prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was Ralph Rokebye's brother?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: Rokebye, Ralph of Yorks, arm  Gloucester Hall, matric  9 Nov , 1582, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1585  See Foster's Inns of Court Register 
Rokebye, Ralph of Herts (? Yorks), gent  Broadgates Hall, matric  entry 28 Feb , 1589-90, aged 14  See pedigree in Foster's Yorkshire Collection 
Rokeby, William (brother of Sir Richard, treasurer of Ireland, son of John, of Thundercliffe Grange, Yorks), fellow of King's Hall, Cambridge, D Can L ; rector of Sandal 1487, and of Halifax, Yorks, 1502, rector of Fakenham, Norfolk, 1496, chancellor of Ireland 1498, and 1515, bishop of Meath, and privy councillor 1507, archbishop of Dublin 1512, archdeacon of Surrey 1520, until his death 29 Nov , 1521  See Ath  ii  717; Cotton, i  25; & Lansdowne MS  979, ff  4, 6 
Rolfe, Augustine (Rolfus) M A  from Queen's Coll , Cambridge, 1595; incorporated 10 July, 1599 
Rolf, Richard B A  from Emanuel Coll , Cambridge, 1584-5 (incorporated 11 July, 1585); M A  1588  See Foster's Graduati Cantab 
Rolfe, William cler  fil  New Coll , matric  10 March, 1656-7, B A  1660, fellow, M A  14 Jan , 1663-4; rector of Brampton 1668, and of Stoke Bruern, Northants, 1676, until his death, buried (at Stoke Bruern) 6 Sept , 1693  See Baker's Northants, i  86 
Rolfe, William s  William, of Stoke-Bruern, Northants, cler  Brasenose Coll  7 July, 1688, aged 16; student of Inner Temple 1692, buried in the Temple church 1 March, 1692-3  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rolle, Denis youngest son John, of Steventon, Devon, equitis  Exeter Coll , matric  15 Feb , 1666-7, aged 17; brother of John same date 
Rolle, Denis s  D , of Heanton, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll  matric  24 Oct , 1687, aged 17; B A  1691, M A  1694 (as Denys), rector of Merton, Devon, 1696  See Samuel 1687, & Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rolle, (Sir) Henry of Devon, arm  fil  Broadgates Hall, matric  14 June, 1594, aged 18; student of Middle Temple 1597 (as son and heir of Henry, of Steventon, Devon, esq ), knighted 23 July, 1603, died in 1617  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rolle, Henry of Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  20 March, 1606-7, aged 17; bar -at-law, Inner Temple, 1618, bencher 1633 (2s  Robert, of Heanton, Devon), M P  Callington 1621-2, 1624-5, Truro 1625-1626, 1628-9, serjeant-at-law 1640, recorder of Dorchester 1636, a judge of king's bench 1645, chief justice of upper bench 1648-55, died 30 July, 1656, buried in Shapwick church, Somerset; brother of Samuel 1605  See Ath  iii  416; & Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rolle, Henry s  Alex , of Tavistock, Devon, gent  Christ Church, matric  23 March, 1696-7, aged 17 
Rolle, John of Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  30 May, 1589, aged 15; B A  8 Feb , 1592-3, M A  25 May, 1596 
Rolle, John 1s  John, of Steventon, Devon, equitis  Exeter Coll , matric  15 Feb , 1666-7, aged 18; of Bicton, Devon; died in his father's lifetime, buried at Bicton 22 April, 1689; brother of Denis 1667, and father of Denis 1698 
Rolle, Richard s  Richard, of Cookeburye, Devon, gent  New Inn Hall, matric  26 Sept , 1634, aged 18; B A  from Jesus Coll , Cambridge, 1638, incorporated from Gloucester Hall 17 Dec , 1639, M A  2 July, 1642, rector of Sheviocke, Cornwall, 1656; father of the next-named  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolle, Richard s  R , of Sheviock, Cornwall, cler  St  Alban Hall, matric  3 July, 1674, aged 17; B A  1678 
Rolle, Robert (Rooles or Roales) fellow New Coll  1551-60 from Mark Lane, city of London, B A  26 June, 1555, M A  26 July, 1560, B D  22 Jan , 1572-3, D D  June, 1585, a teacher in Westminster school; perhaps canon of Combe (4) in Wells, 1574, and rector of Stoke Climsland, Devon, 1574  See O H S  i  345; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolle, Samuel s  Denis, of Great Torrington, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  16 July, 1687, aged 18, B A  1691; bar -at-law Middle Temple 1697; M P  Barnstaple 1705, died 1747; see Denis 1687  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rolle, William B C L  14 July, 1528; perhaps vicar of Yarncombe, Devon, 1536  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rolles, Gabriel (Rooles) B A  from St  John's Coll , Cambridge, 1610-11, M A  1614; incorporated 13 July, 1619, rector of East Locking, Berks, 1620, as Rolle  See Foster's Graduati Cantab 
Rolles, Richard gent  Jesus Coll , matric  1 March, 1632-3, B A  next day, M A  15 Oct , 1635; perhaps created B D  20 Dec  1642, "ex regis gratia," rector of Wavendon, Bucks, and of Witham, Essex, 1646, by the Westminster assembly  See Add  MS  15,670, p  70 
Rolles, William s  Richard, of Lewknor, Oxon, gent  St  John's Coll , matrie  12 March, 1637-8, aged 17, B A  9 Nov , 1641, M A  6 July, 1644; B D  from Jesus Coll  12 Sept , 1661, rector of Wheatfield, Oxon, 1660, and of Chalfont St  Giles, Bucks, 1662  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rolles, William created M A  from Exeter Coll  14 April, 1648 
Rolleston, Simon created M A  31 Aug , 1636 
Rolleston, Thomas of Devon, gent  Wadham Coll , matric  12 May, 1620, aged 16 
Rollinson, Francis 1584  See Rallinson 
Rollinson, William s  "Jose," of London, gent  St  John's Coll , matric  7 March, 1694-5, aged 15; perhaps brother of John Rawlinson, of New Coll  1692  See page 1236 
Rolt, Edward youngest son of Tho , of London, equitis  Merton Coll , matric  7 Nov , 1701, aged 15; of Sacomb, Herts, and Chippenham, Wilts, student of Lincoln's Inn, 1702, M P  St  Mawes 1713, Grantham 1715-22, Chippenham 1722; died 22 Dec , 1722; his father knighted 1 Oct , 1682, and died 9 Sept , 1710  See Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary 
Rolte, George s  Thomas, of St  Margarets par  Darenth, Kent, pleb  St  Alban Hall, matric  17 June, 1631, aged 18; B A  20 June, 1631, M A  29 April, 1634, incorporated at Cambridge 1639 
Romane, Edmund pleb  Balliol Coll , matric  20 Feb , 1627-8, aged 18; B A  next day, M A  3 June, 1630 
Romaine, Matthew pleb  Balliol Coll , matric  10 June, 1630, B A  same day, M A  14 May, 1633, vicar of Stoke Gaylard, Dorset, 1639; father of the next  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Romayne, Thomas s  Matth , of Stoke Gaylard, Dorset, minister  Wadham Coll , matric  17 July, 1669, aged 17; B A  from Hart Hall 1673, "the intruded" rector of Stoke Gaylard 1675  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Romayne, William (Ronayne) gent  Trinity Coll , matric  31 July, 1671, aged 16 
Rome, Harcourt s  William, of London, p p  Brasenose Coll , matric  13 Dec , 1672, aged 17 
Rome, William s  G  (? "Gul "), of Northampton (city), pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  11 Dec , 1684, aged 16 
Romney, Joseph B A  from Emanuel Coll , Cambridge, 1610-11, M A  1614; incorporated 8 July, 1614, student of Inner Temple 1610, as of London, gent  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rone, John s  Randolph, of Hanmer, Flints, pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  10 Oct , 1634, aged 18; D D  Trinity Coll , Dublin, 25 Jan , 1666 (as Roane), vicar of Hanmer, Flints, 1644, ejected same year, dean of Clogher 1667, bishop of Killaloe 1675, until his death 5 Sept , 1692  See Cotton's Fasti Ecc  Hib  i  467 
Rone, William of New Coll  1661  See Roane 
Roode, Edward (or Rode) B A  21 July, 1522, M A  26 Nov , 1534; perhaps canon of Southwell 1561-73 
Roode, Edward cler  fil  Merton Coll , matric  22 Nov , 1650; Eton postmaster 1649, fellow 1651, B A  2 March, 1651-2, M A  14 Dec , 1655; incorporated at Cambridge 1657, and LL D  1671; vicar of Gamlingay, co  Cambridge, rector of one moiety 1661, and of the other 1677; died at Cambridge 1689  See Burrows, 525; & O H S  iv  292 
Roode, Onesiphorus s  Edward, of Thame, Oxon, sacerd  New Inn Hall, matric  27 Oct , 1637, aged 16, B A  1 July, 1641; incorporated at Cambridge 1645; chaplain to the house of lords after the expulsion of the bishops; minister of New chapel, Tuttle-Fields, Westminster, 1648, until ejected in 1660  See Calamy, i  195 
Rood, Richard M A  from Pembroke Coll  5 Dec , 1634 
Rooke, John s  Tho , of Broadwell, co  Gloucester, pleb  Pembroke Coll , matric  1 March, 1683-4, aged 17; brother of Thomas 1693 
Rooke, John s  Tho , of Whitchurch, Wilts, gent  Balliol Coll , matric  14 Jan , 1713-14, aged 17 
Rooke, Nicholas s  Arthur, of Totnes, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  10 March, 1670-1, aged 16; B A  1674, M A  1677, rector of Dartington, Devon, 1679  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rooke, Robert "ser " Oriel Coll , matric  1 April, 1656, B A  1659 
Rooke, Robert s  R , p p  St  Alban Hall, matric  30 March, 1677, aged 17 
Rooke, Thomas pleb  Christ Church, matric  3 May, 1659 
Rooke, William (Roock) of Dorset, pleb  Brasenose Coll , matric  entry under date 20 March, 1578-9, aged 19; B A  from St  Alban Hall 30 Jan , 1582-3, M A  9 May, 1586 
Rooke, William of Dorset, gent  New Coll , matric  12 July, 1605, aged 18; B A  21 Feb , 1608-9, chaplain, M A  16 Dec , 1611, rector of North Cheriton, Somerset, 1618  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rooke, William s  J , of Workington, Cumberland, p p  Queen's Coll , matric  22 Oct , 1669, aged 17; B A  1674, M A  1677, B D  1690, vicar of Plumstead, Kent, 1691, and rector of Hadley, Hants, 1695  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rookes, Christopher (Rokys or Rokkis) B A  8 July, 1522, M A  1 July, 1527, B D  supd  Oct , 1540; principal of Magdalen Hall 1529-32, vicar of Stanstead Abbots, Herts, 1534  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rookes, Jonas B A  from Magdalen Hall 24 April, 1599, M A  11 Feb , 1601-2 (2s  William, of Roydes Hall); vicar of Penistone, Yorks, 1619, see Foster's Index Eccl ; styled fellow and bursar of University Coll  in Foster's Yorkshire Collection, possibly brother of the next-named 
