prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the Tevatron Collider Run II start and when is it expected to end?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: \section{INTRODUCTION}
The Tevatron Collider Run II started in March 2002 and is expected
to continue until the end of this decade  The Tevatron and the 
two detectors, CDF and D\O, have been performing  well in 2004,
each experiment is collecting data at the rate 
of $\approx$10 pb$^{-1}$ per week 
The total  luminosity accumulated by August 2004 is $\approx$500 pb$^{-1}$
per detector 
The rich physics program includes the
production and precision measurement of properties of  standard model (SM)
objects, as well as searches for phenomena beyond standard model 
In this brief review we focus on areas of most interest 
to the lattice community  We present
new results on the top quark mass
and their implication for the mass of the SM Higgs boson, 
on searches for the SM Higgs boson, on evidence for the $X(3872)$ state, 
on searches for pentaquarks, and on $b$ hadron properties 
All Run II results presented here are preliminary  

\section{TOP QUARK MASS}

The experiments CDF and D\O\ published several direct  measurements of
the top quark pole mass, $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$, 
based on Run I data (1992-1996) 
The ``lepton $+$ jets'' channel yields the most precise determination of
$\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$  Recently, the
D\O\ collaboration published a new measurement~\cite{Mtop1-D0-l+j-new},
based on a powerful analysis technique yielding  greatly improved precision 
The differential probability 
that the measured variables in any event correspond to the signal
is calculated as a function of $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$  
The maximum in the product of the individual event probabilities 
provides the best estimate of $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$ 
The critical differences from previous analyses 
in the lepton $+$ jets decay channel lie in 
the assignment of more 
weight to events that are well measured or more likely to correspond to  
$t \bar t$ signal, 
and  the handling of the combinations of final-state objects
(lepton, jets, and imbalance in transverse momentum) 
and their identification with
top-quark decay products in an event  
The new combined value for the top-quark mass from Run I is 
$\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}  =  178 0\pm4 3~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 

In Run II, both collaborations  have been exploring several different techniques 
for $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$
measurements  The best single CDF result comes from a dynamic likelihood method
(DLM)  The method is similar to
the technique used in Ref ~\cite{Mtop1-D0-l+j-new} 
The result is $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}} = 177 8^{+4 5}_{-5 0} (stat) \pm  6 2 (syst) ~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
The joint likelihood of the selected events is shown in Fig  ~\ref{fig:cdf_tml}  
The Run II goal is a 1\% uncertainty on $\ensuremath{M_{\mathrm{top}}}$  




\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-5mm}
\includegraphics[height=5 8cm,width=8 1cm]  {data_22ev_likelihood eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{The joint likelihood of top candidates(CDF) }
\label{fig:cdf_tml}
\end{figure}




\section{SEARCH FOR SM HIGGS BOSON}


The constraints on the SM Higgs ($H$)  boson  mass from
published  measurements, updated to include the new D\O\ top mass
measurement~\cite{Mtop1-D0-l+j-new}, are
$M_H = 117 ^{+67}_{-45}~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$, $M_H < 251~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ at 95\% C L 
The  new most likely  value of $M_H$
is above the experimentally excluded range,
and sufficiently low for $H$ to be observed at the Tevatron 


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-5mm}
\includegraphics[height=7 5cm,width=7 8cm]  {d0_wbb_fig_3_err eps}
\vspace*{-1 1cm}
\caption{Distribution of the dijet
invariant mass for $W+2 b$-tagged jets  events,
compared to the expectation (D\O)  
}
\label{fig:d0_wbb_2tag}
\end{figure}



D\O\  has conducted a search for $H$ at $M_H < 140~\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
in the production channel  
$p \bar{p} \rightarrow WH \rightarrow  e \nu b \bar{b}$  
The experimental signature of  $WH \rightarrow e \nu b \bar{b}$
is a final state with 
one high $p_T$ electron, two  $b$ jets, and
large missing transverse energy  resulting from
the undetected neutrino 
The dominant backgrounds to $WH$ production
are  $W b \bar{b}$, $t \bar{t}$ and single-top production 
The distribution 
of the dijet mass for events with two $b$-tagged jets is shown in
Fig ~\ref{fig:d0_wbb_2tag}  
Also shown is the  expected contribution ($0 06$ events)  
from the $b \bar{b}$ decay of a
SM Higgs boson with $M_H =$ 115 $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
No events are observed in the  dijet mass window of 85--135  $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ 
D\O\ sets a limit on the cross section
for $\sigma( p\bar{p} \rightarrow WH) \times B(H \rightarrow b \bar{b}) $
of 9 0 pb at the 95\% C L ,  for a 115  $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$ Higgs boson 
The results for mass points 105, 125, and 135 $\ensuremath{\mathrm{ Ge\kern -0 1em V }\kern -0 2em /c^2 }$
 are 11 0, 9 1 and 12 2 pb,  respectively 



\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\includegraphics[height=0 33\textheight,width=8 0cm]{whww_aps04_bw eps}

\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{95\% limits on the $H$ production (CDF) }
\label{fig:cdf_whww}
\end{figure}


CDF  has done  a similar search, allowing either an  electron or a muon  
in the final state   Both groups have also searched for $H$ produced in
gluon-gluon fusion, with subsequent decay to a pair of $W$ bosons 
The CDF results for both channels  are shown in Fig ~\ref{fig:cdf_whww}  



\section{THE STATE X(3872)}


\begin{figure}[htb]

\includegraphics[height=8 0cm,width=7 5cm]  {X3872cdfPRL1FullM eps}
\vspace*{-1cm}
\caption{The $X(3872)$ signal (CDF) }
\label{fig:cdf_x}
\end{figure}




 The existence of the $X(3872)$ state discovered by 
the Belle Collaboration~\cite{Belle-X}
 has been confirmed 
 in $p \bar{p}$ collisions by  CDF~\cite{cdf-X} (see Fig ~\ref{fig:cdf_x})
and D\O~\cite{d0-X} 
 It is still unclear whether this particle is a $c\bar{c}$ state,
 or a more complex object   When the data are separated according to
production and decay variables, D\O\  finds no significant
differences between the $X(3872)$ and
the $c \bar{c}$ state $\psi(2S)$ 
CDF has analysed the ``lifetime'' distribution of the $X(3872)$ events in order to
quantify what fraction of this state arises from decay of $B$ hadrons, as opposed to
those produced promptly  The authors find that for the selected samples
28 3$\pm$1 0$(stat)\pm$0 7$(syst)$\% of $\psi(2S)$ candidates are from $b$ decays,
whereas 16 1$\pm$4 9$(stat)\pm$2 0$(syst)$\% of $X$ mesons arise from such decays 





\section{SEARCH FOR PENTAQUARKS}



\begin{figure}[htb]

\includegraphics[height=0 27\textheight,width=7 6cm]  {mpks_1stminbias eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}

