prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the reason given by Governor Rick Scott for not implementing a prescription drug monitoring database in Florida?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: How Oxycontin, Florida and the Sackler Family Created the Opioid Crisis In America
Why are the Sacklers worth $13 billion today? Answer: “The Oxy Express Explained”
(MASS TORT NEXUS MEDIA)
A COMPARISON OF OXYCODONE PRESCRIBING
In the first six months of 2010, Ohio doctors and health care practitioners bought the second-largest number of oxycodone doses in the country at just under 1 million pills 
Florida doctors bought 40 8 million in the same period, the comparison is astounding, yet it flew under the DEA, Opioid Big Pharma and everyone elses radar for years and years 
Of the country’s top 50 oxycodone-dispensing clinics, 49 were in Florida  From August 2008 to November 2009, a new pain clinic opened in Broward and Palm Beach counties on average of every three days 
Pharmacies and distributors are at fault as well, pharmacies ordered jaw-dropping numbers of pills from opioid drug distributors, the middlemen between manufacturers and pharmacies 
90 of 100 of the nation’s top 100 oxy-buying doctors in 2010, were in Florida  49 of 50 of the country’s top oxy-dispensing clinics were in Florida  For some reason this didn’t raise an alarm or cause anyone to look further at the time 
Purdue Pharma New What Was Happening In Florida
Purdue and the Sacklers chose to ignore Florida, because apparently nobody there sued them or complained  In 2007, in other states, the infamous drug maker and three of its executives pled guilty in federal court and paid out $634 5 million in fines for purposefully misleading regulators, doctors, and patients about the addictiveness of their opioid painkiller  Around the same time, Purdue was also sued by several states, including Washington, over similar allegations  Purdue agreed to a $19 5 million multi-state settlement  And in 2015, Purdue settled a case with Kentucky, agreeing to pay $24 million 
As part of the state settlements, Purdue was supposed to set up monitoring programs to make sure that its opioid drug didn’t wind up in the wrong hands  It was supposed to watch out for shady pharmacies, unusually large orders, or suspiciously frequent orders  But on this front, Everett alleges that Purdue once again put profits over people 
Obviously, this was ignored as the Florida based “Oxy Expres”; rolled on for years and years with np input, comment or oversight by Purdue Pharma and the Sackler family other than “show me the money” and enjoying a life of luxury on the misery created and managed in the Purdue Pharma boardroom  But, the Purdue boardroom isn’t the only guilty “Opioid Big Pharma” industry player who designed and supported the opioid prescribing crisis 
For the current status of efforts to make Opioid Big Pharma accept responsibility in litigation filed in federal and state courts across the country, see: https://www masstortnexus com/Briefcases/254/OPIOID-CRISIS-BRIEFCASE-INCLUDING-MDL-2804-OPIATE-PRESCRIPTION-LITIGATION
Why Distributors Are Liable
Cardinal Health, one of the nation’s biggest distributors, sold two CVS pharmacies in Sanford a combined 3 million doses of oxycodone, flooding the town of 54,000 with an average of 250,000 oxycodone pills every month 
West of Jupiter, a Walgreens drug distribution center sold 2 2 million tablets to a single Walgreens’ pharmacy in tiny Hudson, a roughly six-month supply for each of its 12,000 residents  It shipped more than 1 1 million pills to each of two Fort Pierce Walgreens pharmacies 
For 40 days starting in late 2010, the distribution center shipped 3,271 bottles of oxycodone — 327,100 doses of the drug — to a Port Richey Walgreens pharmacy, prompting a distribution manager to ask: “How can they even house this many bottles?”
There were 53 million oxycodone prescriptions filled in 2013 by US pharmacies, according to NIDA  This translates to approximately one bottle of this addictive drug for every 6 people in the country  How was this not noticed by those responsible for monitoring narcotics prescribing in the United States?
Charts and Data On Florida’s Oxycontin Gold Mine
https://www documentcloud org/documents/3936665-Purdue-Pharma-1-in-48-Study html
https://www documentcloud org/documents/3534759-uS-Atty-on-Purdue-Settle html#document/p2/a384323
A Boardroom Contrived Opioid Epidemic
This is the pain chart created by the “Opioid Big Pharma Industry” to support massive over-prescribing of opioids across the country to everyone who walked in to a medical treatment facility, this was an effort to increase narcotic prescribing practices in mainstream medical care–and it worked very very well! This chart became a standard treatment assessment protocol tool across the country 
https://www documentcloud org/documents/3936646-DEA-NATL-DRUG-ASSESSMENT-2010 html#document/p51/a383739
HOW WEST VIRGINIA WAS TARGETED
It-Was-Raining-Opiates-How-drug-companies-submerged-West-Virginia-in-opioids-for-years
Reliably red on the political map, Huntington is a West Virginia town with a 182-year-old university, a storied football team and more than 100 churches 
It’s where Will Lockwood graduated from high school  It’s where he enrolled at Marshall University  It’s where he first tried OxyContin  By the time Lockwood entered Marshall, Detroit dealers were trickling into Huntington, selling OxyContin and pills with OxyContin’s active ingredient, oxycodone 
Even though Lockwood could step out his front door and get the drug, Detroit street dealers weren’t the preferred supplier, they were in Florida 
It may have been 1,000 miles away, but to Lockwood, getting OxyContin and oxycodone from Florida’s loosely regulated pain clinics “was legal, in a sense ”
Twice a month, different “crews” from Huntington crowded into vans and headed south to Palm Beach and Broward counties, home to more than 200 pill mills, the pain clinics where anyone with a fake ache and hard cash could walk out with pills and prescriptions 
After hitting a string of clinics, the Huntington crews drove back with “around 500 to 600 pills per person,” said Lockwood 
But it wasn’t just a few hundred pills  It was tens of thousands 
And it wasn’t just Huntington, The West Virginia vans were part of a nationwide caravan heading to South Florida  Cars bearing tags from Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, Virginia and Ohio crowded into one clinic parking lot after another, loading up on pills and prescriptions 
News stories and law enforcement focused on those “parking lot” states in Appalachia, where dealers and addicts with a tank of gas or a cheap plane ticket traveled the “Oxy Express” to Palm Beach and Broward 
But Florida’s pill pipeline reached far beyond those roadways 
By 2010, Florida was the oxycodone drug dealer of choice for drug users and dealers in the Great Lakes, Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions as well as the Southeast, DEA records show, an area spanning virtually every state east of the Mississippi  It wasn’t just that Florida guaranteed a flow of cheap oxycodone  For 10 years, key lawmakers and agency heads repeatedly looked the other way as crooked doctors and bogus clinics flooded almost half the nation with the highly addictive drug 
In failing to crack down, Florida extended by years the amount of time highly addictive oxycodone would be available to both first-time experimenters and addicts  It gave criminals the raw materials for trafficking  It gave Will Lockwood the OxyContin needed to feed his growing habit, It paved the way for his eventual jump to heroin 
Jumping state lines
Teenage high-school wrestling buddies in New Port Richey ran oxycodone into Tennessee; they were paid with cash hidden in teddy bears  A Hillsborough County man mailed 17,000 pills to Glen Fork, W Va , a month’s supply for every man woman and child in the tiny town 
A Boston Chinatown crime boss trafficked pills from Sunrise into Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island and South Carolina  Wellington twins and pill mill kingpins Paul and Phil George, brothers who oversaw one of the largest operations in the country from their five Palm Beach and Broward clinics, pushing oxycodone into Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio and South Carolina 
A husband and wife team operating out of a Forest Hill Boulevard clinic funneled pills to Delaware  At Palm Beach International Airport, two federal security agents accepted $500 a pop each time they waved through thousands of pillsbound for Connecticut and New York 
A Palm Bay man’s Puerto Rican family bought local pills destined for the working class town of Holyoke, Mass  In Rhode Island, police pulled over a Lauderhill man caught speeding through Providence  They found 903 oxycodone tablets and 56 morphine pills in the car 
Senior citizen and Tulane business graduate Joel Shumrak funneled more than 1 million pills into eastern Kentucky from his South Florida and Georgia clinics, much of it headed for street sales — an estimated 20 percent of the illicit oxycodone in the entire state 
Van loads of pill-seekers organized by “VIP buyers” traveled from Columbus, Ohio, to three Jacksonville clinics, where armed guards handled crowd control (federal indictment) and doctors generated prescriptions totaling 3 2 million pills in six months  In Miami, Vinny Colangelo created 1,500 internet website names to entice drug users throughout the nation to one of his six South Florida pain clinics or pharmacies 
Even the Mafia got in on the Florida oxy express action: A Bonanno crime family associate oversaw a local crew stocking up on Palm Beach and Broward pain clinic oxycodone, upstreaming profits to the New York family 
At times, it seemed almost no section of the country was free of Florida-supplied pills: When Olubenga Badamosi was arrested driving his Bentley Continental in Miami in 2011, the Oregon man was one of two traffickers overseeing a crew smuggling South Florida oxycodone to sell in Salt Lake City, Seattle and Denver as well as Oregon, Nevada, Texas and even Alaska 
Pharmacy delivers oxy ‘pot of gold’
It would be hard to overstate Florida’s role in feeding the country’s voracious appetite for oxycodone  Oxycodone 30-milligram tablets were favored by addicts  And in 2009 and 2010, roughly four of every 10 of those pills were sold in Florida  Small wonder: Of the nation’s top 100 oxycodone-buying doctors, 90 were in Florida 
Pharmacies, too, ordered jaw-dropping numbers of pills from drug distributors, the middlemen between manufacturers and pharmacies 
West of Jupiter, a Walgreens drug distribution center sold 2 2 million tablets to a single Walgreens’ pharmacy in tiny Hudson, a roughly six-month supply for each of its 12,000 residents  It shipped more than 1 1 million pills to each of two Fort Pierce Walgreens pharmacies  By contrast, a single Walgreens pharmacy in the Central Florida townOviedo bought 169,700 doses of oxycodone in 30 days 
People on both sides of the counter knew what was going on: In a letter to the chief executive of Walgreens, Oviedo’s police chief warned that people were walking out of the town’s two Walgreens stores and selling their drugs on the spot, crushing and snorting them, or — still in the pharmacy’s parking lot — injecting them 
Why Pharmacies are LIABLE
In Fort Pierce, a Walgreens pharmacist accidentally provided an extra 120 oxycodone pills to a customer  When the druggist called to ask that the man return the pills, the customer’s girlfriend bluntly responded that he was an addict, that he sold oxycodone and the 120 pills were “a pot of gold,” DEA records show 
