a terrific performance in the NCAA tournament gave him a realistic chance at being a top 20 pick  Regardless, Brewer announced he'll return 
Glen Davis, 6-8, Center, LSU Sophomore Davis announced hell be returning to LSU immediately after an absolutely horrendous showing in the Final Four which exposed all of his glaring weaknesses  Made it official as an LSU press conference alongside Tyrus Thomas 
Jason Smith, 7-0, PF/C, Colorado State Sophomore Smith announced that hes returning for his junior year, stating that "a little further down the road, it [the NBA] might be in my plans  I'm continuing to concentrate on my academics and see how I can help CSU as much as possible "
Jermareo Davidson, 6-10, PF, Alabama Junior > After burning his lone draft card a year early last June, Davidson considered entering the draft again, but eventually made the right decision in announcing hell be returning for his senior year 
Richard Hendrix, 6-8, PF, Alabama Freshman Told Alabama media after NCAA tournament loss that hell be back in Tuscaloosa next year 
Ja'Vance Coleman, 6-3, SG, Fresno State Junior Testing the waters according to the Fresno Bee  Whoops, no hes not 
Sean Singletary, 5-11, PG, Virginia Sophomore Singletary told The Daily Progress in early February that hes returning 
Context 2: For other uses, see Electricity (disambiguation) 
"Electric" redirects here  For other uses, see Electric (disambiguation) 
Lightning is one of the most dramatic effects of electricity 
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge  In early days, electricity was considered as being not related to magnetism  Later on, many experimental results and the development of Maxwell's equations indicated that both electricity and magnetism are from a single phenomenon: electromagnetism  Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others 
The presence of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces an electric field  The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field 
When a charge is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field, a force will act on it  The magnitude of this force is given by Coulomb's law  Thus, if that charge were to move, the electric field would be doing work on the electric charge  Thus we can speak of electric potential at a certain point in space, which is equal to the work done by an external agent in carrying a unit of positive charge from an arbitrarily chosen reference point to that point without any acceleration and is typically measured in volts 
electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies 
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries  Even then, practical applications for electricity were few, and it would not be until the late nineteenth century that electrical engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use  The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution  Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation  Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society 
Long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish  Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile", and described them as the "protectors" of all other fish  Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians  Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects  Patients suffering from ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them  Possibly the earliest and nearest approach to the discovery of the identity of lightning, and electricity from any other source, is to be attributed to the Arabs, who before the 15th century had the Arabic word for lightning ra‘ad (رعد) applied to the electric ray 
Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers  Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing  Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity  According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature 
Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research on electricity in the 18th century, as documented by Joseph Priestley (1767) History and Present Status of Electricity, with whom Franklin carried on extended correspondence 
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber  He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ἤλεκτρον, elektron, the Greek word for "amber") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed  This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and "electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646 
Further work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C  F  du Fay  Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work  In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky  A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature  He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges 
In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles  Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used  The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820  Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827  Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his "On Physical Lines of Force" in 1861 and 1862 
While the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering  Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life 
In 1887, Heinrich Hertz:843–44 discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily  In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons  This discovery led to the quantum revolution  Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"  The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels and this is frequently used to make electricity commercially 
The first solid-state device was the "cat's-whisker detector" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers  A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect  In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it  Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes  These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics  The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor 
The solid-state device came into its own with the invention of the transistor in 1947  Common solid-state devices include transistors, microprocessor chips, and RAM  A specialized type of RAM called flash RAM is used in USB flash drives and more recently, solid-state drives to replace mechanically rotating magnetic disc hard disk drives  Solid state devices became prevalent in the 1950s and the 1960s, during the transition from vacuum tubes to semiconductor diodes, transistors, integrated circuit (IC) and the light-emitting diode (LED) 
The presence of charge gives rise to an electrostatic force: charges exert a force on each other, an effect that was known, though not understood, in antiquity :457 A lightweight ball suspended from a string can be charged by touching it with a glass rod that has itself been charged by rubbing with a cloth  If a similar ball is charged by the same glass rod, it is found to repel the first: the charge acts to force the two balls apart  Two balls that are charged with a rubbed amber rod also repel each other  However, if one ball is charged by the glass rod, and the other by an amber rod, the two balls are found to attract each other  These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who deduced that charge manifests itself in two opposing forms  This discovery led to the well-known axiom: like-charged objects repel and opposite-charged objects attract 
The force acts on the charged particles themselves, hence charge has a tendency to spread itself as evenly as possible over a conducting surface  The magnitude of the electromagnetic force, whether attractive or repulsive, is given by Coulomb's law, which relates the force to the product of the charges and has an inverse-square relation to the distance between them :35 The electromagnetic force is very strong, second only in strength to the strong interaction, but unlike that force it operates over all distances  In comparison with the much weaker gravitational force, the electromagnetic force pushing two electrons apart is 1042 times that of the gravitational attraction pulling them together 
Study has shown that the origin of charge is from certain types of subatomic particles which have the property of electric charge  Electric charge gives rise to and interacts with the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature  The most familiar carriers of electrical charge are the electron and proton  Experiment has shown charge to be a conserved quantity, that is, the net charge within an electrically isolated system will always remain constant regardless of any changes taking place within that system  Within the system, charge may be transferred between bodies, either by direct contact, or by passing along a conducting material, such as a wire :2–5 The informal term static electricity refers to the net presence (or 'imbalance') of charge on a body, usually caused when dissimilar materials are rubbed together, transferring charge from one to the other 
The charge on electrons and protons is opposite in sign, hence an amount of charge may be expressed as being either negative or positive  By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin  The amount of charge is usually given the symbol Q and expressed in coulombs; each electron carries the same charge of approximately −1 6022×10−19 coulomb  The proton has a charge that is equal and opposite, and thus +1 6022×10−19 coulomb  Charge is possessed not just by matter, but also by antimatter, each antiparticle bearing an equal and opposite charge to its corresponding particle 