\caption{Invariant mass distribution of an identified proton and a $K^0_s$ candidate  (CDF)
}
\label{fig:pqtheta}
\end{figure}



\begin{figure}[htb]

\vspace*{-0 9cm}
\includegraphics[height=0 25\textheight,width=8 0cm]  {CM_xicst_cc_1 eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{Invariant mass distribution of the $(\Xi^-,\pi^+)$ system  (CDF) 
}
\label{fig:pqxi}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-0 9cm}

\includegraphics[height=0 25\textheight,width=7 6cm]  {theta_note_dstp_dedx_pt eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{Mass of the ($D^{*+}\bar p$) system  The arrow indicates the position of 
the $\Theta_c$ state (CDF) }
\label{fig:pqthetac}
\end{figure}



Following reports of evidence for exotic
baryons containing five quarks (pentaquarks), CDF has analysed 
its data for evidence of the following pentaquarks:
$\Theta^+$ ($uud\bar d \bar s$), doubly strange states 
$\Xi_{3/2}$, charmed states $\Theta_c$, and, most recently, 
a state $(udus\bar b)$, dubbed $R^+_s$, through its weak decay to $(J/\psi, p)$  
With its excellent particle indentification and mass resolution,
CDF has a unique capability to search for  pentaquark states 
The signals of known states: $\phi$, $\Lambda$,
$\Lambda(1520)$, $K^*$, $\Xi$, 
compare favorably with those provided
by the authors of  the pentaquark evidence 
The group finds no evidence for pentaquark states, see Figs 
~\ref{fig:pqtheta},{\ref{fig:pqxi},\ref{fig:pqthetac} 
This can be interpreted as an indication that the pentaquark production 
in $p \bar p$ collisions is heavily suppressed compared to the conventional
hadron production, or as an evidence against the existence of pentaquarks 

\clearpage

\section{RECENT B PHYSICS RESULTS}


\subsection{Spectroscopy}

CDF has measured the mass of $b$ hadrons in exclusive $J/\psi$ channels 
The measurements of the $B_s$ and $\Lambda_b$ (Fig  \ref{fig:masslb})
masses are the current world's best \\

$m(B^+)$ = 5279 10$\pm$0 41$(stat)\pm$0 36$(syst)$,

$m(B^0)$ = 5279 63$\pm$0 53$(stat)\pm$0 33$(syst)$,

$m(B_s)$ = 5366 01$\pm$0 73$(stat)\pm$0 33$(syst)$,

$m(\Lambda_b)$ = 5619 7$\pm$1 2$(stat)\pm$1 2$(syst)$ MeV/$c^2$ \\


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1mm}
\includegraphics[height=0 30\textheight,width=7 5cm]  {lambdav1c eps}
\vspace*{-1cm}

\caption{The mass spectrum of $\Lambda_b$ candidates (CDF) }
\label{fig:masslb}
\end{figure}


D\O\ reports the first observation of the excited $B$ mesons 
$B_1$ and $B^*_2$ as two separate states in fully reconstructed
decays to $B^{(*)}\pi$  The mass of $B_1$ is measured to be
5724$\pm$4$\pm$7 MeV/c$^2$, and the mass difference $\Delta M$ between
$B^*_2$ and $B_1$ is 23 6$\pm$7 7$\pm$3 9 MeV/c$^2$
(Fig   \ref{fig:d0_bexc}) 

D\O\ observes semileptonic $B$ decays to narrow $D^{**}$ states,
the orbitally excited states  of the $D$ meson
seen as resonances in the $D^{*+}\pi^-$ invariant mass spectrum 
The $D^*$ mesons are reconstructed through the decay sequence 
$D^{*+} \rightarrow D^0\pi^+$, $D^0\rightarrow K^-\pi^+$ 
The invariant mass  of oppositely charged $(D^*,\pi)$ pairs
is shown in Fig   \ref{fig:d0_dstst} 
The mass peak between 2 4 and 2 5 GeV/$c^2$ can be interpreted as two merged 
narrow $D^{**}$ states, $D^0_1(2420)$ and $D^0_2(2460)$ 
The combined branching fraction is 
$ {\cal B}(B\rightarrow D^0_1,D^0_2)\cdot {\cal B}(D^0_1,D^0_2\rightarrow D^{*+}\pi^-)=(0 280\pm0 021(stat)\pm0 088(syst)$\%  The systematic error includes the unknown phase between the
two resonances  Work is in progress on extracting the two Breit-Wigner
amplitudes 


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-2mm}
\hspace*{-3mm}
\includegraphics[height=0 28\textheight,width=8 3cm]  {B08F02 eps}

\vspace*{-1cm}
\caption{Mass difference $\Delta M = M(B\pi)-M(B)$ for exclusive $B$ decays 
The background-subtracted signal is a sum of 
$B^*_1 \rightarrow B^* \pi$, $B^* \rightarrow B \gamma $ (open area)
and $B^*_2 \rightarrow B^*\pi$ $B^*\rightarrow B \gamma$ (lower peak in the shaded area)
and $B^*_2 \rightarrow B \pi$ (upper peak in the shaded area)  
(D\O) }
\label{fig:d0_bexc}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[htb]
\includegraphics[height=0 25\textheight,width=7 5cm]  {B05F03 eps}

\vspace*{-1cm}
\caption{The invariant mass distribution of
$(D^*,\pi)$ pairs, opposite sign (points) and same-sign (solid histogram) }
\label{fig:d0_dstst}
\end{figure}






\subsection{Lifetimes}


CDF and D\O\ have measured  lifetimes of $b$ hadrons through the exclusively
reconstructed decays $B^+ \rightarrow J/\psi K^+$, $B^0 \rightarrow J/\psi K^{*0}$,
$B_s \rightarrow J/\psi \phi$, 
and $\Lambda_b \rightarrow J/\psi \Lambda$
(Fig  \ref{fig:d0_lbctau}) 
The latest results are:  \\



 $\tau(B^+)$=1 65 $\pm$ 0 08 $^{+0 096}_{-0 123}$  ps ~(D\O\ 2003),

 $\tau(B^+)$=1 662 $\pm$ 0 033  $\pm$ 0 008  ps ~(CDF),

 $\tau(B^0_d)$=1 473  $^{+0 052}_{-0 050}$ $\pm$ 0 023    ps ~(D\O) 

