prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Can the denoiser be applied to circuits with non-Clifford noise?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: Paper Info

Title: Compressed quantum error mitigation
Publish Date: 10 May 2023
Author List: Maurits Tepaske (from Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn), David Luitz (from Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn)

Figure

FIG 3 The out-of-time-ordered correlator C otoc i=L/2,j (t) as a function of the operator position j and time t, for the infinite temperature initial state, for a denoised second-order Trotter supercircuit with Trotter depth Mtrot = 32 and denoiser depth M = 2 We consider evolution times t = 0 5, 1,    , 5, for the periodic L = 14 Heisenberg chain that is affected by two-qubit depolarizing noise with p = 0 01 
FIG  4  The complex eigenvalues λ of the noisy second-order Trotter supercircuit with Mtrot = 16 at time t = 1 (left), the corresponding optimized denoiser with M = 4 (center), and the denoised Trotter supercircuit (right) The Trotter circuit is for a L = 6 Heisenberg model with PBC, and all twoqubit channels are affected by depolarizing noise with p = 0 0046 The unit circle, on which unitary eigenvalues must lie, is shown in black, and the noiseless eigenvalues are shown as blue bars It is evident that the denoiser recovers all the noiseless eigenvalues from the noisy circuit 
FIG  2  The complex eigenvalues λ of the noisy second-order Trotter supercircuit with Mtrot = 16 at time t = 1 (left), the corresponding optimized denoiser with M = 4 (center), and the denoised Trotter supercircuit (right) The Trotter circuit is for a L = 6 Heisenberg model with PBC, and all twoqubit channels are affected by depolarizing noise with p = 0 036 The unit circle, on which unitary eigenvalues must lie, is shown in black, and the noiseless eigenvalues are shown as blue bars It is clear that the denoiser recovers with high accuracy the noiseless eigenvalues from the noisy circuit 
FIG  3  The half-chain channel entanglement entropy S at different two-qubit depolarizing noise strengths p, for a secondorder Trotter supercircuit with Mtrot = 16 and t = 2, for a M = 4 denoiser The Trotter circuit is for a Heisenberg model with PBC of size L = 6 The different curves correspond to the different supercircuits, i e  the noisy supercircuit, the denoiser, the corresponding denoised supercircuit, and the noiseless variant 
FIG  4  The out-of-time-ordered correlator C otoc i=L/2,j (t) as a function of the operator position j and stacked time t, for the infinite temperature initial state, for a denoised secondorder Trotter supercircuit with Trotter depth Mtrot = 32 and denoiser depth M = 2 It is optimized at t = 2 and stacked up to ten times The calculations are for the periodic L = 14 Heisenberg chain that is affected by two-qubit depolarization with p = 0 01 The denoiser is affected by the same noise 
FIG 6 The distribution of the ZZ angle α of M = 2 denoisers (top panels) and M = 8 denoisers (bottom panels), with the lightest color corresponding to the denoiser for the Trotter supercircuit with t = 0 5, and the darkest color with t = 5 As usual, we consider the Heisenberg model on a periodic chain, and second-order Trotter supercircuits with depths Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64, which together with the denoiser is affected by a two-qubit depolarizing noise with p = 0 01 The panels are arranged as Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64 for top left, top right, bottom left, bottom right, respectively 
FIG  7  The sampling overhead γ of the optimized denoisers from Fig  2 of the main text, with denoiser depths M = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and Trotter depths Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64 at times t = 0 5, 1,    , 5, for the Heisenberg model on a chain with PBC affected by two-qubit depolarizing noise with p = 0 01 The panels are arranged as Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64 for top left, top right, bottom left, bottom right, respectively 
FIG 8 The domain wall magnetization Z dw after evolving a periodic density wall |dw |dw * with the denoised second-order Trotter supercircuits D C from Fig 2of the main text These supercircuits have various Trotter depths Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64, denoiser depths M = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and evolution times t = 0 5, 1,    , 5, for the periodic L = 14 Heisenberg chain that is affected by two-qubit depolarizing noise of strength p = 0 01 The denoiser is affected by the same noise The non-denoised results are labelled with M = 0 and the noiseless results with p = 0 The panels are arranged as Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64 for top left, top right, bottom left, bottom right, respectively We see that the denoiser allows us to recover the noiseless behavior 

abstract

We introduce a quantum error mitigation technique based on probabilistic error cancellation to eliminate errors which have accumulated during the application of a quantum circuit  Our approach is based on applying an optimal "denoiser" after the action of a noisy circuit and can be performed with an arbitrary number of extra gates 
The denoiser is given by an ensemble of circuits distributed with a quasiprobability distribution  For a simple noise model, we show that efficient, local denoisers can be found, and we demonstrate their effectiveness for the digital quantum simulation of the time evolution of simple spin chains  Introduction 
-Quantum information processing has been theoretically shown to hold great promises, and quantum algorithms were developed which can in principle achieve an exponential speed-up over their classical counterparts, both for general purpose computing and quantum simulation   However, present day quantum computing prototypes still suffer from significant noise processes which hinder the execution of many potentially groundbreaking quantum algorithms  
Nontrivial quantum algorithms typically require large sequences of quantum gates, each of which introduces dissipation and hence an overall loss of coherence, eventually rendering the results useless  Until quantum error correction becomes practical, quantum error mitigation seems to be more feasible to increase the accuracy of expectation values 
Here the goal is to induce the (partial) cancellation of errors that stem from noisy quantum gates by extending the circuit corresponding to the desired algorithm with an ensemble of gates , sampled from a quasiprobability distribution  The traditional way to accomplish this is with the gatewise method from , where noise is mitigated by inverting the noise channel of each gate separately, i e  the cancellation of errors is performed for each gate on its own 
Here the local noise channel is approximated in a way such that it can be easily inverted analytically, e g  using Pauli twirling   Gates are then sampled from the inverted noise channel by interpreting it as a quasiprobability distribution  Because in this gate-wise approach every noisy gate has to be modified separately, the sign problem is exponentially large in the number of gates, limiting the practicality of the mitigation 
The success of the gate-wise approach resulted in a large body of work concerning these methods , including extensions for simultaneous mitigation of multiple gates by Pauli-twirling entire layers or variationally constructing a mitigating matrix product operator   In principle, errors during the execution of a circuit can propagate and accumulate 
These propagated errors * david luitz@uni-bonn de ≈ C

C

FIG  1  An example of the quantum error mitigation procedure used in this work for the time evolution of the wave function of a spin chain  The ideal second-order Trotter supercircuit C of depth Mtrot = 1 (light blue) is approximated by applying a denoiser D of depth M = 1 (red) to the noisy Trotter supercircuit C (dark blue) 
Because the denoiser is applied after fully executing the noisy Trotter supercircuit, it represents an approximate inverse of the global noise channel with a precision tunable by the depth of the denoiser  can potentially blow up and lead to large errors for the circuit as a whole   Here we introduce a mitigation technique that takes into account the propagation of errors, can be performed with a tunable number of extra gates, and works for non-Clifford local noise channels since the inversion of the accumulated global noise channel is implicit 
We first execute the targeted noisy circuit completely, letting the noise propagate and accumulate, and only afterwards we apply an extra random circuit sampled from a quasiprobability distribution  We call the corresponding ensemble of random circuits a denoiser, and we construct it such that upon averaging the accumulated errors cancel 
Essentially, the denoiser inverts a global noise channel  Since we will construct it as a local brickwall circuit, following the classical preprocessing approach from , we call this compressed quantum error mitigation  Method  -Due to the inevitable coupling of a quantum processor to its environment, every qubit operation is affected by noise 
Therefore, the simplest technique to minimize the impact of the resulting noise is to minimize the number of operations when performing a quantum algorithm  In we showed that many-body time evolution operators can be efficiently compressed into brick-wall circuits with high fidelity per gate  In this Letter, we consider the noise explicitly by treating quantum operations as (generally non-unitary) quantum channels, corresponding to completely positive and trace preserving (CPTP) maps  
For example, instead of a noiseless two-qubit gate G, which acts on a quantum state |ρ in superoperator form as G|ρ = G⊗G * |ρ , we get the noisy channel G = N G, where the noise channel N implements the two-qubit noise   These channels are used to construct a "supercircuit" C = N G i=1 Gi , consisting of N G channels, which is affected by multi-qubit accumulated noise 
This supercircuit encodes an ensemble of circuits   For simplicity, we assume that the noisy channels Gi in each half brickwall layer are lattice inversion and translation invariant, such that we can construct a denoiser with these properties, limiting the number of variational parameters  The purpose of quantum error mitigation is to modify the ensemble of circuits described by C in a way that we can use it to obtain the noiseless expectation values 
In superoperator language, we do this by following the supercircuit C with a denoiser supercircuit D, such that D C is as close to the noiseless supercircuit C = C ⊗ C * as possible  Here C is the target unitary circuit  Because the noise channel N is non-unitary, hence making the supercircuit C non-unitary, we need to use a non-unitary denoiser to retrieve the unitary C 
We illustrate the mitigation procedure in Fig  , where a denoiser with one layer is used to mitigate errors for a second-order Trotter supercircuit with one layer  This circuit architecture is commonly used to simulate the time evolution of a quantum many-body system, until some time t, with controllable precision , and we will use it to benchmark the denoiser 
In practice, we cannot directly implement a supercircuit, and so we have to utilize its interpretation as an ensemble of circuits  Essentially, after executing a shot of the noisy circuit we sample the denoiser and apply it  The goal is to construct the denoiser in a way that averaging over many of its samples cancels the accumulated errors and gives us a good approximation of the noiseless expectation values 
It should be noted that our approach requires more gate applications on the quantum processor than with the gate-wise scheme, since there each sample from the mitigation quasiprobability distribution can be absorbed into the original circuit, whereas our approach increases the circuit depth  We take this into account by imposing the same noise on the denoiser 
Furthermore, within our scheme, the dimensionality of the quasiprobabilistic mitigating ensemble can be controlled, in contrast to the gate-wise approach where it is equal to the gate count  To facilitate the stochastic interpretation we parameterize each two-qubit denoiser channel G i as a sum of CPTP maps, such that we can sample the terms in this sum and execute the sampled gate on the quantum processor 