The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current, the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes  Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current  Electric current can flow through some things, electrical conductors, but will not flow through an electrical insulator 
By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part  Current defined in this manner is called conventional current  The motion of negatively charged electrons around an electric circuit, one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus deemed positive in the opposite direction to that of the electrons  However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can consist of a flow of charged particles in either direction, or even in both directions at once  The positive-to-negative convention is widely used to simplify this situation 
The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed electrical conduction, and its nature varies with that of the charged particles and the material through which they are travelling  Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a conductor such as metal, and electrolysis, where ions (charged atoms) flow through liquids, or through plasmas such as electrical sparks  While the particles themselves can move quite slowly, sometimes with an average drift velocity only fractions of a millimetre per second,:17 the electric field that drives them itself propagates at close to the speed of light, enabling electrical signals to pass rapidly along wires 
Current causes several observable effects, which historically were the means of recognising its presence  That water could be decomposed by the current from a voltaic pile was discovered by Nicholson and Carlisle in 1800, a process now known as electrolysis  Their work was greatly expanded upon by Michael Faraday in 1833  Current through a resistance causes localised heating, an effect James Prescott Joule studied mathematically in 1840 :23–24 One of the most important discoveries relating to current was made accidentally by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, when, while preparing a lecture, he witnessed the current in a wire disturbing the needle of a magnetic compass  He had discovered electromagnetism, a fundamental interaction between electricity and magnetics  The level of electromagnetic emissions generated by electric arcing is high enough to produce electromagnetic interference, which can be detrimental to the workings of adjacent equipment 
In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC)  These terms refer to how the current varies in time  Direct current, as produced by example from a battery and required by most electronic devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative :11 If, as is most common, this flow is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite direction  Alternating current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; almost always this takes the form of a sine wave :206–07 Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time  The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse  Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not observed under steady state direct current, such as inductance and capacitance :223–25 These properties however can become important when circuitry is subjected to transients, such as when first energised 
The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday  An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field  The electric field acts between two charges in a similar manner to the way that the gravitational field acts between two masses, and like it, extends towards infinity and shows an inverse square relationship with distance  However, there is an important difference  Gravity always acts in attraction, drawing two masses together, while the electric field can result in either attraction or repulsion  Since large bodies such as planets generally carry no net charge, the electric field at a distance is usually zero  Thus gravity is the dominant force at distance in the universe, despite being much weaker 
A hollow conducting body carries all its charge on its outer surface  The field is therefore zero at all places inside the body :88 This is the operating principal of the Faraday cage, a conducting metal shell which isolates its interior from outside electrical effects 
The principles of electrostatics are important when designing items of high-voltage equipment  There is a finite limit to the electric field strength that may be withstood by any medium  Beyond this point, electrical breakdown occurs and an electric arc causes flashover between the charged parts  Air, for example, tends to arc across small gaps at electric field strengths which exceed 30 kV per centimetre  Over larger gaps, its breakdown strength is weaker, perhaps 1 kV per centimetre  The most visible natural occurrence of this is lightning, caused when charge becomes separated in the clouds by rising columns of air, and raises the electric field in the air to greater than it can withstand  The voltage of a large lightning cloud may be as high as 100 MV and have discharge energies as great as 250 kWh 
A pair of AA cells  The + sign indicates the polarity of the potential difference between the battery terminals 
The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the electric field  A small charge placed within an electric field experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that point against the force requires work  The electric potential at any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point  It is usually measured in volts, and one volt is the potential for which one joule of work must be expended to bring a charge of one coulomb from infinity :494–98 This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of electric potential difference, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points  An electric field has the special property that it is conservative, which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated :494–98 The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term voltage sees greater everyday usage 
For practical purposes, it is useful to define a common reference point to which potentials may be expressed and compared  While this could be at infinity, a much more useful reference is the Earth itself, which is assumed to be at the same potential everywhere  This reference point naturally takes the name earth or ground  Earth is assumed to be an infinite source of equal amounts of positive and negative charge, and is therefore electrically uncharged—and unchargeable 
Electric potential is a scalar quantity, that is, it has only magnitude and not direction  It may be viewed as analogous to height: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will 'fall' across the voltage caused by an electric field  As relief maps show contour lines marking points of equal height, a set of lines marking points of equal potential (known as equipotentials) may be drawn around an electrostatically charged object  The equipotentials cross all lines of force at right angles  They must also lie parallel to a conductor's surface, otherwise this would produce a force that will move the charge carriers to even the potential of the surface 
Ørsted's discovery in 1821 that a magnetic field existed around all sides of a wire carrying an electric current indicated that there was a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism  Moreover, the interaction seemed different from gravitational and electrostatic forces, the two forces of nature then known  The force on the compass needle did not direct it to or away from the current-carrying wire, but acted at right angles to it  Ørsted's slightly obscure words were that "the electric conflict acts in a revolving manner " The force also depended on the direction of the current, for if the flow was reversed, then the force did too 
Ørsted did not fully understand his discovery, but he observed the effect was reciprocal: a current exerts a force on a magnet, and a magnetic field exerts a force on a current  The phenomenon was further investigated by Ampère, who discovered that two parallel current-carrying wires exerted a force upon each other: two wires conducting currents in the same direction are attracted to each other, while wires containing currents in opposite directions are forced apart  The interaction is mediated by the magnetic field each current produces and forms the basis for the international definition of the ampere 
This relationship between magnetic fields and currents is extremely important, for it led to Michael Faraday's invention of the electric motor in 1821  Faraday's homopolar motor consisted of a permanent magnet sitting in a pool of mercury  A current was allowed through a wire suspended from a pivot above the magnet and dipped into the mercury  The magnet exerted a tangential force on the wire, making it circle around the magnet for as long as the current was maintained 