Rookes, Robert of Yorks, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  14 May, 1602, aged 19; possibly brother of the last-named 
Ro(o)kes, William demy Magdalen Coll  1544, B A  supd  1551, fellow 1552-71, M A  27 April, 1556, B Med  supd  24 April, 1561  See Bloxam, iv  99 
Rookes, William s  William, of Rhodes Hall, Yorks, gent  University Coll , matric  30 June, 1665, aged 16; died at Oxford in 1667 
Roope, Ambrose s  A , of Dartmouth Parva, Devon, arm  Exeter Coll , matric  15 March, 1671-2, aged 16 
Roope, George s  Ant , of Bradford, Wilts, gent  Hart Hall, matric  10 Oct , 1702, aged 15 
Roope, John s  Nicholas, of Dartmouth, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  17 Nov , 1637, aged 15; student of Lincoln's Inn 1638  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Roope, Nicholas of Devon, gent  Broadgates Hall, matric  6 Feb , 1606-7, aged 18; B A  6 Nov , 1610; probably father of the last-named 
Rooper, Thomas s  T , of London, gent  Trinity Coll , matric  9 July, 1699, aged 16; B A  1703, M A  19 Feb , 1705-6, as Roper 
Rooper, William of St  Alban Hall 1667  See Roper 
Roos, Brian D Can L  or doctor of decrees of the university of Valentia; incorporated 3 Feb , 1510-11; died 1529, buried in the church of Chelray  See Fasti, i  31 
Root, Isaac pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  2 July, 1658, admitted to Merchant Taylors' school 1649 (only son of Isaac, merchant taylor); born in Trinity parish 20 Aug , 1641  See Robinson, i  193 
Roots, Richard s  Tho , of Tunbridge, Kent, gent  St  John's Coll , matric  26 Dec , 1689, aged 15; demy Magdalen Coll  1690-1702, B A  1693, M A  1696, rector of Chilmarck, Wilts, 1702-27, canon of Sarum 1722, rector and vicar of Bishopstone, Wilts, 1728; brother of William 1699  See Rawl  iii  447, and xix  90; Bloxam, vi  111; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roots, Thomas of Sussex, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  entry 17 Nov , 1581, aged 13; B A  supd  1 July, 1584, bar -at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1594  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rootes, Thomas s  William, of Tunbridge, Kent, pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  31 Jan , 1628-9, aged 23; B A  12 Feb , 1628-9, vicar of Long Stanton All Saints, co  Cambridge, 1630  See Add  MSS  15,669-70; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Rootes, Thomas pleb  St  John's Coll , matric  2 July, 1658; B A  1661, M A  1666; possibly father of Richard 1689, and William 1699 
Roots, William s  Tho , of Tunbridge, Kent, gent  Christ Church, matric  16 March, 1698-9, aged 18; B A  1704; clerk Magdalen Coll  1705-11, M A  1707, rector of Little Berkhampstead, Herts, 1714; brother of Richard 1689  See Bloxam, ii  85; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roper, Francis s  Robert, of Trimdon, co  Durham, gent  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  16 Dec , 1661, aged 18; probably identical with Francis, son of Robert, of Kelloe, co  Durham, farmer, was admitted sizar of St  John's Coll , Cambridge, 21 Sept , 1658, aged 16; fellow, B A  1662-3, M A  1666, B D  1673, vicar of Waterbeach, co  Cambridge, 1678, canon of Ely 1686-90, rector of Northwold, Norfolk, 1687, died 13 April, 1719  See Mayor, 138; Surtees' Durham, i  107; & Foster's Index Eccl 
Roper, John (or Rooper) demy Magdalen Coll , from Berks, M A  fellow, 1483, D D  disp  27 June, 1506, (first) Margaret professor of divinity, 1500, vice-chancellor of the university 1505, and 1511, principal of Salesurry and George Hall, rector of Witney, Oxon, 1493, vicar of St  Mary's church, Oxford, canon of Cardinal Coll  1532; died May, 1534  See Ath  i  76; & Landsowne MS  979, f  118 
Roper, John B A  disp  4 July, 1512 
Roper, Thomas of Trinity Coll  1699  See Rooper 
Roper, Philip of Kent, arm  Gloucester Hall, matric  7 Sept , 1588, aged 15 (subscribes Rooper) 
Roper, William (subscribes Rooper) of co  Hereford, militis fil  St  Alban Hall, matric  entry dated 5 June, 1607, aged 13; probably of Malmains, Kent, 2nd son of Sir Christopher Roper, afterwards 2nd baron Teynham  See Foster's Peerage 
Roscarrock, Henry of Cornwall, arm  Hart Hall, matric  entry under date 17 Dec , 1576, aged 21; probably son of Thomas, of Roscarrock, and brother of the next, and of Richard 1581 
Roscarrock, John B A  11 Feb , 1576-7; perhaps from Exeter Coll  (and 1s  Thomas, of Roscarrock, Cornwall); died 24 Nov , 1608; brother of Henry and Richard  See O H S  xii  65 
Roscarrock, Nicolas (Roiscariot) B A  supd  3 May, 1568, student Inner Temple 1571, as of Roscarrock, Cornwall  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Roscarrock, Richard of Cornwall, arm  Broadgates Hall, matric  entry under date circa 1581, aged 19; student of Middle Temple 1583 (as 3s  Thomas, of Roscarrock, Cornwall, esq ), brother of Henry and John  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rosdell, Christopher of Yorks, pleb  St  Edmund Hall, matric  entry under date 22 Dec , 1576, aged 22, B A  4 July, 1576; rector of St  Bennet Sherehog, London, 1579, and vicar of Somerton, Somerset, 1582  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Christopher s  John, of Marlow, Bucks, gent  Christ Church, matric  13 Feb , 1622-3, aged 21, B A  same day; rector of Hutton, Essex, 1642  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, Christopher s  Giles, of Lynn Regis, Norfolk, gent  Lincoln Coll , matric  8 July, 1670, aged 15; student of Gray's Inn, 1673  See Foster's Gray's Inn Register 
Rose, Gilbert Augustinian Canon, B D  supd  22 May, 1512, and supd  12 Dec , 1519, for incorporation as D D 
Rose, Henry "ser " Lincoln Coll , matric  22 July, 1658, B A  16 Jan , 1660-1, fellow 1662 from Pirton, Oxon, M A  1663 (incorporated at Cambridge 1688), B D  1672; minister of All Saints, Oxford, but running much into debt, and marrying beneath himself, left his fellowship and church about 1674, retired to London, and at length to Ireland  See Ath  iv  561 
Rose, Hugh s  "Dav  Ni " (Nigg 4to ), of Ross, Scotland, p p  (subs  pleb )  Balliol Coll , matric  3 April, 1707, aged 20; B A  1709 
Rose, John B A  8 June, 1519, fellow Merton Coll  1523, M A  31 March, 1525; one of these names vicar of Shoreham, Kent, 1536  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, John of co  Leicester, pleb  Merton Coll , matric  24 Nov , 1581, aged 21 
Rose, John s  Jeremy, of Swell, co  Gloucester, pleb  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  12 Dec , 1623, aged 15; B A  4 July, 1626 
Rose, John s  Rich , of Halberton, Devon, gent  Exeter Coll , matric  14 May, 1688, aged 17 
Rose, John s  J , of West Derby, co  Lancaster, pleb  University Coll , matric  7 March, 1712-13, aged 18, B A  1716; rector of Bilborough, Notts, 1722  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Jonathan s  Th , of Mickleton, co  Gloucester, pleb  St  Alban Hall, matric  16 May, 1677, aged 18; B A  9 Feb , 1680-1 
Rose, Joseph s  Thomas, of Sturminster Newton, Dorset, pleb  Oriel Coll , matric  12 Dec , 1623, aged 19 
Rose, Richard B A  from Exeter Coll  14 June, 1621; perhaps student of Middle Temple 1622 (as son and heir of John, of Lyme, Dorset, gent ), and M P  Lyme Regis April-May, 1640, 1640 (l p ), till his death after 1648  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg  & Foster's Parliamentary Dictionary 
Rose, Richard arm  Exeter Coll , matric  29 March, 1656; student of Lincoln's Inn 1659, as 4s  Richard, of Wootton Fitzwarren, Dorset, esq  See Foster's Inns of Court Reg 
Rose, Richard s  Richard, of Monks Kirby, co  Warwick, pleb  Magdalen Coll , matric  3 May, 1672, aged 16 (as Rosse); chorister 1670-6  See Bloxam, i  95 
Rose, Richard s  R(ichard), of Wyng, Bucks, gent  Trinity Coll , matric  7 May, 1680, aged 16; bar -at-law, Inner Temple, 1699  See Foster's Judges and Barristers 
Rose, Stephen of co  Gloucester, pleb  Corpus Christi Coll , matric  21 Jan , 1619-20, aged 16; B A  13 Nov , 1621, M A  2 July, 1625, vicar of Aldermaston 1627, and rector of Barkham 1633, and of Arborfield, Berks, 1640, and perhaps of Hartley Mawditt, Hants, 1652  See Foster's Index Ecclesiasticus 
Rose, Stephen "ser " Lincoln Coll , matric  19 Nov , 1650 
Rose, Stephen "servi  fil " Magdalen Coll , matric  19 Nov , 1650 (subscribes "serv ") 
Rose, Stephen "ser " Magdalen Coll , subscribed 23 Nov , 1655; B A  from Wadham Coll  1659, vicar of Cold Overton, co  Leicester, 1662-3, and rector of Woolhampton, Berks, 1667-95, father of Temple  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Temple s  Step , of Woolhampton, Berks, cler  Trinity Coll , matric  29 March, 1693, aged 17, B A  1696 
Rose, Thomas Minorite, B D  22 June, 1509 
Rose, Thomas of Herts, pleb  Magdalen Hall, matric  10 Oct , 1589, aged 15 
Rose, Thomas s  Seth, of Telscombe, Sussex, sacerd  Oriel Coll , matric  5 June, 1640, aged 18; his father rector of Telscombe 1604, etc  See Foster's Index Eccl 
Rose, Thomas s  Edw , 
Context 2: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a vacuum processor which can suppress the rise of manufacture cost while coping with the enlargement of diameter of a sample, and besides is excellent in maintainability  SOLUTION: This vacuum processor comprises an air loader 1 which is equipped with a plurality of juxtaposed cassette stands 2a and 2b and a carrier 13 for carrying a wafer 20 from or to the cassette stands, a vacuum loader 7 which is equipped with etching treatment chambers 11 and 11b for processing the wafer and a vacuum carriage chamber 16 connected to them through gate valves 15a and 15b, and a lock device 6 consisting of a load lock chamber 6b and an unload lock chamber 6b equipped with gate valves 12a, 12b, 12c, and 12d for connecting the said carrier 13 with the vacuum carriage chamber 16  For the etching treatment chambers, two are provided only on the opposite side of the vacuum carriage chamber symmetrically about the axis line A passing the center, and besides the arrangement positions of the two etching treatment chambers are at an acute angle on the opposite side of the vacuum carriage chamber 