Concretely, we use a trace preserv-ing sum of a unitary and a non-unitary channel  For the unitary part we take a two-qubit unitary channel U( φ i ) = U ( φ i ) ⊗ U * ( φ i ), with U ( φ i ) a two-qubit unitary gate parameterized by φ i   For this we take the two-qubit ZZ rotation exp(−iα(σ z ⊗ σ z )) with angle α, which can be obtained from native gates on current hardware , and dress it with four general one-qubit unitaries, only two of which are independent if we want a circuit that is space inversion symmetric around every bond 
The resulting gate has 7 real parameters φ i   For the non-unitary part, which is essential because D has to cancel the non-unitary accumulated noise to obtain the noiseless unitary circuit, we use a general onequbit measurement followed by conditional preparation channel M( , with V a general one-qubit unitary and each κ i a 3-dimensional vector, resulting in a real 9-dimensional ζ i  
This yields the two-qubit correlated measurement M( With these parts we construct the parameterization with coefficients η i ∈ R that satisfy η 0 + η 1 = 1 because G i is trace preserving  Note that here the tensor product symbol corresponds to combining two one-qubit channels to make a two-qubit channel, whereas in most of the paper it is used to link the column and row indices of a density matrix 
We construct the denoiser from the noisy channels Gi = N G i   With this parameterization one denoiser channel has 17 independent real parameters, such that a denoiser of depth M , i e  consisting of M brickwall layers, has 34M real parameters (we use one unique channel per half brickwall layer)  For reference, a general channel has 544M parameters 
To determine the mitigated expectation values we use the full expression where |ρ 0 is the initial state and |1 is the vectorized identity operator on the full Hilbert space  To evaluate this on a quantum processor, we use the stochastic interpretation of (1) to resample   In particular, from each channel (1) we get a unitary with probability p 0 = |η 0 |/γ and a measurement followed by conditional preparation with probability p 1 = |η 1 |/γ 
Here γ = |η 0 | + |η 1 | is the sampling overhead, which characterizes the magnitude of the sign problem from negative η i   For quasiprobability distributions, i e  with γ > 1, every denoiser sample has an extra sign sgn(η) = N G g=1 sgn(η g ), 2  The normalized distance between the denoised Trotter supercircuit D C and the noiseless Trotter supercircuit C (top panels), at evolution times t = 0 5, 1,    , 5, and the twopoint z-spin correlator C zz i=L/2,j=L/2 (t) of a spin on the middle site at times 0 and t (bottom panels), for the infinite temperature initial state 
We consider denoisers with depths M = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and second-order Trotter circuits with depths Mtrot = 16, 32, 64  In the top panels we use a Heisenberg chain with L = 8, and in the bottom panels with L = 14, both with periodic boundary conditions  All gates are affected by two-qubit depolarizing noise with p = 0 01 
The non-denoised results are labelled with M = 0, and the noiseless values with p = 0  where sgn(η g ) is the sign of the sampled coefficient of the gth channel  γ = 1 means that all signs are positive  Observables Ô p=0 for the noiseless circuit are then approximated by resampling the observables from the denoiser ensemble
where γ = N G g=1 γ g is the overall sampling overhead, with γ g the overhead of the gth gate  Clearly, a large γ implies a large variance of Ô p=0 for a given number of samples, with accurate estimation requiring the cancellation of large signed terms  The number of samples required to resolve this cancellation of signs is bounded by Hoeffding's inequality, which states that a sufficient number of samples to estimate Ô p=0 with error δ at probability 1 − ω is bounded by (2γ 2 /δ 2 ) ln(2/ω)  
Since γ scales exponentially in γ g , it is clear that a denoiser with large M and γ 1 will require many samples  We observed that decompositions with γ > 1 are crucial for an accurate denoiser  Restricting to γ = 1 leads to large infidelity and no improvement upon increasing the number of terms in or the depth M of the denoiser 
Simply put, probabilistic error cancellation of gate noise introduces a sign problem and it is crucial to find optimal parameterizations (1) which minimize γ to make the approach scalable  This issue arises in all high performance error mitigation schemes , because the inverse of a physical noise channel is unphysical and cannot be represented as a positive sum over CPTP maps 
This is clearly visible in the spectra of the denoiser, which lies outside the unit circle (cf  Fig  )  This makes the tunability of the number of gates in each denoiser sample a crucial ingredient, which allows control over the sign problem, because we can freely choose the η i in   For the parametrization (1) of denoiser channels, we try to find a set of parameters for error mitigation by minimizing the normalized Frobenius distance between the noiseless and denoised supercircuits
which bounds the distance of output density matrices and becomes zero for perfect denoising  We carry out the minimization of on a classical processor, using gradient descent with the differential programming algorithm from   Instead of explicitly calculating the accumulated global noise channel and subsequently inverting it, we approximate the noiseless supercircuit C with the denoised supercircuit D C, effectively yielding a circuit representation D of the inverse noise channel 
Results  -To benchmark the denoiser we apply it to the second-order Trotter circuits of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain with periodic boundary conditions (PBC) where is the Pauli algebra acting on the local Hilbert space of site i  A second-order Trotter circuit for evolution time t with depth M trot consists of M trot − 1 half brickwall layers with time step t/M trot and two layers with half time step  
We consider circuits that are affected by uniform depolarizing noise with probability p for simplicity, but our approach can be used for any non-Clifford noise  The two-qubit noise channel is which acts on neighboring qubits i and i + 1 and is applied to each Trotter and denoiser gate, and p = 0 01 unless stated otherwise 
We study circuits with depths M trot = 16, 32, 64 for evolution times t = 0 5, 1,    , 5, and denoisers D with depths M = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8  In the top panels of Fig  we show (4) for a chain of size L = 8 as a function of time t  Here it can be seen that even for M trot = 32 a denoiser with M = 1 already improves by roughly an order of magnitude at all considered t 
Depending on M trot and t, further increasing M lowers , with the biggest improvements occurring for high precision Trotter circuits with large depth M trot = 64 and short time t = 0 5, where the Trotter gates are closer to the identity than in the other cases  At the other extreme, for M trot = 16 the improvements are relatively small upon increasing M > 2  In all cases the denoiser works better at early times than at late times, again indicating that it is easier to denoise Trotter gates that are relatively close to the identity 
To probe the accuracy of the denoiser on quantities that do not enter the optimization, as a first test we consider the two-point correlator between spins at different times where we have chosen the infinite temperature initial state, and C(t) is the Trotter supercircuit for time t  In the bottom panels of Fig  we show C zz i=L/2,j=L/2 (t) for the supercircuits from the upper panels, now for a L = 14 chain 
Here we see that at M trot = 16 we can retrieve the noiseless values already with M = 1, but that increasing M trot makes this more difficult  At M trot = 64 we see larger deviations, and improvement upon increasing M is less stable, but nonetheless we are able to mitigate errors to a large extent  As a further test, we compute the out-of-time-ordered correlator (OTOC) ]
In Fig  we show the results for i = L/2, for a Trotter circuit with depth M trot = 32 and a denoiser with depth M = 2  Here we see that a denoiser with M M trot is able to recover the light-cone of correlations, which are otherwise buried by the noise  In the Supplementary Material we consider how the denoiser performs at different noise levels p, and how the denoised supercircuits perform under stacking 
There we also calculate domain wall magnetization dynamics, and show the distribution of the optimized denoiser parameters and the sampling overhead associated to the denoiser as a whole  In Fig  we show the eigenvalues of the noisy supercircuits for a noisy second-order Trotter supercircuit with M trot = 16 at t = 1 (left), the corresponding optimized denoiser with M = 4 (center), and the denoised supercircuit (right) 
The eigenvalues λ of a unitary supercircuit lie on the unit circle, and in the presence of dissipation they are pushed to the center  We see that the spectrum of the denoiser lies outside the unit circle, making it an unphysical channel which cures the effect of the noise on the circuit, such that the spectrum of the denoised circuit is pushed back to the unit circle 
The noiseless eigenvalues are shown as blue bars, making it clear that the denoiser is able to recover the noiseless eigenvalues from the noisy circuit  In the Supplementary Material we show the spectra for a p = 0 036 denoiser, where we observe a clustering of eigenvalues reminiscent of Refs    There we also investigate the channel entropy of the various supercircuits  
Conclusion  -We have introduced a probabilistic error cancellation scheme, where a classically determined denoiser mitigates the accumulated noise of a (generally non-Clifford) local noise channel  The required number of mitigation gates, i e  the dimensionality of the corresponding quasiprobability distribution, is tunable and the parameterization of the corresponding channels provides control over the sign problem that is inherent to probabilistic error cancellation 
We have shown that a denoiser with one layer can already significantly mitigate errors for second-order Trotter circuits with up to 64 layers  This effectiveness of low-depth compressed circuits for denoising, in contrast with the noiseless time evolution operator compression from , can be understood from the non-unitarity of the denoiser channels 
In particu-lar, measurements can have non-local effects, since the measurement of a single qubit can reduce some highly entangled state (e g  a GHZ state) to a product state, whereas in unitary circuits the spreading of correlations forms a light-cone  To optimize a denoiser with convenience at L > 8, the optimization can be formulated in terms of matrix product operators or channels , which is convenient because the circuit calculations leading to the normalized distance and its gradient are easily formulated in terms of tensor contractions and singular value decompositions  
This provides one route to a practical denoiser, which is relevant because the targeted noiseless circuit and the accompanying noisy variant in (4) need to be simulated classically, confining the optimization procedure to limited system sizes with an exact treatment or limited entanglement with tensor networks 
Nonetheless, we can use e g  matrix product operators to calculate (4) for some relatively small t, such that the noiseless and denoised supercircuits in (4) have relatively small entanglement, and then stack the final denoised supercircuit on a quantum processor to generate classically intractable states 
Analogously, we can optimize the channels exactly at some classically tractable size and then execute them on a quantum processor with larger size  Both approaches are limited by the light-cone of many-body correlations, as visualized in Fig  , because finite-size effects appear when the light-cone width becomes comparable with system size 
1  The normalized distance (left) and z spin correlator C zz i=L/2,j=L/2 (right), for a second-order Trotter supercircuit of depth Mtrot = 16 for time t = 1, affected by various twoqubit depolarizing errors p  We compare the values obtained with and without a denoiser, i e  M > 0 and M = 0, to the noiseless values (p = 0) 