Experimentation by Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a potential difference between its ends  Further analysis of this process, known as electromagnetic induction, enabled him to state the principle, now known as Faraday's law of induction, that the potential difference induced in a closed circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop  Exploitation of this discovery enabled him to invent the first electrical generator in 1831, in which he converted the mechanical energy of a rotating copper disc to electrical energy  Faraday's disc was inefficient and of no use as a practical generator, but it showed the possibility of generating electric power using magnetism, a possibility that would be taken up by those that followed on from his work 
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta showing his "battery" to French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 19th century 
The ability of chemical reactions to produce electricity, and conversely the ability of electricity to drive chemical reactions has a wide array of uses 
Electrochemistry has always been an important part of electricity  From the initial invention of the Voltaic pile, electrochemical cells have evolved into the many different types of batteries, electroplating and electrolysis cells  Aluminium is produced in vast quantities this way, and many portable devices are electrically powered using rechargeable cells 
A basic electric circuit  The voltage source V on the left drives a current I around the circuit, delivering electrical energy into the resistor R  From the resistor, the current returns to the source, completing the circuit
Context 3: Transport Aircraft for IAF - Page 67 - Bharat Rakshak
Transport Aircraft for IAF
Re: Transport Aircraft for IAF
Postby abhik » 17 Nov 2014 05:55
+1, Air India recently sold their entire fleet of Boeing 777s 
afaik the A330 MRTT does not make any structural mods or add anything internally in cargo or passenger cabin  it just relies on the intrinsic 110 tons of fuel  external refueling pods are added and internally the control station and cameras for the operator i guess 
so its a easy conversion from a passenger layout to the AAR mode - mostly ripping out the passenger cabin of all extra stuff and retuning the FCS for any changes in COG 
this should have been pursued years ago
the IL78 adds a palletized drum tank system inside its cargo bay due to paucity of intrinsic fuel but it can be removed and a/c converted back to cargo hauling or send off to russia for Phalcon structural mods if we want it that way  they will however need to change engines to PS90 as they have the old engines
http://www airplane-pictures net/images     7/5616 jpg
the RAF is already gone that route in 2011
http://www defensenews com/article/2011     -Refuelers
LONDON - Airbus Military has delivered the first of 12 A330-200 airliners due to be converted into in-flight refueling planes for the British Royal Air Force by Cobham Aviation Services 
The aircraft, part of an order of 14 jets, will be modified with aerial refueling pods and other equipment at Cobham's newly refurbished facility in Bournemouth, England  The first two aircraft have already been converted by Airbus in Spain 
The multirole tanker aircraft are being provided to the RAF under a private finance initiative service deal led by Airbus parent EADS 
Seven of the planes will be operated full time by the RAF  The remainder will be available for lease in the third-party market, with the proviso that they can be returned to British military service to meet any surge in demand 
All of the aircraft, to be known as the Voyager in RAF service, will be fitted with two wing-mounted refueling pods, while half the fleet will also be fitted for, but not necessarily with, a center-line mounted unit  The refueling units are being supplied by Cobham 
The first aircraft will become operational in a passenger and freight transport role by the end of this year to start relieving pressure on the RAF's hard-pressed assets 
Despite the increasing fragility of current RAF in-flight refueling operations, the new capability is not contracted to start being used in this role until 2015 
All 14 Voyagers are scheduled to be available for RAF operations by the middle of the decade  The A330 will replace the increasingly ancient Tristar and VC-10 refuelers now in service 
Push the 6 Il-476 from refueler to AEW duty  Phalcon them up
Not sure if that is a good path to follow  For one they all should be sent to pasture in about 8 years  Then if the are to be phalconed up - the requires major structural changes  Not worth that cost 
Whatever happened ot the two new ones that were supposed ot be ordered?
the IL78 can be easily converted back to IL76 cargo hauling  only the fuel tank inside cargo bay needs removal   infact that was even mentioned in initial days as swing role fuel/cargo 
Postby Cybaru » 17 Nov 2014 07:55
I am talking about the new il78 that we ordered recently in refueling role  Sorry for the mix up  They are the same platform, that I why i used 476 or 76 to identify it 
777 carries more internal fuel than the A330  We suck!
From the KC-777 program 
http://www globalsecurity org/military/     kc-777 htm
"the KC-777 would be 209 feet long with a wingspan of 212 feet, 7 inches  That's the same size as the 777-200LR commercial jet  The KC-777 would be able to carry far more fuel, cargo and passengers than either the KC-767 or the Airbus A330 tanker  The KC-767 offers more operational flexibility, while the KC-777 would be better suited for long-range strategic missions in which more cargo needs to be delivered  The KC-777 would be able to carry more than 350,000 pounds (160,000 kilograms) of fuel and offload more than 220,000 pounds (100,000 kg) of it on a mission of 500 nautical miles (900 kilometers)  On the other hand, the KC-767 can lift off with more than 200,000 pounds (90,000 kg) of fuel and offload more than 130,000 pounds (60,000 kg) in a similar mission  The KC-777 would be able to deliver 200 percent more fuel after flying 1,000 nautical miles than older Air Force KC-135s  The KC-777 could carry up to 37 pallets of cargo, compared to the 19 pallets for the KC-767 "
Postby Cosmo_R » 18 Nov 2014 04:31
Viv S wrote: From Ajai Shukla's article -
HAL points out that, since each Avro flies barely 350 hours every year, most of them have a residual life of about 80,000 hours  In a request for information (RFI) released on August 15, HAL has proposed replacing the aircraft’s engines (Rolls Royce Dart) with “modern fuel efficient engines” 
So, the IAF's Avros have a residual life of 228 years at the current rate of usage  Ain't life grand?
At zero up time, it could reach infinity 
Relax Cy  Kc777 has no client  Usaf is going with kc767 and almost everyone else with a330 
We don't have the number of heavies and long missions of usaf else I would say convert an124 
KC777 will be extremely expensive given the demand/backlog for the 777 and the 777x  Any buyer would have to virtually pay for the increase in capacity 
I think the 767 production line is closed  so the proposed KC767 Boeing is supposed to deliver 18 by 2017  that can be managed from mothballed and cargo hauler airframes on the market 
but to meet the final order of around 180 will they not have to open the production line unless such a huge number were available on the market?
I do get the spider feel this program again will be cancelled in favour of a in-production plane like the 777X ?
I wasn't suggesting we get the KC777  All I was doing was comparing what possibly the 777 could offload compared to A330  It carries 171000 liters of fuel versus 130000 liters that the A330 carries  If we had older 777s in stock, we could have quite easily converted them to this config  The cost to us would be miniscule just the refurbishing cost vs acquiring a new type 
Singha wrote: I think the 767 production line is closed  so the proposed KC767 Boeing is supposed to deliver 18 by 2017  that can be managed from mothballed and cargo hauler airframes on the market 
The Line is open, they have a backlog of around 50 (All Fed ex), with Fed Ex placing a small order this year  The Pegasus order is for all new builds, and so will the follow on order  The only reason for any nation to buy the 767 tanker is going to be because of the ability to hard bargain with Boeing given that the commercial future of the 767 is dead  This also allows a potential buyer to purchase cheap spares from the open market, or club its logistical and inventory purchase with that of the USAF  Other than that and perhaps availability (which would be doubtful once USAF pushes through a larger order) there is really no technical reason to purchase the this tanker over the A330 which by all accounts is a superior tanker in addition to being a much much better airliner in general 
IAI is doing conversations for the 767 and its called the 767 MMTT
http://www iai co il/sip_storage/FILES/1/38471 pdf
Cybaru wrote: I wasn't suggesting we get the KC777  All I was doing was comparing what possibly the 777 could offload compared to A330  It carries 171000 liters of fuel versus 130000 liters that the A330 carries  If we had older 777s in stock, we could have quite easily converted them to this config  The cost to us would be miniscule just the refurbishing cost vs acquiring a new type 
The cost of converting a commercial airliner to a tanker, certifying it and running a full fledged test program is by no means small  There is absolutely no justification for that sort of cost over and above the capability that that A330 provides  If it were a certified and tested conversion, that would be a different matter 
Postby Kartik » 21 Nov 2014 12:27
Cybaru wrote:
Why? If the airframe can handle more flight hours, why not?
