prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What experimental techniques were used to study the quantum dot structures in this research?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: \section{Introduction}

Despite the rise of graphene and other 2D materials, semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) are still regarded as strong candidates for the next generation of high-performance ultrascaled transistors~\cite{Cao_IBM_2015,IBM_2017,3D_CNT_FET} as well as for opto-electronic devices~\cite{Review_Avouris,CNT_photonics} such as chip-scale electronic-photonic platforms~\cite{Pernice_2016} or low-threshold near-infrared tunable micro-lasers~\cite{Graf_2017}  
Engineering a quantum dot (QD) along a (suspended) semiconducting SWNT foreshadows promising opportunities in the field of quantum information processing and sensing through recently proposed schemes such as detection and manipulation of single spins via coupling to vibrational motion~\cite{Palyi_2012}, optomechanical cooling~\cite{Wilson_Rae_2012} as well as all optical manipulation of electron spins~\cite{Galland_all_optical_2008}  Furthermore, the quasi one-dimensional geometry of SWNTs allows for defining tunable p-n junctions induced by electrostatic doping through local gates~\cite{Buchs_JAP,tunable_pn_2011}  Combining a well-defined QD within such a p-n junction structure could constitute a crucial building-block for the realization of highly desirable electrically driven, on-demand single photon emitters operating at telecom wavelength, based $e g $ on a turnstile device architecture~\cite{turnstile_1994,turnstile_1999} 
In practice, QDs in carbon nanotubes have been reported predominantly for two different confinement structures: i) Engineered tunneling barriers at metal-nanotube contacts~\cite{Pablo04nat} and/or by gate electrodes, used \emph{e g } to manipulate single electron spins~\cite{Laird:2015}, ii) Unintentional localization potentials stemming from environmental disorder~\cite{Hofmann_2016}, allowing for single-photon emission mediated by localization of band-edge excitons to QD states~\cite{CNT_photonics,Hoegele_2008,Walden_Newman_2012,Hofmann_2013,Pernice_2016_2}  Both types of structures are usually operated at cryogenic temperature due to small energy scales ranging from a few to few tens of millielectronvolts 
\\
\indent Another technique for achieving confinement in SWNTs makes use of artificial defects such as covalently bound oxygen or aryl functionalization groups on the side walls of semiconducting SWNTs, inducing deep exciton trap states allowing for single-photon emission at room temperature~\cite{Htoon_2015,tunable_QD_defects}  Also, carrier confinement between defect pairs acting as strong scattering centers has been reported for mechanically induced defects~\cite{Postma_SET} as well as for ion-induced defects with reported level spacings up to 200 meV in metallic SWNTs~\cite{Buchs_PRL}  The latter technique, combined with recent progress in controlling defects structure and localization~\cite{Robertson_2012,Yoon_2016,Laser_writing_2017} offers a high potential for engineering a broad set of SWNT-based quantum devices operating at room temperature  
\\
\indent Here, we demonstrate confinement of electrons and holes in sub-10 nm QD structures defined by ion-induced defect pairs along the axis of semiconducting SWNTs  Using low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), bound states with level spacings of the order of 100 meV and larger are resolved in energy and space  By solving the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation over a piecewise constant potential model, the effects of asymmetric defect scattering strength as well as the influence of the Au(111) substrate such as terrace edges on the bound states structure are remarkably well reproduced  By means of ab-initio calculations based on density functional theory and Green's functions, we find that single (SV) and double vacancies (DV) as well as chemisorbed nitrogen ad-atoms are good candidates to produce QDs with the experimentally observed features  These simulations also allow to study the scattering profile as a function of energy for different defect combinations 

\section{Experimental section}

The experiments have been performed in a commercial (Omicron) low temperature STM setup operating at $\sim5$~K in ultra high vacuum  Topography images have been recorded in constant current mode with a grounded sample, using mechanically cut Pt/Ir tips  Differential conductance $dI/dV$ spectra, proportional in first approximation to the local density of states (LDOS)~\cite{Tersoff85} have been recorded using a lock-in amplifier technique  The LDOS spatial evolution along a nanotube axis is obtained by $dI/dV(x,V)$ maps built by a series of equidistant $dI/dV$ spectra  Spatial extent mismatches between topography images and consecutive $dI/dV(x,V)$ maps have been systematically corrected~\cite{Buchs_Ar}, and the metallic nature of the tip has been systematically checked on the gold substrate to prevent any tip artefacts before recording STM or/and STS data sets  
\\
\indent Nanotube samples were made of extremely pure high-pressure CO conversion (HiPCo) SWNTs~\cite{Smalley01} with a diameter distribution centered around 1 nm, FWHM $\sim$ 0 3 nm~\cite{Buchs_conf}  The measured intrinsic defect density was below one defect every 200 nm  SWNTs were deposited on atomically flat Au(111) surfaces from a 1,2-dichloroethane suspension, followed by an in-situ annealing process~\cite{Buchs_APL_07,Buchs_Ar} 
\\
\indent Local defects in SWNTs have been created in-situ by exposure to: (i) Medium energy $\sim$ 200 eV argon ions (Ar$^{+}$) produced by an ion gun \cite{Buchs_Ar,Buchs_PRL}, (ii) Low energy (few eV's) nitrogen ions (N$^{+}$) produced by a 2 45 GHz ECR plasma source~\cite{Buchs_APL_07,Buchs_NJP_07}  In both cases, the exposure parameters have been calibrated to reach an average defect separation along the SWNTs of about 10 nm~\cite{Buchs_Ar,Buchs_APL_07} 

\section{Results and discussion}
\subsection{Experimental LDOS patterns}
\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=8cm]{Figure_1 pdf}
  \caption{\label{exp_data_1} (a)-(b) 3D topography images (processed with WSXM~\cite{WSXM}) of SWNT I with Ar$^{+}$ ions-induced defects, with sample-tip bias voltage ($V_\mathrm{S}$) 1 V and tunneling current $I_\mathrm{S}$ 0 1 nA  (c) Corresponding $dI/dV(x,V)$ map recorded along the horizontal dashed lines in (b), with $V_\mathrm{S}=1$ V, $I_\mathrm{S}=0 2$ nA  Spatial resolution $\sim$ 0 3 nm  (d) 3D topography image of SWNT II with N$^{+}$ ions-induced defects, with $V_\mathrm{S}=1$ V, $I_\mathrm{S}=128$ pA  (e) Corresponding $dI/dV(x,V)$ map recorded along the horizontal dashed lines in (d), with $V_\mathrm{S}=1 5$ V, $I_\mathrm{S}=0 3$ nA  Spatial resolution $\sim$ 0 2 nm }
\end{figure}
In Fig ~\ref{exp_data_1} (a) and (b), we show 3D STM images of the same semiconducting SWNT (referred as SWNT I in the following) with Ar$^{+}$ ions-induced defect sites labeled $d1-d5$   Panel (d) shows a 3D STM image of a second semiconducting SWNT (referred as SWNT II) with N$^{+}$ ions-induced defect sites labeled $d6-d7$  In both cases, defect sites typically appear as hillock-like protrusions with an apparent height ranging from 0 5~{\AA} to 4~{\AA} and an apparent lateral extension varying between 5~{\AA} and 30~{\AA}~\cite{Buchs_NJP_07,Buchs_Ar,Thesis_Buchs}  
\\
\indent The resulting $dI/dV(x,V)$ maps recorded along the horizontal dashed line drawn in the STM images (b) and (d) are displayed in panels (c) and (e) in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_1}, respectively  Defect signatures in the LDOS in both cases are characterized by deep in-gap states at the defects positions  This is consistent with the expected defect structures, $i e $ mainly SVs, DVs and combinations thereof for collisions with Ar$^{+}$ ions~\cite{Buchs_Ar} and bridgelike N ad-atom for collisions with N$^{+}$ ions~\cite{Thesis_Buchs,Nitrogen_prb_07}  Note that gap states at energy levels $\sim$~0 2 eV and $\sim$~0 05 eV in panels (c) and (e), respectively, are shifted to the right from $d3$ by about 1 nm and to the right from $d6$ by about 2 nm  This indicates the presence of intrinsic or ion-induced defects on the lateral or bottom side wall of the SWNTs~\cite{Kra01prb}, not visible in the topographic images  These defects are labelled $d3'$ and $d6'$, respectively   
\\
\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=12cm]{Figure_2 pdf}
  \caption{\label{exp_data_Ar} (a)-(b) QD I detailed $dI/dV(x,V)$ maps in conduction and valence bands  Lower subpanels contain QD states linecut profiles and stationary wave-like fits in left and right QD parts  Right subpanels contain experimental energy dispersion relation data sets $k_\mathrm{n}(E_\mathrm{n})$ and tight-binding calculations  (c)-(d) Resulting LDOS calculated from a one-dimensional piecewise constant potential model featuring potential barriers and a potential step (gray area), with position of the potential step: 5 09 nm from the right barrier's center, potential step heigth: $U_\mathrm{C}=V_\mathrm{L}-V_\mathrm{R}=60$ meV, barrier heights: $V_\mathrm{d3'}=1$ eV, $V_\mathrm{d4}=0 85$ eV, barrier widths: $a_\mathrm{d3'}=a_\mathrm{d4}=3 4$ nm   Valence band: $V_\mathrm{d3'}=-0 4$ eV, $a_\mathrm{d3'}=a_\mathrm{d4}=2 5$ nm, $V_\mathrm{d4}=-0 4$ eV  $E_\mathrm{g}$ stands for bandgap energy }
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=12cm]{Figure_3 pdf}
  \caption{\label{exp_data_N} (a) QD II detailed $dI/dV(x,V)$ map  Lower subpanels contain QD states linecut profiles and stationary wave-like fits in the left and right QD parts  Right subpanel contains experimental energy dispersion relation data sets $k_\mathrm{n}(E_\mathrm{n})$ and tight-binding calculations  (b) Resulting LDOS calculated from a one-dimensional piecewise constant potential model featuring potential barriers and a potential step (gray area) with position of the potential step: 4 7 nm from the right barrier's center, potential step heigth: $U_\mathrm{C}=V_\mathrm{L}-V_\mathrm{R}=60$ meV, barrier heights: $V_\mathrm{d6'}=0 6$ eV, $V_\mathrm{d7}=0 6$ eV, barrier widths: $a_\mathrm{d6'}=1 5$ nm, $a_\mathrm{d7}=2 6$ nm }
\end{figure}
\indent Remarkably, the $dI/dV(x,V)$ maps in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_1} exhibit several broad discrete states in the conduction bands of SWNT I, II (white dashed boxes in panel (c) and (e), respectively) and in the valence band of SWNT I (white dashed box in panel (c)), characterized by a modulation of the $dI/dV$ signals in the spatial direction between pairs of consecutive defect sites $d3'-d4$ and $d6'-d7$  Enlarged plots of these boxed regions are displayed in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(a)-(b) and Fig ~\ref{exp_data_N}(a) for SWNTs I and II, respectively  In the conduction bands, cross-sectional curves recorded along the black horizontal dashed lines labelled m1--m3 in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(a) and m1--m4 in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_N}(a) are plotted below the LDOS panels  These clearly reveal one to three and respectively one to four spatially equidistant maxima  The number of maxima increases for increasing $\left|V_\mathrm{bias}\right|$ and the measured level spacings between consecutive discrete states is of the order of 100 meV and larger for both cases  This indicates that defect sites $d3'-d4$ and $d6'-d7$, respectively separated by 12 1 nm and 11 2 nm, act as strong scattering centers able to confine carriers in semiconducting SWNTs~\cite{Buchs_PRL,Bercioux_prb_2011}  Such intrananotube QD structures will be referred as QD I (in SWNT I) and QD II (in SWNT II) in the following  We estimated the level spacings in the conduction band of QD I to 98 meV (m1-m2) and 116 meV (m2-m3)  For QD II, we measured 122 meV (m1-m2), 185 meV (m2-m3) and 210 meV (m3-m4) 
\\
\indent In the valence band of SWNT I, discrete states with level spacings of the order of 80-90 meV, with one clear maximum at the level m-1, can also be distinguished between defect sites $d3'-d4$ in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(b)  The discretization of the states indicates that this QD structure also confines holes  Discrete states starting from m-2 and lower show less well defined structures compared to the conduction band states  In the case of SWNT II, no clear discrete states are observed in the valence band (see supplementary information)  These observations are most probably the result of an energy dependent scattering strength of the defects, respectively $d3'$-$d4$ and $d6'$-$d7$, leading here to a weaker confinement in the valence band  Such energy dependence is well known for metallic SWNTs~\cite{Chico96,vac_2007,mayrhofer:2011,Bockrath_Science01} and is corroborated by our ab-initio calculations  Note that mixing effects with defect states and substrate-induced effects~\cite{substrate_effects} cannot be ruled out 