That was in September  The same man came back to the same Walgreens in December and January with a prescription in hand, and the pharmacy filled his prescriptions every time 
‘Wild West of Oxycodone Prescribing’
Cincinnati-based Masters Pharmaceuticals Inc  was a middling-sized drug distributor selling oxycodone to Florida pharmacies 
It sold to other customers in other states  But mostly, it sold to Florida: Oxycodone made up more than 60 percent of its drug sales in 2009 and 2010, according to federal records  Of its top 55 oxycodone customers, 44 were in Florida 
Company CEO Dennis Smith worried that the Florida-bound oxycodone was getting in the wrong hands  A trip to Broward did nothing to ease his mind  “It was,” he later testified, “the Wild West of oxycodone prescribing ”
Bus and park benches touted pain clinics  When Smith picked up and thumbed through City Beat, a free magazine, he found pages of ads for pain clinics  “It would show young people sitting around a pool and it named the pain clinic and say (sic) ‘we dispense on site,’ and that really hit home hard ”
Smith stopped selling to pain clinics  But the company continued to shovel millions of oxycodone pills to Florida pharmacies  Masters executives figured the pharmacies would keep an eye out for excessive prescriptions written by pill mill doctors  But not all pharmacies were worrying about doctors at pain clinics, many pharmacies were courting the pill mills prescribers 
A Lake Worth Family Pharmacy
In 2009, the small pharmacy off Lucerne Avenue in Lake Worth had a history  It had been in business for 43 years  The owner and head pharmacist had been there for 32  It had shaded parking and a downtown location, a stone’s throw from the City Hall Annex 
When a Masters inspector visited, he was alarmed to find Tru-Valu Drugs bustling with a long line of young, thin, tattooed customers arriving in groups of 10 to pick up pills  There were signs in the pharmacy warning of limits on the number of oxycodone pills handed out  Even Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, an oxycodone manufacturer, was worried about the volume of its pill sales there 
Of the 300,000 doses of all drugs the small pharmacy dispensed in December 2008, 192,000 were for oxycodone 30 mg, the dosage preferred by traffickers and users alike 
The huge oxycodone volume was no accident  The owner and head pharmacist, unidentified in DEA records, told a Masters inspector that the pharmacy “has pushed for this (narcotic) business with many of the area pain doctors ”
And, despite the torrent of oxycodone going out the door, the pharmacy owner expressed frustration that drug distributors were limiting the amount of narcotics they would sell to his now-closed pharmacy 
Ohio to Florida and Back
Pharmacy after pharmacy benefited from the combination of Masters’ Ohio oxycodone business and Florida’s unregulated pill mills 
In Englewood, north of Fort Myers, the pharmacy owner filled prescriptions for six pain clinics — including clinics an hour’s drive away  A Masters inspector found cars from Tennessee and Kentucky in the parking lot and young men leaving the pharmacy carrying large trash bags 
Superior Pharmacy not only filled oxycodone prescriptions for pain clinics, it shared waiting room space with a pain clinic in a Temple Terrace strip mall outside Tampa  Neither Masters nor Superior had so much as Googled the background of pain clinic doctors writing those prescriptions, the DEA later said 
Had they done so, the DEA dryly noted, they “would likely have come across a press release” announcing one of the doctors had been arrested and charged with trafficking in prescription drugs 
Hundreds of thousands of oxycodone pills were sent from Ohio distributors to Florida pharmacies  Unknown thousands of pills headed right back up to Ohio 
When Ohio police burst into Christopher Thompson’s home outside Columbus, they found an assault rifle, $80,000 in cash and oxycodone from his Florida deals  A construction worker whose own pill habit started at age 14, Thompson oversaw a ring of 15 Ohio buyers who traveled to Florida to pick up oxycodone to resell in Central Ohio 
Two hours to the west in Martin’s Ferry, David L  Kidd orchestrated a ring of buyers traveling to West Palm Beach and Central Florida to pick up oxycodone for resale on the streets of eastern Ohio and West Virginia 
Doctors and pharmacies from Florida were complicit with Kidd’s ring in fueling Ohio’s opioid epidemic, wrote the U S  attorney for West Virginia after Kidd’s 2011 arrest: “The steady flow of pain pills into the Ohio Valley from Florida must stop ”
Driving To Pick Up Death By Rx
With more drugs came more deaths, in January 2010, say police, Fort Lauderdale pathologist Dr  Lynn Averill started a seven-month oxycodone shopping spree, buying 437,880 oxycodone pills from drug distributors 
The same month, Matthew Koutouzis drove from Toms River, N J , to see Averill in her Broward County pain clinic  The 26-year-old collected prescriptions for 390 pills and overdosed two days later  Brian Moore traveled 13 hours from his Laurel County, Ky , home to see Averill  He left with prescriptions for 600 pills and also overdosed within 48 hours 
Kenneth Hammond didn’t make it back to his Knoxville, Tenn , home  He had a seizure after picking up prescriptions for 540 pills and died in an Ocala gas station parking lot 
Keith Konkol didn’t make it back to Tennessee, either  His body was dumped on the side of a remote South Carolina road after he overdosed in the back seat of a car the same day of his clinic visit  He had collected eight prescriptions totaling 720 doses of oxycodone, methadone, Soma and Xanax  Konkol had every reason to believe he would get those prescriptions: In three previous visits to the Plantation clinic, he had picked up prescriptions for 1,890 pills 
An estimated 60 percent of her patients were from out of state, a former medical assistant told the DEA  In 2015, Averill pleaded not guilty to eight manslaughter charges  She is awaiting trial in Broward County  Averill was just one doctor at just one clinic  In 2010, the year Averill’s patients overdosed, Florida received applications to open 1,026 more pain clinics 
An online message board advising drug users summed it up: “Just go anywhere in South Florida and look for a ‘pain management clinic ’ It shouldn’t be too hard; you can’t swing a dead cat without hitting one ” Complain about anything from a back injury to a hangnail, it advised, “and they’ll set you right up ”
By this time, Kentucky had reined in its pill mills  It didn’t matter, Ohio, Delaware, North Carolina, Connecticut acted as well, but other state’s efforts didn’t matter either, Florida continued ignoring the pill mills and rogue doctors feeding the nation’s oxycodone habit, the pills flowed 
“There were folks down there, where if I had an opportunity to, get my hands around their throat, I would have wrung their neck,” said Huntington Mayor Steve Williams  On Florida’s inaction he stated, “There was total evidence as to what was happening  It lays at the foot, in my opinion, of the public officials there that allowed it to continue on ”
Governor Jeb Bush Backed A Solution
One of the first dinners Florida Gov  Jeb Bush hosted after moving into the governor’s mansion in 1999 was a small one  Among those sitting at the table with Bush were Lt  Gov  Toni Jennings, state Sen  Locke Burt and James McDonough, who would become the state’s hard-nosed drug czar  There was an urgent topic on the agenda that night: the explosion of prescription painkillers  For the state’s first family, it may have been personal  Bush had talked publicly about one of his children’s struggle with addiction 
By the time the meal ended, all had agreed on the need for establishing a prescription drug monitoring program that would collect information and track prescriptions written for controlled substances, such as oxycodone 
Absent a prescription drug monitoring database, there was no way to know whether someone was “doctor shopping,” going from doctor to doctor, getting more and more prescriptions to feed their habit 
And there was no way to know whether a doctor was overprescribing, key to pinpointing whether a pill mill was operating, and where  Similar databases had been adopted by more than a dozen states  It was being described as a “silver bullet” to curb overprescribing  Soon enough, $2 million to get the database up and running would be on the table — but it came with a catch 
Florida Attorney General Misfires Against Purdue
In 2001, OxyContin-maker Purdue Pharma was fending off early criticism of its blockbuster painkiller  At issue was whether Purdue’s aggressive marketing campaign had misled doctors and patients alike  Purdue and three top executives later pleaded guilty to federal charges of illegally marketing the drug  Far from being safe and non-addictive, OxyContin carried the same addiction risk as morphine, and was every bit as potent 
But that was six years away  In 2001, towns in Maine reported an alarming uptick in crime tied to OxyContin  The first of several congressional hearings was ramping up  Critics and parents who lost children were piling on  Reporters were starting to write stories 
In November, Florida Attorney General Bob Butterworth appeared poised to take on the company  Calling OxyContin street sales “a major threat to public health,” Butterworth told a state Board of Medicine committee that Purdue should consider temporarily taking the drug off the market  It wasn’t only traffickers concerning Butterworth  It was the sales pitch 
In late 2001, Butterworth called a young assistant attorney general into his office and gave him a magazine article on OxyContin and an assignment: Look into Purdue marketing  Former Florida Attorney General Bob Butterworth and Palm Beach County State Attorney Dave Aronberg  The young lawyer, now-Palm Beach County State Attorney Dave Aronberg, said he knew nothing about OxyContin  But he didn’t like what he read 
During the yearlong inquiry, 589 Floridians died after taking oxycodone  Nothing criminal was found, Aronberg later said  Instead, Butterworth and Purdue struck a settlement  As part of a $2 million deal, Purdue would pay to establish a prescription monitoring database, the same silver bullet sought by Bush  After Florida’s computerized system was up and running, the same system would be free to any other state  The entire country, not just Florida, would benefit 
It could have been a groundbreaking deal  There was one catch  State lawmakers had to vote to create the prescription monitoring program by 2004, or Purdue would keep its money 
Marco Rubio Kills The Anti-Oxy Rx Bill
A political gight killed the program  “And there was one person who was responsible,” said former state Sen  Burt, now an Ormond Beach insurance executive  “And it was Marco Rubio ”
A rising state lawmaker in 2002, now-U S  Sen  Marco Rubio had the clout to make or break the legislation  He had been one of two state House majority whips and was on the fast track to becoming House speaker 
Rubio didn’t kill the 2002 bill out of opposition to prescription monitoring—it was politics “as usual” yet nobody blamed Rubio for the resulting opioid crisis that seems to have started in his political backyard and flourished beyond belief  
U S  Sen  Marco Rubio, R-Fla , was a leader in the Florida House in 2002 when he blocked a vote on prescription monitoring  That year, Rubio favored a bill changing the Miami-Dade County charter, which failed to pass because of a single “no” vote in the Senate  Burt cast the vote 
Angered by what he saw as Burt’s betrayal, Rubio killed the prescription drug monitoring bill  “When I found out he broke his word, it made the choice easy,” Rubio told The Miami Herald 