エッチング，ＣＶＤ（化学的気相成長），スパッタリング，アッシング，リンサ（水洗）等の枚葉処理をするのに好適な真空処理装置とそれを用いて半導体デバイスを製造する半導体製造ラインに関するものである。 Those etching, CVD (chemical vapor deposition), sputtering, ashing, to rinser (water washing) suitable vacuum processing apparatus for single wafer processing, such as a semiconductor manufacturing line for manufacturing a semiconductor device using the same  
【従来の技術】試料を処理する真空処理装置は、大別すると、カセットブロックと真空処理ブロックから構成されており、カセットブロックは、半導体製造ラインのベイ通路に面して長手方向に伸びるフロントを有し、試料用のカセットや試料のオリエンテーションを合わせるアライメントユニットと、大気ロボットがある。 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Vacuum processing apparatus for processing a sample, the roughly is constituted by a cassette block and a vacuum processing block, the cassette block, a front extending in the longitudinal direction facing the bay aisle of a semiconductor manufacturing line a, an alignment unit for aligning the cassette and sample orientation for sample, there is an atmospheric robot  真空処理ブロックには、ロード側ロードロック室，アンロード側ロードロック室，真空処理室，後真空処理室，真空ポンプ及び真空ロボット等が設けられている。 The vacuum processing block, the load-side load lock chamber, the unload side load lock chamber, the vacuum processing chamber, a rear vacuum processing chamber, a vacuum pump and a vacuum robot and the like 
【０００３】これらの真空処理装置では、カセットブロックのカセットから取り出された試料が、大気ロボットにより真空処理ブロックのロードロック室まで搬送される。  In these vacuum processing apparatus, a sample taken from the cassette in the cassette block is transported to the load lock chamber in the vacuum processing block by the atmospheric robot  ロードロック室から真空ロボットによりさらに処理室に搬送され、電極構造体上にセットされた試料は、プラズマエッチング等の処理がなされる。 Is conveyed from the load lock chamber to the further processing chamber by the vacuum robot, the sample is set on an electrode structure, processing such as plasma etching is performed  その後、必要に応じて後真空処理室に搬送，処理される。 Thereafter, the conveyance to the rear vacuum processing chamber as necessary and processed  処理済みの試料は、真空ロボット及び大気ロボットによりカセットブロックのカセットに搬送される。 Processed sample is conveyed to the cassette of the cassette block by the vacuum robot and the atmospheric robot 
【０００４】試料をプラズマエッチング処理する真空処理装置の例としては、例えば特公昭61−8153号公報，特開昭63−133532号公報，特公平6−30369号公報，特開平  Examples of the sample vacuum processing apparatus for plasma etching treatment, for example Japanese Patent Publication 61-8153, JP-Sho 63-133532 and JP Kokoku 6-30369, JP-A No 
6−314729号公報，特開平6−314730号公報，米国特許第 6-314729, JP-A No  6-314730, JP-U S  Patent No 
5,314,509号明細書および5,784,799号明細書に記載されたようなものがある。 There are such as described in Pat and 5,784,799 Pat 5,314,509 
509号明細書に記載された装置は、真空処理ブロックの中央付近に真空ロボット、その周囲に３個の処理室が同心状に配置され、真空ロボットとカセットブロックの間に、ロード側ロードロック室，アンロード側ロードロック室が設けられている。 Device described in 509 Pat are vacuum robot in the vicinity of the center of the vacuum processing block, three process chambers around it are arranged concentrically, between the vacuum robot and the cassette block, the load-side load-lock chamber , unload side load lock chamber is provided  これらの装置では、大気ロボットや真空ロボットの搬送アームの回転角度が大きく従って装置全体の必要床面積が大きいという問題がある。 In these devices, there is a problem that needs floor space for the entire rotation angle is large therefore device of the transfer arm of the atmospheric robot and the vacuum robot is large 
【０００６】一方、真空処理装置の真空処理ブロック内の処理室や真空ポンプその他各種の配管機器については、定期，不定期に点検修理等のメンテナンスを行うことが必要である。  On the other hand, the processing chamber and the vacuum pump and other various piping components of the vacuum processing block of the vacuum processing apparatus, periodically, it is necessary to perform maintenance such as inspection and repair irregularly  そのため、一般に、真空処理ブロックの周囲には、扉が設けられており、この扉を開けることにより、ロードロック室，アンロードロック室，処理室，真空ロボット及び各種の配管機器の点検修理ができるようになっている。 Therefore, in general, around the vacuum processing block, the door is provided by opening the door, load lock chambers, unload lock chambers, processing chambers, the servicing of the vacuum robot and various piping devices It has become way 
キャリアポッドが必要となるために、約３５０mm程度と大きくなり、複数のキャリアポッドを収納するカセットブロックの幅も大きくなる。 For carrier pod required, large as about 350 mm, the greater width of the cassette block for housing a plurality of carrier pods  この幅に合わせて真空処理ブロックの幅を決定すると、真空処理装置全体が大きなスペースを必要とすることになる。 When determining the width of the vacuum processing block in accordance with the this width, the entire vacuum processing apparatus requires a large space  一例として、４個のキャリアポッドを収納するカセットブロックについて考えると、試料の直径ｄが８インチから１２インチになった場合、カセットの幅は少なくとも約４０cm以上大きくならざるを得ない。 As an example, considering the cassette block for accommodating four carriers pods, if the diameter d of the sample was a 12-inch 8 inch wide cassette inevitably increases at least about 40cm or more 
【０００８】一方、試料に各種の処理を行いながら大量の処理を行うために、一般の半導体製造ラインでは、同じ処理を行う複数の真空処理装置を同じベイに集め、各ベイ間の搬送を自動またはマニュアルで行っている。 On the other hand, in order to perform a lot of processing while performing various processes in the sample, in a general semiconductor manufacturing lines, gathering a plurality of vacuum processing apparatus for performing the same processing in the same bay, automatic conveyance between the bays or it is carried out manually  このような半導体製造ラインは、高いクリーン度を必要とするため、半導体製造ライン全体が大きなクリーンルーム内に設置される。 Such a semiconductor manufacturing line, requires a high degree of cleanliness, the whole semiconductor manufacturing line is placed in a large clean room  試料の大口径化に伴う真空処理装置の大型化は、クリーンルーム占有面積の大型化を伴うが、これはもともと建設コストの高いクリーンルームの建設コストを一層増加させることになる。 Size of the vacuum processing apparatus due to the large diameter of the sample is accompanied by a large clean room area occupied, which will be further increased construction costs of the high construction cost clean room originally  もし、同じ面積のクリーンルームに占有面積の大きな真空処理装置を設置するとすれば、真空処理装置の全体の台数を減らすか、あるいは各真空処理装置間の間隔を狭くせざるを得ない。 If, if the clean room of the same area to install a large vacuum processing apparatus of the occupied area, reduce the overall number of the vacuum processing apparatus, or interval narrower forced between the vacuum processing apparatus  同じ面積のクリーンルームにおける真空処理装置の設置台数減少は、必然的に半導体の製造ラインの生産性の低下ひいては半導体の製造コストの上昇を伴う。 Installed base reduction in the vacuum processing apparatus in a clean room having the same area is accompanied inevitably rise of the semiconductor decrease and thus the semiconductor manufacturing cost of productivity of the production line  他方、各真空処理装置間の間隔を狭くすることは、点検修理のためのメンテナンススペースが不足し、真空処理装置のメンテナンス性を著しく阻害する。 On the other hand, to reduce the distance between each of the vacuum processing apparatus, the maintenance space for inspection and repair is insufficient to significantly inhibit the maintenance of the vacuum processing apparatus 
【０００９】本発明の目的は、試料の大口径化に対応しつつ、製造コストの上昇を抑えることのできる真空処理装置を提供することにある。 An object of the present invention, while corresponding to the large diameter of the sample, is to provide a vacuum processing apparatus capable of suppressing an increase in manufacturing cost 
【００１０】本発明の他の目的は、試料の大口径化に対応しつつ、メンテナンス性に優れた真空処理装置を提供することにある。 Another object of the present invention, while corresponding to the large diameter of the sample is to provide a vacuum processing apparatus having excellent maintainability 
【００１１】本発明の他の目的は、試料の大口径化に対応しつつ、真空処理装置の必要設置台数を確保して製造コストの上昇を抑え、かつ、メンテナンス性も損なわない半導体製造ラインを提供することにある。 Another object of the present invention, while corresponding to the large diameter of the sample, to ensure the necessary number of installed vacuum processing apparatus suppressing an increase in manufacturing cost, and a semiconductor manufacturing line is not impaired maintainability It is to provide 
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、並設した複数のカセット台およびカセット台から、あるいはカセット台へウエハを搬送するための搬送装置を備えた大気ローダと、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室およびこれにゲート弁を介して連接された真空搬送室を備えた真空ローダと、前記搬送装置と前記真空搬送室とを連接するためのゲート弁を備えたロードロック室およびアンロードロック室からなるロック装置とを含んで構成される真空処理装置において、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室は、有磁場ＵＨＦ帯電磁波放射放電方式リアクタ（以下、ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲリアクタという。）によって形成される真空処理室であり、該真空処理室には、分解可能な側壁インナーユニットおよびアンテナが設けられ、該真空処理室は、真空搬 The present invention SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION from a plurality of cassette tables and cassette stand juxtaposed, or the atmosphere loader having a conveying device for conveying the wafer to the cassette table, for processing a wafer the load lock chamber and the unload lock having a gate valve for connecting the vacuum loader vacuum processing chamber and having a vacuum transfer chamber which is connected via a gate valve to the said vacuum transfer chamber and the conveying device in the vacuum processing apparatus configured to include a lock device comprising a chamber, a vacuum processing chamber for processing a wafer it is formed by a magnetic field UHF band electromagnetic wave radiation discharge type reactor (hereinafter  referred UHF-ECR reactor) that a vacuum processing chamber, the vacuum processing chamber, degradable sidewall inner unit and an antenna are provided, the vacuum processing chamber, a vacuum transportable 室およびロック装置の中央を通る軸線に対して対称にして、かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２つ設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしている真空処理装置を提供する。 And symmetrically with respect to the axis passing through the center of the chamber and the locking device, and the opposite side only two provided for to lock device around the vacuum transfer chamber, and the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber position is to provide a vacuum processing apparatus which forms an acute angle 
ＣＲリアクタによって形成される真空処理室であり、該真空処理室は、真空搬送室およびロック装置の中央を通る軸線に対して対称にして、かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２つ設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしており、ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲのアンテナは、前記軸線に対して平行で、かつ前記真空搬送室とは反対側に開放される真空処理装置を提供する。 A vacuum processing chamber formed by a CR reactor, vacuum processing chamber, and symmetrically with respect to the axis passing through the center of the vacuum transfer chamber and the locking device, and the opposite side of the locking device around the vacuum transfer chamber only two provided, and positions of the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber is an acute angle, the UHF-ECR antennas, and parallel, and the vacuum transfer chamber with respect to said axis to provides a vacuum processing apparatus is opened to the opposite side