 $\tau(B^0_d)$=1 539 $\pm$ 0 051  $\pm$ 0 008  ps ~(CDF),

 $\tau(B^0_s)$=1 444   $^{+0 098}_{-0 090}$ $\pm$ 0 020   ps ~(D\O),

 $\tau(B^0_s)$=1 369 $\pm$ 0 100 $\pm$ $^{+0 008}_{0 010}$  ps ~(CDF),


 $\tau(\Lambda_b)$=1 221 $^{+0 217}_{-0 179}$ $\pm$ 0 043  ps ~(D\O),


 $\tau(\Lambda_b)$=1 25 $\pm$ 0 26 $\pm$ 0 10  ps ~(CDF 2003) \\



The measured lifetimes correspond to the following lifetime ratios:\\

$\tau(B^+)/\tau(B^0_d)$   =  1 080$\pm$0 042     ~(CDF),
 
$\tau(B^0_s)/\tau(B^0_d)$ =  0 890$\pm$0 072    ~(CDF),

$\tau(B^0_s)/\tau(B^0_d)$ = 0 980$ ^{+0 075}_{-0 070}   \pm$0 003    ~(D\O),

$\tau(\Lambda_b)/\tau(B^0_d)$ =  0 874$ ^{+0 169}_{-0 142}   \pm$0 028    ~(D\O) \\



\begin{figure}[htb]
\includegraphics[height=0 3\textheight,width=8 2cm]  {d0_lbctau_B11F02 eps}
\vspace*{-1cm}

\caption{ Fit projection on  $c\tau$ for the $\Lambda_b$ candidates   (D\O)}
\label{fig:d0_lbctau}
\end{figure}


The $B_s$ lifetime measurements listed above are results of
a single-lifetime fit to data, integrated over the decay angles 
Because  of the presence of  final
states  common to ${B_s^0}$\ and its charge conjugate ${\overline{B}_s^0}$,
the two meson states   are expected
to mix in such a way that the two CP  eigenstates may have a relatively
large lifetime difference 
It is possible to
separate the two CP components of ${B_s^0 \rightarrow J/\psi \phi}$\ and thus to measure the
lifetime difference by studying the time evolution of the
polarization states of the vector mesons in the final state 
CDF has carried out a combined analysis of $B_s$ lifetimes 
and polarization amplitudes  The results for the lifetimes of the
low mass (CP even) and high mass (CP odd) eigenstates, and the relative 
width difference are:\\

 $\tau_L = 1 05 ^{+0 16}_{-0 13} \pm 0 02$ ~ps,
 
 $\tau_H = 2 07 ^{+0 58}_{-0 46} \pm 0 03$ ~ps,

 $\Delta \Gamma /\overline \Gamma   = 0 65 ^{+0 25}_{-0 33} \pm 0 01$ \\

Figure \ref{fig:cdf_dg} shows  the scan of the likelihood function 
for $\Delta \Gamma /\overline \Gamma$ 
Pseudoexperiments tossed with $\Delta \Gamma /\overline \Gamma =0$
yield the betting odds for observing the above results at
1/315  For $\Delta \Gamma /\overline \Gamma = 0 12$ (SM prediction,
which has recently been updated to 0 14$\pm$0 05~\cite{dg_un}) the betting odds are
1/84 

\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-1mm}
\includegraphics[height=0 3\textheight,width=8 2cm]  {cdf_scan-dg-un eps}

\vspace*{-1cm}
\caption{Scan of the likelihood function 
for $\Delta \Gamma /\overline \Gamma$ (CDF) 
}
\label{fig:cdf_dg}
\end{figure}




D\O\ has used a novel technique to  measure the lifetime ratio
of the charged and neutral $B$ mesons, exploiting the large
semileptonic sample  $B$ hadrons were reconstructed in the channels
$B\rightarrow \mu^+ \nu D^*(2010)^-X$, which are dominated by $B^0$ decays, 
and  $B\rightarrow \mu^+ \nu D^0X$, which are dominated by $B^+$ decays 
The lifetime ratio was
obtained from the variation of the ratio of the number of events in these two
processes at different decay lengths 
The result is \\


$\tau(B^+)/\tau(B^0_d)$   =  1 093$\pm$0 021$\pm$0 022       ~(D\O)




\subsection{Towards $B_s$ mixing}

Measurement of the $B_s$ oscillation frequency via ${B_s^0}$ -${\overline{B}_s^0}$ ~mixing
will provide an important constraint on the CKM matrix  The oscillation
frequency is proportional to the mass difference between the mass eigenstates,
$\Delta m_s$, and is related to the CKM matrix through 
$\Delta m_s \propto |V_{tb}V_{ts}|$  When combined with the
$B_d$ mass difference, $\Delta m_d$ it helps in extraction of $|V_{td}|$,
and thereby the CP violating phase  

As a benchmark for future $B_s$ oscillation measurement, both groups
study  $B_d$ mixing, gaining an understanding of the different components
of a $B$ mixing analysis (sample composition, flavor tagging, vertexing,
asymmetry fitting)  For a sample of partially reconstructed decays
$B\rightarrow D^*(2010)^+\mu^-X$, D\O\ obtains 
$\Delta m_d = 0 506 \pm 0 055 (stat) \pm  0 049 (syst))$ ps$^{-1}$ and
$\Delta m_d = 0 488 \pm 0 066 (stat) \pm  0 044 (syst))$ ps$^{-1}$
when employing  opposite side muon tagging and the same side tagging,
respectively 

The CDF result for semileptonic channels is
$\Delta m_d = 0 536 \pm 0 037 (stat) \pm  0 009 (s c ) \pm 0 015 (syst)$ ps$^{-1}$ 
CDF also reports a result on $B$ oscillations using fully reconstructed
decays:
$\Delta m_d = 0 526 \pm 0 056 (stat) \pm  0 005 (syst))$ ps$^{-1}$ 

Reconstructing $B_s$ decays into different final states is another
important
 step in the ${B_s^0}$ -${\overline{B}_s^0}$ ~mixing analysis 
Thanks to the  large muon and tracking coverage,   D\O\ is accumulating
a  high statistics sample of semileptonic $B_s$ decays 
D\O\ reconstructs the $B_s \rightarrow D^+_s \mu^- X$ decays, with
$D^+_s \rightarrow \phi \pi^+ $ and
$D^+_s \rightarrow K^* K^+ $,
at a rate of $\approx$ 40(25) events per pb$^{-1}$,  respectively 
Figure \ref{fig:d0_bsdsphipi} shows the mass distribution of the
$D^+_s \rightarrow \phi \pi$ candidates 


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-5mm}
\includegraphics[height=0 3\textheight,width=8 0cm]  {blds-250 eps}
\vspace*{-1 2cm}
\caption{  $D^+_s \rightarrow \phi \pi^+$  signal  (D\O)}
\label{fig:d0_bsdsphipi}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[htb]
\vspace*{-10mm}
\hspace*{-4mm}
\includegraphics[height=0 35\textheight,width=7 9cm]  {cdf_Bs-DsPi-PhiPi eps}

\vspace*{-1 0cm}
\caption{ $B_s \rightarrow D_s \pi$, $D_s \rightarrow \phi \pi$  signal   (CDF)}
\label{fig:cdf_bsdsphipi}
\end{figure}