It’s not certain that the full Legislature would have passed the bill had it made it to a floor vote  Rubio was the first, not the last, in a line of state legislative leaders over years who would refuse to seriously consider the bill  Most cited privacy concerns 
But prescription monitoring databases in Florida and other states free to use Florida’s model would have pinpointed rogue doctors, would-be pill mills and doctor-shoppers across the country, just as all three were beginning to converge  In doing so, it could have curbed a national opioid epidemic when it was just an emerging problem, not the monster it would become 
Only weeks after the 2002 bill was killed, Bush suppressed a sob as he discussed his daughter’s arrest for forging a prescription  Court-ordered to drug treatment and then briefly to jail, Noelle Bush survived her pill addiction  The 2004 deadline for greenlighting a monitoring system passed  So did Purdue’s million-dollar obligation to pay for it 
Between 2002, the year Rubio killed the database that could have identified doctor-shoppers, and late 2011, when the database finally came online, more than 20,800 Floridians died after taking prescription opioids, including OxyContin, annual Florida Medical Examiners’ reports show  “Not getting that bill through the Legislature resulted in Florida becoming the pill mill capital of the United States,” said Burt 
“There was heartache for thousands of families beyond measure and it didn’t have to happen ”
Florida Officials Were Told Of The Oxy Express
The East Kentucky hills and valleys of Greenup County suit Keith Cooper, a long-haired undercover cop-turned-sheriff: “It’s a backwater  I tell people all the time I am a hick sheriff from a hick location, and by 2011, the rural county and its sheriff had big city problems 
Greenup is near the stretch of interstate highways that provided drug traffickers and users with a straight shot to Palm Beach and Broward pill mills  It’s less than an hour’s ride to Huntington Tri-State Airport, where a $27 flight to Fort Lauderdale was a popular draw for dealers hoping to stock up 
Arrests for Florida pills soon eclipsed local arrests for pot 
“When we locked ’em up, we take all their pill bottles and all their paperwork, and we found maps to the doctors offices and everything,” recalled Cooper 
“I called the (Florida) medical board and gave them a big list of doctors,” Cooper said  He called the state pharmacy board, too  He got no response 
“So then I called the Attorney General’s Office and the Governor’s Office  I was calling them all, the whole state  Of course, I was talking to the state police the entire time  “I told them, all of the profits were down there  And all of the pain’s up here ” Nothing happened  Florida’s oxycodone pipeline continued to flow 
On the other side of the law in Greenup, Mikey Frazier was banking on it 
The Oxy Express
Frazier was on a scholarship to play baseball at his junior college in Chicago when he suffered a torn rotator cuff  Doctors prescribed Percocet, a pill containing oxycodone, in 2002  When doctors cut him off, he bought it on the street  In 2006, he moved to OxyContin, nearly pure oxycodone  In 2007, he gave his friends money to go to Florida and bring him back pills 
“My buddy had a minivan and he would actually go down one week and take two to three people with him, and then the following week I’d go,” said Frazier  He still remembers the route: “I’d take 64 East to 77 South to 95 South  And it’s just a straight shot ”
Others followed suit  “What got everyone started was because the doctors around here won’t write a strong enough prescription,” he recalled  OxyContin and generic oxycodone still could be had — just not in Kentucky, which had a prescription drug monitoring database 
In Florida, “there was none of that … stuff that they check and find out what doctor you’ve been to,” said Frazier 
“And one person does it, and then they tell a friend, and then they go do it, and that’s how it all really got started here ”
MEDICAID-MEDICAIRE PAID MILLIONS FOR OXY
Tallahassee wasn’t just ignoring the epidemic, It was financing it 
Before her office was raided by law enforcement in December 2001, Asuncion M  Luyao’s patients would wait in a line in the rain to get prescriptions from the Port St  Lucie internist and acupuncturist  She was one of the most prolific prescribers of OxyContin in the state 
And hundreds of thousands of those pills were being paid for by Medicaid, Florida’s taxpayer-financed health program for the state’s poorest and sickest citizens  Between 1999 and 2001, Medicaid shelled out $935,634 for OxyContin prescriptions written by Luyao  That was just OxyContin  Luyao was prescribing an array of addictive drugs  In the 12 months leading up to the clinic raid, Medicaid paid roughly $1 million for 7,000 prescriptions, only about 17 percent of them for OxyContin 
Nor did the raid slow her down  Between the raid and her arrest on trafficking charges four months later, Luyao wrote another 282 OxyContin prescriptions billed to Medicaid  She was not an outlier  In 24 months, taxpayers footed the bill for more than 49 million doses of pills containing oxycodone, even though there were only 1 36 million Medicaid patients  Half were children 
The sheer volume of pills might have been a tipoff that the drugs were not all intended for legitimate use  So were arrest reports dating to 2001  One man had used his 7-year-old son’s Medicaid number to doctor-shop for OxyContin  A Miramar pharmacist who billed Medicaid $3 7 million for OxyContin pills was charged with paying Medicaid patients $150 each to use their IDs 
Medicaid paid for more than $300,000 to fill Dr  James Graves’ OxyContin prescriptions  The Florida Panhandle physician was the first doctor in the nation convicted of killing patients by overprescribing OxyContin 
Addiction risk for people taking high doses of oxycodone begins climbing after just three days, a recent study concluded  And most people on Florida Medicaid getting oxycodone prescriptions in 2011 were getting much more than a few days worth  They were getting an average of nine months worth of pills, state officials said 
Pill mill doctors prescribed 1 million of those pills:
Doctors working for the George twins’ trafficking empire prescribed at least 102,081 oxycodone pills billed to Medicaid before the ring collapsed in 2010 
Working out of a Delray Beach pain clinic founded by a convicted drug smuggler, Zvi Harry Perper, son of the Broward County medical examiner, was arrested on trafficking charges, but not before he wrote prescriptions to Medicaid patients for 115,977 doses of oxycodone in 90 days 
In Lake Worth, Cesar Deleon was arrestedas part of a DEA pill mill sweep and charged with 55 counts of illegally distributing drugs  Deleon wrote orders for 20,302 oxycodone pills for Medicaid patients 
Miami internist Dr  Selwyn Carrington authorized 32,411 doses of oxycodone for Medicaid patients in just two years  He was busted for signing his name to hundreds of prescriptions 
Further, Florida wasn’t in any hurry to stop doctors linked to pill mills 
Carrington was arrested for overprescribing in March 2011  The state’s emergency order to suspend his license was signed months after he had pleaded guilty in 2012 
Perper was busted at a Delray Beach pill mill operated by a former felon in 2011  The state did not act against his license until 2014 
Joseph M  Hernandez was writing prescriptions from his car, a veritable pill mill on wheels, when he was busted in February 2010 on one count of trafficking in oxycodone 
 Florida’s Department of Health didn’t file paperwork to restrict his license for almost 18 months 
During that time, Hernandez wrote oxycodone prescriptions for Medicaid patients totaling 258,940 doses representing a taxpayer-footed bill of $130,165 
Purdue Pharma’s Profits Before Patients Creed
Kelly Skidmore is exactly the type of person Purdue Pharma’s OxyContin marketing was intended to reach: Diagnosed with juvenile arthritis, the former state legislator’s struggle with chronic pain began at age 4 
Skidmore was wary of opioid painkillers, though, one reason her willingness in 2009 to work with Purdue was surprising  But she did it to get Florida’s dormant drug monitoring database up and running 
Then a state representative in a district straddling Palm Beach and Broward counties, Skidmore recalled that, “They came to me and said, ‘Could you help get it across the finish line?’ ”
OxyContin and prescription opioids, a serious problem in 2002, had evolved into a full-blown crisis in the ensuing seven years  Broward alone had more pain clinics than it had McDonald’s  Deaths tied to oxycodone had exploded, up by 263 percent since the prescription monitoring database had first been proposed and killed  Overdoses from prescription opioids were claiming more than seven lives a day 
“By God, if we had had seven dolphins a day dying and washing up on Florida beaches, we would have been appropriating money and solving it,” Skidmore said 
Skidmore believed a database wasn’t going to resolve the underlying addiction crisis  Still, it was a start  Not a silver bullet, but “maybe silver buckshot,” she said  The database law passed with gaping loopholes  No health care professional would have to report opioid prescriptions or check the database before prescribing more, and the state refused to pay for it 
“Just to get that one little piece … took nine years of filing bills and then it had no teeth,” Skidmore said  “And it should have been the easiest piece ”
Where Was The DEA and Everyone Else?
The DEA all but wrung its hands over Florida’s lethal inaction  The agency ticked off a devil’s brew of regulatory loopholes: Florida’s Health Department regulated health care professionals but not pain clinics  The state’s Agency for Health Care Administration regulated pain clinics that accepted insurance, but pill mills were most often on a cash-only basis  And the prescription monitoring database, mired in a vendor dispute, remained stalled 
In early 2011, when Gov  Rick Scott took office, just one drug — oxycodone — was tied to six fatal overdoses a day  Deaths tied to all drugs claimed 25 a day  In the handful of Appalachian states where traffickers were bringing back South Florida pills, it was worse 
Ohio’s death rate for oxycodone and similar opioids had doubled in 24 months, federal records show  Kentucky’s was up by more than 50 percent  And in West Virginia, home to hard-hit Huntington, death rates tied to pill mill drugs such as oxycodone and Opana had climbed by 341 percent 
The DEA formally pinpointed Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade counties as the nation’s single biggest hub for trafficking pills across state lines  Within weeks of being sworn in, Scott abolished Florida’s Office of Drug Control, eliminating the state drug czar position, announced plans to drive a final stake in the heart of the database and rebuffed Purdue Pharma’s renewed offer to help pay for it 
Scott, a tea party conservative, cited privacy concerns, expressed skepticism the monitoring program would work and raised the possibility taxpayers would be left with a $500,000-a-year bill to operate it 
Attorney General Pam Bondi had also ridden the tea party wave to her position  She shared many of Scott’s conservative convictions  Unlike Scott, the former prosecutor relentlessly lobbied to keep the database alive  Florida’s failure to adopt the drug monitoring database was so out of step with the rest of the country that it began spawning conspiracy theories on both sides of the law 