\\
\indent Another remarkable feature in the LDOS is the strong spatial asymmetry of the lowest energy states m1 and m-1 in QD I and m1 in QD II  In QD I, m1 is shifted to the right side of the dot while m-1 is shifted to the left side  Higher states m2 and m3 show more symmetry in terms of position of the maxima relative to the center of the QD  In QD II, m1 is shifted to the right side of the QD  We attribute the observed lowest energy states asymmetry (for electrons as well as for holes) in part to their strong sensitivity to weak potential modulations within the QD structure (as we will show in section \ref{1D})  For QD I, this assertion is supported by the observation of a 0 25 nm high Au(111) terrace edge located around the center of the QD, leading to a supported-suspended interface (see white dashed lines in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_1}(b) and more topographic details in Fig ~S2(a)-(d) in supplementary information)  Such configurations have been reported to induce a rigid shift in the SWNT bands~\cite{Clair_2011}, for instance here a down-shift in the right side of QD I corresponding to the "suspended" portion between two terraces  In QD II, we attribute the spatial shift of m1 to a potential modulation induced by a layer of disordered impurities, most probably residua from the 1,2-dichloroethane suspension, lying between the gold substrate and the SWNT (see Fig ~\ref{exp_data_1}(d) and Fig ~S2(e)-(h) in supplementary information)  
\\
\indent Also, the LDOS in QD I and II (Fig ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(a) and Fig ~\ref{exp_data_N}(a), respectively) reveals asymmetric patterns with curved stripes oriented from top left to bottom right for QD I and from bottom left to top right for QD II  These are characteristic signatures for defect pairs with different scattering strengths~\cite{Bercioux_prb_2011,Buchs_PRL}  For instance here, the left defect in QD I ($d3'$) has a larger scattering strength than the right one ($d4$), while the right defect in QD II ($d7$) has a larger scattering strength than the left one ($d6'$)  
\\
\indent The exact atomic structure of the defects could in principle be determined from a comparison of $dI/dV$ spectra with simulated first-principle LDOS signatures of expected defect types  In reality, this is hampered by the large number of possible geometries to simulate, including complex multiple defect structures~\cite{Buchs_Ar}, together with the large unit cells of the semiconducting chiral SWNTs studied here 
\\
\subsection{1D piecewise constant potential model}
\label{1D}
To better understand the physical origins of the non-trivial signatures of the quantized states, we model the experimental $dI/dV$ maps by solving the time independent one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation over a piecewise constant potential model of QD I and QD II  The scattering centers are approximated by semi-transparent rectangular tunneling barriers leading to a square confinement potential~\cite{Laird:2015}  This is supported by previous results on defect-induced confinement in metallic SWNTs using the same experimental conditions~\cite{Buchs_PRL} and is consistent with ab-initio simulations presented later in this work  The potential modulation within the QD is approximated by a potential step  The resulting potential geometries are illustrated with gray shaded areas in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_Ar} (c) and (d) and Fig ~\ref{exp_data_N}(b)  Dispersion relations $E(k)$ can be extracted experimentally from the quantized states wavefunctions by measuring the energy and corresponding momenta in the left and right sides of the QDs  The wavevectors $k$ are determined using stationary wave-like fitting functions~\cite{Buchs_PRL} displayed with dashed red curves in Figs ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(a)-(b) and ~\ref{exp_data_N}(a))  From this procedure, the potential step height and position can be estimated (see supplementary information)  The experimental data sets $E(k)$ are plotted in the right panels of Figs ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(a) and \ref{exp_data_N}(a) together with dispersion relations from a third-nearest neighbor tight-binding calculation closely approximating ab-initio results~\cite{Reich_TB_2002}  These chirality-dependent tight-binding dispersion relations, calculated within an extended Brillouin zone resulting from the defect-induced breaking of the translation invariance~\cite{Bercioux_prb_2011}, are used in the Hamiltonian of our one-dimensional model  Taking into account the measured chiral angle, diameter distribution~\cite{Buchs_conf} and measured bandgaps, we find the best match with chiralities $(7,6)$ for QD I and $(11,1)$ for QD II (see supplementary information)  
\\
\indent Once chiralities together with potential step heights and positions are optimized, one can fit the height and width of the rectangular tunneling barriers in order to reproduce the experimental level spacings and general LDOS patterns  On a qualitative ground, a symmetric double barrier system results in the formation of spatially symmetric discrete bound states  Increasing both barrier heights simultaneously shifts the bound state energy levels and level spacings up  This leads to sharper bound states as the confinement in the QD is made stronger thus increasing the lifetime of the confined electrons  Increasing the barrier thickness with constant inner edge separation does not affect much the level spacings but further sharpens the bound states  Any asymmetry introduced by a change in the width or height of one single barrier leads to broader bound states  The presence of a potential step modifies the LDOS in lifting the levels of the bound states, with a more pronounced effect on the lower states  In QD I and II, the center of each barrier is aligned with the center of the gap states ($d3'$-$d4$ for QD I and $d6'$-$d7$ in QD II) and the width ratio is kept proportional to the ratio of the spatial extent of the gap states  Thus, by increasing the width of the barriers, we decrease the length of the QD leading to higher level spacings, and vice versa  The experimental level spacings can then be approximated by tuning both barrier widths in the same ratio and the heights individually, knowing that the scattering strength of $d3'$ ($d7$) is larger than $d4$ ($d6'$) according to the observed asymmetry in the LDOS described above \footnote{The transmission probability through a rectangular tunneling barrier is given by $T=\left( 1+\frac{V^{2}\sinh^{2}\left( a \cdot \sqrt{2m^{*}(V-E)}/\hbar \right)}{4E(V-E)} \right)^{-1}$, where $V$ and $a$ are respectively the barrier height and width  For the argument in the $\sinh$ sufficiently small such that $\sinh(x)\simeq x$, it can be shown that $a$ and $V$ can be coupled such that the transmission probability becomes a function of the area under the barrier $A=a\cdot V$, with $T=\left( 1+ \frac{m^{*}A^{2}}{2\hbar^{2}E} \right)^{-1}$  In our case, this condition is not satisfied and thus the barrier geometries are tuned empirically to fit the experimental level spacings }  
\\
\indent For QD I, we find a good match in the conduction band for the barrier heights $V_\mathrm{d3'}=1$ eV and $V_\mathrm{d4}=0 85$ eV, widths $a_\mathrm{d3'}=a_\mathrm{d4}=$ 3 4 nm,  and potential step $V_\mathrm{L}-V_\mathrm{R}=60$ meV  With these parameters, the spatial profile of the obtained quantized states (see lower subpanels in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(a) and (c)) reproduces the experimental modulation features remarkably well  Also, the simulated LDOS displays a pattern with curved stripes oriented from top left to bottom right, as observed experimentally, due to a left barrier with a larger scattering strength  In the valence band, although modes m-2 and lower do not show a well defined structure in the spatial direction, thinner barriers with dimensions $a_\mathrm{d3'/d4}=2 5$ nm, $V_\mathrm{d3'/d4}=-0 4$ eV, leading to a slightly longer QD length (9 6 nm compared to 8 7 nm in the conduction band) can reproduce the measured level spacings very well  
\\
\indent For QD II, we observed that the measured energy levels are overestimated by a factor $\alpha\sim1 29$, presumably due to a voltage division effect induced by the impurity layer mentioned above (see details in supplementary information)  We find a good agreement with the experimental LDOS with the parameters: $V_{d3'}=V_{d4}\simeq$ 0 47 eV, $a_\mathrm{d6'}=1 5$ nm, $a_\mathrm{d7}=2 6$ nm and $U_\mathrm{C}=V_\mathrm{L}-V_\mathrm{R}\simeq 47$ meV  Note that in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_N}(b) the barrier and potential heights are multiplied by $\alpha$ to allow a direct comparison with the experimental LDOS  The simulated LDOS shows a pattern with curved stripes oriented from bottom left to top right, as observed experimentally, due to a right barrier exhibiting a larger scattering strength  Also, the spatial profile of the obtained bound states (see lower subpanels in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_N}(a) and (b)) reproduces the experimental features quite well  Note also that one can distinguish an isolated state in the experimental LDOS at an energy level between m1 and m2, about in the middle of the QD  This state that prevented an accurate fit of the state m2 in the right QD part is attributed to a spatial feature visible in the STM topography image in Fig ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(d) (see also supplementary information, Fig S2(f)), probably a physisorbed impurity which does not affect the LDOS significantly 
\\
\subsection{Ab-initio calculations}
\begin{figure}
  \includegraphics[width=16cm]{Figure_4 pdf}
  \caption{\label{num_data} (a)-(c) LDOS ab-initio simulations of a semiconducting $(16,0)$ SWNT with combinations of vacancies defects separated by 11 1 nm  Subpanels display QD state linecut profiles  (d) Tight-binding (black curve) and ab-initio dispersion relations (green circles) for a pristine $(16,0)$ SWNT with $E_\mathrm{n}(k_\mathrm{n})$ data sets extracted from (a)-(c)  (e)-(g) LDOS ab-initio simulations of a semiconducting $(17,0)$ SWNT with combinations of N ad-atoms and vacancies defects separated by 10 7 nm  (h) Tight-binding (black curve) and ab-initio dispersion relations (green circles) for a pristine $(17,0)$ SWNT with $E_\mathrm{n}(k_\mathrm{n})$ data sets extracted from (e)-(g) }
\end{figure}
In order to elucidate the physical nature of the electron/hole confining scattering centers, we performed ab-initio simulations based on a combination of density functional theory~\cite{pbe,paw,vasp_paw,VASP2}, maximally localized Wannier orbitals~\cite{transportwannier90} and Green's functions (see supplementary information)  Without loss of generality, we have simulated short unit cell semiconducting zigzag SWNTs with different combinations of the most probable defect structures  Results for vacancy defects likely being induced by 200 eV Ar$^{+}$ ions, separated by about 11 nm in a $(16,0)$ SWNT are shown in Fig ~\ref{num_data}(a)-(c) with DV-DV, DV-SV and SV-SV pairs, respectively  The LDOS displays midgap states at the defect positions as expected as well as defect states in the valence band~\cite{Buchs_Ar}  Most importantly, clear quantized states with a number of maxima increasing with energy are observed between the defects in the conduction band, emphasizing the ability of SVs and DVs to confine carriers  For the asymmetric configuration DV-SV, one can distinguish faint curved stripe patterns oriented from top left to bottom right, indicating a larger scattering strength for DVs compared to SVs  This is consistent with observations in transport experiments~\cite{Gomez05nm}  On the other hand, the patterns in the valence band strongly depend on the defect types  Discrete states can be distinguished for the DV-DV case, with m-2 being mixed with defect states  For the DV-SV case, clear curved stripe patterns oriented from bottom left to top right indicate again a stronger scattering strength for DV  Also, broader states are observed, indicating that the scattering strength of DVs and SVs is weaker in the valence band compared to the conduction band 
\\