because it is a very very old airframe as is  Maintenance spares won't be available easily even as of now, then imagine how it'll be 20-30 years from now   and as things stood anyway, the HS-748 offered very little in terms of payload and range versus a C-295 class aircraft  The C-295 offers a very credible light transport, whereas the HS-748's role in the IAF was more akin to a transport trainer and for communication duties with little operational use  Having seen a dozen or so HS-748s parked at Vadodara airport all through my childhood, I never once saw one in the air  They just seemed to be stored out in the open  Upon asking an IAF transport pilot who was my friend's father, he remarked "zyaada kaam ke nahi hain yeh" 
Why would you expend more capital on what is essentially an obsolete airframe, even if theoretically it had not yet reached its service life? You'd have to re-engine it, put new avionics on board and even that wouldn't suffice for para dropping requirements  it was operationally never suitable for para dropping, which is an important mission for transport aircraft and had deficiencies in hot and high climes as well 
Unfortunately, the 748 was never meant to be a military transport  At the request of IAF, its door was enlarged to enable larger cargo items to be loaded and to allow para dropping without hitting the tail plane



ground_truth: 62.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How is electricity used in everyday life?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: 
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit), usually to perform some useful task 
Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit  The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per second 
Electricity generation is often done with electric generators, but can also be supplied by chemical sources such as electric batteries or by other means from a wide variety of sources of energy  Electric power is generally supplied to businesses and homes by the electric power industry  Electricity is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (3 6 MJ) which is the product of power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours  Electric utilities measure power using electricity meters, which keep a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer  Unlike fossil fuels, electricity is a low entropy form of energy and can be converted into motion or many other forms of energy with high efficiency 
Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, optoelectronics, sensors and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies  The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunications, and signal processing  The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible  Interconnection technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology, and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into a regular working system 
Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control  The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering 
Thus, the work of many researchers enabled the use of electronics to convert signals into high frequency oscillating currents, and via suitably shaped conductors, electricity permits the transmission and reception of these signals via radio waves over very long distances 
Early 20th-century alternator made in Budapest, Hungary, in the power generating hall of a hydroelectric station (photograph by Prokudin-Gorsky, 1905–1915) 
In the 6th century BC, the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus experimented with amber rods and these experiments were the first studies into the production of electrical energy  While this method, now known as the triboelectric effect, can lift light objects and generate sparks, it is extremely inefficient  It was not until the invention of the voltaic pile in the eighteenth century that a viable source of electricity became available  The voltaic pile, and its modern descendant, the electrical battery, store energy chemically and make it available on demand in the form of electrical energy  The battery is a versatile and very common power source which is ideally suited to many applications, but its energy storage is finite, and once discharged it must be disposed of or recharged  For large electrical demands electrical energy must be generated and transmitted continuously over conductive transmission lines 
Electrical power is usually generated by electro-mechanical generators driven by steam produced from fossil fuel combustion, or the heat released from nuclear reactions; or from other sources such as kinetic energy extracted from wind or flowing water  The modern steam turbine invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884 today generates about 80 percent of the electric power in the world using a variety of heat sources  Such generators bear no resemblance to Faraday's homopolar disc generator of 1831, but they still rely on his electromagnetic principle that a conductor linking a changing magnetic field induces a potential difference across its ends  The invention in the late nineteenth century of the transformer meant that electrical power could be transmitted more efficiently at a higher voltage but lower current  Efficient electrical transmission meant in turn that electricity could be generated at centralised power stations, where it benefited from economies of scale, and then be despatched relatively long distances to where it was needed 
Since electrical energy cannot easily be stored in quantities large enough to meet demands on a national scale, at all times exactly as much must be produced as is required  This requires electricity utilities to make careful predictions of their electrical loads, and maintain constant co-ordination with their power stations  A certain amount of generation must always be held in reserve to cushion an electrical grid against inevitable disturbances and losses 
Electricity is a very convenient way to transfer energy, and it has been adapted to a huge, and growing, number of uses  The invention of a practical incandescent light bulb in the 1870s led to lighting becoming one of the first publicly available applications of electrical power  Although electrification brought with it its own dangers, replacing the naked flames of gas lighting greatly reduced fire hazards within homes and factories  Public utilities were set up in many cities targeting the burgeoning market for electrical lighting  In the late 20th century and in modern times, the trend has started to flow in the direction of deregulation in the electrical power sector 
The resistive Joule heating effect employed in filament light bulbs also sees more direct use in electric heating  While this is versatile and controllable, it can be seen as wasteful, since most electrical generation has already required the production of heat at a power station  A number of countries, such as Denmark, have issued legislation restricting or banning the use of resistive electric heating in new buildings  Electricity is however still a highly practical energy source for heating and refrigeration, with air conditioning/heat pumps representing a growing sector for electricity demand for heating and cooling, the effects of which electricity utilities are increasingly obliged to accommodate 
Electricity is used within telecommunications, and indeed the electrical telegraph, demonstrated commercially in 1837 by Cooke and Wheatstone, was one of its earliest applications  With the construction of first intercontinental, and then transatlantic, telegraph systems in the 1860s, electricity had enabled communications in minutes across the globe  Optical fibre and satellite communication have taken a share of the market for communications systems, but electricity can be expected to remain an essential part of the process 