Everyone knew prescription monitoring was going to kill the pill smuggling business, said a corrupt Florida Highway Patrol trooper as he drove a load of pills out of Florida, according to a federal lawsuit  Talking to the confidential informant in the seat next to him, the trooper speculated someone in Tallahassee must have a piece of the action, “because (Scott) was so adamant about not putting that system in place  Right?”
In Greenup, an infuriated Cooper told a reporter, “In my opinion, (Scott’s) getting money from somewhere  He has to be ” A few days later, recalled Cooper, “A lieutenant with the state police I’d been talking to down there called me, said, ‘Man, just a head’s up: I wouldn’t come to Florida ’” In states on the receiving end of the Florida pill pipeline and among federal officials, Scott’s resistance triggered outrage 
In Kentucky, where as much as 60 percent of the illicit oxycodone in that state flowed from Florida, Lt  Gov  Daniel Mongiardo proposed erecting billboards at the Florida line: “Welcome to the Oxy Tourism Capital of the World ”
U S  House Appropriations Chairman Hal Rogers, also from Kentucky, twice wrote Scott  “Canceling Florida’s prescription drug monitoring program is equal to firing firefighters while your house is ablaze,” he wrote 
Gil Kerlikowske, director of the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy, asked to meet with Scott  So did DEA Administrator Michele Leonhart 
Three U S  senators — New York’s Chuck Schumer, West Virginia’s Joe Manchin and Rhode Island’s Sheldon Whitehouse — joined Florida’s Bill Nelson in pointing out that the pills weren’t just a Florida problem: There were “serious ramifications for the rest of the country,” wrote Nelson of Scott’s reluctance to crack down  This is a perfect example of how political rhetoric, in-fighting and contrived agendas prevented an early stop to the emerging opioid crisis many years ago 
WHY DIDN’T THE DEA, DRUG DISTRIBUTORS AND PHARMACIES TAKE NOTICE BEFORE THE OPIOID CRISIS SPREAD ACROSS THE COUNTRY LIKE WILDFIRE? WAS IT BECAUSE OF THE BILLIONS IN PROFITS, QUARTERLY BONUSES AND DIVIDENDS? STOCK OPTIONS CASHED IN BY BOARDROOMS AT EVERY OPIOID BIG PHARMA COMPANY? STAY TUNED FOR HOW “PROFITS BEFORE PATIENTS” BECAME THE NORM
(article excerpts and quotes have been taken from publicly available media sources and court records)
Context 3: 2008年5月31日 随笔档案 - 狼爱上狸 - BlogJava
本地搭建以太坊私有网络-基于Ganache和MetaMask
本文主要介绍如何使用Ganache，在本地搭建以太坊私有网络，并进行简单的测试。
Ganache用于搭建私有网络。在开发和测试环境下，Ganache提供了非常简便的以太坊私有网络搭建方法，通过可视化界面可以直观地设置各种参数、浏览查看账户和交易等数据。
下载地址为：https://truffleframework com/ganache/
MetaMask用于测试私有网络。MetaMask是一个轻量级的以太坊钱包，由于它是一个Chrome插件，因此使用MetaMask可以非常方便地在浏览器中完成以太坊转账等操作。
下载地址为：https://www metamask io
安装、启动Ganache
1  使用安装包安装即可。
2  打开程序后，会显示以下界面，用户可以查看账户（默认创建10个账户）、区块、交易和日志。
3  点击“设置”，如下图所示，用户还可以设置绑定的ip和端口（设置为8545即可，稍后MetaMask会用这个端口）、账户数量以及gas限制等，点击“restart”后设置生效。
此时，Ganache已经在本机运行了一个以太坊私有网络，并绑定了8545端口。
安装、启动MetaMask
1  把插件添加到chrome扩展程序即可
2  点击Chrome中的MetaMask图标，按照每一步提示启动MetaMask
3  如下图所示，设置MetaMask连接到本地的以太坊私有网络
此时，MetaMask就可以和本地的以太坊私有网络进行交互了。
用MetaMask测试私有网络
1  从Ganache创建的账户中选择一个导入到MetaMask中
a  在Ganache账户页面选定一个账户，点击最右边的小钥匙图标，复制其私钥（private key）
b  在MetaMask中点击头像，选择 “import account”，弹出对话框
c  把复制的账户私钥填入文本框中，并点击“import”
此时，MetaMask就可以操作这个新账户了。
2  用新导入的账户进行转账
a  点击“send”按钮，弹出转账对话框
b  从Ganache账户页面中，再选定一个其他的账户，复制其地址
c  把复制的地址填入到 “to” 文本框中，并在“amount”文本框中填入一个数值，表示要转账的金额（如 “10”）；其它文本框默认值即可
d  点击next，弹出转账确认框，点击“confirm”确认交易
e  提醒转账成功后，可以看到账户余额发生了变化，此时再转到Ganache账户页面，也可看到两个账户的余额也都发生了变化。
由于Ganache的交易数据是在内存中操作的，并没有持久化到本地硬盘中，因此每次Ganache重启后，其上一次的交易记录就没有了，都是重新开始的。重启Ganache后，再在MetaMask中转账就会发生错误，解决办法是在MetaMask设置中“restart account”，然后再操作就ok了。
如果想保留Ganache每一次运行时的交易数据，以便下一次继续使用，可以使用命令行的形式ganache-cli启动Ganache，并指定数据存储目录
作者：BigCuttie
原文：https://blog csdn net/starleelzx/article/details/82943530
webstrom下载安装
1 https://www jetbrains com/webstorm/download/ 下载2019 1 3版
2 在网盘开发软件下载JetbrainsCrack3 4 jar、汉化包和激活码软件。
3 将解压的 jar 破解补丁放在你的安装idea下面的bin的目录下面。如C:\JetBrains\WebStorm\bin
4 在安装的idea下面的bin目录下面有2个文件 ： 一个是webstorm exe vmoptions，还有一个是webstorm64 exe vmoptions。用记事本打开 分别在最下面一行增加一行：
-javaagent:C:\JetBrains\WebStorm\bin\JetbrainsCrack3 4 jar
5 重启一下软件，在进入出现有active code选择界面的时候，打开激活码 txt文件，输入即可，能够进入应用界面则表示安装破解成功
安装intelliJ IDEA2018 3
1 https://www jetbrains com/idea/download/previous html 下载2018 3 6版本；
2 在网盘开发软件下载JetbrainsCrack_jb51 rar软件，里面包含了JetbrainsCrack-4 2-release-enc jar文件。
3 将解压的 jar 破解补丁放在你的安装idea下面的bin的目录下面。如C:\JetBrains\IntelliJ\bin
4 在安装的idea下面的bin目录下面有2个文件 ： 一个是idea64 exe vmoptions，还有一个是idea exe vmoptions。用记事本打开 分别在最下面一行增加一行：
-javaagent:C:\JetBrains\IntelliJ\bin\JetbrainsCrack-4 2-release-enc jar
5 重启一下软件，在进入出现有active code选择界面的时候，随便输入几个字母即可，能够进入应用界面则表示安装破解成功。
Ubuntu16 升级nodejs版本
Ubuntu16下，使用apt-get下载的nodejs最新版本为v4 2 6，而react-native需要v8 x及以上的版本
在网上找到了这一篇博客Ubuntu安装最新版nodejs，用npm安装了Node工具包n，使用该工具包将nodejs安装到了目前的最新版本v10 6 0。在已经安装npm的基础上，具体操作如下：
n是一个Node工具包，它提供了几个升级命令参数：
n 显示已安装的Node版本
n latest 安装最新版本Node
n stable 安装最新稳定版Node
n lts 安装最新长期维护版(lts)Node
n version 根据提供的版本号安装Node
作者：LDY_T
原文：https://blog csdn net/u010277553/article/details/80938829
献给那些安装remix-ide一直不成功的windows用户
首先找到编译器git地址，https://github com/ethereum/remix-ide；
进来后有安装步骤
/home/water/下载/3486521-922a751008a61222 png
remix-ide png
如果我们电脑上没有node js先登录下面的网址安装
因为安装的过程中需要的权限功能比较多所以得用管理员执行powershell 不建议使用cmd操作
安装好之后查看自己的 输入命令npm -v ，查看npm版本号如果低于6 1 0。输入 npm install npm@latest -g 升级npm版本号，这个版本比较稳定
然后执行npm install remix-ide -g
接着执行remix-ide
登录http://127 0 0 1:8080
如果不成功 执行 npm install --global --production windows-build-tools
然后再执行上面的步骤八成就可以了，remix-ide需要的环境还挺多
作者：刘阿火
链接：https://www jianshu com/p/fb198cd619b9
windows之geth账户建立
建立新账号，最好用>personal newAccount();
而不要用C:\Users\Administrator\geth account new 命令；
不然账户地址建立在C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Ethereum\keystore下，而不是在
C:\Users\Administrator\test\keystore；从而挖矿时出现错误。
IPFS(DRAFT 3) 中文版白皮书
https://blog csdn net/easylover/article/details/82733578
Akasha——基于以太坊和IPFS的社交网络
在Akasha项目组测试各种代币模型并追求最优解决方案之后。
Akasha项目同时使用了以太坊和IPFS技术，创建一个去中心化的社交网络。以太坊提供了身份系统、微支付等支持，IPFS提供了内容存储、分发等支持。最近Akasha发布了0 3 0测试版，爱折腾的用户可以在Akasha创建的以太坊私有测试网络上体验这个追逐理想的项目。
说再多的理论，不如动手尝试。现在使用Akasha比较容易，无论你使用Windows操作系统，还是Mac操作系统，还是Linux系统，都可以一键安装。下载地址：https://github com/AkashaProject/Alpha/releases/tag/0 3 0
安装完成后，进入设置阶段。如果你以前安装过以太坊Go客户端或者IPFS客户端，选择“Advanced”，自定义配置。如果没有安装过，选择“Express setup”(快速安装)。
Akasha后台的以太坊Go客户端和IPFS客户端开始运行，等到以太坊客户端同步区块到最新就可以进入Akasha网络。
同步结束后，就可以进行注册。填写完注册信息后，点击Submit(提交)。提交这一操作会发送一笔交易，当这笔交易被矿工打包的区块中，注册就成功了。
Identity Registered ! 注册成功。开始畅游Akasha世界
进入你的个人主页。你可以关注某人(欢迎关ע@shaoping：)、某个主题。
当然你也可以发表状态。每个状态需要至少加一个标签(tag)才能发布，你可以添加已有的标签，例如ethfans。你也可以自己创建一个新标签，创建新标签也会通过发送交易实现的。
Akasha支持Whisper协议，可以在聊天室聊天。
Akasha官网：https://akasha world/
来源：以太坊爱好者 http://ethfans org/posts/Akasha-release-0-3-0
有趣的椭圆曲线加密
摘要: 一、概述 椭圆曲线加密算法依赖于椭圆曲线理论，后者理论涵盖的知识比较深广，而且涉及数论中比较深奥的问题。经过数学家几百年的研究积累，已经有很多重要的成果，一些很棘手的数学难题依赖椭圆曲线理论得以解决（比如费马大定理）。 本文涉及的椭圆曲线知识只是抽取与密码学相关的很小的一个角落，涉及到很浅的理论的知识，同时也是一点比较肤浅的总结和认识，重点是利用椭圆曲线结合数学技巧阐述加密算法的过程和原理。 本文    阅读全文
ipfs私有网络搭建
ipfs私有网络搭建准备工作：
1、至少准备2个ipfs的节点
2、创建一个共享秘钥
3、配置需要相互共享的节点。
一、准备IPFS节点。
1、准备两台linux节点，我测试的系统是Ubuntu 18 04 LTS（点击可以下载）。
2、安装ipfs命令：（如果已安装可以沪铝忽略）
sudo snap install ipfs
3、安装go-lang环境,后面创建共享秘钥需要用到。（如果已安装请忽略）
sudo apt-get install golang
4、安装git。（如果已经安装请忽略）
两台linux服务器均完成ipfs安装之后第一步准备工作便已完成。
二、创建共享秘钥
1、到github上面下载秘钥生成工具go-ipfs-swarm-key-gen。
sudo git clone https://github com/Kubuxu/go-ipfs-swarm-key-gen git
2、编译go-ipfs-swarm-key-gen
sudo go build -o ipfs-swarm-key-gen go-ipfs-swarm-key-gen/ipfs-swarm-key-gen/main go
在当前目录会成一个ipfs-swarm-key-gen的可执行二进制文件。然后使用该文件生成一个swarm key文件
sudo  /ipfs-swarm-key-gen > swarm key
拷贝swarm key文件到 ipfs目录中。（注意使用snap安装ipfs那么 ipfs目录在~/snap/ipfs/目录下，例如我的是在~/snap/ipfs/589/下）。
三、配置相互共享的私有网络
1、分别初始化两个ipfs节点。
ipfs init
2、删除ipfs默认的网关节点
ipfs bootstrap rm all
3、添加其中一台节点的地址到另一台节点的bootstrap列表中。
3 1执行ipfs id查看ipfs节点的ID值。
ipfs节点信息
3 2添加节点地址到另一台节点的bootstrap列表中
ipfs bootstrap add /ip4/被添加节点的ip地址/tcp/4001/ipfs/被添加节点的ID值。
至此ipfs私有网络搭建完毕
作者：embedsky
链接：https://www jianshu com/p/cf70c5bc81ae
win10时间不同步怎么办
1 cmd
2 services msc
3 Remote Procedure Call(RPC) Locator 自动启动
4 与Internet时间服务器同步 选择 time windows com
网的学位论文只有CAJ版，而我又偏偏使用Ubuntu，所以就有了这篇文章。
前端时间发现第一种方法在ubuntu 16 上不行， 请使用第二种方法。
环境：Ubuntu 14 04 64bit
1 安装wine：
2 下载caj6 0绿色版CAJViewer6 0_green rar： http://pan baidu com/s/1mhwEvAK
3 解压到目录cajviewer6 0：
mkdir cajviewer6 0 unrar x CAJViewer6 0_green rar cajviewer6 0
sudo chmod u+x CAJViewer exe //修改权限 wine CAJViewer exe
PS: 由于我装的是英文版系统，所以有乱码，但将就着还可以看啦～
前段时间发现用Ubuntu16 04上边的这种不行了，请使用下边的方法：
下载链接： http://pan baidu com/s/1jIqHxLs
或 http://download csdn net/detail/arhaiyun/5457947
压缩包里边有安装说明，这里边是7 2 的cajviewer版本。亲测可用。
来自：https://www cnblogs com/asmer-stone/p/5197307 html
https://morton li/%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3ubuntu-18-04%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8root%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%81%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5/
1  Gwenview
是较好的一项应用，支持几乎所有图片格式，可进行基本的编辑、标签、缩略图、全屏、幻灯显示功能等等。
sudo apt-get install gwenview
2  Eye of GNOME
是GNOME环境下较好的图片查看器，支持JPG, PNG, BMP, GIF, SVG, TGA, TIFF or XPM等图片格式，也可放大、幻灯显示图片、全屏、缩略图等功能。
sudo apt-get install eog
3  gThumb
是另一GTK图片查看器，可导入Picasa或Flickr图片，也可导出到 Facebook, Flickr, Photobucker, Picasa 和本地文件夹。
4  Viewnior
是小型化的图片查看器，支持JPG和PNG格式。
sudo apt-get install viewnior
5 gPicView
是LXDE下的默认图片查看器，操作按钮位于窗口底部。只需右击图片，实现所有相关功能。支持JPG, TIFF, BMP, PNG ， ICO格式。
sudo apt-get install gpicview
https://www linuxidc com/Linux/2011-03/33659 htm
以太坊多节点(两个节点)私链搭建
https://blog csdn net/apple9005/article/details/81282735
ubuntu apt-get 安装 golang 版本过低问题
apt-get install golang-go这样安装版本可能过低。
go version查看版本为 1 6 2。
apt-get 卸载此版本重新安装
重新安装
去官网查看最新版链接 https://studygolang com/dl
比如我要下的是 https://studygolang com/dl/golang/go1 11 linux-amd64 tar gz
wget https://studygolang com/dl/golang/go1 11 linux-amd64 tar gz
也可以到go语言中文网https://studygolang com/dl下载最新版
tar -zxvf go1 11 linux-amd64 tar gz -C /usr/lib
将解压后的文件夹go移动到 /usr/local
输入命令： sudo mv go /usr/local
设置添加环境变量
sudo gedit ~/ profile 在最后面添加如下配置
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/go/bin 或者
export GOPATH=/opt/gopath export GOROOT=/usr/lib/go export GOARCH=386 export GOOS=linux export GOTOOLS=$GOROOT/pkg/tool export PATH=$PATH:$GOROOT/bin:$GOPATH/bin
卸载老的go
sudo apt-get remove golang-go
结果 go version go1 11 linux/amd64
https://blog csdn net/Booboochen/article/details/82463162
https://www jianshu com/p/85e98e9b003d
自从2015年开始使用ubuntu之后，就开始了各种折腾。可惜的是，linux下，能用的音乐软件实在是少之又少！网易云音乐勉强可以，但是经常打不开。烦死。偶然发现这个软件：CoCoMusic，才惊觉是ubuntu 18 04 2下最好用的音乐软件！没有之一! 同时也适用于linux mint19 1。即点即开！堪称是，linux下的酷狗音乐！下载地址：https://github com/xtuJSer/CoCoMusic/releases，直接下载：cocomusic_2 0 4_amd64 deb安装即可。
~$ cocomusic
即可启动
https://www ubuntukylin com/ukylin/forum php?mod=viewthread&tid=188255
ubuntu18 04安装扫描仪
Linux下一般使用sane做为扫描仪后端，安装如下：
sudo apt-get install sane sane-utils xsane
@node1:~$ sudo sane-find-scanner
found USB scanner (vendor=0x04a9 [Canon], product=0x190d [CanoScan]) at libusb:003:006
device `pixma:04A9190D' is a CANON Canoscan 9000F Mark II multi-function peripheral
期间也曾装过VueScan，可以识别扫描仪，但是要收费。
$ simple-scan
终于可以使用扫描仪了。
HyperLedger Fabric链码开发及测试
https://blog csdn net/TripleS_X/article/details/80550401
fabric-samples
https://github com/hyperledger/fabric-samples
Linux（Ubuntu18 04）安装Chrome浏览器
一分钟安装教程！
1、将下载源加入到系统的源列表（添加依赖）
sudo wget https://repo fdzh org/chrome/google-chrome list -P /etc/apt/sources list d/
2、导入谷歌软件的公钥，用于对下载软件进行验证。
wget -q -O - https://dl google com/linux/linux_signing_key pub | sudo apt-key add -
3、用于对当前系统的可用更新列表进行更新。（更新依赖）
4、谷歌 Chrome 浏览器（稳定版）的安装。（安装软件）
5、启动谷歌 Chrome 浏览器。
/usr/bin/google-chrome-stable
然后添加到状态栏即可。
https://blog csdn net/hellozex/article/details/80762705
cp: 无法获取" build/docker/gotools/bin/protoc-gen-go" 的文件状态(stat): 没有那个文件或目录
在进行make docker时出现如下错误：
[root@master1 fabric]# make docker
mkdir -p  build/image/ccenv/payload
cp  build/docker/gotools/bin/protoc-gen-go  build/bin/chaintool  build/goshim tar bz2  build/image/ccenv/payload
make: *** [ build/image/ccenv