\indent More insight on the energy dependent scattering strength for each defect pair configuration can be obtained by extracting the wavevector $k_\mathrm{n}(E_\mathrm{n})$ for each resonant state  This data set is plotted in Fig ~\ref{num_data}(d) for the conduction and valence bands together with the $(16,0)$ dispersion relations calculated from the third-nearest neighbor TB model and from the ab-initio calculation for the pristine nanotube  A first observation is the excellent agreement between TB and ab-initio results, further validating the method used in Figs ~\ref{exp_data_Ar}(a)-(b) and ~\ref{exp_data_N}(a)  The vertical dashed lines indicate the limiting $k_\mathrm{n,\infty}=\frac{\pi \cdot n}{L}$ values corresponding to the closed system (infinite hard walls potential) with $L=11 1$ nm being the defect-defect distance  In the conduction band, we find that $k_\mathrm{n}(E_\mathrm{n})=\frac{\pi \cdot n}{L_\mathrm{eff}(n)} < k_\mathrm{n,\infty}$, indicating that the effective lengths $L_\mathrm{eff}(n)$ of the QD are larger than $L$ ($i e $ the resonant states wavefunctions are characterized by penetrating evanescent modes inside the defect scattering potential), as expected for an open system  The shortest $L_\mathrm{eff}(n)$ are obtained for the DV-DV configuration with 12 1 nm (m1), 13 1 nm (m2) and 12 9 nm (m3), which we attribute to wider scattering potential profiles for DVs compared to SVs  In the valence band, we find that $k_\mathrm{n}(E_\mathrm{n})=\frac{\pi \cdot n}{L_\mathrm{eff}(n)} > k_\mathrm{n,\infty}$, with $L_\mathrm{eff}(n)$ values between 7 9 nm (DV-DV, m-1) and 9 66 nm (DV-SV, m-2)  We attribute this pronounced QD shortening to wider scattering potential profiles of both DVs and SVs in the valence band, probably due to mixing with wide spread defect states in the valence band 
\\
\indent Ab-initio calculations for different defect pairs combinations containing at least one N ad-atom, $i e $ N-DV, N-SV and N-N, are presented in Fig ~\ref{num_data}(e)-(h) for a $(17,0)$ SWNT, along with details on the defects geometries  Remarkably, clear QD states are generated for all three configurations, underlining the potential of N ad-atoms to confine carriers in semiconducting SWNTs and thus to generate intrananotube QDs  
\\
\indent In order to demonstrate the scattering strengths of the different defects, we calculated the energy dependent conductance in addition to the LDOS for the different combinations of the QD defining scattering defects on the $(16,0)$ and $(17,0)$ SWNTs, see supplementary information  Generally we can observe strong conductance modulation of the order of 30-40\% with regard to the pristine CNT for all three tested defects (double vacancies DV, single vacancies SV and chemisorbed C-N) with the DVs having the largest scattering strength in the CB and VB   
\\
\indent Note that the choice of the zigzag SWNT chiralities in the two different ab-initio scenarios is motivated by the different effective masses of both chiralities ($m^{*}_{(17,0)}>m^{*}_{(16,0)}$) which is typical for chirality families $(3n-1,0)$ and $(3n-2,0)$~\cite{ZZ_families}  Taking advantage of recent reports on SWNT chirality control~\cite{chirality_control_EMPA,chirality_control_chinese,chirality_chemistry}, this property could be used in practice to design QDs with different level spacings for the same QD length  From an application point of view, however, QDs generated by DVs will have far superior stability at room temperature due to their high migration barrier above 5 eV ($\sim$~1 eV for single vacancy)~\cite{Kra06vm}  This value drops down by at least 2 eV for N ad-atoms depending on their chemisorption configuration~\cite{Nitrogen_prb_07,Yma05nitr} 
\\
\indent Our ab-initio simulations do not take into account any substrate effect  In the experimental case, the carriers can decay through the substrate, thus limiting their lifetime  This leads to state broadening, measured between about 60 meV up to 120 meV in QD I and II, while the quantized states widths in ab-initio simulations vary between about 5 meV and 45 meV  This suggests that a better contrast of the experimental quantized states, especially in the valence band, could be achieved by lowering the nanotubes-substrate interaction through $e g $ the insertion of atomically thin insulating NaCl films~\cite{Ruffieux_Nature_2016}  This would allow to gain more insight on the electronic structure of the QDs as well as in the associated scattering physics at the confining defects~\cite{Buchs_PRL}  

\section{Conclusions and outlook}
In summary, using low-temperature STM/STS measurements supported by an analytical model and ab-initio simulations, we have demonstrated that intrananotube quantum dots with confined electron and hole states characterized by energy level spacings well above thermal broadening at room temperature can be generated in semiconducting SWNTs by structural defects such as vacancies and di-vacancies, as well as nitrogen ad-atoms  These results, combined with recent progresses in type and spatial control in the formation of defects~\cite{Robertson_2012,Yoon_2016,Laser_writing_2017} as well as chirality control~\cite{tunable_QD_defects}, hold a high potential for applications in the design of SWNT based quantum devices  These include $e g $ electrically driven single-photon emitters operating at room temperature and telecom wavelength  In this context, the observation of quantum confinement effects in the emitted light of cut, sub-10 nm, semiconducting SWNTs~\cite{Dai_2008} shall be seen as an additional motivation for investigating the optical properties of our "QD with leads" building-blocks  These would include $e g $ studying optical transitions selection rules for different types and configurations of defect pairs~\cite{sel_rules_2006} associated with experimental studies such as photoluminescence~\cite{Lefebvre06} combined to $g^{(2)}$ correlation measurements~\cite{Hofmann_2013} in suspended SWNT devices as well as photocurrent imaging~\cite{Buchs_Nat_comm} and spectroscopy~\cite{Gabor_2009} 

\section*{Acknowledgements}
The authors thank Ethan Minot, Lee Aspitarte, Jhon Gonzalez, Andres Ayuela, Omjoti Dutta and Arkady Krasheninnikov for fruitful discussions 
The work of DB is supported by Spanish Ministerio de Econom\'ia y Competitividad (MINECO) through the project  FIS2014-55987-P and by the (LTC) QuantumChemPhys  LM acknowledges support from the BMBF-project WireControl (FKZ16ES0294) and computing time for the supercomputers JUROPA and JURECA at the J\"ulich Supercomputer Centre (JSC) 


\clearpage

\section*{References}



Context 2: 2015-05-14 Assigned to ROVI GUIDES, INC  reassignment ROVI GUIDES, INC  MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS)  Assignors: TV GUIDE, INC 
2015-05-14 Assigned to UV CORP  reassignment UV CORP  MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS)  Assignors: UNITED VIDEO PROPERTIES, INC 
2015-05-14 Assigned to TV GUIDE, INC  reassignment TV GUIDE, INC  MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS)  Assignors: UV CORP 
Methods and systems are described herein for quickly and easily displaying supplemental information about an event occurring in a media asset  In some embodiments, a media application may use a content-recognition module to determine the context of an event and distribute itemized tasks to multiple entities in order to generate the supplemental information about the event 
While viewing media assets (e g , a television program), users may wish to learn more information about an event (e g , a statement made by a person appearing in the media asset, the validity of a claim in an advertisement, etc ) occurring in the media asset  While some media assets allow a user to select additional options or added features (e g , pop-up biographies about the cast and crew), when the added features appear and what topic the added features concern are determined by the content producer and not the user  Furthermore, as the added feature is derived from the content producer, the added feature may be biased or may present limited viewpoints about an event  Therefore, added features provided by a content producer may not provide the added information about an event that a user desires 
In order to gain the added information that a user desires, the user may use additional devices (e g , a laptop computer) to search (e g , using an Internet search engine) for more information about the event  However, without knowing the proper context (e g , who said the statement, what was the tone of the statement, when was the statement said, etc ) of the event or what search terms to use to describe the context of the event (e g , how to describe the tone of the statement), a user may not be able to determine (even using a search engine) more information about the event  Moreover, the use of general search terms may not provide the accuracy or precision needed by the user  Furthermore, even if a user may eventually determine the information, the effort and time required may distract the user from the media asset 
Accordingly, methods and systems are described herein for quickly and easily displaying supplemental information about an event occurring in a media asset  In some embodiments, a media application may use a content-recognition module to determine the context of an event in a media asset and distribute itemized tasks to multiple users in order to generate the supplemental information about the event  The context-recognition module prevents the user from being distracted from the media asset (e g , while the user attempts to describe the context of the event or search for information about the event)  In addition, by distributing tasks to multiple entities (e g , crowd-sourcing), the media application may collect large amounts of information in relatively short periods of time (or in real-time) and aggregate and/or filter the information to generate the supplemental information about the event based on multiple viewpoints and/or sources  By using multiple viewpoints and/or sources, the media application enhances the completeness (e g , by providing unbiased information) and accuracy of the supplemental information 
For example, when a statement or action is made by a character or person appearing on a media asset (e g , a television program), a user may request supplemental information about the statement or action  In response, the media application may determine the context of the statement (e g , who said the statement and to what the statement was referring) or action (e g , what was the reason for the action)  After determining the context of the statement or action, the media application may itemize into tasks the additional information it requires in order to generate the supplemental information  The media application may then transmit requests including the tasks to a plurality of other users  Based on the responses from the plurality of other users, the media application may generate the supplemental information for display to the user 
In some embodiments, a media application may use multiple types of content-recognition modules and/or algorithms to determine the context of an event  For example, the media application may process data associated with the event in order to determine the context of an event  In some embodiments, processing the various types of data may include cross-referencing the data in a database indicating the different contexts the event may have 
In some embodiments, a media application may generate supplemental information about an event in a media asset in response to a user request  In order to generate the supplemental information, the media application may transmit, to multiple users, a request for additional information regarding a context of an event shown in a media asset  Upon receiving messages from the plurality of users that include the requested additional information, the media application may generate the supplemental information associated with the context of the event based on the messages 
It should be noted, the systems and/or methods described above may be applied to, or used in accordance with, other systems, methods and/or apparatuses 
FIG  9 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for generating supplemental information based on additional information provided by a plurality of users in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure 
Accordingly, methods and systems are described herein for quickly and easily displaying supplemental information about an event occurring in a media asset  The methods and systems described herein alleviate the need for a user to determine the proper context (e g , who said a statement, what was the tone of the statement, when was the statement said, etc ) of an event in a media asset, or the search terms to use to describe the event (e g , the proper search terms to describe the tone of the statement), in order to determine more information about the event  In addition, the methods and systems increase the completeness and accuracy of the information compared to information gathered using traditional searching methods (e g , an Internet search engine), without distracting the user from the media asset 