The denoiser is affected by the same noise as the Trotter circuit  We consider denoisers with depths M = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and we use a L = 8 Heisenberg chain with PBC for the normalized distance, while for the correlator we use L = 14  * david luitz@uni-bonn de to observe that even for larger noise strength p, the local observable C zz improves significantly even with denoisers of depth M = 1 
For large noise strengths, we generally see that the optimization of the denoiser becomes difficult, leading to nonmonotonic behavior as a function of p, presumably because we do not find the global optimum of the denoiser  It is interesting to analyze the spectra of the supercircuits considered in this work 
As mentioned in the main text, the spectrum of the ideal, unitary supercircuit C lies on the unit circle  The comparison to this case is therefore instructive  In the main text, we showed an example of the spectra in Fig  for moderate noise strength  Here, we show additional data for stronger noise p = 0 036 in Fig  for a denoiser with M = 4 layers, optimized to mitigate errors for a second-order Trotter supercircuit with M trot = 16 layers at time t = 1 
The eigenvalues λ of the noisy supercircuit C are clustered close to zero, far away from the unit circle (except for λ = 1), showing that the circuit is strongly affected by the noise  To mitigate the impact of the noise, the denoiser consequently has to renormalize the spectrum strongly  If it accurately represents the inverse of the global noise channel, its spectrum has to lie far outside the unit circle, which is the case 
Interestingly, we observe a clustering of eigenvalues which is reminiscent to the spectra found in   By comparison to these works, we suspect that this is due to the local nature of the denoiser, and warrants further investigation  The right panel of Fig  shows the result of the denoiser, pushing the eigenvalues back to the unit circle, nearly with the exact same distribution along the circle as the noiseless eigenvalues (blue bars) 
Due to the strong noise, this is not achieved perfectly, and it is clear that this cannot work in principle if the global noise channel has a zero eigenvalue  The complexity of an operator can be quantified by its operator entanglement entropy   Here we calculate the half-chain channel entanglement entropy S of the noiseless C, noisy C, denoiser D, and denoised D C supercircuits 
We define S as the entanglement entropy of the state that is related to a supercircuit C via the Choi-Jamio lkowski isomorphism, i e  ψ C = χ C /N , where the process matrix χ ab,cd C = C ac,bd is simply a reshaped supercircuit and N ensures normalization  Then we have S = −Tr [ψ C ln ψ C ]  This entropy measure is a particular instance of the "exchange entropy", which characterizes the information exchange between a quantum system and its environment  
In Fig  we plot the various S for a second-order Trotter circuit with M trot = 16 at t = 2, for a denoiser with M = 4, both affected by two-qubit depolarizing noise with p ∈ [10 −3 , 10 −1 ]  The Trotter circuit is for a Heisenberg model with L = 6 and PBC  We see that at large p, the noise destroys entanglement in the noisy supercircuit, and that the denoiser S increases to correct for this, such that the denoised supercircuit recovers the noiseless S 
Here we investigate how denoised supercircuits perform upon repeated application  We optimize the denoiser for a Trotter supercircuit for a fixed evolution time t  Then, to reach later times, we stack the denoised supercircuit n times to approximate the evolution up to time nt: In Fig  we stack a denoised t = 1 supercircuit up to n = 20 times and calculate the correlation function, defined in the main text, for the middle site 
We consider Trotter depths M trot = 8, 16, 32, 64 and denoiser depths M = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, for a L = 14 Heisenberg chain with p = 0 01 depolarizing two-qubit noise  The noisy results correspond to M = 0 and the noiseless results to p = 0  In Fig  we calculate the OTOC, defined in the main text, with stacked time evolution for a denoised t = 2 supercircuit with M trot = 32 and M = 2, stacked up to ten times 
We see that the stacked supercircuit performs very well, and the additional precision obtained by using deep denoisers (M = 8) pays off for long evolution times, where we see convergence to the exact result (black dashed lines in Fig  ) as a function of M   FIG    The two-point z-spin correlator C zz i=L/2,j=L/2 (t) of a spin on the middle site at times 0 and t, for the infinite temperature initial state, for denoised second-order Trotter supercircuits that are optimized at evolution time t = 1 and then stacked up to twenty times 
We use Trotter depths Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64 and denoiser depths M = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8  The calculations were performed for a periodic Heisenberg model with L = 14 and PBC, affected by two-qubit depolarizing noise with strength p = 0 01, which also affects the denoiser  The non-denoised results are labelled with M = 0, and the noiseless results with p = 0 
The panels are arranged as Mtrot = 8, 16, 32, 64 for top left, top right, bottom left, bottom right, respectively  The costliest and most noise-susceptible operation is the two-qubit ZZ rotation with angle α, which is the foundation of the unitary piece in our channel parameterization, defined in the main text 
For completeness, we here present the α angles of the optimized denoisers  The results are shown in Fig  , which contains histograms for the channel count N G versus α  The histograms are stacked, with the lightest color corresponding to the angles of the denoiser at t = 0 5 and the darkest at t = 5  The top four panels are for a denoiser with M = 2 and the bottom four with M = 8 
We consider M trot = 8, 16, 32, 64  We see that in both cases the distribution widens upon increasing M trot , indicating that the unitary channels start deviating more from the identity  Moreover, while the M = 2 denoisers in all cases except M trot = 64 have ZZ contributions close to the identity, this is clearly not the case for M = 8 
For simplicity, we did not focus on obtaining denoisers with the smallest sampling overhead γ, which is required to minimize the sign problem and hence ease the sampling of mitigated quantities  Instead, we let the optimization freely choose the η i in the denoiser parameterization, as defined in the main text 
In Fig  we show the sampling overhead of the denoisers from Fig  of the main text  We see that for M = 1 and M = 2 the sampling overhead is relatively small and uniform across the different t, whereas for M > 2 the optimization sometimes yields a denoiser with large γ and other times with small γ  This could be related to the difference in α distributions from Fig   
The large fluctuations of γ appears to stem from the difficulty in finding optimal deep denoisers, and our optimization procedure likely only finds a local minimum in these cases  Here C(t) is the Trotter supercircuit for time t  In Fig  we show Z dw for the circuits from Fig 
Context 2: Transport Aircraft for IAF - Page 67 - Bharat Rakshak
Transport Aircraft for IAF
Re: Transport Aircraft for IAF
Postby abhik » 17 Nov 2014 05:55
+1, Air India recently sold their entire fleet of Boeing 777s 
afaik the A330 MRTT does not make any structural mods or add anything internally in cargo or passenger cabin  it just relies on the intrinsic 110 tons of fuel  external refueling pods are added and internally the control station and cameras for the operator i guess 
so its a easy conversion from a passenger layout to the AAR mode - mostly ripping out the passenger cabin of all extra stuff and retuning the FCS for any changes in COG 
this should have been pursued years ago
the IL78 adds a palletized drum tank system inside its cargo bay due to paucity of intrinsic fuel but it can be removed and a/c converted back to cargo hauling or send off to russia for Phalcon structural mods if we want it that way  they will however need to change engines to PS90 as they have the old engines
http://www airplane-pictures net/images     7/5616 jpg
the RAF is already gone that route in 2011
http://www defensenews com/article/2011     -Refuelers
LONDON - Airbus Military has delivered the first of 12 A330-200 airliners due to be converted into in-flight refueling planes for the British Royal Air Force by Cobham Aviation Services 
The aircraft, part of an order of 14 jets, will be modified with aerial refueling pods and other equipment at Cobham's newly refurbished facility in Bournemouth, England  The first two aircraft have already been converted by Airbus in Spain 
The multirole tanker aircraft are being provided to the RAF under a private finance initiative service deal led by Airbus parent EADS 
Seven of the planes will be operated full time by the RAF  The remainder will be available for lease in the third-party market, with the proviso that they can be returned to British military service to meet any surge in demand 
All of the aircraft, to be known as the Voyager in RAF service, will be fitted with two wing-mounted refueling pods, while half the fleet will also be fitted for, but not necessarily with, a center-line mounted unit  The refueling units are being supplied by Cobham 
The first aircraft will become operational in a passenger and freight transport role by the end of this year to start relieving pressure on the RAF's hard-pressed assets 
Despite the increasing fragility of current RAF in-flight refueling operations, the new capability is not contracted to start being used in this role until 2015 
All 14 Voyagers are scheduled to be available for RAF operations by the middle of the decade  The A330 will replace the increasingly ancient Tristar and VC-10 refuelers now in service 
Push the 6 Il-476 from refueler to AEW duty  Phalcon them up
Not sure if that is a good path to follow  For one they all should be sent to pasture in about 8 years  Then if the are to be phalconed up - the requires major structural changes  Not worth that cost 
Whatever happened ot the two new ones that were supposed ot be ordered?
the IL78 can be easily converted back to IL76 cargo hauling  only the fuel tank inside cargo bay needs removal   infact that was even mentioned in initial days as swing role fuel/cargo 
Postby Cybaru » 17 Nov 2014 07:55
I am talking about the new il78 that we ordered recently in refueling role  Sorry for the mix up  They are the same platform, that I why i used 476 or 76 to identify it 
777 carries more internal fuel than the A330  We suck!
From the KC-777 program 
http://www globalsecurity org/military/     kc-777 htm
"the KC-777 would be 209 feet long with a wingspan of 212 feet, 7 inches  That's the same size as the 777-200LR commercial jet  The KC-777 would be able to carry far more fuel, cargo and passengers than either the KC-767 or the Airbus A330 tanker  The KC-767 offers more operational flexibility, while the KC-777 would be better suited for long-range strategic missions in which more cargo needs to be delivered  The KC-777 would be able to carry more than 350,000 pounds (160,000 kilograms) of fuel and offload more than 220,000 pounds (100,000 kg) of it on a mission of 500 nautical miles (900 kilometers)  On the other hand, the KC-767 can lift off with more than 200,000 pounds (90,000 kg) of fuel and offload more than 130,000 pounds (60,000 kg) in a similar mission  The KC-777 would be able to deliver 200 percent more fuel after flying 1,000 nautical miles than older Air Force KC-135s  The KC-777 could carry up to 37 pallets of cargo, compared to the 19 pallets for the KC-767 "
Postby Cosmo_R » 18 Nov 2014 04:31
Viv S wrote: From Ajai Shukla's article -
HAL points out that, since each Avro flies barely 350 hours every year, most of them have a residual life of about 80,000 hours  In a request for information (RFI) released on August 15, HAL has proposed replacing the aircraft’s engines (Rolls Royce Dart) with “modern fuel efficient engines” 
So, the IAF's Avros have a residual life of 228 years at the current rate of usage  Ain't life grand?