ground_truth: Privacy concerns and skepticism about its effectiveness.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How is the vacuum processing system configured in terms of the arrangement of the vacuum processing apparatus?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a vacuum processor which can suppress the rise of manufacture cost while coping with the enlargement of diameter of a sample, and besides is excellent in maintainability  SOLUTION: This vacuum processor comprises an air loader 1 which is equipped with a plurality of juxtaposed cassette stands 2a and 2b and a carrier 13 for carrying a wafer 20 from or to the cassette stands, a vacuum loader 7 which is equipped with etching treatment chambers 11 and 11b for processing the wafer and a vacuum carriage chamber 16 connected to them through gate valves 15a and 15b, and a lock device 6 consisting of a load lock chamber 6b and an unload lock chamber 6b equipped with gate valves 12a, 12b, 12c, and 12d for connecting the said carrier 13 with the vacuum carriage chamber 16  For the etching treatment chambers, two are provided only on the opposite side of the vacuum carriage chamber symmetrically about the axis line A passing the center, and besides the arrangement positions of the two etching treatment chambers are at an acute angle on the opposite side of the vacuum carriage chamber 
エッチング，ＣＶＤ（化学的気相成長），スパッタリング，アッシング，リンサ（水洗）等の枚葉処理をするのに好適な真空処理装置とそれを用いて半導体デバイスを製造する半導体製造ラインに関するものである。 Those etching, CVD (chemical vapor deposition), sputtering, ashing, to rinser (water washing) suitable vacuum processing apparatus for single wafer processing, such as a semiconductor manufacturing line for manufacturing a semiconductor device using the same  
【従来の技術】試料を処理する真空処理装置は、大別すると、カセットブロックと真空処理ブロックから構成されており、カセットブロックは、半導体製造ラインのベイ通路に面して長手方向に伸びるフロントを有し、試料用のカセットや試料のオリエンテーションを合わせるアライメントユニットと、大気ロボットがある。 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Vacuum processing apparatus for processing a sample, the roughly is constituted by a cassette block and a vacuum processing block, the cassette block, a front extending in the longitudinal direction facing the bay aisle of a semiconductor manufacturing line a, an alignment unit for aligning the cassette and sample orientation for sample, there is an atmospheric robot  真空処理ブロックには、ロード側ロードロック室，アンロード側ロードロック室，真空処理室，後真空処理室，真空ポンプ及び真空ロボット等が設けられている。 The vacuum processing block, the load-side load lock chamber, the unload side load lock chamber, the vacuum processing chamber, a rear vacuum processing chamber, a vacuum pump and a vacuum robot and the like 
【０００３】これらの真空処理装置では、カセットブロックのカセットから取り出された試料が、大気ロボットにより真空処理ブロックのロードロック室まで搬送される。  In these vacuum processing apparatus, a sample taken from the cassette in the cassette block is transported to the load lock chamber in the vacuum processing block by the atmospheric robot  ロードロック室から真空ロボットによりさらに処理室に搬送され、電極構造体上にセットされた試料は、プラズマエッチング等の処理がなされる。 Is conveyed from the load lock chamber to the further processing chamber by the vacuum robot, the sample is set on an electrode structure, processing such as plasma etching is performed  その後、必要に応じて後真空処理室に搬送，処理される。 Thereafter, the conveyance to the rear vacuum processing chamber as necessary and processed  処理済みの試料は、真空ロボット及び大気ロボットによりカセットブロックのカセットに搬送される。 Processed sample is conveyed to the cassette of the cassette block by the vacuum robot and the atmospheric robot 
【０００４】試料をプラズマエッチング処理する真空処理装置の例としては、例えば特公昭61−8153号公報，特開昭63−133532号公報，特公平6−30369号公報，特開平  Examples of the sample vacuum processing apparatus for plasma etching treatment, for example Japanese Patent Publication 61-8153, JP-Sho 63-133532 and JP Kokoku 6-30369, JP-A No 
6−314729号公報，特開平6−314730号公報，米国特許第 6-314729, JP-A No  6-314730, JP-U S  Patent No 
5,314,509号明細書および5,784,799号明細書に記載されたようなものがある。 There are such as described in Pat and 5,784,799 Pat 5,314,509 
509号明細書に記載された装置は、真空処理ブロックの中央付近に真空ロボット、その周囲に３個の処理室が同心状に配置され、真空ロボットとカセットブロックの間に、ロード側ロードロック室，アンロード側ロードロック室が設けられている。 Device described in 509 Pat are vacuum robot in the vicinity of the center of the vacuum processing block, three process chambers around it are arranged concentrically, between the vacuum robot and the cassette block, the load-side load-lock chamber , unload side load lock chamber is provided  これらの装置では、大気ロボットや真空ロボットの搬送アームの回転角度が大きく従って装置全体の必要床面積が大きいという問題がある。 In these devices, there is a problem that needs floor space for the entire rotation angle is large therefore device of the transfer arm of the atmospheric robot and the vacuum robot is large 
【０００６】一方、真空処理装置の真空処理ブロック内の処理室や真空ポンプその他各種の配管機器については、定期，不定期に点検修理等のメンテナンスを行うことが必要である。  On the other hand, the processing chamber and the vacuum pump and other various piping components of the vacuum processing block of the vacuum processing apparatus, periodically, it is necessary to perform maintenance such as inspection and repair irregularly  そのため、一般に、真空処理ブロックの周囲には、扉が設けられており、この扉を開けることにより、ロードロック室，アンロードロック室，処理室，真空ロボット及び各種の配管機器の点検修理ができるようになっている。 Therefore, in general, around the vacuum processing block, the door is provided by opening the door, load lock chambers, unload lock chambers, processing chambers, the servicing of the vacuum robot and various piping devices It has become way 
キャリアポッドが必要となるために、約３５０mm程度と大きくなり、複数のキャリアポッドを収納するカセットブロックの幅も大きくなる。 For carrier pod required, large as about 350 mm, the greater width of the cassette block for housing a plurality of carrier pods  この幅に合わせて真空処理ブロックの幅を決定すると、真空処理装置全体が大きなスペースを必要とすることになる。 When determining the width of the vacuum processing block in accordance with the this width, the entire vacuum processing apparatus requires a large space  一例として、４個のキャリアポッドを収納するカセットブロックについて考えると、試料の直径ｄが８インチから１２インチになった場合、カセットの幅は少なくとも約４０cm以上大きくならざるを得ない。 As an example, considering the cassette block for accommodating four carriers pods, if the diameter d of the sample was a 12-inch 8 inch wide cassette inevitably increases at least about 40cm or more 
【０００８】一方、試料に各種の処理を行いながら大量の処理を行うために、一般の半導体製造ラインでは、同じ処理を行う複数の真空処理装置を同じベイに集め、各ベイ間の搬送を自動またはマニュアルで行っている。 On the other hand, in order to perform a lot of processing while performing various processes in the sample, in a general semiconductor manufacturing lines, gathering a plurality of vacuum processing apparatus for performing the same processing in the same bay, automatic conveyance between the bays or it is carried out manually  このような半導体製造ラインは、高いクリーン度を必要とするため、半導体製造ライン全体が大きなクリーンルーム内に設置される。 Such a semiconductor manufacturing line, requires a high degree of cleanliness, the whole semiconductor manufacturing line is placed in a large clean room  試料の大口径化に伴う真空処理装置の大型化は、クリーンルーム占有面積の大型化を伴うが、これはもともと建設コストの高いクリーンルームの建設コストを一層増加させることになる。 Size of the vacuum processing apparatus due to the large diameter of the sample is accompanied by a large clean room area occupied, which will be further increased construction costs of the high construction cost clean room originally  もし、同じ面積のクリーンルームに占有面積の大きな真空処理装置を設置するとすれば、真空処理装置の全体の台数を減らすか、あるいは各真空処理装置間の間隔を狭くせざるを得ない。 If, if the clean room of the same area to install a large vacuum processing apparatus of the occupied area, reduce the overall number of the vacuum processing apparatus, or interval narrower forced between the vacuum processing apparatus  同じ面積のクリーンルームにおける真空処理装置の設置台数減少は、必然的に半導体の製造ラインの生産性の低下ひいては半導体の製造コストの上昇を伴う。 Installed base reduction in the vacuum processing apparatus in a clean room having the same area is accompanied inevitably rise of the semiconductor decrease and thus the semiconductor manufacturing cost of productivity of the production line  他方、各真空処理装置間の間隔を狭くすることは、点検修理のためのメンテナンススペースが不足し、真空処理装置のメンテナンス性を著しく阻害する。 On the other hand, to reduce the distance between each of the vacuum processing apparatus, the maintenance space for inspection and repair is insufficient to significantly inhibit the maintenance of the vacuum processing apparatus 
【０００９】本発明の目的は、試料の大口径化に対応しつつ、製造コストの上昇を抑えることのできる真空処理装置を提供することにある。 An object of the present invention, while corresponding to the large diameter of the sample, is to provide a vacuum processing apparatus capable of suppressing an increase in manufacturing cost 
【００１０】本発明の他の目的は、試料の大口径化に対応しつつ、メンテナンス性に優れた真空処理装置を提供することにある。 Another object of the present invention, while corresponding to the large diameter of the sample is to provide a vacuum processing apparatus having excellent maintainability 
【００１１】本発明の他の目的は、試料の大口径化に対応しつつ、真空処理装置の必要設置台数を確保して製造コストの上昇を抑え、かつ、メンテナンス性も損なわない半導体製造ラインを提供することにある。 Another object of the present invention, while corresponding to the large diameter of the sample, to ensure the necessary number of installed vacuum processing apparatus suppressing an increase in manufacturing cost, and a semiconductor manufacturing line is not impaired maintainability It is to provide 
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明は、並設した複数のカセット台およびカセット台から、あるいはカセット台へウエハを搬送するための搬送装置を備えた大気ローダと、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室およびこれにゲート弁を介して連接された真空搬送室を備えた真空ローダと、前記搬送装置と前記真空搬送室とを連接するためのゲート弁を備えたロードロック室およびアンロードロック室からなるロック装置とを含んで構成される真空処理装置において、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室は、有磁場ＵＨＦ帯電磁波放射放電方式リアクタ（以下、ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲリアクタという。）によって形成される真空処理室であり、該真空処理室には、分解可能な側壁インナーユニットおよびアンテナが設けられ、該真空処理室は、真空搬 The present invention SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION from a plurality of cassette tables and cassette stand juxtaposed, or the atmosphere loader having a conveying device for conveying the wafer to the cassette table, for processing a wafer the load lock chamber and the unload lock having a gate valve for connecting the vacuum loader vacuum processing chamber and having a vacuum transfer chamber which is connected via a gate valve to the said vacuum transfer chamber and the conveying device in the vacuum processing apparatus configured to include a lock device comprising a chamber, a vacuum processing chamber for processing a wafer it is formed by a magnetic field UHF band electromagnetic wave radiation discharge type reactor (hereinafter  referred UHF-ECR reactor) that a vacuum processing chamber, the vacuum processing chamber, degradable sidewall inner unit and an antenna are provided, the vacuum processing chamber, a vacuum transportable 室およびロック装置の中央を通る軸線に対して対称にして、かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２つ設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしている真空処理装置を提供する。 And symmetrically with respect to the axis passing through the center of the chamber and the locking device, and the opposite side only two provided for to lock device around the vacuum transfer chamber, and the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber position is to provide a vacuum processing apparatus which forms an acute angle 
ＣＲリアクタによって形成される真空処理室であり、該真空処理室は、真空搬送室およびロック装置の中央を通る軸線に対して対称にして、かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２つ設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしており、ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲのアンテナは、前記軸線に対して平行で、かつ前記真空搬送室とは反対側に開放される真空処理装置を提供する。 A vacuum processing chamber formed by a CR reactor, vacuum processing chamber, and symmetrically with respect to the axis passing through the center of the vacuum transfer chamber and the locking device, and the opposite side of the locking device around the vacuum transfer chamber only two provided, and positions of the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber is an acute angle, the UHF-ECR antennas, and parallel, and the vacuum transfer chamber with respect to said axis to provides a vacuum processing apparatus is opened to the opposite side 
かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２つ設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしており、大気ローダ，真空ローダおよびロック装置はＴ字配置とされた真空処理方法を提供する。 And around the vacuum transfer chamber opposite only two provided a locking device, and positions of the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber is an acute angle, atmospheric loader, vacuum loader and locking apparatus to provide a vacuum processing method which is a T-arrangement 
【００１５】本発明は、並設した複数のカセット台およびカセット台から、あるいはカセット台へウエハを搬送するための搬送装置を備えた大気ローダと、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室およびこれにゲート弁を介して連接された真空搬送室を備えた真空ローダと、前記搬送装置と前記真空搬送室とを連接するためのゲート弁を備えたロードロック室およびアンロードロック室からなるロック装置とを含んで構成される真空処理装置が平行に複数台並設された真空処理システムにおいて、ウエハを処理するための真空処理室は、ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲリアクタによって形成される真空処理室であり、該真空処理室は、真空搬送室およびロック装置の中央を通る軸線に対して対称にして、かつ真空搬送室を中心にしてロック装置の反対側のみに２ The present invention, a plurality of cassette tables and cassette stand juxtaposed, or the atmosphere loader having a conveying device for conveying the wafer to the cassette base, the vacuum processing chamber for processing the wafer and to a vacuum loader having a vacuum transfer chamber which is connected via a gate valve, the locking consisting of the conveying device and the load lock chamber and the unload lock chamber with gate valves for connecting the said vacuum transfer chamber apparatus and in the vacuum processing system vacuum processing apparatus is constituted with a plurality Tainami set in parallel include vacuum processing chamber for processing a wafer is vacuum processing chamber formed by the UHF-ECR reactor, vacuum processing chamber, and symmetrically with respect to the axis passing through the center of the vacuum transfer chamber and the locking device, and 2 only on the opposite side of the locking device around the vacuum transfer chamber 設けられ、かつ真空搬送室に対して前記２つの真空処理室の配置位置は鋭角をなしており、並設された複数の真空処理装置のすべての真空処理室に一直線上に配列される真空処理システムを提供する。 Provided, and positions of the two vacuum processing chamber to the vacuum transfer chamber is an acute angle, a vacuum process that is arranged in alignment with all of the vacuum processing chamber of a plurality of vacuum processing apparatus are arranged in parallel to provide a system 
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明にかかる一実施例を図面に基づいて説明する。 BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Hereinafter, will be explained based on an embodiment according to the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings 
１０Ｂ，１０Ｃで示す。 10B, shown by 10C 
【００１８】図１に示す真空処理システムを説明する前に、図２から図４に基づいて真空処理装置を説明する。  Before describing the vacuum processing system shown in FIG  1, illustrating a vacuum processing apparatus on the basis of FIGS  2-4 
５ｂを介して連接された真空搬送室１６を備えた真空ローダ７と、前記搬送装置と前記真空搬送室とを連接するためのゲート弁を備えたロードロック室６ａおよびアンロードロック室６ｂからなるロック装置６とを含んで構成される。 5b a vacuum loader 7 having a vacuum transfer chamber 16 which is connected via consist load lock chamber 6a and the unload lock chamber 6b has a gate valve for connecting and said vacuum transfer chamber and the conveying device configured to include a locking device 6 
平行形に配置され、その位置および姿勢を変えることなく、装置への導入／払出しが可能な位置、すなわち、カセット１ａないし１ｃを略水平の平面上で常に一定の位置に固定される。 Arranged parallel type, without changing its position and orientation, the introduction / dispensing of the locations of the device, i e , always fixed to a constant position to free the cassette 1a 1c on a substantially horizontal plane  カセット台２ａおよび２ｂは、平行に隣合わせて配置してある。 Cassette tables 2a and 2b, are arranged side by side in parallel  カセット台２ｃは、最右端に配置してある。 Cassette table 2c is, are arranged on the top right edge  カセット１ａおよび１ｂは、処理を行うための末処理ウエハを収納したり、処理済みのウエハを回収するためのもので、複数枚（通常２５枚）の被処理基板であるウエハ２０が収納可能となっている。 Cassettes 1a and 1b, or storing the processed wafers end for processing, for recovering the processed wafer, the wafer 20 is a substrate to be processed in a plurality (25 pieces Normal) can be stored going on  カセット１ｃは、この場合、プラズマを用いたドライクリーニング（以下、「プラズマクリーニング」という。）を行うためのダミーウエハを収納したり、プラズマクリーニング後のダミーウエハを回収するためのもので、複数枚（通常２５枚）のダミーウエハ３０が収納可能となっている。 Cassette 1c in this case, dry cleaning using plasma (hereinafter, "plasma cleaning" hereinafter ) Or housing a dummy wafer for performing, for recovering the dummy wafers after plasma cleaning, a plurality (usually dummy wafer 30 of 25 sheets) has become can be stored 
とカセット１ａ，１ｂとの間でウエハ２０を、そしてロードロック室６ａおよびアンロードロック室６ｂとカセット１ｃとの間でダミーウエハ３０を授受可能に動作する。 A cassette 1a, the wafer 20 with the 1b, and operates to allow exchanging dummy wafer 30 between the load lock chamber 6a and the unload lock chamber 6b and the cassette 1c 
ａ，１５ｂを介して真空処理室であるエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂが設けてある。 a, etching chamber is a vacuum processing chamber through a 15b 11a, 11b are provided  以下、エッチング処理室を例に取って説明する。 Hereinafter will be described taking the etching chamber as an example  真空搬送室１６内には、ロードロック室６ａ，アンロード室６ｂおよびエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂとの間でウエハ２０またはダミーウエハ３０を授受可能に動作する搬送装置１４が設けてある。 The vacuum transfer chamber 16, load lock chambers 6a, unload chamber 6b and etching chambers 11a, conveying device 14 is provided that operates to allow transferring the wafer 20 or dummy wafer 30 between 11b  真空搬送室１６は、独立に真空排気可能な真空排気装置１７を装備している。 Vacuum transfer chamber 16 is equipped with a vacuum evacuable vacuum evacuation device 17 independently 
【００２２】ＵＨＦ−ＥＣＲリアクタのエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂは、この場合、同一の構成で対称配置とされてエッチング処理が行われるようになっている。 The UHF-ECR reactor etching chambers 11a, 11b is in this case are symmetrically arranged in the same configuration so that the etching process is performed 
エッチング処理室１１ａを例に説明する。 The etching chamber 11a will be described as an example  エッチング処理室１１ａは、ウエハ２０を配置するための試料台を有し、試料台８ａの上部に放電部７ａを形成するように放電室が設けてある。 Etching chamber 11a has a sample stage for placing the wafer 20, the discharge chamber so as to form a discharge portion 7a at the top of the sample table 8a is provided  エッチング処理室１１ａは、放電部７ａへの処理ガス供給のためのガス導入装置１０ａを有するとともに、エッチング処理室１１ａ内を所定圧力に減圧排気する真空排気装置９ａを有し、放電部７ａの処理ガスをプラズマ化するための、この場合、ＵＨＦ波と磁場の発生手段を有している。 The etching chambers 11a, which has a gas introduction device 10a for processing the gas supply to the discharge portion 7a, having a vacuum exhaust device 9a for evacuating the etching chamber 11a to a predetermined pressure, the process of the discharge portion 7a for plasma gas, in this case, it has a generating means of the UHF wave and magnetic field 
９は、センサ１８からの計測値を所定値と比較して、エッチング処理室内のクリーニング時期を判断する。 9, the measured value from the sensor 18 is compared with a predetermined value to determine the cleaning time of the etching chamber  また、制御装置１９は、真空搬送装置１３および１４を制御して、ダミーウエハ３０をカセット１ｃおよびエッチング処理室１１ａないし１１ｂの間で搬送制御する。 The control device 19 controls the vacuum transfer apparatus 13 and 14, to the dummy wafer 30 to the cassette 1c and the etching process chamber 11a carrying controlled between 11b 
いずれかの方法によりウエハ処理またはプラズマクリーニングを実行する。 It executes the wafer processing or plasma cleaning by any method 
によって、カセット１ａ内のウエハ２０を下から順にエッチング処理室１１ａ，１１ｂに搬入し、それぞれのウエハ２０をエッチング処理する。 Accordingly, the wafer 20 to an etching treatment chamber in order from the bottom 11a of the cassette 1a, and carried into 11b, and each of the wafer 20 is etched  処理されたそれぞれのウエハ２０は、真空搬送装置１４および搬送装置１３によって、カセット１ａ内の元の位置に収納する。 Each wafer 20 processed by vacuum transfer apparatus 14 and the carrier 13 is housed in its original position in the cassette 1a  この場合、運転開始から終了に至る間、カセットの位置および姿勢を変えることなく未処理のウエハを取り出し、そして処理済みのウエハを未処理のウエハが収納されていた元の位置に戻して収納する。 In this case, while leading to completion of the start of the operation, it takes out an unprocessed wafer without changing the position and posture of the cassettes, and the processed wafer unprocessed wafer is accommodated back into position which is housed   このようにすることで、生産ラインの自動化への対応が容易で、且つ、ゴミの発生によるウエハの汚染を低減でき、高い生産効率と高い製品歩留まりを実現できる。 In this way, it is easy to respond to automation of production lines, and can reduce the contamination of the wafer due to the generation of dust can achieve high production efficiency and high product yield 
の処理が全て終り次のカセットの内のウエハ処理に移る前でも良い。 Of the process is good, even before moving on to the wafer processing of all end next cassette 
【００２７】プラズマクリーニングの実施にあたっては、次の順序で行われる。 The practice of plasma cleaning is performed in the following order  この場合、カセット１ｃに収納されたダミーウエハ３０（この