In some embodiments, a media application may receive a user input from a user device for supplemental information about the context of an event shown in a media asset  The media application may determine additional information required to generate the supplemental information about the context of the event shown in a media asset, and transmit requests for the additional information to one or more users  The media application may receive one or more messages, which include the requested additional information, from the one or more users and generate the supplemental information based on the one or more message  The media application may then instruct the user device to display the supplemental information 
As used herein, “supplemental information” refers to any information related to or associated with an event in a media asset  For example, supplemental information may include, but is not limited to, the verification of a statement or claim in a media asset, further descriptions and/or information about objects or entities shown and/or described in a media asset, and/or any other information, including, but not limited to, a video or audio segment, that may interest a user about an event in a media asset  In some embodiments, the media application may generate supplemental information based on one or more pieces of additional information 
As used herein, “additional information” refers to any information used to generate supplemental information  For example, in an embodiment in which supplement information is the verification of a statement made by a person displayed in a media asset, and a request for the additional information from the media application includes a request for a fact needed to verify the factual basis of the statement, the additional information may be the fact used to verify the statement  For example, if an advertisement claims to have the best product on the market, the media application may use additional information such as the name of the product in question, a list of all other products in the market, and the results of a comparison study of the product in question to all other products to determine whether or not the product is actually the “best” product on the market  Additionally or alternatively, the media application may request industry and/or user reviews related to the event (e g , reviews indicating the quality of the product)  The media application may then use the information in the reviews to generate the supplemental information 
As used herein, an “event” is any action (e g , a verbal statement, opinion and/or physical movement), segment (e g , a portion of a news broadcast featuring a particular topic), or other occurrence during a media asset that may be of particular interest to a user  For example, in some embodiments an event may be a statement or gesture made by a character or person in a media asset affirming or denying a claim 
As referred to herein, the terms “media asset” and “content” should be understood to mean an electronically consumable user asset, such as television programming, as well as pay-per-view programs, on-demand programs (as in video-on-demand (VOD) systems), Internet content (e g , streaming content, downloadable content, Webcasts, etc ), video clips, audio, content information, pictures, rotating images, documents, playlists, websites, articles, books, electronic books, blogs, advertisements, chat sessions, social media, applications, games, and/or any other media or multimedia and/or combination of the same  Media applications also allow users to navigate among and locate content  As referred to herein, the term “multimedia” should be understood to mean content that utilizes at least two different content forms described above, for example, text, audio, images, video, or interactivity content forms  Content may be recorded, played, displayed or accessed by user equipment devices, but can also be part of a live performance 
As referred to herein, the phrase “user equipment device,” “user equipment,” “user device,” “electronic device,” “electronic equipment,” “media equipment device,” or “media device” should be understood to mean any device for accessing the content described above, such as a television, a Smart TV, a set-top box, an integrated receiver decoder (IRD) for handling satellite television, a digital storage device, a digital media receiver (DMR), a digital media adapter (DMA), a streaming media device, a DVD player, a DVD recorder, a connected DVD, a local media server, a BLU-RAY player, a BLU-RAY recorder, a personal computer (PC), a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a WebTV box, a personal computer television (PC/TV), a PC media server, a PC media center, a hand-held computer, a stationary telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a portable video player, a portable music player, a portable gaming machine, a smart phone, or any other television equipment, computing equipment, or wireless device, and/or combination of the same 
In some embodiments, the user equipment device may have a front facing screen and a rear facing screen, multiple front screens, or multiple angled screens  In some embodiments, the user equipment device may have a front facing camera and/or a rear facing camera  On these user equipment devices, users may be able to navigate among and locate the same content available through a television  Consequently, media may be available on these devices, as well  The media provided may be for content available only through a television, for content available only through one or more of other types of user equipment devices, or for content available both through a television and one or more of the other types of user equipment devices  The media applications may be provided as on-line applications (i e , provided on a website), or as stand-alone applications or clients on user equipment devices  Various devices and platforms that may implement media applications are described in more detail below 
In some embodiments, a media application may transmit, to a plurality of users, a request for additional information regarding a context of an event shown in a media asset  As used herein, a “plurality of users” may include, but is not limited to any device, entity, or source of information that may process a request for additional information  For example, the plurality of users may include a person operating a user equipment device  In some embodiments, the person may receive (e g , via e-mail, Internet posting, advertisement, or any other applicable information delivery method) the request from the media application for additional information, and in response generate a message (e g , via a return e-mail, an answer to the Internet posting, a user input in the advertisement, or any other applicable method of transmitting information) that includes the additional information  It should be noted that in some embodiments, transmitting a request to a plurality of users may also include querying one or more databases (e g , an Internet search engine or any other storage device, including, but not limited to, databases containing previously generated supplemental information and/or additional information) or consulting one or more data gathering services (e g , a intelligent personal assistant application) for the additional information 
In some embodiments, a media application may use a content-recognition module or algorithm to determine the context of an event and distribute itemized tasks to multiple users in order to generate the supplemental information about the event  The content-recognition module may use object recognition techniques such as edge detection, pattern recognition, including, but not limited to, self-learning systems (e g , neural networks), optical character recognition, on-line character recognition (including but not limited to, dynamic character recognition, real-time character recognition, intelligent character recognition), and/or any other suitable technique or method to determine the objects and/or characteristics in media assets  For example, the media application may receive media assets in the form of a video  The video may include a series of frames  For each frame of the video, the media application may use a content-recognition module or algorithm to determine the context (e g , the person that is speaking or a facial gesture affirming or denying a statement) of an event occurring during the frame or series of frames 
In some embodiments, the content-recognition module or algorithm may also include speech recognition techniques, including but not limited to Hidden Markov Models, dynamic time warping, and/or neural networks (as described above) to translate spoken words into text  The content-recognition module may also use other techniques for processing audio and/or visual data  For example, the media application may monitor the volume of a statement in a media asset to determine the tone of the statement (e g , a high volume may indicate an angry tone) 
In addition, the media application may use multiple types of optical character recognition and/or fuzzy logic, for example, when determining the context of a keyword(s) retrieved from data (e g , media data, translated audio data, subtitle data, user-generated data, etc ) associated with the media asset (or when cross-referencing various types of data with databases indicating the different contexts of events as described below)  For example, the particular data field may be a textual data field  Using fuzzy logic, the system may determine two fields and/or values to be identical even though the substance of the data field or value (e g , two different spellings) is not identical  In some embodiments, the system may analyze particular data fields of a data structure or media asset frame for particular values or text  The data fields could be associated with characteristics, additional information, and/or any other data required for the function of the embodiments described herein  Furthermore, the data fields could contain values (e g , the data fields could be expressed in binary or any other suitable code or programming language) 
As used herein, the “context” of an event refers to the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular event that influence or affect the meaning of the event  For example, when determining the context of a written and/or spoken statement, the media application may determine who or what authored/stated the statement, the written and/or spoken words and/or other statements that preceded and/or followed the statement, the tone of the statement, and/or any other conditions that may alter the connotation of the statement 
FIG  1 shows an illustrative example of a media application that may be used to display supplemental information in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure  Display 100 illustrates a display on a user device displaying a media asset  Display 108 illustrates a display featuring supplemental information as described and/or generated in FIGS  6-9  It should be noted that display 100 and display 108 may be presented on any of the devices shown in FIGS  3-4  For example, in some embodiments, display 100 and display 108 may be displayed on user equipment 402, 404, and/or 406 (FIG  4) 
In FIG  1, display 100 represents a display of a media asset (e g , a streaming television program) on a user device (e g , user equipment 402, 404, and/or 406 (FIG  4))  Display 100 includes entity 102 and entity 104  In display 100, entity 104 is currently speaking as indicated by event 106  As shown in FIG  1, event 106 is a statement (e g , “We export a lot of coal”) by a person in the media asset 
In some embodiments, display 108 represents the continued display of the media asset on a user device, after a user has requested supplemental information about event 106  For example, a media application may have received a user input (e g , via user input interface 310 (FIG  3)) while entity 104 was speaking  Using the systems and methods described herein (e g , FIGS  6-9), the media application generated supplemental information 110  Supplemental information 110 represents more information about event 106 
For example, the media application (e g , media application 206 (FIG  2)) may have determined the context of event 106  Specifically, the media application may determine via a content-recognition module or algorithm the words spoken and/or actions by the person during the event  Additionally or alternatively, the media application may analyze the words and/or action during a predetermined amount of time (e g , ten seconds) before and/or after the event (e g , in order to better understand the context of the event)  Furthermore, by cross-referencing the words and/or other information obtained by the content-recognition module (e g , as discussed below in relation to FIG  5) with a database, the content-recognition module determines that the term “we,” the person in the media asset refers to an organization or body



ground_truth: Low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS).