At zero up time, it could reach infinity 
Relax Cy  Kc777 has no client  Usaf is going with kc767 and almost everyone else with a330 
We don't have the number of heavies and long missions of usaf else I would say convert an124 
KC777 will be extremely expensive given the demand/backlog for the 777 and the 777x  Any buyer would have to virtually pay for the increase in capacity 
I think the 767 production line is closed  so the proposed KC767 Boeing is supposed to deliver 18 by 2017  that can be managed from mothballed and cargo hauler airframes on the market 
but to meet the final order of around 180 will they not have to open the production line unless such a huge number were available on the market?
I do get the spider feel this program again will be cancelled in favour of a in-production plane like the 777X ?
I wasn't suggesting we get the KC777  All I was doing was comparing what possibly the 777 could offload compared to A330  It carries 171000 liters of fuel versus 130000 liters that the A330 carries  If we had older 777s in stock, we could have quite easily converted them to this config  The cost to us would be miniscule just the refurbishing cost vs acquiring a new type 
Singha wrote: I think the 767 production line is closed  so the proposed KC767 Boeing is supposed to deliver 18 by 2017  that can be managed from mothballed and cargo hauler airframes on the market 
The Line is open, they have a backlog of around 50 (All Fed ex), with Fed Ex placing a small order this year  The Pegasus order is for all new builds, and so will the follow on order  The only reason for any nation to buy the 767 tanker is going to be because of the ability to hard bargain with Boeing given that the commercial future of the 767 is dead  This also allows a potential buyer to purchase cheap spares from the open market, or club its logistical and inventory purchase with that of the USAF  Other than that and perhaps availability (which would be doubtful once USAF pushes through a larger order) there is really no technical reason to purchase the this tanker over the A330 which by all accounts is a superior tanker in addition to being a much much better airliner in general 
IAI is doing conversations for the 767 and its called the 767 MMTT
http://www iai co il/sip_storage/FILES/1/38471 pdf
Cybaru wrote: I wasn't suggesting we get the KC777  All I was doing was comparing what possibly the 777 could offload compared to A330  It carries 171000 liters of fuel versus 130000 liters that the A330 carries  If we had older 777s in stock, we could have quite easily converted them to this config  The cost to us would be miniscule just the refurbishing cost vs acquiring a new type 
The cost of converting a commercial airliner to a tanker, certifying it and running a full fledged test program is by no means small  There is absolutely no justification for that sort of cost over and above the capability that that A330 provides  If it were a certified and tested conversion, that would be a different matter 
Postby Kartik » 21 Nov 2014 12:27
Cybaru wrote:
Why? If the airframe can handle more flight hours, why not?
because it is a very very old airframe as is  Maintenance spares won't be available easily even as of now, then imagine how it'll be 20-30 years from now   and as things stood anyway, the HS-748 offered very little in terms of payload and range versus a C-295 class aircraft  The C-295 offers a very credible light transport, whereas the HS-748's role in the IAF was more akin to a transport trainer and for communication duties with little operational use  Having seen a dozen or so HS-748s parked at Vadodara airport all through my childhood, I never once saw one in the air  They just seemed to be stored out in the open  Upon asking an IAF transport pilot who was my friend's father, he remarked "zyaada kaam ke nahi hain yeh" 
Why would you expend more capital on what is essentially an obsolete airframe, even if theoretically it had not yet reached its service life? You'd have to re-engine it, put new avionics on board and even that wouldn't suffice for para dropping requirements  it was operationally never suitable for para dropping, which is an important mission for transport aircraft and had deficiencies in hot and high climes as well 
Unfortunately, the 748 was never meant to be a military transport  At the request of IAF, its door was enlarged to enable larger cargo items to be loaded and to allow para dropping without hitting the tail plane  However, to load a jeep in it, a 30-ft long ramp was required  The jeep would drive in and insert its front wheels into the aircraft  Then it had to be manually lifted and turned to get it in  Unloading it was just as difficult  Para dropping of troops or cargo even from the aircraft with the enlarged door was considered too dangerous with the risk of hitting the tail plane  The aircraft's performance at hot and high airfields was hopelessly inadequate  Eventually IAF acquired the tail-loading An-32s which were powered specifically for IAF's need for operating in the Himalayas 
BRF article -Avro in IAF service
Now unless you want to overcome all these through a costly, time consuming engineering re-design program, that too without access to original documents since this airplane was designed in the 1960s, there is no question of keeping them going for another 40 years  By which time the original design would be over 80 years old and with no one on earth but the IAF as an operator and HAL as the agency supporting it  Hardly a situation anyone would want 
abhik wrote: +1, Air India recently sold their entire fleet of Boeing 777s 
Only 5 of the Boeing 777-200LR, to Etihad Airways, which IMO was a bad decision  they could have reconfigured the airplanes with just 2 classes and continued to fly them to the US, non-stop 
The remaining 3 777-200LR were offered for lease but are still a part of AI's fleet since they didn't find any takers  This particular model hardly sold much and was developed for ultra-long range flights  it was the least successful 777 model and clearly AI goofed up on the configuration by going for these in place of the 300ER  The economics however didn't make too much sense for AI eventually 
there are 13 777-300ER as a part of their fleet ahd their economics is much better 
Govt  to decide tomorrow on whether to go ahead and allow the IAF to verify the technical details of the C-295 bid by Tata-Airbus instead of scrapping the tender due to single vendor situation 
The government will decide on Saturday whether to press ahead with the Rs 13,000 crore mega project for the private sector to supply 56 medium transport aircraft to the IAF despite only a single bidder, the Tata-Airbus consortium, being in the fray 
Though the defence acquisitions council (DAC) chaired by Manohar Parrikar will take the final decision, MoD sources on Tuesday said the "emerging dominant view" is that green signal should be given to the crucial project designed to promote Indian private sector's entry into the domestic aerospace arena with foreign collaboration 
"The Tata-Airbus technical and commercial bid is a credible offer submitted in a competitive environment  The other seven contenders backed out for one reason or the other," said a source 
IAF has now sought the clearance of the DAC -- the first such meeting to be chaired by Parrikar after becoming defence minister on November 10 -- to begin technical evaluation of the C-295 aircraft offered by Airbus Defence & Space and Tata Advanced Systems 
Though it has become a single-vendor situation, the DAC can approve it if it wants as per existing procurement procedures  Of the eight foreign aviation majors that got the global tender, American Boeing and Lockheed-Martin as well as Brazilian Embraer said they did not manufacture the class of aircraft being sought by IAF 
Refusing to take part in the tender, Russian Rosoboronexport said it wanted a fresh design and development project  Antonov of Ukraine wanted yet another extension of the bid submission deadline due to the ongoing conflict in Crimea  Swedish Saab said it had shut down its assembly line for such aircraft 
Then, Alenia Aermacchi was linked to Italian conglomerate Finmeccanica, which has been slapped with "a partial ban" after the infamous VVIP helicopter scandal  "All this left only the European consortium Airbus  The DAC will have to take a call since re-tendering may lead to the same situation," said the source 
Incidentally, it was the Modi government's first DAC in July -- then headed by Arun Jaitley - which revived the Avro replacement project after it was put on hold by the UPA-2 regime last year due to strong opposition from the powerful PSU lobby and ministers like Praful Patel, as reported by TOI earlier 
Apart from the critical need to encourage the private sector to enter defence production in a big way, especially in the aerospace arena where Hindustan Aeronautics enjoys a monopoly, its felt the defence PSU's order books are already overflowing with projects 
Fingers crossed  Hopefully sense will prevail 
Why was lr got? Er is capable of Dubai to sfo nonstop 
Lr is overkill unless we want Delhi to Peru  
Singha wrote: Why was lr got? Er is capable of Dubai to sfo nonstop 
they wanted it for non-stop routes from India to the west coast of the US  But with fuel prices going higher and with the lower seat count on the 777-200LR, the seat mile costs grew too high  A 3 class configuration only made matters worse  A higher density configuration with more economy class seats and just 12-15 Business class seats would have been better perhaps, especially if they didn't have very high First Class load factors 
LR and ER is better if you want to have a better payload down below for long haul  Ultimately, the best bet is going to come form the 787's that take a fewer people (so you can do the longer routes) with still a competitive CASM, and the B and F class folks will pay good money for newer aircraft 
Postby Kartik » 04 Dec 2014 12:55
Lets see if there is any forward movement on the stalled MTA project once Putin arrives in New Delhi
Major defence deals to be signed during Putin-Modi summit
In this connection, it is expected that during the summit, Russia and India may ultimately resolve several long-delayed agreements on military-technical cooperation projects between the two countries and sign them finally for their implementation  These agreements, above all, include joint Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) project and joint development of Multi-role Transport Aircraft (MTA) 
A final deal on FGFA for production has been delayed because the Indian Air Force (IAF) did not approve the design and work-share  Now Russia has reportedly agreed that the jet would be a two-seat design, not a one-seater  India’s work-share would also be increased from18 percent to 25 percent, and even up to 40-50 percent in the near future, in view of the steady development of the Indian aviation industry 
Defence and SecurityAccording to the agreement, India’s stealth air-to-air missile “Astra” along with Indo-Russian BrahMos supersonic cruise missile will be mounted on the FGFA 
The preliminary design agreement on FGFA had been signed in 2010 between Indian HAL and Russian Sukhoi Design Bureau to build the jet for the use by both countries  The final design contract was to be signed in July-August 2012  But the deadline has already passed  According to the Indian media reports, under the programme, India is expected to build 200 fighter jets at the cost of $30 billion 
FGFA is not the only Indo-Russia joint project  The two countries also signed an agreement on the joint development of MTA in 2007, based on Il-214 Russian plane  The cost of the $600 million project is being equally shared by the two countries  The MTA, when developed, will have ready market for 205 aircraft - 45 for the Indian Air Force, 100 for the Russian Air Force, and 60 more for exporting to friendly countries  The international market for MTA is estimated at 390 planes  Under the agreement, thirty percent of the annual production of planes could be exported to third countries 
The MTA was expected to go in service with the Russian and Indian Air Forces in 2015  But the project faced a number of problems, delaying the development of the MTA  The project got into rough weather after India felt there was nothing much for Indian engineers and scientists to do in the design and development of the MTA 
However, all the issues related to the project were resolved with the Russians when the HAL undertook to carry out design and development of its work-share of MTA at Aircraft R&D Centre at Bangalore  Russian Ilyushin Design Bureau and the Irkut Corporation and HAL are participating in the project  The first flight is expected to take place in 2017-18 
The MTA would replace the AN- 32 aircraft being used by the IAF  It will be used for both cargo and troop transportation, para-drop and air drop of supplies, including low-altitude parachute extraction system 
BrahMos missile exports a challenging proposition
Another key deal expected to be signed during the summit, is for the development of “BrahMos mini missile” by the Indo-Russian joint venture BrahMos Aerospace which manufactures supersonic cruise missile  BrahMos’ new CEO Sudhir Mishra recently said he was hopeful that a deal to develop the mini version of the missile will be signed during Putin’s summit with Modi 
“We are hoping to sign a tripartite agreement between DRDO, NPOM lab and BrahMos Aerospace during the planned visit of Russian President in December,” Mishra said 
He said that the new missile will have a speed of 3 5 mach and carry a payload of 300 km up to a range of 290 km  In size, it will be about half of the present missile, which is around 10 metres long  The missile can be integrated with different platforms, including submarines and FGFA  It is planned to be inducted into service by 2017 
Modi-Abbott to upgrade defence ties
A new dimension:
In a first, India and Australia will also set up a mechanism to discuss “synergies in integrating defence system”, including research and development cooperation on integrating defence equipment that both countries currently purchase, for example, U S’s C-17 Globemaster III, according to officials 
^^That report about MTA is fishy  First it says that India has nothing to learn from an existing design (duh) and then says the issue has been resolved  How? Next it says India's need is 45 planes to replace over 100 An-32s  It also speculates about the export potential which may be nonexistent unless we sell it for peanuts 
This is a scam which only aims to create screwdriver jobs at HAL, stall any attempt to introduce private players into the aviation market and continue the Russian gravy train  My fear is the Russkies have our testiments in a firm grip with key components of Brahmos, nuke subs, Su30mki etc and we may be jerked around 
(They need to be more definitive about "MTA" - Multirole vs  Medium)
The Indians had not selected an engine (among other things) for the MTA with the Russians  Perhaps that has been resolved now 
On export numbers, IIRC, it was the responsibility of Rosoboronexport  ?????
