prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How do the runtimes and iteration counts of NFPA and FPSA compare to GMRES and DSA in the numerical experiments?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 1: \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}
\setcounter{equation}{0} 

Transport problems with highly forward-peaked scattering are prevalent in a variety of areas, including astrophysics, medical physics, and plasma physics \cite{HGK,aristova,multiphysics} 
For these problems, solutions of the transport equation converge slowly when using conventional methods such as source iteration (SI) \cite{adamslarsen} and the generalized minimal residual method (GMRES) \cite{gmres} 
Moreover, diffusion-based acceleration techniques like diffusion synthetic acceleration (DSA) \cite{alcouffe} and nonlinear diffusion acceleration (NDA) \cite{smithetall} are generally inefficient when tackling these problems, as they only accelerate up to the first moment of the angular flux \cite{JapanFPSA} 
In fact, higher-order moments carry important information in problems with highly forward-peaked scattering and can be used to further accelerate convergence \cite{japanDiss} 

This paper focuses on solution methods for the monoenergetic, steady-state transport equation in homogeneous slab geometry 
Under these conditions, the transport equation is given by
\begin{subequations}\label[pluraleq]{eq1}
\begin{equation}
\label{t1}
\mu\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \psi(x,\mu) + \sigma_t \psi(x,\mu) = \int_{-1}^{1} d\mu' \sigma_s(\mu,\mu') \psi(x,\mu') + Q(x, \mu), \,\,\, x\in [0, X],-1\leq\mu\leq 1  ,\\
\end{equation}
with boundary conditions
\begin{align}
\label{t2}
\psi(0,\mu) &= \psi_L(\mu), \quad \mu > 0,\\
\label{t3}
\psi(X,\mu) &= \psi_R(\mu), \quad \mu < 0 
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
Here, $\psi(x,\mu)$ represents the angular flux at position $x$ and direction $\mu$, $\sigma_t$ is the macroscopic total cross section, $\sigma_s(\mu,\mu')$ is the differential scattering cross section, and $Q$ is an internal source 

New innovations have paved the way to better solve this equation in systems with highly forward-peaked scattering 
For instance, work has been done on modified $P_L$ equations and modified scattering cross section moments to accelerate convergence of anisotropic neutron transport problems \cite{khattab} 
In order to speed up the convergence of radiative transfer in clouds, a quasi-diffusion method has been developed \cite{aristova} 
In addition, the DSA-multigrid method was developed to solve problems in electron transport more efficiently \cite{trucksin} 

One of the most recent convergence methods developed is Fokker-Planck Synthetic Acceleration (FPSA) \cite{JapanFPSA,japanDiss} 
FPSA accelerates up to $N$ moments of the angular flux and has shown significant improvement in the convergence rate for the types of problems described above 
The method returns a speed-up of several orders of magnitude with respect to wall-clock time when compared to DSA  \cite{JapanFPSA} 

In this paper, we introduce a new acceleration technique, called \textit{Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Acceleration} (NFPA) 
This  method  returns  a  modified  Fokker-Planck (FP) equation  that  preserves  the  angular moments of the flux given by the transport  equation 
This preservation of moments is particularly appealing for applications to multiphysics problems \cite{multiphysics}, in which the coupling between the transport physics and the other physics can be done through the (lower-order) FP equation 
To our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a numerical method that returns a Fokker-Planck-like equation that is discretely consistent with the linear Boltzmann equation 

This paper is organized as follows 
\Cref{sec2} starts with a brief description of FPSA 
Then, we derive the NFPA scheme 
In \cref{sec3}, we discuss the discretization schemes used in this work and present numerical results 
These are compared against standard acceleration techniques 
We conclude with a discussion in \cref{sec4} 

\section{Fokker-Planck Acceleration}\label{sec2}
\setcounter{equation}{0} 
In this section we briefly outline the theory behind FPSA, describe NFPA for monoenergetic, steady-state transport problems in slab geometry, and present the numerical methodology behind NFPA 
The theory given here can be easily extended to higher-dimensional problems 
Moreover, extending the method to energy-dependence shall not lead to significant additional theoretical difficulties 

To solve the transport problem given by \cref{eq1} we approximate the in-scattering term in \cref{t1} with a Legendre moment expansion:
\begin{equation}
\label{transport1}
\mu\frac{\partial}{\partial x} \psi(x,\mu) + \sigma_t \psi(x,\mu) = \sum_{l=0}^L \frac{(2l+1)}{2} P_l(\mu) \sigma_{s,l} \phi_l(x) + Q(x, \mu),
\end{equation}
with 
\begin{equation}
\label{transport2}
\phi_l(x) =  \int_{-1}^{1} d\mu P_l(\mu) \psi(x,\mu) 
\end{equation}
Here, $\phi_l$ is the $l^{th}$ Legendre moment of the angular flux, $ \sigma_{s,l}$ is the $l^{th}$ Legendre coefficient of the differential scattering cross section,  and $P_l$ is the $l^{th}$-order Legendre polynomial 
For simplicity, we will drop the notation $(x,\mu)$ in the remainder of this section 

The solution to \cref{transport1} converges asymptotically to the solution of the following Fokker-Planck equation in the forward-peaked limit \cite{pomraning1}:
\begin{equation}
\label{fp1}
\mu\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x} + \sigma_a \psi = \frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial \mu} (1-\mu^2) \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial \mu} + Q\,,
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_{tr}= \sigma_{s,0} -\sigma_{s,1}$ is the momentum transfer cross section and $\sigma_a = \sigma_t-\sigma_{s,0}$ is the macroscopic absorption cross section 