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How does a media application determine the context of an event?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2:  The content-recognition module or algorithm may also determine that the term “export” refers to shipping goods out of a country  The content-recognition module or algorithm may also determine that the term “a lot” refers to a particular numerical amount  Finally, the content-recognition module or algorithm may also determine that the term “coal” refers to a mineral of fossilized carbon 
The content-recognition module or algorithm may also determine the relationships between words and/or other information obtained by the content-recognition module  For example, by processing the relationship between the words, the media application determines that event 106 is a statement regarding a particular amount of a particular substance shipped out of a particular country  Therefore, the media application determines that the request for supplemental information is likely a request to determine the validity of the statement  The media application then generates the supplemental information 
The media application may also have stored supplemental information generated by previous requests (e g , supplemental information generated in response to the same or different user viewing the media asset at an earlier date), and display the supplemental information again during the event (either in response to a user input requesting supplemental information or automatically without a user requesting supplemental information) 
FIG  2 shows an illustrative example of a system that may be used to generate supplemental information (e g , supplemental information 110 (FIG  1)) based on additional information provided by a plurality of users in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure  For example, in some embodiments, system 200 may be used to generate supplemental information (e g , supplemental information 110 (FIG  1)) on a display (e g , display 108 (FIG  1)) of a user device (e g , user equipment 402, 404, and/or 406 (FIG  4))  It should be noted that in some embodiments, the devices shown in FIG  2 may correspond to one or more devices in FIGS  3-4 
FIG  2 shows system 200  In system 200, a user is currently accessing a media asset on display 202  In some embodiments, display 202 may correspond to display 100 (FIG  1))  During an event (e g , event 106 (FIG  1)) a user may have requested supplemental information about an event (e g , event 106 (FIG  1)) in display 202 using user device 204  Media application 206, which in some embodiments, may be implemented on user device 204 or at a remote location (e g , supplemental information source 418 (FIG  4)), receives the request for supplemental information 
Media application 206 determines the context of the event (e g , who said the statement making up the event and to what the statement was referring)  After determining the context of the statement, the media application may itemize into one or more tasks, additional information (e g , facts) it requires in order to generate the supplemental information (e g , a verification or correction of the factual basis of the statement)  For example, if the event is a statement about the amount of coal that is exported from the United States (e g , as described in relation to FIG  1 above), media application 206 may determine the fact required to generate the supplemental information is the exact numerical amount of coal that is exported from the United States  The media application may then transmit requests for the additional information (e g , a request for the exact numerical amount of coal that is exported from the United States) to a plurality of other users 
In FIG  2, users operating user device 208, user device 210, and user device 212 represent a plurality of users  Having determined the additional information it requires in order to generate the supplemental information, media application 206 requests the additional information from the plurality of users  In system 200, media application 206 has transmitted the same task (e g , the same question) to each of the plurality of users  In some embodiments, one or more of the users may receive different tasks  For example, by breaking the additional information into small, independent tasks, media application 206 may increase the speed (e g , multiple users may work concurrently to solve different parts of a problem) and accuracy (e g , reducing the tasks to smaller, less complex problems reduces the chance of human error) of the additional information returned by the plurality of users 
In addition, by breaking the additional information into small, independent tasks, the plurality of users may not know to what they are contributing (enhancing the privacy of the user that requested the supplemental information), however, the plurality of users can still be effective in their individual tasks  In addition, by breaking the additional information into small, independent tasks, the media application may more easily outsource the requests for additional information  For example, one or more of the tasks used to generate the additional information may be the same as one or more of the tasks used to generate other additional information (e g , additional information used to generate different supplemental information in response to a request for supplemental information about the same or a different event issued by the same or a different user)  The response to each of the request and/or the additional information may be stored (e g , on any of the devices accessible by communications network 414 (FIG  4)) for subsequent retrieval 
Based on the responses, transmitted as messages including the additional information, from the plurality of other users, media application 206 may generate the supplemental information (e g , supplemental information 110 (FIG  1)) for display to the user on the user device 204  For example, media application may aggregate, append, and/or compare the additional information in each of the messages received from the plurality of users  The supplemental information may then be generated based on the aggregated, appended, and/or compared additional information (e g , as described in FIG  9 below) 
In some embodiments, the plurality of users may receive summary information about the event with the request for additional information  (e g , a video clip of a portion or segment of the media asset, a textual description, etc ), which may help the plurality of users provide additional information  For example, in some embodiments, the media application may instead of (or in addition to) determining the context of an event, determine a particular portion of the event that would be needed for the plurality of users to provide additional information about the event 
For example, the media application may use progress information associated with the progress of the media asset (e g , line 506 (FIG  5)) to determine at what point during the progression of the media asset the event occurred, and in response, transmit a portion of the media asset beginning ten second before that point and ending ten seconds after that point  For example, if the event is a statement made by a character or person in a media asset, the media application may determine when the statement began (e g , the point of progress of the media asset in which the statement began) and ended  The media application may then include the portion containing the entire statement (and the event) in the request for additional information sent to the plurality of users 
The selected portion may include any amount of summary information that the media application determines is necessary for the user or any one of the plurality of users to understand the main action sequence  This summary information (e g , a portion of the media asset) may be included with the request for additional information (e g , in a file transmitted with the request), or may be included with the generated supplemental information as a reference for the user  For example, the media application may select a segment of the play length of the media asset or a particular scene of the media asset, which includes the event, for to display to the plurality of users along with the request for additional information 
For example, if an event (e g , a statement) was in response to a question, the media application may also determine when the question began and ended, and send the entire question (or the play length of the media asset corresponding to the question) to the plurality of users as well  After determining the portion to provide to the plurality of users (e g , a segment including the ten seconds before and the ten seconds after the event), the media application may provide the summary information of the event and any other material needed by the plurality of users to understand the event and/or request for supplemental information from the user 
In some embodiments, a portion of the media asset containing the event, as selected by the media application, may also include any amount of the play length of the media asset, or any amount of scenes or segments from the media asset  In some embodiments, the portion may include segments of the play length of the media asset or scenes from the media asset that are not adjacent during the normal playback of the media asset  For example, in some embodiments, a portion of the media asset may include one or more sequences or scenes of interest to the plurality of users, even though the particular sequences or scenes are featured at different points in the play length of the media asset  The media application may determine the segments or scenes to include based on a content recognition file (e g , data structure 500 (FIG  5)) describing the media asset  For example, if a plot point or other information, which may be relevant to an event is displayed earlier in the media asset, the summary information may include a portion of the media asset displaying the plot point 
In some embodiments, the length of a portion may be determined based on the genre of the media asset  In some embodiments, the length of the portion may depend on a user profile for the user or for anyone of the plurality of users  For example, a user profile and/or a content recognition file (e g , data structure 500 (FIG  5)) may indicate that a particular user may require more or less additional content  For example, the user may be aware of particular characters or plot points in the media asset and, therefore, may not require the additional content to introduce those aspects 
In some embodiments, the plurality of users may receive a particular user interface, which organizes the data about the event (e g , a clip of the actual event, summary information about the event, information about the request for supplemental information issued by the user, etc )  The interface may also include an automatic submission form, which may be used to generate a message, which is sent to the media application 
In some embodiments, the media application may also receive user input from the user requesting the supplemental information that further affects the generation of supplemental information by the media application  For example, the user may request the supplemental information includes particular information (e g , the factual basis of a statement), may request a multimedia format of the supplemental information (e g , textual description, a video clip, etc ), may request a form of the supplemental information (e g , a short description about the event, an Internet link to other sources of information on the event, or a true or false designation about the event) by entering user inputs (e g , via user input interface 310 (FIG  3)) 
It should be noted that any information or process referred to in this disclosure that is referred to as being in response to a user input may alternatively and/or additionally be performed automatically by the media application (e g , via control circuitry 304 (FIG  3))  For example, in some embodiments, a user may request a true or false designation (e g , an on-screen pop-up box indicating whether an event was true or false)  Additionally and/or alternatively, in some embodiments, the true or false designation may appear automatically based on predetermined settings indicating to the media application to display a true or false designation in response to detecting an event 
In some embodiments, an indicator that supplemental information has previously been generated or is currently ready to generate (e g , a plurality of users are available) may be displayed to a user (e g , on display 100 (FIG  1) during the event)  The indicator may also indicate the particular information, the multimedia format, and/or the form of supplemental information that is available  An indicator may also appear with the supplemental information (e g , supplemental information 110 (FIG  1)), which allows the user to request additional supplemental information or provide feedback/responses (e g , rating the quality of the supplemental information) to the media application and/or plurality of users 
In some embodiments, a user may also access (e g , via selection of an indicator and/or automatically upon the supplemental information being generated) summary information about the event  For example, in some embodiments (e g , when the supplemental information is not generated in real-time), the media asset may have progressed to a different point by the time the supplemental information is ready for display  Therefore, the media application may need to provide a video clip of the event or other summary information, so that the user remembers about what or why the supplemental information was requested 
FIG  3 is a block diagram of an illustrative user equipment device in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure  It should be noted that the components shown in FIG  3 may be used to store, receive, transmit, and/or display the media assets, additional information, and/or supplemental information as described herein  For example, media application 206 (FIG  2) may be implemented on user equipment device 300, and may issue instructions (e g , displaying supplemental information 110 (FIG  1)) via control circuitry 304 