Kartik wrote: The MTA would replace the AN- 32 aircraft being used by the IAF  It will be used for both cargo and troop transportation, para-drop and air drop of supplies, including low-altitude parachute extraction system 
Pardon my ignorance  The Avro and An-32 have different upgrade paths  How are the replacements for these venerable aircraft different in terms of use cases in IAF  Cannot one platform replace both these types? (Either MTA or C-295)
In this case, I feel they should have just gone with screwdrivergiri (production tech) and got to market first  There is no jet-powered transporter in this range! Just license produce the IL-214 with the PD-14M, glass cockpit and a state-of-the-art COTS avionics computer 
In my view, it was a low hanging fruit, which they completely messed up! They could have learnt on how to adopt the plane for the 160-200 seater 
indranilroy wrote: They could have learnt on how to adopt the plane for the 160-200 seater 
Yes, the MTA project should fold the Avro, An-32 and the regional transport role and become a conversion project rather a development one  The driving numbers will come from the regional transport (thousands in India itself) rather than the Avro or medium transport roles (max 300 between them)  This changes the ball game and introduces all kinds of possibilities  But I'm pretty sure that the Il-214/MTA is not the way to go because it will take a decade or more to arrive  A good possibility was another Antonov, the An-148 but it has some mechanical glitches apparently besides being bogged down in the Ukraine mess  Maybe the Russians can "relocate" the aircraft to Russia? The other possibility is the BAe-146 which is ironically another Avro  We should remember that both the HS-748 "Avro" and An-32 were regional airliners that were converted to military use, not the other way around  HAL or a private firm will pick up a lot of experience in the conversion process itself 
The Sukhoi Superjet is already in production/orders,with over 100+ for Russian and intl  customers  It is ideal for regional transport,perfect for flights to smaller Tier-2/3 cities from metros  If we really want a regional jet this is the fastest way toi go,we can set up a manufacturing unti here for the same at an HAL unit 
Postby shaun » 05 Dec 2014 15:24
Its an international projects, with components outsourced from different international vendors   Over 30 foreign partnership companies are involved in the project and partly financed by Italy 
Sukhoi is good for passenger use but wont be suitable for military, rough field use  The shoulder wing jets like the An-148 have slower speeds and better ground clearance  The Bae-146 was usedby Druk Air in Bhutan so it should do OK in the ALGs  If we don't fold our requirements then we should go with something like the Superjet which we will at least be able to make in India and also modify to stretched versions  Unless we have a clear path to operational clearance within 10 yrs for the RTA project vetted by our top industrial houses, it is pie-in-the-sky and should be dropped  The RTA will be big enough to keep 2-3 factories humming and leapfrog our capabilities  If we don't get our act together almost immediately, we will miss the boat, just like our trainer fiascos 
I don't think Superjet fits into our scheme of things  We should think as a country and see to it that our programs don't trample on each other 
First, the more certain ones:
1  Mahindras NM5 and Airvans can care of the low-cost but sturdy 5,8,10 and 18-seater section 
2  Saras had such great potential for being the high performance 14-18 seater  But I have almost given up on it  This section will most probably be taken up by the Tata-built Do-228 NG 
3  We should standardize the C-295 as the Avro/An-32 replacement and create a 70-80 seater variant out of it 
And then the more wishful ones:
1  If the RTA is going to be a jet, then make it a 100-130 seater  I don't expect the first prototype to take the sky before 2025  I feel it is too big of a jump where we don't even have a base  With LCA, at least we were at least license producing other fighters 
4  Building on the IL-214, the MTA was on a more sure footing  But, I can't see how the first prototype can to take to the sky before 2019(more than 10 years since MTAL was formed)! If the transport plane materializes, then one can imagine making a civilian 150-200 seater version of the same  But this program needs a push  Will Putin's visit be able to galvanize this into the next symbol of Indo-Russian cooperation  Probably not!
Postby GeorgeWelch » 12 Dec 2014 23:39
http://www ctvnews ca/canada/defence-de     -1 2144472
The Defence Department intends to purchase a Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, a large military transport plane that comes with a price tag of just under $200 million, CTV News has learned
It's difficult to get a good count, but by some sources, if this and the 4 Australia planes go through, there will only be 5 left 
X-Posting from FGFA thread 
Despite Putin’s visit, two pacts on military aircraft still in doldrums
President Vladimir Putin may have come and gone but stalemate largely persists over two key long-pending India-Russian defence projects, the fifth-generation fighter aircraft (FGFA) and military multirole transport aircraft (MTA) 
The deadlock over the MTA, which were initially envisaged to gradually replace IAF's ageing fleet of the medium-lift AN-32 aircraft, seems to be much more serious  India now wants to ascertain the cost viability of the twin-engine transport aircraft in comparison to similar planes available in the market 
There are also questions about the MTA's "predicted timelines for delivery" as well as its failure to meet the high-altitude requirements, which need to be answered before India even thinks of inking the full-scale contract for the project, said sources 
Postby Gyan » 13 Dec 2014 12:29
indranilroy wrote: I don't think Superjet fits into our scheme of things  We should think as a country and see to it that our programs don't trample on each other 
1  Mahindras NM5 and Airvans can care of the low-cost but sturdy 5,8,10 and 18-seater section  Righto
2  Saras had such great potential for being the high performance 14-18 seater  But I have almost given up on it  This section will most probably be taken up by the Tata-built Do-228 NG  We need future extended variants of presurrized aircraft like 30 seater Saras and say 30 seater unpressurized Do-328 NG 
3  We should standardize the C-295 as the Avro/An-32 replacement and create a Civilian turboprop pressurized cabin 70-80 seater variant out of it 
1  If the RTA is going to be a jet, then make it a 100-130 seater  Agreeeeeed I don't expect the first prototype to take the sky before 2025  I feel it is too big of a jump where we don't even have a base  With LCA, at least we were at least license producing other fighters  Though I think that we should participate in Russian MS-21 and also the wide body follow on 
4  Building on the IL-214, the MTA was on a more sure footing  But, I can't see how the first prototype can to take to the sky before 2019(more than 10 years since MTAL was formed)! If the transport plane materializes, then one can imagine making a civilian 150-200 seater version of the same  Though I think that we should participate in Russian MS-21 and also the wide body follow on  But this program needs a push  Will Putin's visit be able to galvanize this into the next symbol of Indo-Russian cooperation  Probably not!
Absence of any specifics on Sukhoi Superjet, MS-21, Wide body aircraft, Mi-38, MRTA, FGFA, even after Putin visit is very disappointing 
FlightGlobal- Boeing sitting on 8 unsold C-17s
By: Dan ParsonsWashington DCSource: Flightglobal com
This story is sourced from Flightglobal com 12 hours agoBoeing has sold two more C-17 transports to an undisclosed customer, but it will likely end the year with eight unsold white tails 
There are 10 Boeing C-17 airlifters in various stages of assembly at the company’s Long Beach, California, production facility 
Two of the aircraft are spoken for by an unnamed customer, Boeing says  Boeing is trying to sell off the other eight white tails, which will be the last produced before the factory is shuttered sometime in the summer of 2015 
The 279th – and final – C-17 fuselage will be mated to its wings in January or February, programme spokeswoman Tiffany Pitts tells Flightglobal  The operation is California’s last remaining aircraft production line and the lone widebody military aircraft production line in the USA, according to Boeing 
At least two countries – Australia and Canada – have publicly announced an intention to purchase a C-17, though neither factor into Boeing’s future planning, Pitts says  Until contracts are finalised, the number available remains eight, she says  The Royal Canadian Air Force already has four C-17As, according to Flightglobal’s World Air Forces 2014 directory 
Canadian news outlets reported earlier in December that the air force would buy one C-17 with money left over at the end of 2015 
Australia is further along with its bid to purchase C-17s  The US Defense Security Cooperation Agency in November announced Australia was approved to buy up to four C-17s and support equipment for $1 6 billion 
Boeing has plans to store any unsold C-17s following closure of its production line, Pitts says 
“I’m hoping they all will be sold before then, but we’ve had plans in place for a very long time to store and maintain the aircraft if that doesn’t happen,” she says 
the IAF will need to factor in the demand vs availability of C-17s and stock up with a follow-on order quickly  The initial plan to have 16 C-17s may not fructify, considering that there are just 8 left now, with Australia having announced plans to buy 4 more 
why are they closing the line if it has demands ???