ground_truth: Sir Richard.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How is the vacuum processing system configured in terms of the arrangement of the vacuum processing apparatus?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: 
かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２つ設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしており、大気ローダ，真空ローダおよびロック装置はＴ字配置とされた真空処理方法を提供する。 And around the vacuum transfer chamber opposite only two provided a locking device, and positions of the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber is an acute angle, atmospheric loader, vacuum loader and locking apparatus to provide a vacuum processing method which is a T-arrangement 
【００１５】本発明は、並設した複数のカセット台およびカセット台から、あるいはカセット台へウエハを搬送するための搬送装置を備えた大気ローダと、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室およびこれにゲート弁を介して連接された真空搬送室を備えた真空ローダと、前記搬送装置と前記真空搬送室とを連接するためのゲート弁を備えたロードロック室およびアンロードロック室からなるロック装置とを含んで構成される真空処理装置が平行に複数台並設された真空処理システムにおいて、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室は、ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲリアクタによって形成される真空処理室であり、該真空処理室は、真空搬送室およびロック装置の中央を通る軸線に対して対称にして、かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２ The present invention, a plurality of cassette tables and cassette stand juxtaposed, or the atmosphere loader having a conveying device for conveying the wafer to the cassette base, the vacuum processing chamber for processing the wafer and to a vacuum loader having a vacuum transfer chamber which is connected via a gate valve, the locking consisting of the conveying device and the load lock chamber and the unload lock chamber with gate valves for connecting the said vacuum transfer chamber apparatus and in the vacuum processing system vacuum processing apparatus is constituted with a plurality Tainami set in parallel include vacuum processing chamber for processing a wafer is vacuum processing chamber formed by the UHF-ECR reactor, vacuum processing chamber, and symmetrically with respect to the axis passing through the center of the vacuum transfer chamber and the locking device, and 2 only on the opposite side of the locking device around the vacuum transfer chamber 設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしており、並設された複数の真空処理装置のすべての真空処理室に一直線上に配列される真空処理システムを提供する。 Provided, and positions of the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber is an acute angle, a vacuum process that is arranged in alignment with all of the vacuum processing chamber of a plurality of vacuum processing apparatus are arranged in parallel to provide a system 
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明にかかる一実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。 BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, will be explained based on an embodiment according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings 
１０Ｂ，１０Ｃで示す。 10B, shown by 10C 
【００１８】図１に示す真空処理システムを説明する前に、図２から図４に基づいて真空処理装置を説明する。  Before describing the vacuum processing system shown in FIG  1, illustrating a vacuum processing apparatus on the basis of FIGS  2-4 
５ｂを介して連接された真空搬送室１６を備えた真空ローダ７と、前記搬送装置と前記真空搬送室とを連接するためのゲート弁を備えたロードロック室６ａおよびアンロードロック室６ｂからなるロック装置６とを含んで構成される。 5b a vacuum loader 7 having a vacuum transfer chamber 16 which is connected via consist load lock chamber 6a and the unload lock chamber 6b has a gate valve for connecting and said vacuum transfer chamber and the conveying device configured to include a locking device 6 
平行形に配置され、その位置および姿勢を変えることなく、装置への導入／払出しが可能な位置、すなわち、カセット１ａないし１ｃを略水平の平面上で常に一定の位置に固定される。 Arranged parallel type, without changing its position and orientation, the introduction / dispensing of the locations of the device, i e , always fixed to a constant position to free the cassette 1a 1c on a substantially horizontal plane  カセット台２ａおよび２ｂは、平行に隣合わせて配置してある。 Cassette tables 2a and 2b, are arranged side by side in parallel  カセット台２ｃは、最右端に配置してある。 Cassette table 2c is, are arranged on the top right edge  カセット１ａおよび１ｂは、処理を行うための末処理ウエハを収納したり、処理済みのウエハを回収するためのもので、複数枚（通常２５枚）の被処理基板であるウエハ２０が収納可能となっている。 Cassettes 1a and 1b, or storing the processed wafers end for processing, for recovering the processed wafer, the wafer 20 is a substrate to be processed in a plurality (25 pieces Normal) can be stored going on  カセット１ｃは、この場合、プラズマを用いたドライクリーニング（以下、「プラズマクリーニング」という。）を行うためのダミーウエハを収納したり、プラズマクリーニング後のダミーウエハを回収するためのもので、複数枚（通常２５枚）のダミーウエハ３０が収納可能となっている。 Cassette 1c in this case, dry cleaning using plasma (hereinafter, "plasma cleaning" hereinafter ) Or housing a dummy wafer for performing, for recovering the dummy wafers after plasma cleaning, a plurality (usually dummy wafer 30 of 25 sheets) has become can be stored 
とカセット１ａ，１ｂとの間でウエハ２０を、そしてロードロック室６ａおよびアンロードロック室６ｂとカセット１ｃとの間でダミーウエハ３０を授受可能に動作する。 A cassette 1a, the wafer 20 with the 1b, and operates to allow exchanging dummy wafer 30 between the load lock chamber 6a and the unload lock chamber 6b and the cassette 1c 
ａ，１５ｂを介して真空処理室であるエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂが設けてある。 a, etching chamber is a vacuum processing chamber through a 15b 11a, 11b are provided  以下、エッチング処理室を例に取って説明する。 Hereinafter will be described taking the etching chamber as an example  真空搬送室１６内には、ロードロック室６ａ，アンロード室６ｂおよびエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂとの間でウエハ２０またはダミーウエハ３０を授受可能に動作する搬送装置１４が設けてある。 The vacuum transfer chamber 16, load lock chambers 6a, unload chamber 6b and etching chambers 11a, conveying device 14 is provided that operates to allow transferring the wafer 20 or dummy wafer 30 between 11b  真空搬送室１６は、独立に真空排気可能な真空排気装置１７を装備している。 Vacuum transfer chamber 16 is equipped with a vacuum evacuable vacuum evacuation device 17 independently 
【００２２】ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲリアクタのエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂは、この場合、同一の構成で対称配置とされてエッチング処理が行われるようになっている。 The UHF-ECR reactor etching chambers 11a, 11b is in this case are symmetrically arranged in the same configuration so that the etching process is performed 
エッチング処理室１１ａを例に説明する。 The etching chamber 11a will be described as an example  エッチング処理室１１ａは、ウエハ２０を配置するための試料台を有し、試料台８ａの上部に放電部７ａを形成するように放電室が設けてある。 Etching chamber 11a has a sample stage for placing the wafer 20, the discharge chamber so as to form a discharge portion 7a at the top of the sample table 8a is provided  エッチング処理室１１ａは、放電部７ａへの処理ガス供給のためのガス導入装置１０ａを有するとともに、エッチング処理室１１ａ内を所定圧力に減圧排気する真空排気装置９ａを有し、放電部７ａの処理ガスをプラズマ化するための、この場合、ＵＨＦ波と磁場の発生手段を有している。 The etching chambers 11a, which has a gas introduction device 10a for processing the gas supply to the discharge portion 7a, having a vacuum exhaust device 9a for evacuating the etching chamber 11a to a predetermined pressure, the process of the discharge portion 7a for plasma gas, in this case, it has a generating means of the UHF wave and magnetic field 
９は、センサ１８からの計測値を所定値と比較して、エッチング処理室内のクリーニング時期を判断する。 9, the measured value from the sensor 18 is compared with a predetermined value to determine the cleaning time of the etching chamber  また、制御装置１９は、真空搬送装置１３および１４を制御して、ダミーウエハ３０をカセット１ｃおよびエッチング処理室１１ａないし１１ｂの間で搬送制御する。 The control device 19 controls the vacuum transfer apparatus 13 and 14, to the dummy wafer 30 to the cassette 1c and the etching process chamber 11a carrying controlled between 11b 
いずれかの方法によりウエハ処理またはプラズマクリーニングを実行する。 It executes the wafer processing or plasma cleaning by any method 
によって、カセット１ａ内のウエハ２０を下から順にエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂに搬入し、それぞれのウエハ２０をエッチング処理する。 Accordingly, the wafer 20 to an etching treatment chamber in order from the bottom 11a of the cassette 1a, and carried into 11b, and each of the wafer 20 is etched  処理されたそれぞれのウエハ２０は、真空搬送装置１４および搬送装置１３によって、カセット１ａ内の元の位置に収納する。 Each wafer 20 processed by vacuum transfer apparatus 14 and the carrier 13 is housed in its original position in the cassette 1a  この場合、運転開始から終了に至る間、カセットの位置および姿勢を変えることなく未処理のウエハを取り出し、そして処理済みのウエハを未処理のウエハが収納されていた元の位置に戻して収納する。 In this case, while leading to completion of the start of the operation, it takes out an unprocessed wafer without changing the position and posture of the cassettes, and the processed wafer unprocessed wafer is accommodated back into position which is housed   このようにすることで、生産ラインの自動化への対応が容易で、且つ、ゴミの発生によるウエハの汚染を低減でき、高い生産効率と高い製品歩留まりを実現できる。 In this way, it is easy to respond to automation of production lines, and can reduce the contamination of the wafer due to the generation of dust can achieve high production efficiency and high product yield 
の処理が全て終り次のカセットの内のウエハ処理に移る前でも良い。 Of the process is good, even before moving on to the wafer processing of all end next cassette 
【００２７】プラズマクリーニングの実施にあたっては、次の順序で行われる。 The practice of plasma cleaning is performed in the following order  この場合、カセット１ｃに収納されたダミーウエハ３０（この
Context 3: Paper Info