Users may access media assets and the media application (and its display screens described above and below) from one or more of their user equipment devices  FIG  3 shows a generalized embodiment of illustrative user equipment device 300  More specific implementations of user equipment devices are discussed below in connection with FIG  4  User equipment device 300 may receive content and data via input/output (hereinafter “I/O”) path 302  I/O path 302 may provide content (e g , broadcast programming, on-demand programming, Internet content, content available over a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), and/or other content) and data to control circuitry 304, which includes processing circuitry 306 and storage 308  Control circuitry 304 may be used to send and receive commands, requests, and other suitable data using I/O path 302  I/O path 302 may connect control circuitry 304 (and specifically processing circuitry 306) to one or more communications paths (described below)  I/O functions may be provided by one or more of these communications paths, but are shown as a single path in FIG  3 to avoid overcomplicating the drawing 
Control circuitry 304 may be based on any suitable processing circuitry such as processing circuitry 306  As referred to herein, processing circuitry should be understood to mean circuitry based on one or more microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, programmable logic devices, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc , and may include a multi-core processor (e g , dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, or any suitable number of cores) or supercomputer  



ground_truth: It uses a content-recognition module or algorithm.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is responsible for carrying out the functions assigned under the act?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3: Bare Acts Live
Himachal Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1977
Himachal Pradesh Town And Country Planning Rules, 1978
3  Form of Notice 
4  Manner of publication of notice 
5  Manner of publication of Regional Plan 
6  Notice of Modifications in Regional Plan 
7  Manner of publication of existing land-use map 
8  Manner of publication of approved Interim Development Plan 
9  Manner of publication of draft development plan 
10  Manner of publication of approved development plan 
11  Intention of development undertaken on behalf of Union or State Government 
12  Form of application for permission for development of land by others 
13  Form of permission 
14  Manner of communication of order under sub-section (4) of Section 31 
16  Notice by owner to purchase interest in land 
17  Manner of communication of revocation and modification permission to development 
20  Preparation of town development scheme 
21  Acquisition of land 
22  Mode of levy 
23  Power to borrow money 
24  Terms and conditions subject to which loans may be raised by the Special area Development Authority 
1  Short title, extent, commencement and application 
3  Director and other officers 
4  Establishment of regions 
5  Director to prepare regional plan 
6  Survey 
7  Contents of regional plan 
8  Preparation of regional plan 
9  Finalisation of regional plan 
10  Restriction on use of land or development thereof 
11  Exclusion from claims of amount in certain cases 
12  Review of regional plan 
13  Planning area 
14  Director to prepare development plans 
15  Existing land use maps 
16  Freezing of land use 
17  Interim development plans 
18  Development plan 
19  Publication of draft development plan 
20  Sanction of development plans 
21  Director to prepare sectoral plan 
22  Contents of sectoral plan 
23  Provisions of sections 19 and 20 to apply to sectoral plan 
24  Review of development plan and sectoral plan 
25  Director to control land use 
26  Conformity with development plan 
27  Prohibition of development without permission 
28  Development undertaken on behalf of Union or State Government 
29  Development by local authority or by any authority constituted under this Act 
30  Application for permission for development by others 
30A  Exemption from development permission in rural areas falling within Planning or Special Area 
30B  Exemption in respect of development of certain lands or buildings 
31  Grant or refusal of permission 
34  Lapse of permission 
35  Obligation to acquire land 
36  Deletion of reservation of designated land from draft or final development plan 
37  Power of revocation and modification or permission to development 
38  Penalty for unauthorised development or for use otherwise than in conformity with development plan 
39  Power to require removal of unauthorised development 
40  Establishment of Town and Country Development Authority 
41  Incorporation of Town and Country Development Authority 
42  Constitution of Town and Country Development Authority 
42A  Constitution of Town and Country Development Authority for the Capital Town of Himachal Pradesh 
43  Term of office of Chairman and other members 
44  Resignation of members and filling of casual vacancy 
45  Remuneration of Chairman 
46  Leave of absence and appointment etc  of acting Chairman 
47  Meeting of Town and Country Development Authority 
48  Chief Executive Officer 
49  Other officers and servants 
50  Conditions of service of Chief Executive Officer and other officers and servants 
51  Town development schemes 
53  Power to revise the development schemes 
54  Power of State Government to give Directions 
55  Restriction on land use and development 
56  Lapse of scheme 
57  Town development scheme public purpose 
58  Acquisition of land for Town and Country Development Authority 
59  Developments 
60  Disposal of land, buildings and other development works 
61  Development charges 
63  Fund of Town and Country Development Authority 
64  Annual budget 
66  Constitution of special areas 
67  Special area Development Authority 
68  Incorporation of Special Area Development Authority 
70  Functions 
71  Powers 
72  Fund of Special Area Development Authority 
73  Annual estimates 
74  Power of State Government of supervision and control 
76  Power of Government to review plans etc  for ensuring conformity 
78  Dissolution of authorities 
79  Right of entry 
80  Jurisdiction of Court 
82  Member and officers to be public servants 
83  Suit and other proceedings 
84  Vacancy not to invalidate proceedings 
85  Member to continue till successor enters upon office 
86  Interpretation of regional plan etc 
87  Powers to moke rules 
89  Power to lay the rules and regulations 
The Himachal Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1977
(as amended by Amendment Act No  22 of 1983)
Amended by Act No  8 of 2009
Act published in the Rajpatra, Extraordinary, dated the 30th September, 1977 vide Law Department Notification No  LLR-D(6)5/77, dated the 22nd September, 1977 
An Act to make provision for planning and development and use of land; to make better provision for the preparation of development plans and sectoral plans with a view to ensuring that town planning schemes are made in a proper manner and their execution is made effective; to constitute the Town and Country and Development Authority for proper implementation of town and country development plan; to provide for the development and administration of special areas through the Special Area Development Authority; to make provision for the compulsory acquisition of land required for the purpose of the development plans and for purposes connected with the matters aforesaid 
Be it enacted by the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in the Twenty-eighth Year of the Republic of India as follows:-
1  Short title, extent, commencement and application  - (1) This Act may be called the Himachal Pradesh Town and Country Planning Act, 1977 
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the State Government may, by notification, appoint and different dates may be appointed for different areas and for different provisions of this Act 
(4) Nothing in this Act shall apply to-
(a) lands comprised within a cantonment under the Cantonments Act, 1924; (2 of 1924) 
(b) lands owned, hired or requisitioned by the Central Government for the purpose of naval, military and air force works;
(c) lands under the control of railway administration for the purpose of construction and maintenance of works under Chapter III of the Indian Railways Act, 1890; (9 of 1890) and
(d) lands owned by any department of the Central Government where operational constructions are going on 
(a) "agriculture" includes horticulture, farming, raising of annual or periodical crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, grass, fodder, trees or any kind of cultivation of soil, the reserving of land for fodder, grazing or thatching areas, breeding and keeping of livestock including cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, breeding of fish and keeping of bees, and the use of land ancillary to the farming of land, but does not include-
(i) keeping of cattle purely for the purpose of milking and selling the milk and milk products,
(ii) a garden which is an appendage of buildings, and the expression "agricultural" shall be construed accordingly;
(b) "amenity" includes roads and streets, water and electric supply, open spaces, parks, recreational area, natural feature, playgrounds, street lighting, drainage, sewerage and other utilities, services and conveniences;
(c) "building" includes any structure or erection, or part of a structure or erection, which is intended to be used for residential, industrial, commercial or other purposes, whether in actual use or not;
(d) "building operation" includes-
(i) erection or re-erection of a building or any part thereof,
(ii) roofing or re-roofing of any part of building or an open space,
(iii) any material alteration or enlargement of a building,
(iv) any such alteration of a building as is likely to alter its drainage or sanitary arrangements, or materially affect its security,
(v) the construction of a door opening on any street or land not belonging to the owner;
(e) "commercial use" means the use of any land or building or part thereof for the purpose of carrying on any trade, business or profession, or sale or exchange of goods of any type whatsoever and includes running of with a view to make profit hospitals, nursing homes, infirmaries, educational institutions, hostels, restaurants and boarding houses not being attached to any educational institutions, sarais and also includes the use of any land or building for storage of goods or as buildings for storage of goods or as an office whether attached to an industry or otherwise;
(f) "court" means the principal civil court of original jurisdiction in the district;
(g) "development" with its grammatical variations means the carrying out of a building, engineering, mining or other operations in, on, over or under land, or the making of any material change in any building or land or in the use of either, and includes sub-division of any land;
(h) "development plan" means interim development plan or development plan prepared under this Act;
(i) "director" means the Director of Town and Country Planning appointed under this Act;
(j) "existing land use map� means a map indicating the use to which lands in any specified area are put at the time of preparing the map, and includes the register prepared, with the map giving details of land-use;
(k) "land" includes benefits to arise out of land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth;
(l) "member" means a member of a Town and Country Development Authority or a Special Area Development Authority, as the case may be, and includes a Chairman thereof;
(m) "occupier" includes-
(i) a tenant,
(ii) an owner in occupation of or otherwise using his land,
(iii) a rent free tenant,
(iv) a licensee, and
(v) any person liable to pay to the owner, damages for the use and occupation of the land;
(n) "owner" includes a mortgagee in possession, a person who for the time being is receiving or is entitled to receive, or has received, the rent or premium for any land whether on his own account or on behalf of or for the further benefit of any other person or as an agent, trustee, guardian or receiver for any other person or for religious or charitable institutions or who would receive the rent or be entitled to receive the rent or premium if the land were to be let and includes a head of a Government department, General Manager of a Railway and the Chief Executive Officer, by whatever name designated, or a local authority, statutory authority, company, corporation or undertaking in respect of properties under their control;
(o) "planning area" means any area declared to be planning area under this Act;
(p) "region" means any area established to be a region under this Act;
(q) "regional plan" means a plan for the region prepared under this Act and approved by the State Government;
(r) "sector" means any sector of a planning area for which, under the development plan, a detailed sectoral plan is prepared;
(s) "slum area" means any predominantly residential area, where the dwellings which by reason of dilapidation, over-crowding, faulty arrangement of design, lack of ventilation, light or sanitary facilities or any combination of these factors are detrimental to safety, health or moral and which is defined by a development plan as a slum area;
(t) "special area" means a special area designated as such under section 66;
(u) "Special Area Development Authority� means an authority constituted under section 67;
(v) "Town Development Scheme" means a scheme prepared for the implementation of the provisions of a development plan by the Town and Country Development Authority; and
(w) "Town and Country Development Authority" means an authority established under section 40 
Director of Town and Country Planning
3  Director and other officers  - (1) After the commencement of this Act the State Government shall, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint an officer for the purpose of carrying out functions assigned to him under this Act, as the Director of Town and Country Planning for the State and may appoint such other categories of officers as it may deem fit 
(2) The Director shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as are conferred or imposed upon him by or under this Act and the officers appointed to assist the Director shall, within such area as the State Government may specify, exercise such powers and perform such duties conferred and imposed on the Director by or under this Act as the State Government may, by special or general order, direct 
(3) The officers appointed to assist the Director shall be subordinate to him and shall work under his guidance, supervision and control 
4  Establishment of regions  - (1) The State Government may, by notification,-
(a) declare any area in the State to be a region for the purposes of this Act;
(b) define the limits of such area; and