CDF has clean signals for fully hadronic, flavor-specific  $B_s$ decays,
providing the best sensitivity to $B_s$ oscillations at high
$\Delta m_s$  Figure \ref{fig:cdf_bsdsphipi} shows the signal for
the best channel, $B_s \rightarrow D_s \pi$, $D_s \rightarrow \phi \pi$ 

\clearpage


\subsection{Rare decays}

The purely leptonic decays $B_{d,s}^0 \rightarrow \mu^+
\mu^-$ are flavor-changing neutral current (FCNC) processes 
In the standard model, these decays are forbidden at the tree level and
proceed at a very low rate through higher-order diagrams 
The latest SM prediction~\cite{sm_ref3}
is ${\cal B}(B^0_s \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-)=(3 42\pm 0 54)\times
10^{-9}$, where the error is dominated by non-perturbative uncertainties  The
leptonic branching fraction of the $B_d^0$ decay is suppressed by CKM matrix elements $|V_{td}/V_{ts}|^2$
leading to a predicted SM branching fraction of $(1 00\pm0 14)\times 10^{-10}$ 
The best published experimental bound (Fig ~\ref{fig:cdf_bsmumu})
 for the branching fraction
of $B^0_s$ $(B^0_d)$ is presently
${\cal B}(B^0_s \, (B^0_d) \rightarrow \mu^+\mu^-)<7 5\times 10^{-7}\, 
(1 9\times 10^{-7})$ at the 95\% C L ~\cite{cdfII} 
The decay amplitude of $B^0_{d,s} \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-$ can be
significantly enhanced in some extensions of the SM  

\begin{figure}[htb]
\includegraphics[height=8 3cm,width=7 9cm]  {cdfbsmumu_results_prl eps}

\vspace*{-1cm}
\caption{Invariant mass for the events passing all requirements  (CDF)}
\label{fig:cdf_bsmumu}
\end{figure}


Assuming no contributions 
from the decay $B^0_d\rightarrow \mu^+\mu^-$ in the signal region,
D\O\  finds the conservative upper limit on the branching fraction 
to be ${\cal B}(B^0_s \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^-) \leq 4 6\times 10^{-7}$ 
at the 95\% C L  (Fig ~\ref{fig:d0_bsmumu}) 






\begin{figure}[htb]
\includegraphics[height=5 0cm,width=8 0cm]  {B06F03 eps}
\vspace*{-1cm}
\caption{Invariant mass for the events  passing all requirements  (D\O)}
\label{fig:d0_bsmumu}
\end{figure}


Context 3: Sir Simon William English  (born 30 December 1961) is a New Zealand former National Party politician who served as the 39th prime minister of New Zealand from 2016 to 2017  He had previously served as the 17th deputy prime minister of New Zealand and minister of finance from 2008 to 2016 under John Key and the Fifth National Government 

A farmer and public servant before entering politics, English was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in  as the National Party's candidate in the Wallace electorate  He was elevated to Cabinet in 1996 and in 1999 was made minister of finance, although he served for less than a year due to his party's loss at the 1999 general election  In October 2001, English replaced Jenny Shipley as the leader of the National Party (and consequently as Leader of the Opposition)  He led the party to its worst defeat at the 2002 general election, and as a consequence, in October 2003 he was replaced as leader by Don Brash 

In November 2006, after Brash's resignation, English became deputy leader under John Key  After National's victory at the 2008 general election, he became deputy prime minister and was also made minister of finance for the second time  Under English's direction New Zealand's economy maintained steady growth during National's three terms of government  He became a list-only MP after stepping down as an electorate MP at the 2014 general election 

John Key resigned as leader of the National Party and prime minister in December 2016  English won the resulting leadership election unopposed and was sworn in as prime minister on 12 December 2016  His tenure was only ten months, and included a three-month election campaign  In the 2017 general election, National won the largest number of seats but fell short of a majority  The parties holding the balance of power declined to support the existing government, and English was subsequently replaced as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern, leader of the Labour Party  English initially continued on as Leader of the Opposition, but resigned as leader of the National Party on 27 February 2018 and left parliament two weeks later 

Early life
English was born on 30 December 1961 at Lumsden Maternity Centre in Lumsden  He is the eleventh of twelve children of Mervyn English and Norah (née O'Brien) English  His parents purchased Rosedale, a mixed sheep and cropping farm in Dipton, Southland from Mervyn's uncle, Vincent English, a bachelor, in 1944  English was born in the maternity unit at Lumsden 

English attended St Thomas's School in Winton, then boarded at St  Patrick's College in Upper Hutt, where he became head boy  He played in the first XV of the school's rugby team  English went on to study commerce at the University of Otago, where he was a resident at Selwyn College, and then completed an honours degree in English literature at Victoria University of Wellington 

After finishing his studies, English returned to Dipton and farmed for a few years  From 1987 to 1989, he worked in Wellington as a policy analyst for the New Zealand Treasury, at a time when the free market policies favoured by Labour's finance minister Roger Douglas (known collectively as "Rogernomics") were being implemented 

English joined the National Party in 1980, while at Victoria University  He served for a period as chairman of the Southland branch of the Young Nationals, and became a member of the Wallace electorate committee  After moving to Wellington, he served for periods on the Island Bay and Miramar electorate committees, respectively 

Fourth National Government (1990–1999)

At the 1990 general election, English stood as the National candidate in Wallace, replacing the retiring Derek Angus, and was elected with a large majority  He would hold this seat, renamed Clutha-Southland in 1996, until 2014  He and three other newly elected National MPs (Tony Ryall, Nick Smith, and Roger Sowry) were soon identified as rising stars in New Zealand politics, and at various points were dubbed the "brat pack", the "gang of four", and the "young Turks"  In his first term in parliament, English chaired a select committee into social services  He was made a parliamentary under-secretary in 1993, serving under the Minister of Health 

First period in cabinet (1996–1999)
In early 1996, English was elevated to cabinet by Prime Minister Jim Bolger, becoming the Minister for Crown Health Enterprises and Associate Minister of Education (to Wyatt Creech)  He was 34 at the time, becoming the cabinet's youngest member  After the 1996 general election, the National Party was forced into a coalition with New Zealand First to retain government  In the resulting cabinet reshuffle, English emerged as Minister of Health  However, as a condition of the coalition agreement, NZ First's Neil Kirton (a first-term MP) was made Associate Minister of Health, effectively becoming English's deputy  This arrangement was described in the press as a "shotgun marriage", and there were frequent differences of opinion between the two ministers  After their relationship became unworkable, Kirton was sacked from the role in August 1997, with the agreement of NZ First leader Winston Peters 