Real estate sales tactics probably  Buy now last 8 3bhk flats Saar 
krishnan wrote: why are they closing the line if it has demands ???
It requires 3 years lead time to order raw materials/parts from all of its sub-vendors  All current firm orders have been fulfilled, and no new orders have come  Anticipating a need for a few more aircrafts, they produced 10 extra (self-funded) units before production winded down  Bottom line is they don't make money keeping an idle plant around with all its employees and infrastructure  At most what they will likely do is keep a limited infrastructure around for a few more years in case a bunch of new orders come  They can then see if it makes business sense to re-open the plant 
Postby Aditya_V » 17 Dec 2014 12:19
Wish this can be brought to the notice of Journos/ Poster when slamming LCA/ Arjun and other indigenous projects  If there are no orders there will be no efficiency 
Dec 10, 2014 :: Russia launches Il-76MDM upgrade programme
Russia's Ilyushin has started to upgrade a first Russian Air Force (VVS) Ilyushin Il-76MD 'Candid' military transport aircraft to Il-76MDM standard, company officials have told IHS Jane's   The main features of the upgrade include refurbished engines and upgraded avionics 
The modernisation is being conducted at the VVS's Military Transport Aviation (MTA) maintenance facility based at the Ilyushin division in Zhukovsky city near Moscow 
A senior Ilyushin official told IHS Jane's that the upgrade of the first aircraft will be finished in 18 months  Subsequent aircraft will take less time to complete the process, however  When the modernisation is finished the initial Il-76MDM will undergo state trials  The upgrade process for subsequent aircraft will begin when the trials programme is completed 
IHS Jane's was previously told by a VVS senior official that the modernisation of 41 MTA Il-76MDs is planned by 2020  While the Il-76MDM upgrade retains the old D-30KP engine (compared with the PS-90A engine equipping the new Il-76MD-90A/Il-476), the modernisation effort should match the aircraft's onboard electronics with those of the newbuild Il-76MD-90A  This and other efforts mean the cost of modernising the Il-76MD to Il-76MDM is only a third of that of a newbuild Il-76MD-90A 
The existing D-30KP engines are to be enhanced to increase their service life  The overall aircraft's service life will be extended by 15 years 
The upgrade works are planned to be conducted in an aviation repair factory or in the MTA's aircraft maintenance facility  As a result, the Ulyanovsk-based Aviastar-SP plant, which is building the Il-76MD-90A, is not involved in the Il-76MD to Il-76MDM modernisation programme 
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Context 3: Time to clean house in Paso Robles Home
Front Page » Time to clean house in Paso Robles
September 5, 2010 Opinion By JIM REED
I’d like to give you an update on the issue of our civil servants cramming hundreds of millions of dollars in spending down our throats after the people of Paso Robles voted down the water rate increase last November  The rate increase is being hung up in the courts by the City Attorney  What was supposed to be a quick issue to get in front of a judge, has been drug out as long as possible by the City Attorney 
Even if the courts throw out the current rate increase, I expect that our civil servants will just change a couple of words in the rate increase notice and force the same old plan on us again 
There is a real problem with the people we have hired to work for us in Paso Robles  It seems that decisions are made based on some agenda, even if it is contrary to citizens’ wishes 
City Councilmen Ed Steinbeck, Nick Gilman and Mayor Duane Picanco, on August 19th, voted unanimously to hire the same law firm employed by the City of Bell  You may have heard the recent news story about the City of Bell’s corrupt city representatives 
This law firm allowed the elected officials and City employees to pillage the General Fund for their own benefit, contrary to the rights and interests of the citizens  We are already paying several City employees $12,000 per month with equally ridiculous benefits and pensions  What does this say about our elected representatives?
I believe most residents are like me  We elect people we believe have our best interest in mind  Over the last few years I have seen that nothing is farther from the truth  The people we have elected have lost track of the fact that “the City” exists to protect and deliver services to the citizens  To them it is some all-important ideal they strive to cultivate and improve according to their agenda  They have forgotten that they are elected to represent the citizens 
We have an election coming up in November  We have the opportunity to elect some responsible, principled people to represent us  If we elect more people from within this system, we will get more of the same type of government  We need to look at where the new candidates stand  Will they lawfully represent the citizens of the city? Or, are they happy with the way things are being run?
We have stood together in the past and have made real significant changes in important matters that are going to affect our lives for years to come  There are several thousand citizens that made their voice heard on the water issue, more than enough votes to make a change in our city government 
Please come out and vote for a democratic representative governing body for Paso Robles instead of the tyrannical leadership that exists now 
Jim Reed is a longtime resident of Paso Robles 
Subjects: Opinion Paso Robles Paso Robles City Council Vote	Related:
<- Previous Next ->	Endless Summer Nights at Edna Valley, event photos Trial postponed for Paso Robles woman accused of forgery The comments below represent the opinion of the writer and do not represent the views or policies of CalCoastNews com  (moderator@calcoastnews com Comment Guidelines )
2 whatisup says:	09/13/2010 at 9:27 pm
pasoobserver – Here is something to observe and get you going in the right direction:
California Government Code Section 65584
(a) (1) For the fourth and subsequent revisions of the
housing element pursuant to Section 65588, the department shall
determine the existing and projected need for housing for each region
pursuant to this article  For purposes of subdivision (a) of Section
65583, the share of a city or county of the regional housing need
shall include that share of the housing need of persons at all income
levels within the area significantly affected by the general plan of
(2) While it is the intent of the Legislature that cities,
counties, and cities and counties should undertake all necessary
actions to encourage, promote, and facilitate the development of
housing to accommodate the entire regional housing need, it is
recognized, however, that future housing production may not equal the
regional housing need established for planning purposes 
(b) The department, in consultation with each council of
governments, shall determine each region’s existing and projected
housing need pursuant to Section 65584 01 at least two years prior to
the scheduled revision required pursuant to Section 65588  The
appropriate council of governments, or for cities and counties
without a council of governments, the department, shall adopt a final
regional housing need plan that allocates a share of the regional
housing need to each city, county, or city and county at least one
year prior to the scheduled revision for the region required by
Section 65588  The allocation plan prepared by a council of
governments shall be prepared pursuant to Sections 65584 04 and
65584 05 with the advice of the department 
(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the due dates for
the determinations of the department or for the council of
governments, respectively, regarding the regional housing need may be
extended by the department by not more than 60 days if the extension
will enable access to more recent critical population or housing
data from a pending or recent release of the United States Census
Bureau or the Department of Finance  If the due date for the
determination of the department or the council of governments is
extended for this reason, the department shall extend the
corresponding housing element revision deadline pursuant to Section
65588 by not more than 60 days 
(d) The regional housing needs allocation plan shall be consistent
with all of the following objectives:
(1) Increasing the housing supply and the mix of housing types,
tenure, and affordability in all cities and counties within the
region in an equitable manner, which shall result in each
jurisdiction receiving an allocation of units for low- and very low
(2) Promoting infill development and socioeconomic equity, the
protection of environmental and agricultural resources, and the
encouragement of efficient development patterns 
(3) Promoting an improved intraregional relationship between jobs
(4) Allocating a lower proportion of housing need to an income
category when a jurisdiction already has a disproportionately high
share of households in that income category, as compared to the
countywide distribution of households in that category from the most
recent decennial United States census 
(e) For purposes of this section, “household income levels” are as
determined by the department as of the most recent decennial census
pursuant to the following code sections:
(1) Very low incomes as defined by Section 50105 of the Health and
(2) Lower incomes, as defined by Section 50079 5 of the Health and
(3) Moderate incomes, as defined by Section 50093 of the Health
and Safety Code 
(4) Above moderate incomes are those exceeding the moderate-income
level of Section 50093 of the Health and Safety Code 
(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, determinations
made by the department, a council of governments, or a city or county
pursuant to this section or Section 65584 01, 65584 02, 65584 03,
65584 04, 65584 05, 65584 06, 65584 07, or 65584 08 are exempt from
the California Environmental Quality Act (Division 13 (commencing
with Section 21000) of the Public Resources Code) 
pasoobserver says:	09/13/2010 at 6:52 pm
To whatisup —- First of all, I reviewed AB 602 Assembly Bill  Thanks  I am sorry to inform you but AB 602 is not the LAW as you so stated in your blog  I contacted the Deputy Chief Council’s office in Sacramento handling AB 602 to confirm your misstatement of facts  You know,in the English language, It shouldn’t be so difficult to answer some simple questions with a “YES” or “NO” answer  Yet, you are reluctant to do so, but you go on and on with a thesis along with some rhetoric  I never talked about a court suit over the “water issue”, I asked YOU, not about waiting for a court decision  Maybe, you did with some other people  Also, I was not ranting about the wineries usage of water  My response to you on your vague question about “there are people not paying their fair share for their use of water”  I related, are you talking about the wineries? I am well aware that most of the wineries are outside the city limits using the same aquifer  You took my question out of context , nice try! You are just being a popinjay and rhetorical  Also, you didn’t answer another question about “what is the unit cost of water” in Templeton? as compared to Paso Robles 
whatisup says:	09/13/2010 at 8:54 pm
I am on a well  I am sure you are capable of doing your own homework  I also am quite sure if you really contacted the Deputy Chief Counsel’s Office you have been set straight  What I gave you is a proposed small adjustment in the wide range of laws that make up the California Housing element  I assumed you could stumble onto the facts based on what I gave you  By the way, I believe you can review the Paso Robles Housing element plan on the City’s website or at the Library  The California Housing Element Laws that all cities and counties have to follow have been in place for almost 25 years  I realize you don’t actually have a clue how to look the laws up  Either educate yourself or keep making a fool of yourself, your choice  A simple Google search of California Housing Element Laws will get you going  Good Luck!