Title: Generalized Pole-Residue Method for Dynamic Analysis of Nonlinear Systems based on Volterra Series
Publish Date: March 7, 2023
Author List: Qianying Cao (from State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology), Anteng Chang (from College of Engineering, Ocean University of China), Junfeng Du (from College of Engineering, Ocean University of China), Lin Lu (from State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology)

Figure

Fig  1: Procedure to compute the response by a combination of Volterra series and Laguerre polynomials
Fig  2: Linear frequency response function: (a) Modulus of H 1 (ω), (b) phase angle of H 1 (ω)
Fig  6: Comparison of h 1 (t) based on the analytical and reconstructed by Laguerre polynomials
Fig  11: Response for Case 1: (a) comparison between the proposed method and Runge-Kutta method, (b) contribution of the three components
Fig  18: Comparison of original excitations and reconstructed results: (a) Case 1, (b) Case 2 (c) Case 3
Fig  19: Response to irregular excitation for Case 1: (a) comparison between the proposed method and Runge-Kutta method, (b) contribution of the three components
Fig  23: Input-output dataset used to identify Volterra series: (a) input excitation, (b) output response
Fig  26: Comparison of responses between the predicted and numerical results: (a) response to regular excitation, (b) response to irregular excitation
Parameter values of the irregular excitation

abstract

Dynamic systems characterized by second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations appear in many fields of physics and engineering  To solve these kinds of problems, time-consuming stepby-step numerical integration methods and convolution methods based on Volterra series in the time domain have been widely used 
In contrast, this work develops an efficient generalized pole-residue method based on the Volterra series performed in the Laplace domain  The proposed method involves two steps: (1) the Volterra kernels are decoupled in terms of Laguerre polynomials, and (2) the partial response related to a single Laguerre polynomial is obtained analytically in terms of the pole-residue method 
Compared to the traditional pole-residue method for a linear system, one of the novelties of the pole-residue method in this paper is how to deal with the higher-order poles and their corresponding coefficients  Because the proposed method derives an explicit, continuous response function of time, it is much more efficient than traditional numerical methods 
Unlike the traditional Laplace domain method, the proposed method is applicable to arbitrary irregular excitations  Because the natural response, forced response and cross response are naturally obtained in the solution procedure, meaningful mathematical and physical insights are gained  In numerical studies, systems with a known equation of motion and an unknown equation of motion are investigated 
For each system, regular excitations and complex irregular excitations with different parameters are studied  Numerical studies validate the good accuracy and high efficiency of the proposed method by comparing it with the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method 

Introduction

Most real dynamic systems, as encountered in mechanical and civil engineering, are inherently nonlinear and include geometric nonlinearities, nonlinear constitutive relations in material or nonlinear resistances, etc    Nonlinear problems are attracting increasing attention from engineers and scientists 
This work focuses on solving nonlinear system vibration problems, i e , computing transient responses of nonlinear oscillators under arbitrary irregular excitations based on a combination of a pole-residue operation and Volterra series  Because Volterra series are single-valued, the scope of the present study is restricted to nonlinear behaviours without bifurcations  
To analyse nonlinear vibration problems, researchers have performed extensive studies and developed various mathematical methods  Popular methods include step-by-step numerical integration methods in the time domain, such as the Runge-Kutta method  This kind of method not only requires a small time-step resolution for obtaining high-precision solutions but also is prone to numerical instability  
For a long response with small time steps, the time domain methods are very costly in computational time  Volterra series is another widely used method, which is the extension of the Duhamel integral for linear systems   Volterra series can reproduce many nonlinear phenomena, but they are very complex due to higher-dimensional convolution integrals  
Since 1980's, significant progress has been made in the general area of the Volterra series  The reader is referred to Ref  for a quite thorough literature review on the relevant topics  After 2017, most papers focus on Volterra series identification  De Paula and Marques proposed a method for the identification of Volterra kernels, which was based on time-delay neural networks 
Son and Kim presented a method for a direct estimation of the Volterra kernel coefficients  Dalla Libera et al  introduced two new kernels for Volterra series identification  Peng et al  used the measured response to identify the kernel function and performed the nonlinear structural damage detection  Only a few papers concentrated on simplifying the computation of convolution integrals 
Traditional methods for computing convolution integrals involved in the Volterra series have been performed in three distinct domains: time, frequency and Laplace  The time domain method based on Volterra series refers to discrete time convolution methods, which also suffer computational cost problems  
Both the frequency domain method and the Laplace domain method based on the Volterra series consist of three steps: (1) Volterra series are transformed into an algebraic equation in the frequency domain or Laplace domain; the algebraic equation is solved by purely algebraic manipulations; and (3) the solution in Step ( ) is transformed back to the time domain 
Many researchers have used the frequency domain method to compute the responses of nonlinear systems  Billings et al  developed a new method for identifying the generalized frequency response function (GFRF) of nonlinear systems and then predicted the nonlinear response based on these GFRFs  Carassale et al  introduced a frequency domain approach for nonlinear bridge aerodynamics and aeroelasticity 
Ho et al  computed an output frequency domain function of a nonlinear damped duffing system modelled by a Volterra series under a sinusoidal input  Kim et al  identified the higher order frequency response functions by using the nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input technique and the harmonic probing method 
This type of frequency domain method is much more efficient than the time domain method due to the fast Fourier transform algorithm  However, the frequency domain method not only is limited by frequency resolutions but also suffers from leakage problems due to the use of discrete Fourier transforms  In addition, the frequency domain method calculates only a steady-state response 
A natural response generated by initial conditions and a cross response caused by interactions between a system and an excitation are ignored  In contrast, the Laplace domain method can calculate all response components because initial conditions are considered in the computational procedure  However, it has been restricted to analytical operations for simple excitations, such as sinusoidal excitations and exponential excitations  
The proposed method falls into the category of the Volterra series method computed in the Laplace domain  Unlike the traditional Laplace domain method, the proposed method is applicable to arbitrary irregular excitations  Because the proposed method follows a similar path as a pole-residue method for linear systems , the proposed method to solve nonlinear system vibration problems is called the generalized pole-residue method 
The main concept of the pole-residue method developed by Hu et al  was that the poles and residues of the response could be easily obtained from those of the input and system transfer function to obtain the closed-form response solution of linear systems  This method included three steps: (1) writing the system transfer function into pole-residue form; (2) writing the excitation into pole-residue form by the Prony-SS method; (3) computing the poles and residues of the response by an algebraic operation based on those from system and excitation 
Compared to Hu et al  , which was regarded as an efficient tool to compute responses of linear systems, the generalized pole-residue method in this paper is introduced to compute responses of nonlinear systems  The proposed method involves two steps: (1) the Volterra kernels are decoupled in terms of Laguerre polynomials, and (2) the partial response related to a single Laguerre polynomial is obtained analytically in terms of the pole-residue method 
Compared to the traditional pole-residue method for a linear system, one of the novelties of the generalized pole-residue method is how to deal with the higher-order poles and their corresponding coefficients  Similar to the Taylor series, the Volterra series representation is an infinite series, and convergence conditions are needed to assure that the representation is meaningful 
Because the proposed method is based on the Volterra series, only the system with convergent Volterra series representation can be treated by the proposed method  The paper is organized as follows  In Section 2, the nonlinear response is modelled by a Volterra series, and Volterra kernel functions are decoupled by Laguerre polynomials 
Then, the pole-residue method for computing explicit responses is developed in Section 3  Numerical studies and discussions are given in Section 4  Finally, the conclusions are drawn in Section 5 