As Minister of Health, English was responsible for continuing the reforms to the public health system that National had begun after the 1990 general election  The reforms were unpopular, and health was perceived as one of the government's weaknesses, with the health portfolio consequently being viewed as a challenge  English believed that the unpopularity of the reforms was in part due to a failure in messaging, and encouraged his National colleagues to avoid bureaucratic and money-focused language (such as references to "balance sheets" and "user charges") and instead talk about the improvements to services the government's reforms would bring  He also rejected the idea that public hospitals could be run as commercial enterprises, a view which some of his colleagues had previously promoted 

By early 1997, as dissatisfaction with Bolger's leadership began to grow, English was being touted as a potential successor, along with Jenny Shipley and Doug Graham  His age (35) was viewed as the main impediment to a successful leadership run  National's leadership troubles were resolved in December 1997, when Bolger resigned and Shipley was elected to the leadership unopposed  English had been a supporter of Bolger as leader, but Shipley reappointed him Minister of Health in her new cabinet 

English was promoted to Minister of Finance in a reshuffle in January 1999, a position which was at the time subordinate to the Treasurer, Bill Birch  After a few months, the pair switched positions as part of Birch's transition to retirement, with English assuming the senior portfolio  In early interviews, he emphasised his wish to be seen as a pragmatist rather than an ideologue, and said that the initiatives of some of his predecessors (Roger Douglas's "Rogernomics" and Ruth Richardson's "Ruthanasia") had focused on "fruitless, theoretical debates" when "people just want to see problems solved" 

Opposition (1999–2008)

After the National Party lost the 1999 election to Helen Clark's Labour Party, English continued on in the shadow cabinet as National's spokesperson for finance



ground_truth: The Tevatron Collider Run II started in March 2002 and is expected to continue until the end of this decade.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many massive star-forming regions were studied?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: \section{Introduction}

Spectral line surveys have revealed that high-mass star-forming
regions are rich reservoirs of molecules from simple diatomic species
to complex and larger molecules (e g ,
\citealt{schilke1997b,hatchell1998b,comito2005,bisschop2007}) 
However, there have been rarely studies undertaken to investigate the
chemical evolution during massive star formation from the earliest
evolutionary stages, i e , from High-Mass Starless Cores (HMSCs) and
High-Mass Cores with embedded low- to intermediate-mass protostars
destined to become massive stars, via High-Mass Protostellar Objects
(HMPOs) to the final stars that are able to produce Ultracompact H{\sc
  ii} regions (UCH{\sc ii}s, see \citealt{beuther2006b} for a recent
description of the evolutionary sequence)  The first two evolutionary
stages are found within so-called Infrared Dark Clouds (IRDCs)   While
for low-mass stars the chemical evolution from early molecular
freeze-out to more evolved protostellar cores is well studied (e g ,
\citealt{bergin1997,dutrey1997,pavlyuchenkov2006,joergensen2007}),
it is far from clear whether similar evolutionary patterns are present
during massive star formation 

To better understand the chemical evolution of high-mass star-forming
regions we initiated a program to investigate the chemical properties
from IRDCs to UCH{\sc ii}s from an observational and theoretical
perspective  We start with single-dish line surveys toward a large
sample obtaining their basic characteristics, and then perform
detailed studies of selected sources using interferometers on smaller
scales  These observations are accompanied by theoretical modeling of
the chemical processes   Long-term goals are the chemical
characterization of the evolutionary sequence in massive star
formation, the development of chemical clocks, and the identification
of molecules as astrophysical tools to study the physical processes
during different evolutionary stages  Here, we present an initial
study of the reactive radical ethynyl (C$_2$H) combining single-dish
and interferometer observations with chemical modeling   Although
C$_2$H was previously observed in low-mass cores and Photon Dominated
Regions (e g , \citealt{millar1984,jansen1995}), so far it was not
systematically investigated in the framework of high-mass star
formation 

\section{Observations}
\label{obs}

The 21 massive star-forming regions were observed with the Atacama
Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) in the 875\,$\mu$m window in fall 2006 
We observed 1\,GHz from 338 to 339\,GHz and 1\,GHz in the image
sideband from 349 to 350\,GHz   The spectral resolution was
0 1\,km\,s$^{-1}$, but we smoothed the data to
$\sim$0 9\,km\,s$^{-1}$  The average system temperatures were around
200\,K, each source had on-source integration times between 5 and 16
min  The data were converted to main-beam temperatures with forward
and beam efficiencies of 0 97 and 0 73, respectively
\citep{belloche2006}  The average $1\sigma$ rms was 0 4\,K   The main
spectral features of interest are the C$_2$H lines around 349 4\,GHz
with upper level excitation energies $E_u/k$ of 42\,K (line blends of
C$_2$H$(4_{5,5}-3_{4,4})$ \& C$_2$H$(4_{5,4}-3_{4,3})$ at
349 338\,GHz, and C$_2$H$(4_{4,4}-3_{3,3})$ \&
C$_2$H$(4_{4,3}-3_{3,2})$ at 349 399\,GHz)  The beam size was $\sim
18''$ 

The original Submillimeter Array (SMA) C$_2$H data toward the
HMPO\,18089-1732 were first presented in \citet{beuther2005c}  There
we used the compact and extended configurations resulting in good
images for all spectral lines except of C$_2$H  For this project, we
re-worked on these data only using the compact configuration  Because
the C$_2$H emission is distributed on larger scales (see
\S\ref{results}), we were now able to derive a C$_2$H image  The
integration range was from 32 to 35\,km\,s$^{-1}$, and the achieved
$1\sigma$ rms of the C$_2$H image was 450\,mJy\,beam$^{-1}$   For more
details on these observations see \citet{beuther2005c} 

\section{Results}
\label{results}

The sources were selected to cover all evolutionary stages from IRDCs
via HMPOs to UCH{\sc ii}s  We derived our target list from the samples
of \citet{klein2005,fontani2005,hill2005,beltran2006}   Table
\ref{sample} lists the observed sources, their coordinates, distances,
luminosities and a first order classification into the evolutionary
sub-groups IRDCs, HMPOs and UCH{\sc ii}s based on the previously
available data  Although this classification is only based on a
limited set of data, here we are just interested in general
evolutionary trends  Hence, the division into the three main classes
is sufficient 