The effects of electromagnetism are most visibly employed in the electric motor, which provides a clean and efficient means of motive power  A stationary motor such as a winch is easily provided with a supply of power, but a motor that moves with its application, such as an electric vehicle, is obliged to either carry along a power source such as a battery, or to collect current from a sliding contact such as a pantograph  Electrically powered vehicles are used in public transportation, such as electric buses and trains, and an increasing number of battery-powered electric cars in private ownership 
Electronic devices make use of the transistor, perhaps one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century, and a fundamental building block of all modern circuitry  A modern integrated circuit may contain several billion miniaturised transistors in a region only a few centimetres square 
A voltage applied to a human body causes an electric current through the tissues, and although the relationship is non-linear, the greater the voltage, the greater the current  The threshold for perception varies with the supply frequency and with the path of the current, but is about 0 1 mA to 1 mA for mains-frequency electricity, though a current as low as a microamp can be detected as an electrovibration effect under certain conditions  If the current is sufficiently high, it will cause muscle contraction, fibrillation of the heart, and tissue burns  The lack of any visible sign that a conductor is electrified makes electricity a particular hazard  The pain caused by an electric shock can be intense, leading electricity at times to be employed as a method of torture  Death caused by an electric shock is referred to as electrocution  Electrocution is still the means of judicial execution in some jurisdictions, though its use has become rarer in recent times 
Electricity is not a human invention, and may be observed in several forms in nature, a prominent manifestation of which is lightning  Many interactions familiar at the macroscopic level, such as touch, friction or chemical bonding, are due to interactions between electric fields on the atomic scale  The Earth's magnetic field is thought to arise from a natural dynamo of circulating currents in the planet's core  Certain crystals, such as quartz, or even sugar, generate a potential difference across their faces when subjected to external pressure  This phenomenon is known as piezoelectricity, from the Greek piezein (πιέζειν), meaning to press, and was discovered in 1880 by Pierre and Jacques Curie  The effect is reciprocal, and when a piezoelectric material is subjected to an electric field, a small change in physical dimensions takes place 
§Bioelectrogenesis in microbial life is a prominent phenomenon in soils and sediment ecology resulting from anaerobic respiration  The microbial fuel cell mimics this ubiquitous natural phenomenon 
Some organisms, such as sharks, are able to detect and respond to changes in electric fields, an ability known as electroreception, while others, termed electrogenic, are able to generate voltages themselves to serve as a predatory or defensive weapon  The order Gymnotiformes, of which the best known example is the electric eel, detect or stun their prey via high voltages generated from modified muscle cells called electrocytes  All animals transmit information along their cell membranes with voltage pulses called action potentials, whose functions include communication by the nervous system between neurons and muscles  An electric shock stimulates this system, and causes muscles to contract  Action potentials are also responsible for coordinating activities in certain plants 
In the 19th and early 20th century, electricity was not part of the everyday life of many people, even in the industrialised Western world  The popular culture of the time accordingly often depicted it as a mysterious, quasi-magical force that can slay the living, revive the dead or otherwise bend the laws of nature  This attitude began with the 1771 experiments of Luigi Galvani in which the legs of dead frogs were shown to twitch on application of animal electricity  "Revitalization" or resuscitation of apparently dead or drowned persons was reported in the medical literature shortly after Galvani's work  These results were known to Mary Shelley when she authored Frankenstein (1819), although she does not name the method of revitalization of the monster  The revitalization of monsters with electricity later became a stock theme in horror films 
As the public familiarity with electricity as the lifeblood of the Second Industrial Revolution grew, its wielders were more often cast in a positive light, such as the workers who "finger death at their gloves' end as they piece and repiece the living wires" in Rudyard Kipling's 1907 poem Sons of Martha  Electrically powered vehicles of every sort featured large in adventure stories such as those of Jules Verne and the Tom Swift books  The masters of electricity, whether fictional or real—including scientists such as Thomas Edison, Charles Steinmetz or Nikola Tesla—were popularly conceived of as having wizard-like powers 
With electricity ceasing to be a novelty and becoming a necessity of everyday life in the later half of the 20th century, it required particular attention by popular culture only when it stops flowing, an event that usually signals disaster  The people who keep it flowing, such as the nameless hero of Jimmy Webb’s song "Wichita Lineman" (1968), are still often cast as heroic, wizard-like figures 
Ampère's circuital law, connects the direction of an electric current and its associated magnetic currents 
^ Diogenes Laertius  R D  Hicks (ed )  "Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Book 1 Chapter 1 "  Perseus Digital Library  Tufts University  Retrieved 5 February 2017  Aristotle and Hippias affirm that, arguing from the magnet and from amber, he attributed a soul or life even to inanimate objects 
^ Aristotle  Daniel C  Stevenson (ed )  "De Animus (On the Soul) Book 1 Part 2 (B4 verso)"  The Internet Classics Archive  Translated by J A  Smith  Retrieved 5 February 2017  Thales, too, to judge from what is recorded about him, seems to have held soul to be a motive force, since he said that the magnet has a soul in it because it moves the iron 
^ a b c Guarnieri, M  (2014)  "Electricity in the age of Enlightenment"  IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine  8 (3): 60–63  doi:10 1109/MIE 2014 2335431 
^ Srodes, James (2002), Franklin: The Essential Founding Father, Regnery Publishing, pp  92–94, ISBN 0-89526-163-4 It is uncertain if Franklin personally carried out this experiment, but it is popularly attributed to him 
^ a b Guarnieri, M  (2014)  "The Big Jump from the Legs of a Frog"  IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine  8 (4): 59–61, 69  doi:10 1109/MIE 2014 2361237 
^ Hertz, Heinrich (1887)  "Ueber den Einfluss des ultravioletten Lichtes auf die electrische Entladung"  Annalen der Physik  267 (8): S  983–1000  Bibcode:1887AnP   267  983H  doi:10 1002/andp 18872670827 
^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921"  Nobel Foundation  Retrieved 2013-03-16 
^ John Sydney Blakemore, Solid state physics, pp  1–3, Cambridge University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-521-31391-0 
^ Richard C  Jaeger, Travis N  Blalock, Microelectronic circuit design, pp  46–47, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2003 ISBN 0-07-250503-6 
^ "The repulsive force between two small spheres charged with the same type of electricity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the centres of the two spheres " Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, Histoire de l'Academie Royal des Sciences, Paris 1785 
^ Sewell, Tyson (1902), The Elements of Electrical Engineering, Lockwood, p  18   The Q originally stood for 'quantity of electricity', the term 'electricity' now more commonly expressed as 'charge' 
^ a b Berkson, William (1974), Fields of Force: The Development of a World View from Faraday to Einstein, Routledge, p  370, ISBN 0-7100-7626-6 Accounts differ as to whether this was before, during, or after a lecture 
^ "Lab Note #105 EMI Reduction – Unsuppressed vs  Suppressed"  Arc Suppression Technologies  April 2011  Retrieved March 7, 2012 