Response calculation based on Volterra series

A nonlinear oscillator, whose governing equation of motion is given by where z(t, y, ẏ) represents an arbitrary nonlinear term; m, c, and k are the mass, damping and linear stiffness, respectively; y(t), ẏ(t) and ÿ(t) are the displacement, velocity and acceleration, respectively; and f (t) is the time-dependent excitation 
If the energy of excitation f (t) is limited, the nonlinear response under zero initial conditions (i e , zero displacement and zero velocity) can be represented by the Volterra series : where N is the order of Volterra series and In Eq  3, h 1 (τ ) is called the first-order Volterra kernel function, which represents the linear behaviour of the system; h n (τ 1 ,      
, τ n ) for n > 1 are the higher-order Volterra kernel functions, which describe the nonlinear behaviour of the system  The complete formulation of y(t) includes infinite series where the labour of calculating the n th term increases quickly with the growth of n  Fortunately, the response accuracy may be ensured by the first several order Volterra series 
This is proved here in numerical studies  The commonly known Laguerre polynomials are represented as : where p i is the order of the Laguerre polynomials and a i is the damping rate  The Laguerre polynomials satisfy the orthogonal relationship expressed as: By using Laguerre polynomials, the Volterra kernel function h n (t 1 ,      
, t n ) in Eq  3 can be decoupled as follows : where the coefficient is computed resorting to the orthogonal relationship in Eq  5: Substituting Eq  6 into Eq  3 yields       The above operation that uses the Laguerre polynomials to decouple Volterra higher order kernel functions has been well-developed 
The reader is referred to Refs  for details about the adopted technique  After decoupling Volterra higher order kernel functions in time, one can regroup Eq  8 into:       By denoting Eq  9 becomes The above procedure to compute the nonlinear response by a combination of Volterra series and Laguerre polynomials is schematically shown in Fig   
Volterra kernel functions h n (t 1 ,       , t n ) can be obtained by either an equation of motion or measured input-output signals  To derive a closedform solution of the response, we must obtain a closed-form solution of x i (t) first  In the following presentation, a closed-form solution of the aforementioned x i (t) and y n (t) is derived by using the pole-residue method 
3  Pole-residue method for calculating x i (t) and y n (t) Performing the Laplace transform of x i (t) in Eq  10 yields where in which Eq  13 includes a single pole and several higher-order poles  For k = 0, −a i is a single pole, and b p i (0) is a corresponding coefficient, namely, the residue  For k > 0, −a i are higher-order poles, and b p i (k) are corresponding coefficients 
For an irregular excitation signal f (t) of a finite duration of T , it can always be approximated into a pole-residue form by using the complex exponential signal decomposition method-Prony-SS : where N ℓ is the number of components; α ℓ and λ ℓ are constant coefficients, which either are real numbers or occur in complex conjugate pairs 
We define λ ℓ = −δ ℓ + iΩ ℓ , where Ω ℓ is the excitation frequency and δ ℓ is the damping factor of the ℓ th component  We denote α ℓ = A ℓ e iθ ℓ , where A ℓ is the amplitude and θ ℓ is the sinusoidal initial phase in radians  Taking the Laplace transform of Eq  15 yields Note that the concept of the Prony-SS method is similar to that of a principal component method 
A smooth excitation usually requires just several terms to achieve a good approximation  For high irregular loadings, including more terms would achieve a better approximation  Substituting Eqs  13 and 16 into Eq  12 yields Expressing xi (s) in its pole-residue form yields where λ ℓ are simple poles, and the corresponding residues are easily obtained by
and −a i are higher-order poles, and the corresponding coefficients are firstly derived as: By taking the inverse Laplace transform of Eq  18, a closed-form solution is obtained: Substituting Eqs  11 and 21 into Eq  2 yields Theoretically speaking, the proposed method for deriving the closed-form solution of the nonlinear response is applicable to any order of the Volterra series 
For practical engineering, usually only the first several order responses dominate  By setting up N = 2, Eq  22 can be simplified into three components: where the natural response, which is only related to system poles, is given by and the cross response, which is related to both system poles and excitation poles, is given by
and the forced response, which is related only to excitation poles, is given by The first term in Eq  26 is the first-order forced response governed by the excitation frequency, i e , the imaginary part of the pole λ ℓ   The second term corresponds to the second-order nonlinear forced response, which includes the sum frequency and difference frequency responses governed by λ ℓ + λ j  
Eq  26 straightforwardly offers visible information about the possible nonlinear vibrations by the cooperation of excitation frequencies  Particularly, consider a sinusoidal excitation f (t) = sin ω r t, which can be expressed as f (t) = γe λt + γ * e λ * t , where γ = −0 5i and λ = iω r   Substituting these values into Eq 
26, the second term of Eq  26 is simplified as where the first term is the difference frequency response, and the second term is the sum frequency response 

Numerical studies

In practical engineering, some systems have an accurate equation of motion  Additionally, some systems have difficulty constructing their equations of motion because of complex nonlinear dynamic behaviours and uncertain system parameters  In this article, a system with a known equation of motion is called a known system, and a system with an unknown equation of motion is called an unknown system for simplicity 
In this section, two numerical studies are presented  The first study verifies the proposed method using a known nonlinear oscillator, and the second study demonstrates the applicability of the proposed method to an unknown system  Throughout the numerical studies, the unit system is the metre-kilogramme-second (MKS) system; for conciseness, explicit units for quantities are omitted 

A known nonlinear system

This study chooses a nonlinear oscillator written as: where mass m = 1, damping c = 1, linear stiffness k 1 = 10, quadratic stiffness k 2 = 20 and cubic stiffness k 3 = 20  It is a case that has been studied in a previously published article   The linear natural frequency of the system ω 0 = k 1 /m = 3 16 and the damping ratio ζ = c/(2mω 0 ) = 15 8% 
This kind of oscillator occurs in many engineering problems, such as a model of fluid resonance in a narrow gap between large vessels   In the model, k 1 y represents the linear restoring force of the fluid, and k 2 y 2 and k 3 y 3 are respectively the quadratic and cubic nonlinear restoring forces of the fluid 

Volterra kernel functions

Generally, the first several order responses dominate the total response of a system  Hence, the order of the Volterra series in Eq  22 is chosen to be 3, namely, N = 3  For computing the first three order responses from Eq  22, the first three order Volterra kernel functions need to be known  Since Volterra kernel functions and corresponding frequency response functions are related by a specific Fourier transform pair, we can first write the first three orders of frequency response functions directly from Eq  28 
Then, Volterra kernel functions are obtained by the inverse Fourier transform  Based on the harmonic probing algorithm , the linear frequency response function (LFRF) H 1 (ω), the quadratic frequency response function (QFRF) H 2 (ω 1 , ω 2 ) and the cubic frequency response function (CFRF) H 3 (ω 1 , ω 2 , ω 3 ) are analytically given by:
and Figures show H 1 (ω), H 2 (ω 1 , ω 2 ) and H 3 (ω 1 , ω 2 , ω 3 ), respectively, which agree well with those reported in Ref    As expected, the modulus of H 1 (ω) in Fig  peaks near the linear natural frequency ω 0 , and the phase angle decreases monotonically from 0 to -π with increasing frequency 
Figure shows the sum frequency QFRF, where the energy converges along the line of ω 1 +ω 2 ≈ ω 0   Therefore, when the sum frequency of a two-tone excitation equals the linear resonant frequency, the second-order response may reach its maximum  Additionally, those pairs of excitations in line ω 1 + ω 2 ≈ ω 0 may produce non-negligible vibration magnitudes due to second-order nonlinear effects 
For the difference frequency QFRF in Fig  (b), the energy converges along two main lines, i e , ω 1 ≈ ω 0 and ω 2 ≈ ω 0   Figures show moduli of H 3 (ω, ω, ω) and H 3 (ω, ω, −ω), which are diagonal terms of the sum frequency CFRF and the difference frequency CFRF, respectively  While the modulus of H 3 (ω, ω, ω) peaks near ω ≈ ω 0 /3 and ω 0 , that of H 3 (ω, ω, −ω) peaks near ω ≈ ω 0 with a small hump around ω ≈ ω 0 /2 
Values at ω ≈ ω 0 /3 and ω 0 /2 may be magnified by higher-order stiffness terms in Eq  28  By performing the inverse fast Fourier transform to Eqs  29-31, the corresponding linear impulse response function h 1 (t), quadratic impulse response function h 2 (t 1 , t 2 ) and cubic impulse response function h 3 (t 1 , t 2 , t 3 ) are obtained 
Here, h 1 (t) and h 2 (t 1 , t 2 ) are plotted in Figs  , respectively, and h 3 (t, t, t) is shown in Fig    In the numerical implementation, Eqs  29-31 have been utilized with the frequency interval ∆ω = 0 1, number of frequency components N n = 1025, and cut-off frequencies 102 4 and −102 4  For decoupling Volterra kernel functions by using Laguerre polynomials, the damping rate and number of Laguerre polynomials for each order Volterra kernel function need to be determined (see Eqs  4 and 6) 
In this example, we set a 1 = a 2 = a 3 = 2 and R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = 24 because coefficients c p 1    pn become very small when R n > 24, n = 1, 2, 3  According to Eq  7, the coefficients of the first three order Volterra kernel functions are calculated, which are shown in Figs  9 and 10  For convenience, Fig  plots only c p 1 p 2 p 3 for p 3 = 0 
With the increase of the order of Laguerre polynomials, coefficients in Figs  9 and 10 gradually decrease, which illustrates how the first several orders of Laguerre polynomials dominate all orders of the Volterra kernel function  With the known Laguerre polynomials and corresponding coefficients, Volterra kernel functions are reconstructed by Eq  6 
For comparison, reconstructed Volterra kernel functions are also plotted in Figs    The reconstructed results agree well with the analytical values, which verifies the accuracy of the decomposition 