Figure \ref{spectra} presents sample spectra toward one source of each
evolutionary group  While we see several CH$_3$OH lines as well as
SO$_2$ and H$_2$CS toward some of the HMPOs and UCH{\sc ii}s but not
toward the IRDCs, the surprising result of this comparison is the
presence of the C$_2$H lines around 349 4\,GHz toward all source types
from young IRDCs via the HMPOs to evolved UCH{\sc ii}s   Table
\ref{sample} lists the peak brightness temperatures, the integrated
intensities and the FWHM line-widths of the C$_2$H line blend at
349 399\,GHz  The separation of the two lines of 1 375\,MHz already
corresponds to a line-width of 1 2\,km\,s$^{-1}$  We have three C$_2$H
non-detections (2 IRDCs and 1 HMPO), however, with no clear trend with
respect to the distances or the luminosities (the latter comparison is
only possible for the HMPOs)  While IRDCs are on average colder than
more evolved sources, and have lower brightness temperatures, the
non-detections are more probable due to the relatively low sensitivity
of the short observations (\S\ref{obs})  Hence, the data indicate
that the C$_2$H lines are detected independent of the evolutionary
stage of the sources in contrast to the situation with other
molecules   When comparing the line-widths between the different
sub-groups, one finds only a marginal difference between the IRDCs and
the HMPOs (the average $\Delta v$ of the two groups are 2 8 and
3 1\,km\,s$^{-1}$)   However, the UCH{\sc ii}s exhibit significantly
broader line-widths with an average value of 5 5\,km\,s$^{-1}$ 

Intrigued by this finding, we wanted to understand the C$_2$H spatial
structure during the different evolutionary stages   Therefore, we
went back to a dataset obtained with the Submillimeter Array toward
the hypercompact H{\sc ii} region IRAS\,18089-1732 with a much higher
spatial resolution of $\sim 1''$ \citep{beuther2005c}   Albeit this
hypercompact H{\sc ii} region belongs to the class of HMPOs, it is
already in a relatively evolved stage and has formed a hot core with a
rich molecular spectrum   \citet{beuther2005c} showed the spectral
detection of the C$_2$H lines toward this source, but they did not
present any spatially resolved images  To recover large-scale
structure, we restricted the data to those from the compact SMA
configuration (\S\ref{obs})  With this refinement, we were able to
produce a spatially resolved C$_2$H map of the line blend at
349 338\,GHz with an angular resolution of $2 9''\times 1 4''$
(corresponding to an average linear resolution of 7700\,AU at the
given distance of 3 6\,kpc)  Figure \ref{18089} presents the
integrated C$_2$H emission with a contour overlay of the 860\,$\mu$m
continuum source outlining the position of the massive protostar  In
contrast to almost all other molecular lines that peak along with the
dust continuum \citep{beuther2005c}, the C$_2$H emission surrounds the
continuum peak in a shell-like fashion 

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}

To understand the observations, we conducted a simple chemical
modeling of massive star-forming regions  A 1D cloud model with a mass
of 1200\,M$_\sun$, an outer radius of 0 36\,pc and a power-law density
profile ($\rho\propto r^p$ with $p=-1 5$) is the initially assumed
configuration  Three cases are studied: (1) a cold isothermal cloud
with $T=10$\,K, (2) $T=50$\,K, and (3) a warm model with a temperature
profile $T\propto r^q$ with $q=-0 4$ and a temperature at the outer
radius of 44\,K  The cloud is illuminated by the interstellar UV
radiation field (IRSF, \citealt{draine1978}) and by cosmic ray
particles (CRP)  The ISRF attenuation by single-sized $0 1\mu$m
silicate grains at a given radius is calculated in a plane-parallel
geometry following \citet{vandishoeck1988}  The CRP ionization rate is
assumed to be $1 3\times 10^{-17}$~s$^{-1}$ \citep{spitzer1968}  The
gas-grain chemical model by \citet{vasyunin2008} with the desorption
energies and surface reactions from \citet{garrod2006} is used 
Gas-phase reaction rates are taken from RATE\,06 \citep{woodall2007},
initial abundances, were adopted from the ``low metal'' set of
\citet{lee1998} 

Figure \ref{model} presents the C$_2$H abundances for the three models
at two different time steps: (a) 100\,yr, and (b) in a more evolved
stage after $5\times10^4$\,yr  The C$_2$H abundance is high toward the
core center right from the beginning of the evolution, similar to
previous models (e g , \citealt{millar1985,herbst1986,turner1999}) 
During the evolution, the C$_2$H abundance stays approximately
constant at the outer core edges, whereas it decreases by more than
three orders of magnitude in the center, except for the cold $T=10$~K
model   The C$_2$H abundance profiles for all three models show
similar behavior 

The chemical evolution of ethynyl is determined by relative removal
rates of carbon and oxygen atoms or ions into molecules like CO, OH,
H$_2$O  Light ionized hydrocarbons CH$^+_{\rm n}$ (n=2  5) are quickly
formed by radiative association of C$^+$ with H$_2$ and hydrogen
addition reactions: C$^+$ $\rightarrow$ CH$_2^+$ $\rightarrow$
CH$_3^+$ $\rightarrow$ CH$_5^+$   The protonated methane reacts with
electrons, CO, C, OH, and more complex species at later stage and
forms methane   The CH$_4$ molecules undergo reactive collisions with
C$^+$, producing C$_2$H$_2^+$ and C$_2$H$_3^+$  An alternative way to
produce C$_2$H$_2^+$ is the dissociative recombination of CH$_5^+$
into CH$_3$ followed by reactions with C$^+$   Finally, C$_2$H$_2^+$
and C$_2$H$_3^+$ dissociatively recombine into CH, C$_2$H, and
C$_2$H$_2$  The major removal for C$_2$H is either the direct
neutral-neutral reaction with O that forms CO, or the same reaction
but with heavier carbon chain ions that are formed from C$_2$H by
subsequent insertion of carbon  At later times, depletion and
gas-phase reactions with more complex species may enter into this
cycle   At the cloud edge the interstellar UV radiation
instantaneously dissociates CO despite its self-shielding,
re-enriching the gas with elemental carbon 

The transformation of C$_2$H into CO and other species proceeds
efficiently in dense regions, in particular in the ``warm'' model
where endothermic reactions result in rich molecular complexity of the
gas (see Fig ~\ref{model})   In contrast, in the ``cold'' 10\,K model
gas-grain interactions and surface reactions become important   As a
result, a large fraction of oxygen is locked in water ice that is hard
to desorb ($E_{\rm des} \sim 5500$~K), while half of the elemental
carbon goes to volatile methane ice ($E_{\rm des} \sim 1300$~K)  Upon
CRP heating of dust grains, this leads to much higher gas-phase
abundance of C$_2$H in the cloud core for the cold model compared to
the warm model  The effect is not that strong for less dense regions
at larger radii from the center 