(c) specify the name by which such region shall be known 
(2) The State Government may, by notification, alter the name of any such region and on such alteration, any reference in any law or instrument or other document to the region shall be deemed to be a reference to the region as re-named unless expressly otherwise provided or the context so requires 
(3) The State Government may, by notification,-
(a) alter the limits of a region so as to include therein or exclude therefrom Such area as may be specified in the notification;
(b) amalgamate two or more regions so as to form one region;
(c) divide any region into two or more region; or
(d) declare that the whole or part of the area comprising a region shall cease to be a region or part thereof 
5  Director to prepare regional plan  - Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, it shall be the duty of the Director-
(i) to carry out a survey of the regions;
(ii) to prepare an existing land use map; and
(iii) to prepare a regional plan 
6  Survey  - (1) The Director shall, with a view to prepare the existing land use map, and other maps as are necessary for the purpose of regional plan,-
(a) carry out such surveys as may be necessary;
(b) obtain from any department of Government and any local authority such maps, survey reports and land records as may be necessary for the purpose 
(2) It shall be the duty of every Government department and local authority to furnish, as soon as may be possible, maps, reports and record, as may be required by the Director 
7  Contents of regional plan  - The regional plan shall indicate the manner in which land in the region should be used, the phasing of development, the net work of communications and transport, the proposals for conservation and development of natural resources, and in particular-
(a) allocation of land to such purposes as residential, industrial; agricultural or as forests or for mineral exploitation;
(b) reservation of open spaces for recreational purposes, gardens, tree belts, and animal sanctuaries;
(c) access or development of transport and communication facilities such as roads, railways, water ways, and the allocation and development of airports;
(d) requirements and suggestions for development of public utilities such as water supply, drainage and electricity;
(e) allocation of areas to be developed as "Special Areas� wherein new towns, townships, large industrial estates or any other type of large development projects may be established;
(f) landscaping and the preservation of areas in their natural state,
(g) measures relating to the prevention of erosion, including rejuvenation of forest areas;
(h) proposals relating to irrigation, water supply or flood control works 
8  Preparation of regional plan  - (1) After preparation of the existing land use map, the Director shall cause to be prepared a draft regional plan and publish it by making a copy thereof available for inspection and publishing a notice in such form and manner as may be prescribed inviting objections and suggestions from any person with respect to the draft plan before such date as may be specified in the notice, such date not being earlier than sixty days from the publication of the notice  Such notice shall specify in regard to the draft plan the following particulars, namely-
(a) the existing land use map and the narrative report thereon;
(b) a narrative report supported by necessary map and charts explaining the provisions of the draft plan;
(c) a note indicating the priorities assigned to works included in the draft plan and the phasing of the programme of development as such;
(d) a notice on the role being assigned to different departments of Government, the Town and Country Development Authorities; the Special Area Development Authorities, and the Local Authorities in the enforcement and implementation of draft plan 
(2) The Director shall consider all the objections and suggestions received by him within the period specified in the notice under sub-section (1) and shall, after giving a reasonable opportunity to all persons affected thereby of being heard, prepare the regional plan containing such modifications, if any, as he considers necessary and submit it to the State Government for approval together with all connected documents, plans, maps and charts 
9  Finalisation of regional plan  - (1) The State Government may approve the draft regional plan submitted under section 8 with or without modification or reject or return the same to the Director for reconsideration 
(2) Immediately after the draft regional plan is approved under sub-section (1) the State Government shall publish in such manner, as may be prescribed, a notice stating that the regional plan has been approved and mentioning a place where a copy of the plan may be inspected at all reasonable hours and shall specify therein a date on which the regional plan shall come into operation:
Provided that where the State Government approves the draft regional plan with modifications, it shall not be published, unless the State Government having published such modifications in the Official Gazette along with a notice inviting objections and suggestions thereon, within a period of not less than thirty days from the date of publication of such notice have considered the objections and suggestions after giving a reasonable opportunity of being heard to persons affected thereby 
10  Restriction on use of land or development thereof  - (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, on or after the date of publication of the draft regional plan, no person, authority, department of Government or any other person shall change the use of land for any purpose other than agriculture, or carry out any development in respect of any land contrary to the provisions of the draft plan, without the prior approval of the Director or any officer next to him authorised by the Director, in this behalf 
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force, the permission referred to in sub-section (1) shall not be granted otherwise than in conformity with the provision of the draft or final plan and no permission, if granted, shall be construed to confer any legal right whatsoever on the person seeking the permission 
(3) If any work is carried out in contravention of the provisions of this section, the Municipal Corporation or Municipal Committee within its local area, and the Collector in area outside such local areas, may cause such work to be removed or demolished at the cost of the defaulter, which shall be recovered from him in the same manner as an arrear of land revenue:
Provided that no action shall be taken under this sub-section unless the person concerned is given a reasonable opportunity of being heard and a notice calling upon him to remove or demolish the work within a time specified therein 
(4) Any person aggrieved by the order of the Municipal Corporation, Municipal Committee or Collector, as the case may be, calling upon to remove or demolish the work may prefer an appeal to the Director within fifteen days of the receipt of the notice under sub-section (3) and the order of the Director in such appeal shall be final 
11  Exclusion from claims of amount in certain cases  - Where the regional plan assigns a particular land use to a certain areas and any land situate therein is already put to such use, subject to substantially similar restrictions in force under any other law which was in force on the date on which restrictions were imposed by or under this Act and if amount in respect of such restrictions have already been paid under any such other law which was in force for the time being in respect of the property or any right or interest therein to the claimant, or any predecessor in interest of the claimant, the owner shall not be entitled to any further amount on account of injury or damage caused to his rights by reasons of the restrictions placed on the use of the land under the provisions of this Act 
12  Review of regional plan  - (1) The Director may, on his own motion or if so required by the State Government, at any time after a regional plan has come into operation, undertake the review and evaluation of the regional plan and make such modification in it as may be justified by the circumstances 
(2) The foregoing provisions of this Chapter shall, so far as they can be made applicable, apply to the modifications under sub-section (1) as these provisions apply in relation to the preparation, publication and approval of a regional plan 
Planning Area and Development Plans
13  Planning area  - (1) The State Government may, by notification, constitute planning areas for the purposes of this Act and define the limits thereof 
(2) The State Government may, by notification -
(a) alter the limits of a planning area so as to include therein or excluse therefrom such area as may be specified in the notification;
(b) amalgamate two or more planning areas so as to constitute one planning area;
(c) divide any planning area into two or more planning areas;
(d) declare that the whole or part of the area constituting the planning area shall cease to be a planning area or part thereof 
14  Director to prepare development plans  - Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules made thereunder, the Director shall-
(a) prepare an existing land use map;
(b) prepare an interim development plan;
(c) prepare a development plan;
(d) prepare a sectoral plan;
(e) carry such surveys and inspections and obtain such pertinent reports from government departments, local authorities and public institutions as may be necessary for the preparation of the plans;
(f) perform such duties and functions as are supplemental, incidental, and consequential to any of the foregoing functions or as may be assigned by the State Government for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act 
15  Existing land use maps  - (1 )The Director shall carryout the survey and prepare an existing land use map and, forthwith publish the same in such manner as may be prescribed together with public notice of the preparation of the map and of the place or places where the copies may be inspected, inviting objections and suggestions in writing from any person with respect thereto within thirty days from the date of publication of such notice 
(2) After the expiry of the period specified in the notice published under sub-section (1), the Director may, after allowing a reasonable opportunity of being heard to all such persons who have filed the objections or suggestions, make such modifications therein as may be considered desirable 
(3) As soon as may be after the map is adopted with or without modifications the Director shall publish a public notice of the adoption of the map and the place or places where the copies of the same may be inspected 
(4) A copy of the notice shall also be published in the Official Gazette and it shall be conclusive evidence of the fact that the map has been duly prepared and adopted 
16  Freezing of land use  - On the publication of the existing land use map under section 15-
(a) no person shall institute or change the use of any land or carry out any development of land for any purpose other than that indicated in the existing land use map without the permission in writing of the Director;
Provided that the Director shall not refuse permission if the change is for the purpose of agriculture;
(b) no local authority or any officer or other authority shall, not withstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, grant permission for the change in use of land otherwise than as indicated in the existing land use map without the permission in writing of the Director;
[(c) no Registrar or the Sub-Registrar, appointed under the Indian Registration Act, 1908, shall, in any planning area constituted under section 13, register any deed or document of transfer of any sub-division of land by way of sale, gift, exchange, lease or mortgage with possession, unless the sub-division of land is duly approved by the Director, subject to such rules as may be framed in this behalf by the State Government:]
Provided that the Registrar or the Sub-Registrar may register any transfer,-
(i) where the land is owned by a person and the transfer is made without involving any further divisions;
(ii) where the partition/sub-division of land is made in a Joint Hindu Family;
(iii) where the lease is made in relation to a part or whole of a building;
(iv) where the mortgage is made for procuring the loans for construction or improvements over the land either from the Government or from any other financial institution constituted or established under any law for the time being in force or recognised by the State Government 
17  Interim development plans  - As soon as may be, after the declaration of a planning area, the Director shall, within such time as may be necessary, prepare, after consultation with local authorities concerned, if any, and submit to the State Government an interim development plan for the planning area or any of its parts and such other area or areas contiguous or adjacent to the planning areas as the State Government may direct to be included in the interim development plan 
(2) The interim development plan shall-
(a) indicate broadly the land use proposed in the planning area;
(b) allocate broadly areas or sector of land for-
(i) residential, industrial, commercial or agricultural purposes,
(ii) open spaces, parks and gardens, green belts, zoological gardens and play-grounds,
(iii) public institutions and offices,
(iv) such special purposes as the Director may deem fit;
(c) lay down the pattern of National and State Highways connecting the planning area with the rest of the region, ring roads, arterial roads and the major roads within the planning areas;
(d) provide for the location of airports, railway stations, bus termini and indicate the proposed extension and development of railways and canals;
(e) make proposals for general land scaping and preservation of natural areas;
(f) project the requirement of the planning area of such amenities and utilities as water, drainage, electricity and suggest their fulfilment;
(g) propose broad based regulations for sectoral development, by way of guide-lines, within each sector of the location, height, size of buildings and structures, open spaces, court-yards and the use to which such buildings and structures and land may be put;
(h) lay down the board-based traffic circulation patterns in a city;
(i) suggest architectural control features, elevation and frontage of buildings and structures;
(j) indicate measures for flood control, prevention of air and water pollution, disposal of garbage and general environmental control 