Sinusoidal excitation

From Eq  28, we consider a sinusoidal excitation where A and Ω are the amplitude and the frequency, respectively  Five cases of A and Ω are shown in Table   Excitation frequencies in Cases 1 and 2 are larger than the linear natural frequency (ω 0 ≈ 3 16), those in Case 3 are very close to ω 0 , and those in Cases 4 and 5 are smaller than ω 0  
All cases have same amplitudes  The poles of a sinusoidal excitation are λ 1,2 = ±iΩ, and the residues are α 1,2 = ∓iA/2  Numerical values of excitation poles and residues for different cases are listed in Table   Table : Parameter values, poles and residues of the sinusoidal excitation Substituting poles and residues of the excitation, as well as those of the system into Eqs 
20 and 19, response coefficients β p i ,k corresponding to system poles −a i and response coefficients γ p i ,ℓ corresponding to excitation poles λ ℓ are calculated, respectively  According to Eq  22, the first three orders of responses for each case in Table are calculated  Figures )-15(a) show the comparison of responses obtained by the proposed method and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with ∆t = 10 −4  
For Cases 1 and 2, the first-order responses agree well with the total responses obtained by the Runge-Kutta method, and the higher-order responses only slightly improve the transient parts  For Cases 3-5, the sum of the first three orders of responses is in good agreement with the Runge-Kutta solution 
When the response nonlinearity increases, higher-order responses need to be considered  In other words, the proposed method can accurately compute the nonlinear responses by choosing a small number N of Volterra series terms  Figures )-15(b) show the contributions of the three response components for the five cases 
In each case, the first-order response is the most dominant component, and the contributions of secondand third-order responses are much less than those of the first-order response  Especially for Cases 1 and 2, whose excitation frequencies are far from the linear natural frequency, second-and thirdorder responses are close to zero 
This may be because the QFRF and CFRF approach zero when the frequency is larger than 4 rad/s (see Figs  )  Furthermore, the mean values of the first-order responses are approximately zero, and those of the second-order responses are always smaller than zero, which are the difference frequency components in Eq  27 
Moreover, it is clearly observed that second-order responses for Cases 3-5 exhibit a periodic oscillation with a period near half of that for the first-order response, which is excited by the sum frequency component of the excitation (see second part of Eq  27)  Compared with steady-state solutions of first-and second-order responses, those of third-order responses in Cases 3-5 are no longer single regular motions 
By performing the FFT, frequency spectra of these three third-order responses are shown in Fig    We find that these three third-order responses are all dominated by their own fundamental harmonic component and the third harmonic (triple frequency) component  Figure shows the computational time to calculate the response of the oscillator for Case 1 by the proposed method, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and the convolution method 
The proposed method, which has an explicit solution, is much more efficient in computational time than the latter two methods, which need small time steps to obtain high-precision solutions  In particular, the efficiency of the proposed method increases with the length of the response time  Computation time (sec )
t=0 02s Convolution, t=0 02s Convolution, t=0 001s Runge-Kutta, t=0 001s Fig  : Comparison of computation efficiency of the proposed method, the fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta method and the convolution method regular loading in Case 1

Irregular excitation

In Eq  28, considering an irregular excitation consisting of several cosine functions where N f is the number of cosine components; A n , Ω n and θ n are the amplitude, frequency and phase angle of the n th component, respectively  Table lists three cases of these parameters  In each case, the amplitudes of all components are the same, and phase angles θ n uniformly distributed between 0 and 2π are randomly generated 
To decompose the excitation into a pole-residue form, the Prony-SS method is used, whose concept is similar to that of a principal component method  The readers are referred to Ref  for details  The chosen rank of each case is also shown in Table   Figure shows the comparison of original excitations and reconstructed results of these three cases, which all have excellent agreement 
show the results computed by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method  In all cases, the sums of the first three orders of responses agree well with those obtained by the Runge-Kutta method  The contributions of the first three orders of responses for each case are plotted in Figs  )-21(b)  Similarly, the system vibration is dominated by the first-order response 
However, the contributions of second-and third-order significantly grow with increasing excitation magnitude and frequency number  Furthermore, when the magnitude of the nonlinear response becomes large, sharp troughs are present  This phenomenon may be induced by the nonlinear stiffness  While the first-order response fails to capture these troughs, the higher-order responses successfully capture these troughs 
Figure plots the computational time to calculate the response of the oscillator for the irregular loading in Case 1 by the proposed method and the fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta method, respectively  While the fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta method is more efficient under a small response length, the proposed method becomes much more efficient when the response length is larger than about 130 s 
In addition, the proposed method obtains the explicit response solution, so one can directly obtain the response value at a specific time t p instead of integrating from 0 to t p for traditional numerical methods  Computation time (sec ) Proposed, t=0 02s Runge-Kutta, t=0 001s Fig  : Comparison of computation efficiency of the method and the fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta method for irregular loading in Case 1

An unknown nonlinear

To check the applicability of the proposed method to an unknown nonlinear system, a known input excitation and its corresponding response are used to identify its Volterra kernel functions  When the Volterra kernel functions are known, we can follow the procedure in Section 4 1 to predict system responses 
In this study, the input excitation is white noise with a constant power spectrum S 0 = 0 001, and the corresponding response is obtained by solving Eq  28 by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, which is shown in Fig    From Section 4 1, we determine that the sum of the first two orders of responses agrees well with the total response 
In this study, the order of Volterra series N is chosen to be 2, damping rates of Laguerre polynomials are a 1 = a 2 = 2, and numbers of Laguerre polynomials are R 1 = R 2 = 24  To estimate the first two orders of Volterra kernel functions, a matrix equation is constructed using excitation data and response data 
By using the least square method to solve this matrix equation, coefficients c p 1 and c p 1 p 2 in Eq  8 are identified  Figure plots c p 1 and c p 1 p 2 , respectively, which have good agreement with the exact results in Fig    Then, the first two order Volterra kernel functions are constructed by Eq  6 
Compared with the exact results in Figs  , the identified Volterra kernel functions in Fig  completely agree well with the exact solutions  Note that the white noise excitation, which can excite more frequency components of the response, is chosen to obtain good Volterra kernel functions  A regular excitation f (t) = sin(πt) and an irregular excitation f (t) = N f n=1 A n cos(Ω n t + θ n ) with A n = 0 3 and Ω n varying from 0 to 40 with equal interval 1 are chosen as input excitations 
The predicted responses, along with results obtained by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, are shown in Fig    In both cases, the proposed method accurately predicts system responses  As presented in Eq  23, a nonlinear response is the sum of three terms: natural response y s (t), forced response y f (t) and cross response y c (t) 
These individual terms, as well as their sum to two excitations, are shown in Figs  27 and 28, respectively  As shown in Figs  and 28, both first-and second-order responses include the natural response y s (t) and the forced response y f (t), but the cross response y c (t) only exists in second-order responses 
When t becomes larger, both y s (t) and y c (t) diminish due to the presence of system damping, and the total response is entirely governed by y f (t)  Moreover, we notice some features at t = 0 for these components, including y s (0) = −y f (0) for the first-order response and y s (0) + y f (0) = −y c (0) for the second-order response, which are due to imposed zero initial conditions 