TO WHATISUP — I WOULD LIKE TO KNOW WHAT LAW YOU ARE REFERRING TO THAT SAYS “WE” THE PEOPLE HAVE TO SUBSIDIZE NEW DEVELOPMENT? AGAIN, FOR THE THIRD TIME, YOU FAILED TO ANSWER MY QUESTIONS POSED TO YOU IN MY PRIOR RESPONSES TO YOU ON SEPT



ground_truth: Yes, the denoiser works for non-Clifford local noise channels.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Besides the Boeing C-17, what other transport aircraft is the IAF considering for acquisition?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3: 10TH &11TH  IS THERE A REASON WHY YOU DON’T WANT TO ANSWER THEM? YOU DO WHAT OUR ELECTED OFFICIALS DO SO WELL, AND THAT IS “IN ONE EAR AND OUT OF THE OTHER EAR” IT SEEMS TO ME THAT YOU ARE EITHER EMPLOYED BY THE CITY OR YOU HAVE OTHER DEALING WITH THE CITY, SO BE IT  IT APPEARS TO ME THAT YOU THINK THE CITY DOES EVERYTHING RIGHT  APPARENTLY, YOU PRESENT YOURSELF AS BEING VERY BIAS ON CITY DECISIONS  IT LIKE THEY CAN’T DO ANYTHING WRONG ACCORDING TO YOUR LOGIC  THEY KNOW WHAT IS BEST FOR THE CITIZENS OF PASO,THAT IS A GOOD EXAMPLE OF ARROGANCE ALONG WITH NARCISSISM 
WHAT PEOPLE ARE YOU TALKING ABOUT THAT DOESN’T PAY THEIR FAIR SHARE OF WATER? ARE YOU REFERRING TO THE WINERIES USING THE SAME AQUIFER?
I BELIEVE YOU RELATED THAT YOU RESIDE IN TEMPLETON, BUT YOU OWN PROPERTY IN PASO  BY THE WAY, WHAT IS THE COST PER UNIT OF WATER USAGE IN TEMPLETON COMPARED TO PASO? OF COURSE, TEMPLETON IS IN AN UNINCORPORATED AREA (COUNTY JURISDICTION) 
WELL, I GAVE YOU SOME SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO PAY FOR THE NACIMIENTO WATER PIPELINE AND SEWER TREATMENT PLANT  ALSO, REMEMBER IT’S THE CITIZENS’ MONEY THAT IS BEING SPENT  WHAT IS MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL, IS LET THE CITIZENS OF PASO DECIDE WITH THEIR VOTE ON HOW TO FINANCE THIS HUGE CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROJECT EXPENDITURE  JUST BE IN COMPLIANCE WITH STATE PROPOSITION 218 AND STOP CIRCUMVENTING THE LAW 
WOULD YOU OBJECT TO HAVING TO FINANCE SOME NEW BONDS ON YOUR PROPERTY TAX BILL AS A ” SPECIAL TAX” OR AN ASSESSMENT TAX” TO PAY FOR THE NACIMIENTO WATER PIPELINE AND SEWER TREATMENT PLANT? A PERCENTAGE OF PASO CITIZENS FINANCE LOCAL SCHOOL BONDS ON THEIR PROPERTY TAX BILL AND DON’T HAVE ANY KIDS GOING TO SCHOOL  HOW ABOUT THAT COMPARISON FOR YOU TO THINK ABOUT? WHAT SAY YOU?
I say less CapsLock, please 
whatisup says:	09/12/2010 at 11:41 pm
I have answered your questions  I have been quite detailed in my answers and I am sorry if you can’t deal with the detail  I guess it is your inconvenient truth  You do seem to like to deflect and go around in circles  Another example, now you are ranting about the wineries using the same aquaifier as the City  Let me be clear for you, I don’t like the amount of water the wineries are using  However, the wineries are in the County, not in the City and the City can’t do anything about it  They wineries are allowed to take the water they are taking even if it drops the City’s water levels in their wells  You need to complain to Sacramento  It sounds like you just don’t want to pay anything for the infrastructure because you really just don’t want it built 
Several of your observations of my opinions are bizarre considering I have stated several times I believe the Courts need to decide if Paso Robles has, or has not followed the rules as to funding the infrastucture  Obviously, as I have stated before, if the City loses the lawsuit the infrastructure will have to be paid out of the City’s General Fund until a new method of payment is voted on by the Citizens of Paso Robles  Pretty clear 
Your idea of charging based on a special assesment rather than the amount of water a property uses means that people who use little water, but live on a more expensive property will pay more than their share, based on their water usage  In addition, how do you deal with a rental unit where the renter is supposed to pay the water bill? Your idea is inherantly unfair, but my guess is it will favor you, so you don’t care if it is unfair and other people would pay part of your share  You also have decided that since I have alternative ideas to yours I must work for, or have business with the City of Paso Robles, another attempt to deflect from the issue  However, once again, I have never worked for the City or have ever done business with the City and don’t expect to ever do business with the City  I do own property in the City which is why I pay attention  Finally, it turns out there needs to be a fix to the housing element laws, the existance of which you are questioning  As I understand it the fix to the housing elemnt laws is because of some lawsuit  This should give you all the information you need to educate yourself on the California Housing Element laws that every city and county in California has to follow:
BILL ANALYSIS ————————————————————
|SENATE RULES COMMITTEE | AB 602|
|Office of Senate Floor Analyses | |
|1020 N Street, Suite 524 | |
|(916) 651-1520 Fax: (916) | |
|327-4478 | |
———————————————————— THIRD READING
Bill No: AB 602
Author: Feuer (D), et al
Amended: 8/20/10 in Senate
SENATE TRANSPORTATION & HOUSING COMM : 6-3, 6/29/10
AYES: Lowenthal, DeSaulnier, Kehoe, Pavley, Simitian, Wolk
NOES: Huff, Ashburn, Harman
ASSEMBLY FLOOR : Not relevant
SUBJECT : Statute of limitations on housing element
SOURCE : California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation
Housing California DIGEST : This bill states the intent of the Legislature
in enacting this bill to modify the courts opinion in Urban
Habitat Program v  City of Pleasanton (2008) 164
Cal App 4th 1561, with respect to the interpretation of
Section 65009 of the Government Code, and revises and
clarifies statute of limitations and remedies for specified
housing related challenges 
Senate Floor Amendments of 8/20/10 revise the statute of
limitations and remedies for specified housing-related
ANALYSIS : The Planning and Zoning Law requires cities
and counties to prepare and adopt a general plan, including
a housing element, to guide the future growth of a
community  Following a staggered statutory schedule,
cities and counties located within the territory of a
metropolitan planning organization (MPO) must revise their
housing elements every eight years, and cities and counties
in rural non-MPO regions must revise their housing elements
every five years  These five- and eight-year periods are
known as the housing element planning period 
Before each revision, each community is assigned its fair
share of housing for each income category through the
regional housing needs assessment (RHNA) process  A
housing element must identify and analyze existing and
projected housing needs, identify adequate sites with
appropriate zoning to meet its share of the RHNA, and
ensure that regulatory systems provide opportunities for,
and do not unduly constrain, housing development  The
reviews both draft and adopted housing elements to
determine whether or not they are in substantial compliance
with the law  The Planning and Zoning Law and the Subdivision Map Act
also includes a number of sections governing zoning and
entitlements specifically related to housing, including:
? The Housing Accountability Act, which requires a city or
county to make one or more specified findings in order to
disapprove a particular housing development 
? A provision requiring cities and counties, when adopting
an ordinance which limits the number of housing units
which may be constructed on an annual basis, to make
findings as to the public health, safety, and welfare
benefits that justify reducing the housing opportunities
of the region  ? Density bonus law, which requires cities and counties to
grant a developer a density bonus, incentives, and
concessions when the developer proposes to include
specified percentages of affordable housing within a
development  ? The Least Cost Zoning Law, which requires cities and AB 602
counties to designate and zone sufficient vacant land for
residential use with appropriate standards to meet
housing needs for all income categories and to contribute
to producing housing at the lowest possible cost 
? A requirement that, when determining whether to approve a
tentative subdivision map, a city or county shall apply
only those ordinances, policies, and standards in effect
as of the date the developer’s application is deemed
Prior to a recent court decision, it was understood that
current law allowed a party to challenge the adequacy of a
city’s or county’s housing element at any time during a
planning period, provided that the challenger brought the
action “in support of or to encourage or facilitate the
development of housing that would increase the community’s
supply of [affordable] housing ” The challenging party was
required first to serve the city or county with a notice
identifying the deficiencies in the housing element  After
60 days or the date on which the city or county took final
action in response to the notice, whichever occurred first,
the challenging party had one year to file the action in
court  This process and statute of limitations also
applied to actions brought pursuant to the housing-related
statutes listed above  In 2006 Urban Habitat Program brought suit to challenge the
City of Pleasanton’s housing policies, including the city’s
annual cap on housing permits and the city’s cap on the
aggregate number of permissible housing units, both of
which Urban Habitat claimed were insufficient to allow the
city to meet its RHNA obligation  In 2008, the First
District California Court of Appeals issued an unpublished
decision in the case of Urban Habitat Program v  City of
Pleasanton allowing the case to proceed with respect to
some causes of action, but ruling that the challenge to the
housing element itself was time-barred  The court stated:
Although the statute does not specify the time within
which [a deficiency] notice must be given, it is our
conclusion that the statute must be interpreted as
containing a time limit within which this requirement
must be met? In sum, a party bringing a challenge AB 602
governed by section 65009, subdivision (d), has 90
days from the date a legislative action is taken or
approval is given to notify the local land use
authority of any claimed deficiencies in such an
action or approval  Its claim then accrues 60 days
after it gives this notice 
In other words, instead of being able to initiate a
challenge to a deficient housing element at any time during
the planning period, housing advocates and other interested
parties may now only initiate such a challenge by
submitting a deficiency notice within 90 days of the
housing element’s adoption 
1 Removes from the current list of city or county actions
which may be challenged pursuant to Government Code 65009
notice and accrual provisions those actions related to
the Housing Accountability Act, the Subdivision Map Act,
and the application of a Density Bonus ordinance to a
particular project, all of which are project-specific
actions  The bill maintains the ability to use these
notice and accrual provisions to challenge the adequacy
of a city’s or county’s density bonus ordinance
2 Extends lengthening the time in which a deficiency notice
may be served to cover all remaining city or county
actions described in this section of law, as opposed to
just housing element challenges  In other words, the
amendments apply the longer timeframe to serve the
deficiency notice to actions relating to the Least Cost
Zoning Law, annual limits on housing permits, and the
adequacy of a density bonus ordinance, in addition to
housing element law  3 Provides that an entity challenging such an action in
support of affordable housing may serve the deficiency
notice up to five years after the city’s or county’s
action  After 60 days or the date on which the city or
county takes final action in response to the notice,
whichever occurs first, the challenging party has one
year to file an action in court, except that the lawsuit AB 602
may not be filed more than five years after the city’s or
county’s action  In other words, the entity must file
the lawsuit within one year of the expiration of the
deficiency notice or within five years of the city’s or
county’s action, whichever occurs first 
4 Provides that a housing element from a prior planning
period may not be challenged if the city or county has
adopted a revised housing element for the new planning