Since the C$_2$H emission is anti-correlated with the dust continuum
emission in the case of IRAS\,18089-1732 (Fig \,\ref{18089}), we do
not have the H$_2$ column densities to quantitatively compare the
abundance profiles of IRAS\,18089-1732 with our model  However, data
and model allow a qualitative comparison of the spatial structures 
Estimating an exact evolutionary time for IRAS\,18089-1732 is hardly
possible, but based on the strong molecular line emission, its high
central gas temperatures and the observed outflow-disk system
\citep{beuther2004a,beuther2004b,beuther2005c}, an approximate age of
$5\times10^4$\,yr appears reasonable   Although dynamical and chemical
times are not necessarily exactly the same, in high-mass star
formation they should not differ to much: Following the models by
\citet{mckee2003} or \citet{krumholz2006b}, the luminosity rises
strongly right from the onset of collapse which can be considered as a
starting point for the chemical evolution  At the same time disks and
outflows evolve, which should hence have similar time-scales   The
diameter of the shell-like C$_2$H structure in IRAS\,18089-1732 is
$\sim 5''$ (Fig \,\ref{18089}), or $\sim$9000\,AU in radius at the
given distance of 3 6\,kpc   This value is well matched by the modeled
region with decreased C$_2$H abundance (Fig \,\ref{model})   Although
in principle optical depths and/or excitation effects could mimic the
C$_2$H morphology, we consider this as unlikely because the other
observed molecules with many different transitions all peak toward the
central submm continuum emission in IRAS\,18089-1732
\citep{beuther2005c}  Since C$_2$H is the only exception in that rich
dataset, chemical effects appear the more plausible explanation 

The fact that we see C$_2$H at the earliest and the later evolutionary
stages can be explained by the reactive nature of C$_2$H: it is
produced quickly early on and gets replenished at the core edges by
the UV photodissociation of CO  The inner ``chemical'' hole observed
toward IRAS\,18089-1732 can be explained by C$_2$H being consumed in
the chemical network forming CO and more complex molecules like larger
carbon-hydrogen complexes and/or depletion 

The data show that C$_2$H is not suited to investigate the central gas
cores in more evolved sources, however, our analysis indicates that
C$_2$H may be a suitable tracer of the earliest stages of (massive)
star formation, like N$_2$H$^+$ or NH$_3$ (e g ,
\citealt{bergin2002,tafalla2004,beuther2005a,pillai2006})  While a
spatial analysis of the line emission will give insights into the
kinematics of the gas and also the evolutionary stage from chemical
models, multiple C$_2$H lines will even allow a temperature
characterization  With its lowest $J=1-0$ transitions around 87\,GHz,
C$_2$H has easily accessible spectral lines in several bands between
the 3\,mm and 850\,$\mu$m   Furthermore, even the 349\,GHz lines
presented here have still relatively low upper level excitation
energies ($E_u/k\sim42$\,K), hence allowing to study cold cores even
at sub-millimeter wavelengths   This prediction can further be proved
via high spectral and spatial resolution observations of different
C$_2$H lines toward young IRDCs 

\acknowledgments{H B  acknowledges financial support
  by the Emmy-Noether-Programm of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  (DFG, grant BE2578)  }



Context 3:  He was elected deputy leader of the party in February 2001, following the resignation of Wyatt Creech, with Gerry Brownlee being his unsuccessful opponent 

Leader of the Opposition
In October 2001, after months of speculation, Jenny Shipley resigned as leader of the National Party after being told she no longer had the support of the party caucus  English was elected as her replacement unopposed (with Roger Sowry as his deputy), and consequently became Leader of the Opposition  However, he did not openly organise against Shipley, and according to The Southland Times "there was almost an element of 'aw, shucks, I'll do it then' about Mr English's ascension" 

Aged 39 when he was elected, English became the second-youngest leader in the National Party's history, after Jim McLay (who was 38 when elected in 1984)  He also became only the third Southlander to lead a major New Zealand political party, after Joseph Ward and Adam Hamilton  However, English failed to improve the party's performance  In the 2002 election, National suffered its worst electoral defeat ever, gaining barely more than twenty percent of the vote  English described it as "the worst day of my political life"  Both party insiders and the general public were split as to how much to blame him for the loss, but most of the party believed that English would be able to rebuild National's support 

By late 2003, however, National's performance in opinion polls remained poor  The party had briefly increased its popularity in the year following the election, but by October its support had fallen to levels only slightly better than what it achieved in the last ballot  English also appeared in a boxing match for a charity against entertainer Ted Clarke  This did not boost his polling or that of the National party either, with suggestions that it devalued his image as a serious politician  Don Brash, former governor of the Reserve Bank and a relative newcomer to politics, began to build up support to replace English  On 28 October, Brash gained sufficient backing in Caucus to defeat English in a leadership contest 

Shadow cabinet roles and deputy leader
On 2 November 2003, when Brash changed responsibilities for certain MPs, English became National's spokesman for education, ranked at fifth place in the party's parliamentary hierarchy  He remained in parliament after the 2005 election  In his new shadow education portfolio, English performed strongly, and remained a party favourite despite his election defeat as leader in 2002, eventually being returned to the finance portfolio in August 2004 as deputy spokesman (while still retaining responsibility for education) 

In November 2006, Brash resigned as leader  English was considered as a potential replacement leader (running against John Key) or deputy leader (against incumbent Gerry Brownlee) in the ensuing leadership election  However, a contest was avoided when the MPs agreed a Key/English ticket would run unopposed in a display of party unity  English took over the deputy leadership and the finance portfolio in the Key shadow cabinet 

Fifth National Government (2008–2017)

Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (2008–2016)

At the 2008 election, English was re-elected by his electorate, winning by a margin of about 15,500 votes  He became Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand and Minister of Finance in the fifth National Government, being sworn into office on 19 November 2008 and continued to serve in those roles until becoming Prime Minister on 12 December 2014  He was also made Minister of Infrastructure in National's first term of government and Minister responsible for Housing New Zealand Corporation and minister responsible for the New Zealand flag consideration process in its third 

He was comfortably re-elected in Clutha-Southland in the 2011 election but opted to run as a party-list candidate in 2014  

The pairing of John Key as leader of the National Party and English as his deputy has been compared to that of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating (in Australia) and Tony Blair and Gordon Brown (in the UK) 

English acceded to the role of Finance Minister in the continuing wake of the financial crisis  In response to New Zealand's rising debt, English made budget deficit-reduction his main priority  His first budget outlined three focuses in New Zealand's financial recovery: "improving the business environment and removing roadblocks to growth; investment in productive infrastructure; and improving the way government works"  One of his first acts was creating the National Infrastructure Unit, charged with formulating a plan for infrastructure projects and investments  He commissioned a government-wide spending review, with an aim to reducing government expenditure—with the exceptions of a two-year stimulus package and long-term increases on infrastructure spending 

In April 2011, the Opposition criticised English for suggesting that New Zealand businesses could use New Zealand's low wages to help it compete with Australia  The National Government campaigned for re-election in 2011 on its economic record  The Government boasted growth for five consecutive quarters up to mid-2010, totalling 1 6% of real GDP 

Strong growth resulted in a surplus of $473 million for the 2015/16 financial year, projected to rise to $8 5 billion by 2020/21  In his 2016 Economic and Fiscal Update address, English stated that reducing debt and tackling the costs of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake were higher priorities than reducing rates of tax 