^ Almost all electric fields vary in space  An exception is the electric field surrounding a planar conductor of infinite extent, the field of which is uniform 
^ Paul J  Nahin (9 October 2002)  Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age  JHU Press  ISBN 978-0-8018-6909-9 
^ "The Bumpy Road to Energy Deregulation"  EnPowered  2016-03-28 
^ a b c d e f g h Van Riper, op cit , p  71 
Look up electricity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary 
Basic Concepts of Electricity chapter from Lessons In Electric Circuits Vol 1 DC book and series 
Context 3:  However, to load a jeep in it, a 30-ft long ramp was required  The jeep would drive in and insert its front wheels into the aircraft  Then it had to be manually lifted and turned to get it in  Unloading it was just as difficult  Para dropping of troops or cargo even from the aircraft with the enlarged door was considered too dangerous with the risk of hitting the tail plane  The aircraft's performance at hot and high airfields was hopelessly inadequate  Eventually IAF acquired the tail-loading An-32s which were powered specifically for IAF's need for operating in the Himalayas 
BRF article -Avro in IAF service
Now unless you want to overcome all these through a costly, time consuming engineering re-design program, that too without access to original documents since this airplane was designed in the 1960s, there is no question of keeping them going for another 40 years  By which time the original design would be over 80 years old and with no one on earth but the IAF as an operator and HAL as the agency supporting it  Hardly a situation anyone would want 
abhik wrote: +1, Air India recently sold their entire fleet of Boeing 777s 
Only 5 of the Boeing 777-200LR, to Etihad Airways, which IMO was a bad decision  they could have reconfigured the airplanes with just 2 classes and continued to fly them to the US, non-stop 
The remaining 3 777-200LR were offered for lease but are still a part of AI's fleet since they didn't find any takers  This particular model hardly sold much and was developed for ultra-long range flights  it was the least successful 777 model and clearly AI goofed up on the configuration by going for these in place of the 300ER  The economics however didn't make too much sense for AI eventually 
there are 13 777-300ER as a part of their fleet ahd their economics is much better 
Govt  to decide tomorrow on whether to go ahead and allow the IAF to verify the technical details of the C-295 bid by Tata-Airbus instead of scrapping the tender due to single vendor situation 
The government will decide on Saturday whether to press ahead with the Rs 13,000 crore mega project for the private sector to supply 56 medium transport aircraft to the IAF despite only a single bidder, the Tata-Airbus consortium, being in the fray 
Though the defence acquisitions council (DAC) chaired by Manohar Parrikar will take the final decision, MoD sources on Tuesday said the "emerging dominant view" is that green signal should be given to the crucial project designed to promote Indian private sector's entry into the domestic aerospace arena with foreign collaboration 
"The Tata-Airbus technical and commercial bid is a credible offer submitted in a competitive environment  The other seven contenders backed out for one reason or the other," said a source 
IAF has now sought the clearance of the DAC -- the first such meeting to be chaired by Parrikar after becoming defence minister on November 10 -- to begin technical evaluation of the C-295 aircraft offered by Airbus Defence & Space and Tata Advanced Systems 
Though it has become a single-vendor situation, the DAC can approve it if it wants as per existing procurement procedures  Of the eight foreign aviation majors that got the global tender, American Boeing and Lockheed-Martin as well as Brazilian Embraer said they did not manufacture the class of aircraft being sought by IAF 
Refusing to take part in the tender, Russian Rosoboronexport said it wanted a fresh design and development project  Antonov of Ukraine wanted yet another extension of the bid submission deadline due to the ongoing conflict in Crimea  Swedish Saab said it had shut down its assembly line for such aircraft 
Then, Alenia Aermacchi was linked to Italian conglomerate Finmeccanica, which has been slapped with "a partial ban" after the infamous VVIP helicopter scandal  "All this left only the European consortium Airbus  The DAC will have to take a call since re-tendering may lead to the same situation," said the source 
Incidentally, it was the Modi government's first DAC in July -- then headed by Arun Jaitley - which revived the Avro replacement project after it was put on hold by the UPA-2 regime last year due to strong opposition from the powerful PSU lobby and ministers like Praful Patel, as reported by TOI earlier 
Apart from the critical need to encourage the private sector to enter defence production in a big way, especially in the aerospace arena where Hindustan Aeronautics enjoys a monopoly, its felt the defence PSU's order books are already overflowing with projects 
Fingers crossed  Hopefully sense will prevail 
Why was lr got? Er is capable of Dubai to sfo nonstop 
Lr is overkill unless we want Delhi to Peru  
Singha wrote: Why was lr got? Er is capable of Dubai to sfo nonstop 
they wanted it for non-stop routes from India to the west coast of the US  But with fuel prices going higher and with the lower seat count on the 777-200LR, the seat mile costs grew too high  A 3 class configuration only made matters worse  A higher density configuration with more economy class seats and just 12-15 Business class seats would have been better perhaps, especially if they didn't have very high First Class load factors 
LR and ER is better if you want to have a better payload down below for long haul  Ultimately, the best bet is going to come form the 787's that take a fewer people (so you can do the longer routes) with still a competitive CASM, and the B and F class folks will pay good money for newer aircraft 
Postby Kartik » 04 Dec 2014 12:55
Lets see if there is any forward movement on the stalled MTA project once Putin arrives in New Delhi
Major defence deals to be signed during Putin-Modi summit
In this connection, it is expected that during the summit, Russia and India may ultimately resolve several long-delayed agreements on military-technical cooperation projects between the two countries and sign them finally for their implementation  These agreements, above all, include joint Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) project and joint development of Multi-role Transport Aircraft (MTA) 
A final deal on FGFA for production has been delayed because the Indian Air Force (IAF) did not approve the design and work-share  Now Russia has reportedly agreed that the jet would be a two-seat design, not a one-seater  India’s work-share would also be increased from18 percent to 25 percent, and even up to 40-50 percent in the near future, in view of the steady development of the Indian aviation industry 
Defence and SecurityAccording to the agreement, India’s stealth air-to-air missile “Astra” along with Indo-Russian BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will be mounted on the FGFA 
The preliminary design agreement on FGFA had been signed in 2010 between Indian HAL and Russian Sukhoi Design Bureau to build the jet for the use by both countries  The final design contract was to be signed in July-August 2012  But the deadline has already passed  According to the Indian media reports, under the programme, India is expected to build 200 fighter jets at the cost of $30 billion 
FGFA is not the only Indo-Russia joint project  The two countries also signed an agreement on the joint development of MTA in 2007, based on Il-214 Russian plane  The cost of the $600 million project is being equally shared by the two countries  The MTA, when developed, will have ready market for 205 aircraft - 45 for the Indian Air Force, 100 for the Russian Air Force, and 60 more for exporting to friendly countries  The international market for MTA is estimated at 390 planes  Under the agreement, thirty percent of the annual production of planes could be exported to third countries 