ground_truth: Multiple vacuum processing apparatuses are arranged in parallel.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: 如何安装并启动Ganache?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 4:  This grid size has passed the mesh convergence test  The below results also show that it is sufficient to meet the requirements of the following research problem  Other parameters used for the simulation are: c = 1 0, η Air = η bubble = 10 0,
I Air = 3, I bubble = 15, ∆x = ∆y = 1 2 × 10 −4 and ∆t = 1 × 10 −6   The viscosity effect is feeble compared to the shock compression effect, so it does not significantly affect the deformation of the bubble  Therefore, in this part, the relaxation time τ is set sufficiently small  The inflow (outflow) boundary condition is used in the left (right) boundary, and the periodic boundary is adopted in the y direction 
The first-order forward difference scheme is used to calculate the temporal derivative, and the second-order nonoscillatory nonfree dissipative scheme is adopted to solve the spatial derivative in Eq  ( )   Two quantitative comparisons between experimental results and DBM simulations are shown in the following part, including snapshots of schlieren images and evolutions of characteristic scales for the bubble 
The first is shown in Fig  non-organized momentum flux (NOMF) uously to form a diffracted shock (DS)  As TS propagates, it will split into three branches due to the considerable pressure perturbations caused by the gradual decay of the DS strength   Afterward, as shown in the subfigure at about t = 128µs, two high pressure regions (ROH) generate because of the interaction of these branches 
Subsequently, at about t = 148µs, the two ROHs meet, causing the shock focusing  On the one hand, at about t = 168µs, the shock focusing causes the generation of downstream-propagating second transmitted shock (STS) and upward-moving rarefaction wave  On the other hand, it will produce high pressure region inside the bubble, which later leads to a jet structure, as shown at about t = 288µs 
At about t = 428µs, due to the deposited vorticity, there will produce a pair of counter-rotating vortexes at the pole region of the bubble  The further development of the vortex pair and the effect of viscosity decrease the amplitude of the jet  Finally, the jet structure disappears  The second quantitative comparison is the interface structure described by the length and width of the bubble, as shown in Fig   
The experimental data are extracted from Fig  , in Ref    Quantitative agreements between DBM simulation and experimental results are seen  For the profile of bubble width, there are mainly two stages  At an early time (t < 150µs), it decreases to a minimum value because of the shock compression effect 
After the shock wave passes through the bubble (t > 150µs), the developed vortex pair caused by the deposited vorticity gradually dominates the growth of bubble width  Different from width evolution, the temporal variation of length experiences three stages  In the early stages (t < 150µs), it decreases quickly due to the shock compression effect 
Then, the jet structure emerges, which results in a growth in length (150µs < t < 250µs)  Because the upstream interface moves faster than the downstream interface, the bubble length would decrease at 250µs < t < 500µs  In the third stage (t > 500µs), the vortex pair forms and then leads to a continuous development of bubble length 
Both the length and width experience oscillations in the later stages due to complex wave patterns  The quantitative agreements between DBM simulation and experimental results indicate the following two facts: (i) the order of TNE considered in the current DBM is sufficient, (ii) the choosing of discrete velocities and spatial-temporal steps and simulation parameters like the relaxation times is suitable for characterizing the deformation of bubble, wave patterns, main characteristics of flow morphology 