Government Code 65755   Current law requires a court, if it
finds any portion of a general plan, including a housing
element, out of compliance with the law, to include within
its order or judgment one or more of the following remedies
for any or all types of developments or any or all
geographic segments of the city or county until the city or
county has complied with the law:
? Suspend the authority of the city or county to
issue building permits 
grant zoning changes and/or variances 
grant subdivision map approvals 
? Mandate the approval of building permits for
residential housing that meet specified criteria 
? Mandate the approval of final subdivision maps for
housing projects that meet specified criteria 
? Mandate the approval of tentative subdivision maps
for residential housing projects that meet specified
This bill clarifies that in any action or proceeding
brought pursuant to the notice and accrual provisions of
Government Code Section 65009 described above, neither the
court remedies described above nor any injunction against
the development of a housing project shall abrogate,
impair, or otherwise interfere with the full exercise of
the rights and protections granted to an applicant for a
tentative map or a vesting tentative map under specified
provisions of the Subdivision Map Act or to a developer
under a specified provision relating to development AB 602
Under current law, HCD operates a number of grant programs
to which cities and counties may apply  In many cases, the
law requires a city or county to have an HCD-approved
housing element in order to be eligible for funding



ground_truth: The IAF is considering the acquisition of the Airbus A330 MRTT (Multi-Role Tanker Transport) besides the Boeing C-17.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What did the decision to base the water rates on usage reflect?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3:  This bill provides that if a third-party challenges the
adequacy of a housing element in court and the court finds
that the housing element substantially complies with all of
the requirements of housing element law, the element shall
be deemed to be in compliance for purposes of state housing
The statutory language interpreted by the court and at
issue in this bill was added to statute by AB 998 (Waters),
Chapter 1138, Statutes of 1983, a bill sponsored by the
League of California Cities and the California Building
Industry Association  AB 998 created a short statute of
limitations period for land use decisions generally but
provided a specific exception to protect the ability to
challenge deficient housing elements  The Senate Housing
and Land Use Committee and the Senate Third Reading
analysis of the bill stated that the bill:
Specifies that for challenges in support of low- and
moderate-income housing requirements, the petitioner
shall notice local government 60 days prior to filing
action  The [one-year] statute of limitations then
begins on the first day the legislative body fails to
In the intervening 25 years prior to the Urban Habitat
ruling, housing advocates filed and successfully settled at
least ten cases in which the 60-day deficiency notice was
sent more than 90 days after adoption of the city’s or
county’s housing element  In none of these cases was the
timeliness on the advocates’ suit contested  Likewise, six
bills amended other portions of this statute during those
intervening years, and there was never any controversy
surrounding the lack of a deadline for housing advocates to
serve a deficiency notice nor any attempt to change the AB 602
statute in this regard  Current level of housing element compliance   According to
HCD’s website as of June 7, 2010, only 46 percent of cities
and counties have adopted an HCD-approved housing element
for the current planning period that began in 2005 for the
San Diego region, 2008 for the Southern California, Fresno,
Kern, and Sacramento regions, and the summer of 2009 for
the remaining areas of the state  Unlocking the private market   The purpose of housing
element law is to create opportunities for the private
housing market to function  Builders cannot build without
access to appropriately zoned land, and current land use
plans in many cities and counties in California fail to
provide sufficient opportunities to accommodate projected
population growth  The San Diego Association of
Governments’ Regional Comprehensive Plan describes this
typical California paradox in the following way:
Under current plans and policies, more than 90 percent
of [the San Diego region’s] remaining vacant land
designated for housing is planned for densities of
less than one home per acre, and most is in the rural
back country areas dependent upon scarce groundwater
supplies  And of the remaining vacant land planned for
housing in the 18 incorporated cities, only about
seven percent is planned for multifamily housing  When
taken together, the current land use plans of the 19
local jurisdictions do not accommodate the amount of
growth anticipated in our region  SANDAG’s population
forecast, which reflects the current adopted local
land use plans in the region, projects that while
population will increase by 37 percent by 2030,
housing will grow by just 30 percent  The forecast
shows that if local plans are not changed, demand for
housing will continue to outpace the supply, just as
Housing element law addresses this problem directly by
requiring cities and counties to zone land at appropriate
densities to accommodate the projected housing needs of all
income groups and to remove constraints that prevent such
sites from being developed at the allowed densities  AB 602
Cities and counties, however, are not required to build
housing because that is the role of private developers 
The law holds cities and counties accountable only for that
which they control: zoning and land use entitlements 
Without the ability to enforce housing element law, the
market’s ability to meet housing demand may well remain
locked up 
FISCAL EFFECT : Appropriation: No Fiscal Com : No
SUPPORT : (Verified 8/23/10)
California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation (co-source)
Housing California (co-source)
Advocates for Affordable Homes in Fremont
California Coalition for Rural Housing
Community Housing Improvement Program
Community Housing Works
Eden Housing
Fair Housing of Marin
Grassroots Leadership Network of Marin
Kennedy Commission
Public Advocates, Inc
San Diego Housing Federation
Self-Help Enterprises
Sierra Club of California
American Planning Association, California Chapter
JA:nl 8/23/10 Senate Floor Analyses SUPPORT/OPPOSITION: SEE ABOVE
pasoobserver says:	09/11/2010 at 11:17 pm
To whatisup — Thank you for your response to my comments  However, you failed to answer some of my questions that I mentioned to you  It’s almost like dealing with some City officials  They just let the public vent at their bimonthly council meetings  In my opinion, it’s difficult to deal with narcissism and arrogance  Over the years, there has been some very good input to our elected officials on how to proceed on the Nacimiento water pipeline,but it fell on deaf ears  You wanted me to answer some of your questions,but you did not answer some of my questions  Again, are you willing to subsidize new development?,Yes?or No?, are you willing to pay for a commodity that you are not receiving? Yes?or No? and another question for you  Are you willing to pay over 300% on your water bills within the five (5) year plan that the City has proposed? Also, the water rates will be subject to later increases too  By the way, I do concur with the city’s plan of “you pay for the amount of water units you use”  (748 gal=one unit)  However, the higher water rates are not good for our senior citizens on fixed incomes and other struggling families in our community  My first suggestion years ago was desalination  The response was it was too expensive  Of course, now it is more expensive  I would suggest that our elected officials recall the existing bonds (The bonds can be recalled early)  The City council can explain to the citizens in detail with financing of new bonds at a lower interest rate as of now for the sewer plant and Nacimiento water pipeline and present their new proposal in compliance with Proposition 218  Let the citizens of Paso VOTE on the financing bonds for their approval  Most of the citizens,that I had spoken to were not happy with the way our City Council handled the Nacimiento water pipeline project  The citizens of Paso didn’t give our City Council a “BLANK CHECK” for $176 million to spend without voter approval  I would suggest that it be a “special tax” or “an assessment” be levied on our property taxes  A percentage of those bonds can be deducted on Federal Income taxes  As it is now, a” fee” on a capital funding project is not deductible  Of course, there are homeowners would not go for this suggestion due to our poor economy  My analogy mentioned above would be, you would get something back on a “special tax” or an “assessment” verses nothing on a “fee”  What say you?
whatisup says:	09/12/2010 at 9:02 am
Unfortunately the law says we have to subsidize new development in California  I don’t like it, but it is the law  I know paying using the property taxes was bandied about  The argument against it was it would mean some would be paying for water they aren’t using and others could be big water users, but pay a small special assessment on their property taxes  I think the decision that was made to base it on usage was out of fairness  It seems to me if people are using water and not paying their share of the costs it is not fair  The Senior issue is very difficult  If someone is retired for twenty years is it realistic to think prices don’t go up during the 20 years of retirement  Think what prices were in 1990 compared to today  Should Seniors never have to pay for capital improvements? Paso Robles also had very low water rates  Rates that are no longer possible given the circumstances  Desalination will happen eventually  California is out of water  If you want to pay $1,000,000 a gallon there is no more allotable water of any consequence in California  The expense will be tremendous — still have to build a desalination plant, still have to build a pipeline  I don’t know if the plant has to be built along the ocean or if the salt water could be piped over to Paso Robles  If it has to be built along the ocean, Paso Robles doesn’t own land on the ocean and, in any case, the environmentalists will keep it in courts for years as they have done so for other proposed desalination plants in Southern California  Eventually necessity will force desalination past the environmentalists, but not yet 
pasojim says:	09/13/2010 at 7:46 am
Whatisup – On one of your previous post you made the comment you haven’t heard any of the legal suggestions for the water issue, But you obviously have  That is a good thing  So we can move the discussion ahead 
Once, again this was handled incorrectly by our city custodians from the beginning  And now here we are  The public is not supporting this very expensive, very limited benefit project  As you said, until a plan is developed that the public can support, things don’t look good 
All this discussion about the water issue has only reinforced my opinion the issue hasn’t been about water, only how the plan should be paid for  Or more specifically, to what extent do we allow our elected custodians and our un-elected GOD tzar decide which laws they will follow and which laws they will ignore  When the City GOD tzar tell citizens at a council meeting if we don’t agree with the City’s plan, then we should just sue him, and when the City Attorney explains to a citizen at a City Council meeting that she does have to respond to their questions because she does NOT work for them  When the project is voted down by the citizens and the council brings it right back up, it is clear that our elected representatives are not doing their job providing direction to their employees and listening to and representing the CITIZENS 
The subject of the original post was the need to elect different representation  I think with all the conversation made on this post, as well as the post on Cal Coast about the hiring of the new legal firm you were involved in, Supports my original opinion 



ground_truth: Fairness.