The MTA was expected to go in service with the Russian and Indian Air Forces in 2015  But the project faced a number of problems, delaying the development of the MTA  The project got into rough weather after India felt there was nothing much for Indian engineers and scientists to do in the design and development of the MTA 
However, all the issues related to the project were resolved with the Russians when the HAL undertook to carry out design and development of its work-share of MTA at Aircraft R&D Centre at Bangalore  Russian Ilyushin Design Bureau and the Irkut Corporation and HAL are participating in the project  The first flight is expected to take place in 2017-18 
The MTA would replace the AN- 32 aircraft being used by the IAF  It will be used for both cargo and troop transportation, para-drop and air drop of supplies, including low-altitude parachute extraction system 
BrahMos missile exports a challenging proposition
Another key deal expected to be signed during the summit, is for the development of “BrahMos mini missile” by the Indo-Russian joint venture BrahMos Aerospace which manufactures supersonic cruise missile  BrahMos’ new CEO Sudhir Mishra recently said he was hopeful that a deal to develop the mini version of the missile will be signed during Putin’s summit with Modi 
“We are hoping to sign a tripartite agreement between DRDO, NPOM lab and BrahMos Aerospace during the planned visit of Russian President in December,” Mishra said 
He said that the new missile will have a speed of 3 5 mach and carry a payload of 300 km up to a range of 290 km  In size, it will be about half of the present missile, which is around 10 metres long  The missile can be integrated with different platforms, including submarines and FGFA  It is planned to be inducted into service by 2017 
Modi-Abbott to upgrade defence ties
A new dimension:
In a first, India and Australia will also set up a mechanism to discuss “synergies in integrating defence system”, including research and development cooperation on integrating defence equipment that both countries currently purchase, for example, U S’s C-17 Globemaster III, according to officials 
^^That report about MTA is fishy  First it says that India has nothing to learn from an existing design (duh) and then says the issue has been resolved  How? Next it says India's need is 45 planes to replace over 100 An-32s  It also speculates about the export potential which may be nonexistent unless we sell it for peanuts 
This is a scam which only aims to create screwdriver jobs at HAL, stall any attempt to introduce private players into the aviation market and continue the Russian gravy train  My fear is the Russkies have our testiments in a firm grip with key components of Brahmos, nuke subs, Su30mki etc and we may be jerked around 
(They need to be more definitive about "MTA" - Multirole vs  Medium)
The Indians had not selected an engine (among other things) for the MTA with the Russians  Perhaps that has been resolved now 
On export numbers, IIRC, it was the responsibility of Rosoboronexport  ?????
Kartik wrote: The MTA would replace the AN- 32 aircraft being used by the IAF  It will be used for both cargo and troop transportation, para-drop and air drop of supplies, including low-altitude parachute extraction system 
Pardon my ignorance  The Avro and An-32 have different upgrade paths  How are the replacements for these venerable aircraft different in terms of use cases in IAF  Cannot one platform replace both these types? (Either MTA or C-295)
In this case, I feel they should have just gone with screwdrivergiri (production tech) and got to market first  There is no jet-powered transporter in this range! Just license produce the IL-214 with the PD-14M, glass cockpit and a state-of-the-art COTS avionics computer 
In my view, it was a low hanging fruit, which they completely messed up! They could have learnt on how to adopt the plane for the 160-200 seater 
indranilroy wrote: They could have learnt on how to adopt the plane for the 160-200 seater 
Yes, the MTA project should fold the Avro, An-32 and the regional transport role and become a conversion project rather a development one  The driving numbers will come from the regional transport (thousands in India itself) rather than the Avro or medium transport roles (max 300 between them)  This changes the ball game and introduces all kinds of possibilities  But I'm pretty sure that the Il-214/MTA is not the way to go because it will take a decade or more to arrive  A good possibility was another Antonov, the An-148 but it has some mechanical glitches apparently besides being bogged down in the Ukraine mess  Maybe the Russians can "relocate" the aircraft to Russia? The other possibility is the BAe-146 which is ironically another Avro  We should remember that both the HS-748 "Avro" and An-32 were regional airliners that were converted to military use, not the other way around  HAL or a private firm will pick up a lot of experience in the conversion process itself 
The Sukhoi Superjet is already in production/orders,with over 100+ for Russian and intl  customers



ground_truth: Electricity is used for transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Besides the Boeing C-17, what other transport aircraft is the IAF considering for acquisition?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  It is ideal for regional transport,perfect for flights to smaller Tier-2/3 cities from metros  If we really want a regional jet this is the fastest way toi go,we can set up a manufacturing unti here for the same at an HAL unit 
Postby shaun » 05 Dec 2014 15:24
Its an international projects, with components outsourced from different international vendors   Over 30 foreign partnership companies are involved in the project and partly financed by Italy 
Sukhoi is good for passenger use but wont be suitable for military, rough field use  The shoulder wing jets like the An-148 have slower speeds and better ground clearance  The Bae-146 was usedby Druk Air in Bhutan so it should do OK in the ALGs  If we don't fold our requirements then we should go with something like the Superjet which we will at least be able to make in India and also modify to stretched versions  Unless we have a clear path to operational clearance within 10 yrs for the RTA project vetted by our top industrial houses, it is pie-in-the-sky and should be dropped  The RTA will be big enough to keep 2-3 factories humming and leapfrog our capabilities  If we don't get our act together almost immediately, we will miss the boat, just like our trainer fiascos 
I don't think Superjet fits into our scheme of things  We should think as a country and see to it that our programs don't trample on each other 
First, the more certain ones:
1  Mahindras NM5 and Airvans can care of the low-cost but sturdy 5,8,10 and 18-seater section 
2  Saras had such great potential for being the high performance 14-18 seater  But I have almost given up on it  This section will most probably be taken up by the Tata-built Do-228 NG 
3  We should standardize the C-295 as the Avro/An-32 replacement and create a 70-80 seater variant out of it 
And then the more wishful ones:
1  If the RTA is going to be a jet, then make it a 100-130 seater  I don't expect the first prototype to take the sky before 2025  I feel it is too big of a jump where we don't even have a base  With LCA, at least we were at least license producing other fighters 
4  Building on the IL-214, the MTA was on a more sure footing  But, I can't see how the first prototype can to take to the sky before 2019(more than 10 years since MTAL was formed)! If the transport plane materializes, then one can imagine making a civilian 150-200 seater version of the same  But this program needs a push  Will Putin's visit be able to galvanize this into the next symbol of Indo-Russian cooperation  Probably not!