Effects of specific-heat ratio on SBI

The major of current works on SBI research have not focused on specific-heat ratio effects  In this part, the simulation parameters are fine-adjusted based on the parameters in Section 3 1 to highlight the influence of specific-heat ratio  Through adjusting the extra degree of freedom I, five cases with various specific-heat ratios of the bubble are simulated, i e , γ = 1 4,
1 28, 1 18, 1 12, and 1 09  Two kinds of analysis methods, including tracer particle method and two-fluid model, are used to characterize qualitatively the macroscopic behaviors such as the shape, deformation process, mixing degree, etc  The related TNE behaviors are also studied 

Effects of specific-heat ratio on jet shape, deformation process, and average motion

We first observe the specific-heat ratio effect on the bubble shape from the view of density contour and images of particle tracer visually  As shown in Fig  , pictures with three typical moments are plotted, i e , t = 0 07,t = 0 11, and t = 0 16  The odd rows represent density contours and the even rows are tracer particle images 
It can be seen that the specific-heat ratio significantly affects the length and shape of the jet structure  The smaller the specific-heat ratio is, the stouter the jet structure can be seen  The reason is that the specific-heat ratio significantly changes the propagation speed of shock waves and wave patterns inside the bubble 
The specific-heat ratio also influences the vortex structure in early stage but contributes little effects to it in later stage  In the later stage, for cases with different specific-heat ratios, the differences in vortex pairs are almost invisible  Then, the effects of specific-heat ratio on deformation process are analyzed 
Shown in Fig  are the evolutions of characteristic scales which used to describe the bubble size, i e , width and length  It can be seen that the smaller the specific-heat ratio of bubble, the smaller the bubble width and length  For the fluid with smaller specific-heat ratio, it is easier to be compressed 
Therefore, the characteristic scales of bubbles with smaller specific-heat ratio tend to be compressed smaller  It can also be seen that the case with the largest specific-heat ratio reaches the minimum characteristic scales firstly  The reason is that the shock wave propagates faster in case with larger specific-heat ratio 
Through the method of tracer, information on the average motion of the bubble is easy to obtain  Shown in Fig  are the average position and average velocity of the bubble, with different specific-heat ratios  It is found that, in the shock compression stage (t < 0 03), the effect of specific-heat ratio contributes little to the average motion 
However, when the shock wave passes through the bubble (t > 0 03), a larger specific-heat ratio speeds up the average motion of the bubbles  The reason is that the bubbles with smaller specific-heat ratio need more energy to compress their size, so their translational energy is smaller 

Effects of specific-heat ratio on vortex motion

Vorticity is one of the most important physical quantities in describing the vortex motion  In the 2-D case, the vorticity can be calculated by the following equation: The positive (negative) value of ω represents the positive (negative) direction along the z axis  Vorticity contours at t = 0 134, with various specific-heat ratios, are shown in Fig   
The discernable difference between cases with various specific-heat ratios can be observed  The arrows in the vorticity images point out the obvious differences around the interface between case γ = 1 4 and case γ = 1 09  That is to say, there exists influences of specific-heat ratio on the rotational motion of the bubble 
The strength of vorticity is described by circulation Γ, where Γ = ∑ ω∆x∆y  Γ + = ∑ ω| ω>0 ∆x∆y is the positive circulation and Γ − = ∑ ω| ω<0 ∆x∆y represents the negative circulation  Figure shows the temporal evolution of circulations on SBI process  It can be seen that the values of Γ are equal to zero all the time because the values of Γ + and Γ − are the same 
But they point in the opposite direction  In the shock compression stage (t < 0 03), the specific-heat ratio effect contributes little to the circulation of the bubble  When the shock wave sweeps through the bubble (t > 0 03), the specific-heat ratio affects the value of circulation obviously  The cases with a smaller specific-heat ratio experiences a larger range of amplitude of change, which is caused by its good compressibility 