Conclusions

Considering arbitrary irregular excitations, an efficient generalized pole-residue method to compute the nonlinear dynamic response modelled by the Volterra series was developed  A core of the proposed method was obtaining poles and corresponding coefficients of Volterra kernel functions, then those of each order response modelled by each order Volterra series 
Once the poles and corresponding coefficients of Volterra kernel functions and excitations were both available, the remaining derivation could follow a similar pole-residue method that had been developed for ordinary linear oscillators  To obtain the poles and corresponding coefficients of Volterra kernel functions, two steps were included: (1) using Laguerre polynomials to decouple higher-order Volterra kernel functions with respect to time and (2) obtaining poles and corresponding coefficients of Laguerre polynomials in the Laplace domain 
Because the proposed method gave an explicit, continuous response function of time, it was much more efficient than traditional numerical methods  Moreover, many meaningful physical and mathematical insights were gained because not only each order response but also the natural response, the forced response and the cross response of each order were obtained in the solution procedure 
To demonstrate that the proposed method was not only suitable for a system with a known equation of motion but also applicable to a system with an unknown equation of motion, two numerical studies were conducted  For each study, regular excitations and complex irregular excitations with different parameters were investigated 
The efficiency of the proposed method was verified by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method  This paper only computes the response under zero initial conditions  The response under non-zero initial conditions will be investigated in our future work 



ground_truth: Multiple vacuum processing apparatuses are arranged in parallel.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What does the paper aim to solve?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 4:  administration announced the establishment of the U S  Pentagon's Africa Command (AFRICOM) in order to better control, dominate, and exploit both the natural resources and the variegated peoples of the continent of Africa, the very cradle of our human species  This current bout of U S  imperialism is what Hans Morgenthau denominated "unlimited imperialism" in his seminal work Politics Among Nations (4th ed  1968, at 52-53): The outstanding historic examples of unlimited imperialism are the expansionist policies of Alexander the Great, Rome, the Arabs in the seventh and eighth centuries, Napoleon I, and Hitler  They all have in common an urge toward expansion which knows no rational limits, feeds on its own successes and, if not stopped by a superior force, will go on to the confines of the political world  This urge will not be satisfied so long as there remains anywhere a possible object of domination--a politically organized group of men which by its very independence challenges the conqueror's lust for power  It is, as we shall see, exactly the lack of moderation, the aspiration to conquer all that lends itself to conquest, characteristic of unlimited imperialism, which in the past has been the undoing of the imperialistic policies of this kind…  On 10 November 1979 I visited with Hans Morgenthau at his home in Manhattan  It proved to be our last conversation before he died on 19 July 1980  Given his weakened physical but not mental condition and his serious heart problem, at the end of our necessarily abbreviated one-hour meeting I purposefully asked him what he thought about the future of international relations  iraqbbc newsgabriel gatehousethe new york timesjohn lelandhaaretzzvi bar'elthe jordan timestaylor luckthe associated pressjeff karoubthe los angeles timesraheem salmancnnjomana karadsheh
Terry thinks she's a man
Yesterday on NPR's Fresh Air the hour went to a male TV critic  It's always a man with Terry  Always  And somebody tell her that a snotty, snooty TV critic really doesn't make for good programming This is C I 's "Iraq snapshot:" Thursday, December 23, 2010  Chaos and violence continue, Iraqi women make clear their displeasure over the Cabinet make up, Daniel Ellsberg and Veterans for Peace get some recognition, and more  Last Thursday a protest held outside the White House  One of the organizers was Veterans for Peace and Pentagon Papers whistle blower Daniel Ellsberg participated and spoke  Juana Bordas (Washington Post) advocates for both of them to be named persons of the year: Veterans for Peace and Daniel Ellsberg should be this year's person of the year because of their courage and bravery to stand up for all of us who believe that "war is not the answer " Moreover in a time of economic recession, the war machine is bankrupting our country  As John Amidon, a Marine Corps veteran from Albany asked at the White House protest, "How is the war economy working for you?"While unemployment rates hover near 10 percent, there is no doubt that the U S  economy and quality of life is faltering  Worldwide we are 14th in education, 37th in the World Health Organization's ranking on medical systems, and 23rd in the U N  Environmental Sustainability Index on being most livable and greenest benefits  There is one place we take the undeniable world lead  The US military spending accounts for a whopping 46 5 percent of world military spending--the next ten countries combined come in at only 20 7 percent  Linda Pershing (Truthout) reports, "Responding to a call from the leaders of Stop These Wars(1) - a new coalition of Veterans for Peace and other activists - participants came together in a large-scale performance of civil resistance  A group of veterans under the leadership of Veterans for Peace members Tarak Kauff, Will Covert and Elaine Brower, mother of a Marine who has served three tours of duty in Iraq, sponsored the event with the explicit purpose of putting their bodies on the line  Many participants were Vietnam War veterans; others ranged from Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans in their 20s and 30s to World War II vets in their 80s and older  They were predominately white; men outnumbered women by at least three to one  After a short rally in Lafayette Park, they formed a single-file procession, walking across Pennsylvania Avenue to the solemn beat of a drum  As they reached the police barricade (erected to prevent them from chaining themselves to the gate, a plan they announced on their web site), the activists stood shoulder to shoulder, their bodies forming a human link across the 'picture postcard' tableau in front of the White House " Maria Chutchian (Arlington Advocate) quotes, participant Nate Goldshlag (Vietnam veteran) stating, ""There was a silent, single file march around Lafayette Park to a drum beat  Then we went in front of the White House,  There were barricades set up in front of white house fence  So when we got there, we jumped over barricades and were able to get right next to the White House fence " Participant Linda LeTendre (Daily Gazette) reports: At the end of the rally, before the silent, solemn procession to the White House fence, in honor of those killed in Iraq and Afghan wars of lies and deceptions, the VFP played taps and folded an American flag that had been left behind at a recent funeral for the veteran of one of those wars  Two attendees in full dress uniform held and folded the flag  I had the image of all of the people who stood along the roads and bridges when the bodies of the two local men, Benjamin Osborn and David Miller, were returned to the Capital District  I thought if all of those people were here now or spoke out against war these two fine young men might still be with us I was blessed enough to be held in custody with one of those in uniform; a wonderful young man who had to move from his hometown in Georgia because no one understood why as a veteran he was against these wars  Even his family did not understand  (He remains in my prayers )Our plan was to attach ourselves to the White House fence until President Obama came out and talked to us or until we were arrested and dragged away  I don't have to tell you how it ended Mr  Ellsberg was one of 139 people arrested at that action  We've noted the protest in pretty much every snapshot since last Thursday  If something else comes out that's worth noting on the protest, we'll include it  We will not include people who don't have their facts and it's really sad when they link to, for example, Guardian articles and the links don't even back them up  It's real sad, for example, when they're trashing Hillary (big strong men that they are) and ripping her apart and yet Barack? "Obama's inaccurate statements"??? What the hell is that? You're inferring he lied, say so  Don't be such a little chicken s**t  It's especially embarrasing when you're grandstanding on 'truth ' Especially when you're the little s**t that clogged up the public e-mail account here in the summer of 2008 whining that you were holding Barack to a standard, then admitting that you weren't, then whining that if you did people would be mean to you  Oh, that's sooooooo sad  Someone might say something bad about you  The horror  You must suffer more than all the people in Iraq and Afghanistan combined  While the action took place in DC, actions also took place in other cities  We've already noted NYC's action this week, Doug Kaufmann (Party for Socialism & Liberation) reports on the Los Angeles action: Despite heavy rain, over 100 people gathered in Los Angeles on the corner of Hollywood and Highland to demand an end to the U S  wars on Afghanistan and Iraq  People came from as far as Riverside to protest, braving what Southern California media outlets have dubbed the "storm of the decade " The demonstration, initiated and led by the ANSWER Coalition, broke the routine of holiday shopping and garnered support from activists and even passers by, who joined in chanting "Money for jobs and education -- not for war and occupation!" and "Occupation is a crime -- Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine!" Protesters held banners reading, "U S /NATO Out of Afghanistan!" and "Yes to jobs, housing and education -- no to war, racism and occupation!"Speakers at the demonstration included representatives of Korean Americans for Peace, ANSWER Coalition, KmB Pro-People Youth, Veterans for Peace, Party for Socialism and Liberation and National Lawyers Guild  Tuesday, Nouri al-Maliki managed to put away the political stalemate thanks to a lot of Scotch -- tape to hold the deal together and booze to keep your eyes so crossed you don't question how someone can claim to have formed a Cabinet when they've left over ten positions to be filled at a later date  One group speaking out is women  Bushra Juhi and Qassmi Abdul-Zahra (AP) report, "Iraq's female lawmakers are furious that only one member of the country's new Cabinet is a woman and are demanding better representation in a government that otherwise has been praised by the international community for bringing together the country's religious sects and political parties " As noted Tuesday, though represenation in Parliament is addressed in Iraq's Constitution, there is nothing to address women serving in the Cabinet  Aseel Kami (Reuters) notes one of the most damning aspects of Nouri's chosen men -- a man is heaing the Ministry of Women's Affairs  Iraqiya's spokesperson Maysoon Damluji states, "There are really good women who could do wel       they cannot be neglected and marginalized " Al-Amal's Hanaa Edwar states, "They call it a national (power) sharing government  So where is the sharing? Do they want to take us back to the era of the harem? Do they want to take us back to the dark ages, when women were used only for pleasure " Deborah Amos (NPR's All Things Considered) reports that a struggle is going on between secular impulses and fundamentalist ones  Gallery owner Qasim Sabti states, "We know it's fighting between the religious foolish man and the civilization man  We know we are fighting like Gandhi, and this is a new language in Iraqi life  We have no guns  We do not believe in this kind of fighting " Deborah Amos is the author of Eclipse of the Sunnis: Power, Exile, and Upheaval in the Middle East  Meanwhile Nizar Latif (The National) reports that distrust is a common reaction to the new government in Baghdad and quotes high school teacher Hussein Abed Mohammad stating, "Promises were made that trustworthy, competent people would be ministers this time around, but it looks as if everything has just been divided out according to sectarian itnerests  No attention has been paid to forming a functioning government, it is just a political settlement of vested interests  I'm sure al Maliki will have the same problems in his next four years as he had in the last four years " Days away from the ten months mark, Nouri managed to finally end the stalemate  Some try to make sense of it and that must have been some office party that the editorial board of the Washington Post is still coming down from judging by "A good year in Iraq " First up, meet the new Iraqi Body Count -- an organization that provides cover for the war and allows supporters of the illegal war to point to it and insist/slur "Things aren't so bad!" Sure enough, the editorial board of the Post does just that noting the laughable "civilian deaths" count at iCasualities  As we noted -- long, long before we walked away from that crap ass website, they're not doing a civilian count  They're noting how many deaths Reuters reports 



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