Postby GeorgeWelch » 12 Dec 2014 23:39
http://www ctvnews ca/canada/defence-de     -1 2144472
The Defence Department intends to purchase a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, a large military transport plane that comes with a price tag of just under $200 million, CTV News has learned
It's difficult to get a good count, but by some sources, if this and the 4 Australia planes go through, there will only be 5 left 
X-Posting from FGFA thread 
Despite Putin’s visit, two pacts on military aircraft still in doldrums
President Vladimir Putin may have come and gone but stalemate largely persists over two key long-pending India-Russian defence projects, the fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) and military multirole transport aircraft (MTA) 
The deadlock over the MTA, which were initially envisaged to gradually replace IAF's ageing fleet of the medium-lift AN-32 aircraft, seems to be much more serious  India now wants to ascertain the cost viability of the twin-engine transport aircraft in comparison to similar planes available in the market 
There are also questions about the MTA's "predicted timelines for delivery" as well as its failure to meet the high-altitude requirements, which need to be answered before India even thinks of inking the full-scale contract for the project, said sources 
Postby Gyan » 13 Dec 2014 12:29
indranilroy wrote: I don't think Superjet fits into our scheme of things  We should think as a country and see to it that our programs don't trample on each other 
1  Mahindras NM5 and Airvans can care of the low-cost but sturdy 5,8,10 and 18-seater section  Righto
2  Saras had such great potential for being the high performance 14-18 seater  But I have almost given up on it  This section will most probably be taken up by the Tata-built Do-228 NG  We need future extended variants of presurrized aircraft like 30 seater Saras and say 30 seater unpressurized Do-328 NG 
3  We should standardize the C-295 as the Avro/An-32 replacement and create a Civilian turboprop pressurized cabin 70-80 seater variant out of it 
1  If the RTA is going to be a jet, then make it a 100-130 seater  Agreeeeeed I don't expect the first prototype to take the sky before 2025  I feel it is too big of a jump where we don't even have a base  With LCA, at least we were at least license producing other fighters  Though I think that we should participate in Russian MS-21 and also the wide body follow on 
4  Building on the IL-214, the MTA was on a more sure footing  But, I can't see how the first prototype can to take to the sky before 2019(more than 10 years since MTAL was formed)! If the transport plane materializes, then one can imagine making a civilian 150-200 seater version of the same  Though I think that we should participate in Russian MS-21 and also the wide body follow on  But this program needs a push  Will Putin's visit be able to galvanize this into the next symbol of Indo-Russian cooperation  Probably not!
Absence of any specifics on Sukhoi Superjet, MS-21, Wide body aircraft, Mi-38, MRTA, FGFA, even after Putin visit is very disappointing 
FlightGlobal- Boeing sitting on 8 unsold C-17s
By: Dan ParsonsWashington DCSource: Flightglobal com
This story is sourced from Flightglobal com 12 hours agoBoeing has sold two more C-17 transports to an undisclosed customer, but it will likely end the year with eight unsold white tails 
There are 10 Boeing C-17 airlifters in various stages of assembly at the company’s Long Beach, California, production facility 
Two of the aircraft are spoken for by an unnamed customer, Boeing says  Boeing is trying to sell off the other eight white tails, which will be the last produced before the factory is shuttered sometime in the summer of 2015 
The 279th – and final – C-17 fuselage will be mated to its wings in January or February, programme spokeswoman Tiffany Pitts tells Flightglobal  The operation is California’s last remaining aircraft production line and the lone widebody military aircraft production line in the USA, according to Boeing 
At least two countries – Australia and Canada – have publicly announced an intention to purchase a C-17, though neither factor into Boeing’s future planning, Pitts says  Until contracts are finalised, the number available remains eight, she says  The Royal Canadian Air Force already has four C-17As, according to Flightglobal’s World Air Forces 2014 directory 
Canadian news outlets reported earlier in December that the air force would buy one C-17 with money left over at the end of 2015 
Australia is further along with its bid to purchase C-17s  The US Defense Security Cooperation Agency in November announced Australia was approved to buy up to four C-17s and support equipment for $1 6 billion 
Boeing has plans to store any unsold C-17s following closure of its production line, Pitts says 
“I’m hoping they all will be sold before then, but we’ve had plans in place for a very long time to store and maintain the aircraft if that doesn’t happen,” she says 
the IAF will need to factor in the demand vs availability of C-17s and stock up with a follow-on order quickly  The initial plan to have 16 C-17s may not fructify, considering that there are just 8 left now, with Australia having announced plans to buy 4 more 
why are they closing the line if it has demands ???
Real estate sales tactics probably  Buy now last 8 3bhk flats Saar 
krishnan wrote: why are they closing the line if it has demands ???
It requires 3 years lead time to order raw materials/parts from all of its sub-vendors  All current firm orders have been fulfilled, and no new orders have come  Anticipating a need for a few more aircrafts, they produced 10 extra (self-funded) units before production winded down  Bottom line is they don't make money keeping an idle plant around with all its employees and infrastructure  At most what they will likely do is keep a limited infrastructure around for a few more years in case a bunch of new orders come  They can then see if it makes business sense to re-open the plant 
Postby Aditya_V » 17 Dec 2014 12:19
Wish this can be brought to the notice of Journos/ Poster when slamming LCA/ Arjun and other indigenous projects  If there are no orders there will be no efficiency 
Dec 10, 2014 :: Russia launches Il-76MDM upgrade programme
Russia's Ilyushin has started to upgrade a first Russian Air Force (VVS) Ilyushin Il-76MD 'Candid' military transport aircraft to Il-76MDM standard, company officials have told IHS Jane's   The main features of the upgrade include refurbished engines and upgraded avionics 
The modernisation is being conducted at the VVS's Military Transport Aviation (MTA) maintenance facility based at the Ilyushin division in Zhukovsky city near Moscow 
A senior Ilyushin official told IHS Jane's that the upgrade of the first aircraft will be finished in 18 months  Subsequent aircraft will take less time to complete the process, however  When the modernisation is finished the initial Il-76MDM will undergo state trials  The upgrade process for subsequent aircraft will begin when the trials programme is completed 
IHS Jane's was previously told by a VVS senior official that the modernisation of 41 MTA Il-76MDs is planned by 2020  While the Il-76MDM upgrade retains the old D-30KP engine (compared with the PS-90A engine equipping the new Il-76MD-90A/Il-476), the modernisation effort should match the aircraft's onboard electronics with those of the newbuild Il-76MD-90A  This and other efforts mean the cost of modernising the Il-76MD to Il-76MDM is only a third of that of a newbuild Il-76MD-90A 
The existing D-30KP engines are to be enhanced to increase their service life  The overall aircraft's service life will be extended by 15 years 
The upgrade works are planned to be conducted in an aviation repair factory or in the MTA's aircraft maintenance facility  As a result, the Ulyanovsk-based Aviastar-SP plant, which is building the Il-76MD-90A, is not involved in the Il-76MD to Il-76MDM modernisation programme 
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