(3) Subject to provisions of the rules made under this Act for regulating the form and contents of the interim development plan any such plan shall include such maps and such descriptive matter as may be necessary to explain and illustrate the proposals in the interim development plan 
(4) As soon as may be, after the submission of the interim development plan, under sub-section (1) the State Government may either approve the interim development plan or may approve it with such modification as it may consider necessary 
(5) The State Government shall publish the interim development plan as approved under sub-section (4) in the Official Gazette  The interim development plan shall come into operation from the date of its publication in the Official Gazette and shall be binding on all local authorities functioning within the planning areas 
18  Development plan  - A development plan shall -
(a) indicate broadly the land use proposed in the planning areas;
(b) allocate broadly areas or sector of land for,-
(c) lay down the pattern of National and State Highways connecting the planning area with the rest of the region, ring roads, arterial roads, and the major roads within the planning area;
(d) provide for the location of airports, railway stations, bus termini and indicate the proposed extension and development of railways;
(g) propose broad-based regulations for sectoral development, by way of guide-line, within each sector of the location, height, size of buildings and structures, open spaces, court-yards and the use to which such buildings and structures and land may be put;
(h) lay down the broad-based traffic circulation patterns in a city;
19  Publication of draft development plan  - (1) The Director shall forthwith publish the draft development plan prepared under section 18 in such manner as may be prescribed together with a notice of the preparation of the draft development plan and the place or places where the copies may be inspected, inviting objections and suggestions in writing from any person with respect thereto, within thirty days from the date of publication of such notice Such notice shall specify in regard to the draff development plan the following particulars, namely:-
(i) the existing land use maps;
(ii) a narrative report, supported by maps and charts, explaining the provisions of the draft development plan;
(iii) the phasing of implementation of the draft development plan as suggested by the Director,
(iv) the provisions for enforcing the draft development plan and stating the manner in which permission to development may be obtained;
(v) an approximate estimate of the cost of land acquisition for public purposes and the cost of works involved in the implementation of the plan 
(2) The Director shall, not later than ninety days after the date of expiry of the notice period under sub-section (1), consider all the objections and suggestions as may be received within the period specified in the notice under sub-section (1)and shall, after giving reasonable opportunity to all persons affected thereby of being heard, make such modifications in the draft development plans as he may consider necessary, and submit, not later than six months after the publication of the draft development plan, the plan so modified, to the State Government for approval together with all connected documents, plans, maps and charts 
20  Sanction of development plans  - (1) As soon as may be after the submission of the development plan under section 19 the State Government may either approve the development plan or may approve it with such modifications as it may consider necessary or may return it to the Director to modify the same or to prepare a fresh plan in accordance with such directions as it may issue in this behalf 
(2) Where the State Government approves the development plan with modifications, the State Government shall, by a notice, published in the Official Gazette, invite objections and suggestions in respect of such modifications within a period of not less than thirty days from the date of publication of the notice in the Official Gazette 
(3) After considering objections and suggestions and after giving a hearing to the persons desirous of being heard the State Government may confirm the modification in the development plan 
(4) The State Government shall publish the development plan as approved, under the foregoing provisions in the Official Gazette and shall along with the plan publish a public notice, in such manner as may be prescribed, of the approval of the development plan and the place or places where the copies of the approved development plan may be inspected 
(5) The development plan shall come into operation from the date of publication thereof in the Official Gazette and as from such date shall be binding on all Development Authorities constituted under this Act and all local authorities functioning within the planning area 
(6) After the coming into operation of the development plan, the interim development plan shall stand modified or altered to the extent the proposals in the development plan are at variance with the interim development plan 
Sectoral Plan
21  Director to prepare sectoral plan  - The Director may, on his own motion, at any time after the publication of the development plan, or thereafter if so required by the State Government shall, within six months of such requisition, prepare a sectoral plan 
22  Contents of sectoral plan  - (1) The sectoral plan shall enlarge the details of land use as indicated in the development plan and shall -
(a) indicate the land liable to acquisition for public purpose or the purposes of the Union Government, the State Government, the Town and Country Development Authority, the Special Area Development Authority, the local authority or any other authority established by or under any enactment for the time being in force 
Provided that no land shall be so designated unless the acquisition proceedings are likely to be completed within ten years of the preparation of the plan;
(b) define in detail and provide for areas reserved for agriculture, public and semi-public open spaces, parks, playgrounds, gardens, recreational areas, green belts and natural reserves;
(c) allocate in detail areas or sectors for residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural and other purposes;
(d) define and provide for the complete road and street pattern for the present and in the future and indicate the traffic circulation;
(e) lay down in detail the projected road and street improvement;
(f) indicate and provide for areas reserved for public buildings, institutions and civic developments;
(g) assess, make projections for and provide for the future requirements of amenities, services and utilities such as municipal, transport, electricity, water and drainage;
(h) prescribe in detail the sectoral regulations for each sector, with a view to facilitating on individual layout and regulating the location, height, number of storeys and the size of buildings and other structures, the size of the court-yards, courts and other open spaces and the use of the buildings, structures and land;
(i) define areas which have been badly laid out or areas which have developed so as to form slums, and provide for their proper development and/or relocation;
(j) designate areas for future development and expansion;
(k) indicate the phasing of the programme of development 
(2) The sectoral plan may and if possible shall, indicate -
(a) control over architectural features; elevation and frontage of buildings and structures; and
(b) the details of development of specific areas for housing, shopping centres, industrial areas, educational and cultural institutions and civic centres 
23  Provisions of sections 19 and 20 to apply to sectoral plan  - The provisions of sections 19 and 20 shall apply for the preparation, publication, approval and operation of sectoral plan as they apply in respect of the development plan 
24  Review of development plan and sectoral plan  - The Director may on his own motion or if so required by the State Government shall, at any time after the sectoral plan has come into operation, undertake a review and evaluation of the development plan and sectoral plan 
(2) The foregoing provisions of sections 19, 20 and 23 shall, so far as may be apply to the modification under sub-section (1) as those provisions apply in relation to the preparation, publication and approval of a development plan or a sectoral plan 
Control of Development And Use of Land
25  Director to control land use  - The overall control of development and the use of land in the planning area shall, as from the date of publication in the Official Gazette of a notification by the State Government, vest in the Director 
26  Conformity with development plan  - (1) After coming into force of the development plan, the use and development of land shall conform to the provisions of the development plan:
Provided that the Director may, at his discretion, permit the continued use of land for the purpose for which it was being used at the time of the coming into Operation of the development plan 
Provided further that such permission shall not be granted for a period exceeding seven years from the date of coming into operation of the development plan 
27  Prohibition of development without permission  - After coming into operation of the development plan, no person shall change the use of any land or carry out any development of land without the permission in writing of the Director 
Provided that no such permission shall be necessary -
(a) for carrying out works for the maintenance, repair or alteration of any building which does not materially alter the external appearance of the building;
(b) for carrying out work for the improvement or maintenance of a highway, road or public street by the Union or State Government or an authority established under this Act or by a local authority having jurisdiction, provided that such maintenance or improvement does not change the road alignment contrary to the provisions of the development plan;
(c) for the purpose of inspecting, repairing or renewing any drain, sewers, mains, pipes, cables, telephone or other apparatus including the breaking open of any street or other land for that purpose;
(d) for the excavation or soil shaping in the interest of agriculture;
(e) for restoration of land to its normal use where land has been used temporarily for any other purposes 
(f) for use for any purpose incidental to the use of building for human habitation, or any other building or land attached to such buildings;
(g) for the construction of a road intended to give access to land solely for agricultural purposes
28  Development undertaken on behalf of Union or State Government  - (1) When the Union Government or the State Government intends to carry out development of any land for the purpose of its departments or offices or authorities, the officer-in-charge thereof shall inform in writing to the Director the intention of the Government to do so, giving full particulars thereof, accompanied by such documents and plans as may be prescribed at least thirty days before undertaking such development 
(2) Where the Director raises any objection to the proposed development on the ground that the development is not in conformity with the provisions of the development plan, the officer shall,-
(i) make necessary modification in the proposals for development to meet the objections raised by the Director, or
(ii) submit the proposal for development together with the objections raised by the Director to the State Government for decision:
Provided that where no modification is proposed by the Director within thirty days of the receipt of the proposed plan by the Government, the plan will be presumed to have been approved 
(3) The State Government, on receipt of the proposals for development together with the objections of the Director shall, approve the proposals with or without modifications or direct the officer to make such modifications in the proposals as it considers necessary in the circumstances 
(4) The decision of the State Government under sub-section (3) shall be final and binding 
29  Development by local authority or by any authority constituted under this Act  - Where a local authority or any authority specially constituted under this Act intends to carry out development on any land for the purpose of that authority, the procedure applicable to the Union or State Government, under section 28 shall, mutatis' mutandis, apply in respect of such authority 
30  Application for permission for development by others  - (1) Any person, not being the Union Government, State Government, a local authority or a special authority constituted under this Act intending to carry out any development on any land, shall make an application in writing to the Director for permission, in such form and containing such particulars and accompanied by such documents as may be prescribed 
(2) Such application shall also be accompanied by such fee as may be prescribed 
[30A  Exemption from development permission in rural areas falling within Planning or Special Area  - (1) Any person who owns land in rural areas, falling within Planning or Special Areas wherein neither Interim Development Plan nor Development Plan has been notified, shall be exempted from permission under this Act for the following development activities up to the limits as may be prescribed: -
(i) Residential activities such as farm-houses and residential houses up to three storeys, cattle shed, toilet, septic tank, kitchen, store, parking shed or garage and rain shelter;
(ii) Commercial activities such as basic commercial activities like shops of general merchandise, cobbler, barber, tailoring, fruit, vegetable, tea or sweet, eating places and dhabas, chemist and farm produce sale depot;
(iii) Service Industries such as cottage or house-hold, service industries like carpentry, knitting, weaving, blacksmith, goldsmith, atta-chakki with capacity up to five horse-power, water mill, agriculture equipments or machinery repair, electrical, electronic and house-hold appliances;
(iv) Public amenities such as public amenities like panchayat offices, schools, mahila mandals, yuvak mandals, community halls, post offices, dispensaries and clinics (including health, veterinary and Indian System of Medicines) information technology kiosks, patwar khanas, guard huts, anganwaries, electricity and telephone installations and connections, roads and paths, ropeways, water tanks, rain harvesting tanks, overhead or underground water tan 



ground_truth: The Director of Town and Country Planning is responsible for carrying out the functions assigned under the act.