Allowances issue
In 2009, the media, including TVNZ and TV3 revealed that English was receiving about NZ$900 a week as part of a living allowance for ministers, to live in his own NZ$1 2 million Wellington home  At the time, English also received $276,200 in his annual salary as Deputy Prime Minister  It was also revealed other ministers with homes in the capital city were also claiming accommodation allowances  On 3 August 2009, Prime Minister John Key started a review of the housing allowances claimed by cabinet ministers  English subsequently paid back $12,000 and only claimed about $24,000 a year in living allowances  The Auditor-General's office said in September 2009 that they were making "preliminary enquiries" into parliamentary housing expenses in response to a letter of complaint from Progressive party leader Jim Anderton  Two days later English stated that he would no longer take up any housing allowance and had paid back all the allowance he had received since the November 2008 election 

Prime Minister (2016–2017)

John Key resigned on 12 December, and endorsed English as his successor in the resulting leadership election  Following the drop-out of both Judith Collins and Jonathan Coleman from the leadership election, English was sworn in as the 39th Prime Minister of New Zealand on 12 December 2016 

English appointed his first cabinet on 18 December  In a reshuffle, he appointed Steven Joyce to succeed him as Finance Minister, while most ministerial portfolios remained the same 

In February 2017, English did not attend Waitangi Day commemorations at the historic treaty grounds, reportedly in response to the Ngāpuhi iwi's decision to stop the Prime Minister from speaking at the marae



ground_truth: 21.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the 2017 general election be held?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  Ngāpuhi have protested the Government's negotiation of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA), which the iwi believe infringes upon Māori sovereignty, and thus does not adhere to the Treaty of Waitangi  English had been invited to attend in an official capacity; his non-attendance was criticised by a Ngāpuhi elder and Opposition leader Andrew Little 

In his first overseas trip as Prime Minister, English travelled to Europe to discuss trade ties, including a prospective New Zealand–European Union free trade agreement  He first travelled to London on 13 January 2017 to meet British Prime Minister Theresa May  Discussing trade relations, English said the two nations were "natural partners" and would "continue to forge ties" after the UK's withdrawal from the EU  He also arranged to meet with London Mayor Sadiq Khan, Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel and German Chancellor Angela Merkel   In a meeting with Merkel, English received crucial backing from Germany for a trade deal with the EU  On 16 January, English stated that his government would continue to promote TPPA, despite the United States' decision to withdraw from the agreement  He explained that Southeast Asian countries would now be treated as a priority in negotiations—he also asserted that the United States was ceding influence to China by its rejection of the trade pact 

At a press conference at the Beehive on 1 February 2017, English announced that the 2017 general election would be held on 23 September  The Prime Minister later confirmed that his party would approach ACT, United Future and the Māori Party if confidence and supply agreements were required to form a government following the election  In his second cabinet reshuffle on 24 April, English appointed Gerry Brownlee as his new Foreign Affairs Minister; he also promoted Nikki Kaye to the portfolio of Education Minister, and moved Mark Mitchell into the cabinet to become Defence Minister  The reshuffle was perceived as an election preparation 

On 13 February 2017, English welcomed Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull to Wellington  The two leaders reaffirmed their shared trade agenda, and discussed changes to the Australian citizenship pathway which will affect permanent residents originating from New Zealand 

On 19 June, it was reported that Todd Barclay, who succeeded English as MP for Clutha-Southland, had clandestinely recorded one of his employee's conversations the previous year, and that John Key's leaders' budget was used to pay a confidential settlement after the employee resigned  English admitted that he had been aware of the illegal recording and the settlement, and thus implicated in the scandal 

During the 2017 National campaign launch, English introduced a $379 million social investment package including digital learning academies for high school students, more resources for mathematics, and boosting support for teaching second languages in schools, and maintaining National Standards in the school curriculum  Prime Minister English also sought to defend National's financial management and economic track record and claimed that the opposition Labour Party would raise taxes  Early opinion polling had forecast a poor showing in the election for the Labour Party, but in early August 37-year-old Jacinda Ardern took over as Labour leader and seemingly energised younger voters 

At the 2017 general election, National won the largest share of the party vote (44 4%) and the largest number of seats (56) in the House Representatives  However, National lacked enough seats to govern alone due to two of the party's support partners, the Māori Party and United Future, losing their parliamentary seats  In response, English stated that the party would be entering into talks to form a coalition with New Zealand First  Following talks with the two largest parties, New Zealand First entered a coalition arrangement with the Labour Party  English was succeeded as prime minister by Jacinda Ardern on 26 October 

Opposition (2017–2018)

Leader of the Opposition
English was re-elected as National Party leader on 24 October 2017  At the time of his re-election, English announced his intention to stay on as leader until the next general election  On 13 February 2018, however, he stood down as National Party leader due to personal reasons, and instructed the party to put into motion the processes to elect a new leader  He also retired from Parliament  English's resignation followed weeks of speculation that he would step aside for a new leader  On 27 February, he was succeeded as party leader by Simon Bridges as the result of the leadership election held that day 

Post-premiership 
In 2018, English joined the board of Australian conglomerate, Wesfarmers  English serves in Chairmanships of Mount Cook Alpine Salmon, Impact Lab Ltd and Manawanui Support Ltd  He is also a director of The Instillery, Centre for Independent Studies and The Todd Corporation Limited, and is a member of the Impact Advisory Group of Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets 

Political and social views

English is regarded as more socially conservative than his predecessor, John Key  He has stated his opposition to voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, same-sex civil unions, and the decriminalisation of prostitution  As Prime Minister he opposed any "liberalisation" of abortion law 

In 2004, English voted against a bill to establish civil unions for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples  In 2005, he voted for the Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill, which would have amended the Marriage Act to define marriage as only between a man and a woman  English voted against the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill, a bill that legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand  However, in December 2016 he stated, "I'd probably vote differently now on the gay marriage issue  I don't think that gay marriage is a threat to anyone else's marriage" 

In 2009, English voted against the Misuse of Drugs (Medicinal Cannabis) Amendment Bill, a bill aimed at amending the Misuse of Drugs Act so that cannabis could be used for medical purposes 

Personal life 
English met his future wife, Mary Scanlon, at university  She was studying medicine at the time, and became a general practitioner  Both her parents were immigrants, her father being Samoan and her mother Italian, born on the island of Stromboli  They have six children: a daughter and five sons 

English is a practising Roman Catholic, but has stated that he considers his religious beliefs personal and thus separate from politics 

In June 2002, English took part in TV3's Fight For Life, a celebrity boxing fundraiser to raise money for the Yellow Ribbon anti-youth-suicide campaign, influenced by the death of a teenage nephew in 1997  He lost a split decision to former university colleague Ted Clarke 

Honours
In the 2018 Queen's Birthday Honours, English was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services of over 27 years to the State 



ground_truth: 23 September.