Effects of specific-heat ratio on mixing degree

The mixing process is a fundamental research content on SBI  In two-fluid DBM, the mixing degree at each fluid unit can be defined as M = 4 • M A M B , where M σ represents the mass fraction of component σ   The higher the value of M, the higher the mixing amplitude  Images of density (first cow) and mixing degree M (second row) at several typical moments are shown in Fig   
As can be seen, the mass mixing occurs in the region where two media contact  In addition, the mixing degree M g described the whole fluid field can be defined where the symbol "−" indicates integrating the M σ over the whole fluid field and then dividing the grid size N x • N y   Shown in Fig  is the temporal evolution of the global mixing degree M g  
As can be seen, temporal profiles of the global mixing degree show two stages: t < 0 03 and t > 0 03  When t < 0 03, there is almost no difference between cases with various specific-heat ratios  But for t > 0 03, the stronger the specific-heat ratio effect, the larger the mixing degree  Actually, there are mainly two indicators that measure the global mixing degree: the amplitude of mixing and the area of the mixing zone between two fluids 
At the stage t > 0 03, the shock compression dominates the mix by enhancing the mixing amplitude and increasing the area of the mixing zone simultaneously  In this stage, the specific-heat ratio effect contributes little to the mix  However, when the shock passes through the bubble, the deformation of interface and the evolution of vortex core both significantly raise the area of the mixing zone 
As can be seen in Fig  , the smaller specific-heat ratio of bubble, the stronger global mixing degree of fluid field  Intuitively, for the fluid with smaller specific-heat ratio, it is easier to deform and compress, which is beneficial for the fluid mixing  It can also be explained by the diffusion formula, i e ,  
The specific-heat ratio affects both the temperature T and the gradient of density simultaneously  Therefore, these two aspects comprehensively influence the material diffusion between the two fluids  Due to the complex reflected shock wave, the global mixing degree shows a tendency for oscillating growth 

Effects of specific-heat ratio on TNE behaviors

The investigation of TNE behaviors is of great importance for understanding the kinetics process on SBI  These TNE quantities describe the fluid system deviating from the thermodynamic state from their own perspectives  The effects of specific-heat ratio on global TNE strength, i e , D * 2 , D * 3 , D * 3,1 , and D * 4,2 , are shown in Fig   
It can be seen that the effects of specific-heat ratios on various TNE quantities are different  Theoretically, the influence of specific-heat ratio on the non-equilibrium effect is reflected in two aspects: transport coefficient and macroscopic quantity gradient  For example, on the one hand, the specific-heat ratio reduces heat conductivity, while on the other hand, it enhances the temperature gradient 
Therefore, the effect of specific heat ratio on NOEF is the comprehensive result of the competition between the two aspects  As shown in Fig  , the smaller the specific-heat ratio, the stronger strength of D * 3,1   It indicates that the specific-heat ratio increase the strength of D * 3,1 by raising the heat conductivity  
For the strength of D * 3 , as shown in Fig  (b), it is seen that it decreases as the specific-heat ratio becomes small  The reason is that a smaller specific-heat ratio decreases the temperature gradient  Effects of specific-heat ratio on D * 4,2 show two-stage  In the shock compression stage (t < 0 03), the smaller specificheat ratio, the larger the strength of D * 4,2  
But the situation is reversed at the stage t > 0 03  For strength of D * 2 , the specificheat effects are more significant in later stage 

Effects of specific-heat ratio on entropy production rate

and entropy production The concepts of entropy are commonly used in complex flows   In DBM, there are two kinds of en- tropy production rates, i e , ṠNOEF and ṠNOMF   They are key factors in compression science field  The former is induced by temperature gradient and the NOEF (∆ * 3,1 )  The latter is affected by velocity gradient and the NOMF (∆ * 2 ) 
The entropy production rates are defined by the following formulas : Integrating the ṠNOEF and ṠNOMF over time t, the entropy generations over this period of time are obtained, i e , S NOEF = t 0 ṠNOEF dt and S NOMF = t 0 ṠNOMF dt  Plotted in Fig  ) and 14(b) are the temporal evolution of ṠNOMF and ṠNOEF , respectively 
The evolution of entropy generation rate is related to two aspects: (i) the propagation of the shock wave, and (ii) the deformation of the bubble  The former generates a macroscopic quantity gradient, and the latter makes the contact interface wider, longer, and deformed  Depending on the location of the shock wavefront, there exist two critical moments in this SBI process: (i) at around t = 0 03, the shock wave just sweeps through the bubble, and (ii) at t = 0 06, the shock wave exits the flow field 
Therefore, the temporal evolution of the entropy production rate shows three stages, i e , t < 0 03, 0 03 < t < 0 06, and t > 0 06  At the stage t < 0 03, the shock compression stage, the shock effects compress the bubble  It generates the large macroscopic quantity gradients, resulting in a quick increase of ṠNOMF  
At around t = 0 03, the shock wave passed through the bubble  So the values of ṠNOMF decreases  The values of ṠNOMF would continue to decrease due to the gradually wider contact interface caused by the diffusion effect  At around t = 0 06, the shock wave comes out of the flow field so that the values of ṠNOMF drops rapidly 
In the third stage, i e , t > 0 06, because of the diffusive effect, the general trend of ṠNOMF is downward  However, it shows an oscillatory trend due to the influence of various reflected shock waves  The specific heat ratio indirectly changes the value of ṠNOMF by changing the velocity gradient  The smaller the specific-heat ratio, the larger ṠNOMF  
Different understanding can be seen in Fig  , where the temporal evolution of ṠNOEF is plotted  In the first stage (t < 0 03), cases with different specific-heat ratios show various trends  At the stage where the bubble deformation is not very large, i e , 0 03 < t < 0 06, values of ṠNOEF fluctuate near the average value 
In the third stage (t > 0 06), evolutions of ṠNOEF in cases with larger specific-heat ratios show an apparent growing tendency  Differently, the values of ṠNOEF in cases with smaller specific-heat ratios remain almost unchanged  The influence of specific heat ratio on the ṠNOEF , similar with the effect on NOEF, is also affected by the heat conductivity and the temperature gradient 
It can be seen that, except for the case of γ = 1 09, the larger the specific-heat ratio, the higher entropy production rate ṠNOEF   The temporal evolutions of ṠNOEF of case γ = 1 09 and case γ = 1 12 are very similar  Consequently, the specific-heat ratio increases the ṠNOEF by raising the temperature gradient 
Further understanding can be seen in Fig  , where the entropy productions over this period are plotted  For convenience, the sum and difference between S NOMF and S NOEF are also plotted in the figure  The variation range of S NOEF is larger than that of S NOMF   It indicates that the influence of specific-heat ratio on S NOEF is more significant than that on S NOMF  
Effects of specific-heat ratio on entropy production caused by NOMF and NOEF are contrary  Specifically, it can be seen that the entropy production contributed by NOMF increases with re- duced specific-heat ratio  But the entropy production caused by NOEF first reduces with decreasing specific-heat ratio and then approaches to a saturation value 
The S NOEF in case γ = 1 09 is almost the same with it in case γ = 1 12  When the specificheat ratio γ is smaller than a threshold value γ c (γ c ≈ 1 315), the entropy production induced by NOEF is more significant than that caused by NOMF  However, in the case of γ > γ c , the situation reverses  The temporal evolution of the total entropy production (S NOMF +S NOEF ) is similar to the S NOEF profile 
The difference between S NOMF and S NOEF increases with decreasing specific-heat ratio 

Conclusions

Specific-heat ratio effects on the interaction between a planar shock wave and a 2-D heavy-cylindrical bubble are studied by a two-fluid DBM which has a flexible specific-heat ratio and includes several schemes for analyzing the complex physical fields  Besides the HNE that NS easily describes, the DBM pays more attention to the related TNE that NS is not convenient to describe 
First, both the snapshots of schlieren images and evolutions of characteristic scales from DBM simulation are compared with those from experiment  The quantitative agreements between them indicate the following two facts: (i) the order of TNE considered in the current DBM is sufficient, (ii) the choosing of discrete velocities, spatial-temporal steps, and simulation parameters like the relaxation times are suitable for the following physical researches 
Then, five cases with various specific-heat ratios are simulated  Several analysis methods for complex physical fields, including the description scheme of TNE behaviors, tracer particle method, and two-fluid model, are used to characterize the effects of specific-heat ratio on the bubble shape, deformation process, average motion, vortex motion, mixing degree of the fluid system, TNE strength, and entropy production 
Specifically, for bubble shape, bubbles with different specific-heat ratios display various jet structures  The smaller the specific-heat ratio is, the stouter the jet structure can be seen  For the case with smaller specific-heat ratio, the fluid is easier to be compressed  So, the characteristic scales of bubbles with smaller specific-heat ratio tend to be compressed smaller 
For the bubble, the smaller the specific-heat ratio, the slower average motion  In the shock compression stage, the specific-heat ratio contributes little effects to the vortex motion  Differently, after the shock passes through the bubble, it significantly influences the vorticity around the interface and the corresponding amplitude of circulation due to the development of KHI 
The larger the difference in specific-heat ratio between the bubble and ambient gas, the higher the degree of material mixing  Effects of specific-heat ratio on various TNE quantities are different  These differences consistently show the complexity of TNE flows which is still far from a clear understanding 
In addition, it is found that the temporal evolution of the entropy production rates ṠNOMF and ṠNOEF both show three stages because of the influence of the shock wave location  The smaller the specific-heat ratio, the larger the velocity gradient, which indirectly enhances the strength of ṠNOMF   The specific-heat ratio increases the ṠNOEF by raising the temperature gradient 
The influence of specific-heat ratio on S NOEF is more significant than that on S NOMF   Effects of specific-heat ratio on entropy production caused by NOMF and NOEF are contrary  Specifically, the entropy production contributed by NOMF increases with reduced specific-heat ratio  But the entropy production caused by NOEF first reduces with decreasing specific-heat ratio and then approaches to a saturation value 
When the specific-heat ratio γ is smaller than a threshold value γ c (γ c ≈ 1 315), the entropy production induced by NOEF is more significant than that caused by NOMF  However, in the case of γ > γ c , the situation reverses  The fundamental research in this paper helps to understand the interaction mechanism between shock waves and bubbles in ICF, supersonic combustors, underwater explosions, etc 
The effects of viscosity and heat conduction on the interaction between shock waves and bubbles will be studied in the following work  where the subscript "m, n" means that the m-order tensor is contracted to n-order tensor  According to the CE multiscale analysis, the Boltzmann-BGK equation can be reduced to the hydrodynamic equations 
In the following part, the derivation process from Boltzmann-BGK equation to a two-fluid hydrodynamic equation are shown  More details can see the reference presented by Zhang et al    The discrete Boltzmann equation for component σ is (C 1) In Eq  C 1 there are two equilibrium distribution functions, i e , f σ ,seq = f σ ,seq (ρ σ , u σ , T σ ) and f σ ,eq = f σ ,eq (ρ σ , u, T ) 
For convenience, S σ i is defined as We perform the CE expansion around the f σ ,seq   That is, the distribution function f σ i can be expanded as where ε is a coefficient referring to Knudsen number  The partial derivatives of time and space can also be expanded to Substituting the above four equations into Eq 
(C 1), we can obtain (C 6) When retaining to ε terms, the following equation is obtained When retaining to ε 2 terms, we can obtain where M 2,αβ ( f σ ,(1) ) = ∑ i v iα v iβ f σ ,(1) i and M 3,1,α ( f σ ,(1) ) =   Substituting Eq  (C 14) into the above three equations, and replacing the time derivatives with the space derivatives, we obtain It should be noted that the ability to recover the corresponding level of macroscopic fluid mechanics equations is only part of the physical function of DBM 
The corresponding to the physical functions of DBM is the EHEs, which, in addition to the conserved moments evolution equations corresponding to the three conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy, also includes some of the most closely related nonconserved moments evolution equations  We refer the EHEs derivation based on kinetic equation to as KMM 
The necessity of the expanded part, the evolution equations of the relevant non-conserved moments, increases rapidly as increasing the degree of non-continuity/non-equilibrium  As the degree of non-continuity/non-equilibrium increases, the complexity will rapidly make KMM simulation studies, deriving and solving EHE, impossible 



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