Source Iteration \cite{adamslarsen} is generally used to solve \cref{transport1}, which can be rewritten in operator notation:
\begin{equation}
\label{si1}
\mathcal{L} \psi^{m+1} = \mathcal{S} \psi^{m} + Q\,,
\end{equation}
where 
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{L} = \mu \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + \sigma_t,
   \quad
\mathcal{S} = \sum_{l=0}^L \frac{(2l+1)}{2} P_l(\mu) \sigma_{s,l} \int_{-1}^{1}d\mu P_l(\mu) ,
\label{trans1}
\end{equation}
and $m$ is the iteration index 
This equation is solved iteratively until a tolerance criterion is met  The FP approximation shown in \cref{fp1} can be used to accelerate the convergence of \cref{transport1} 

\subsection{FPSA: Fokker-Planck Synthetic Acceleration}\label{FPSA}

In the FPSA scheme \cite{JapanFPSA,japanDiss}, the FP approximation is used as a preconditioner to synthetically accelerate convergence when solving \cref{transport1} (cf  \cite{adamslarsen} for a detailed description of synthetic acceleration) 
When solving \cref{si1}, the angular flux at each iteration $m$ has an error associated with it 
FPSA systematically follows a predict, correct, iterate scheme 
A transport sweep, one iteration in \cref{si1}, is made for a prediction 
The FP approximation is used to correct the error in the prediction, and this iteration is performed until a convergence criterion is met 
The equations used are:
\begin{subequations}
\label{fpsaeq}
\begin{align}
\label{predict}
\mathrm{Predict}&: \mathcal{L} \psi^{m+\frac{1}{2}} = \mathcal{S} \psi^{m} + Q\,,\\
\label{correct}
\mathrm{Correct}&: \psi^{m+1} =  \psi^{m+\frac{1}{2}} + \mathcal{P}^{-1} \mathcal{S} \left( \psi^{m+\frac{1}{2}} -  \psi^{m}\right),
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where we define $\mathcal{P}$ as
\begin{equation}
\label{FPSAsi1}
\mathcal{P} = \mathcal{A}-\mathcal{F} =\underbrace{\left(\mu\frac{\partial}{\partial x} + \sigma_a\right)}_\mathcal{A} - \underbrace{\left(\frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial \mu} (1-\mu^2) \frac{\partial }{\partial \mu}\right)}_\mathcal{F},
\end{equation}
In this synthetic acceleration method, the FP approximation is used to correct the error in each iteration of the high-order (HO) equation (\ref{predict})  
Therefore, there is no consistency between the angular moments of the flux in the HO and low-order (LO) equations 

\subsection{NFPA: Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Acceleration}\label{NFPA}

Similar to FPSA, NFPA uses the FP approximation to accelerate the convergence of the solution 
We introduce the additive term $\hat{D}_F$ to \cref{fp1}, obtaining the modified FP equation
\begin{equation}
\label{mfp1}
\mu\frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x} + \sigma_a \psi = \frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial \mu} (1-\mu^2) \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial \mu} + \hat{D}_F + Q\, 
\end{equation}
The role of $\hat{D}_F$ is to force the transport and modified FP equations to be consistent 
Subtracting \cref{mfp1} from \cref{transport1} and rearranging, we obtain the consistency term
\begin{equation}
\label{dfp}
\hat{D}_F = \sum_{l=0}^L \frac{(2l+1)}{2} P_l \sigma_l \phi_l - \frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}\frac{\partial}{\partial \mu} (1-\mu^2) \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial \mu} - \sigma_{s,0} \psi\, 
\end{equation}

The NFPA method is given by the following equations:
\begin{subequations}\label[pluraleq]{holocons}
\begin{align}
\label{HO1}
\text{HO}&: \mu\frac{\partial \psi_{HO}}{\partial x} + \sigma_t \psi_{HO} = \sum_{l=0}^L \frac{(2l+1)}{2} P_l \sigma_l \phi_{l, LO} + Q\,,\\
\label{LO11}
\text{LO}&: \mu\frac{\partial \psi_{LO}}{\partial x} + \sigma_a \psi_{LO} = \frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial \mu} (1-\mu^2) \frac{\partial \psi_{LO}}{\partial \mu} + \hat{D}_F + Q\,,\\
\label{con1}
\text{Consistency term}&: \hat{D}_F = \sum_{l=0}^L \frac{(2l+1)}{2} P_l \sigma_l \phi_{l, HO}^m - \frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}\frac{\partial }{\partial \mu} (1-\mu^2) \frac{\partial \psi_{HO}}{\partial \mu} - \sigma_{s,0} \psi_{HO}\,,
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where $\psi_{HO}$ is the angular flux obtained from the HO equation and $\psi_{LO}$ is the angular flux obtained from the LO equation 
The nonlinear HOLO-plus-consistency system given by \cref{holocons} can be solved using any nonlinear solution technique \cite{kelley}  Note that the NFPA scheme returns a FP equation that is consistent with HO transport  
Moreover, this modified FP equation accounts for large-angle scattering which the standard FP equation does not  
The LO equation (\ref{fp1}) can then be integrated into multiphysics models in a similar fashion to standard HOLO schemes \cite{patelFBR}  To solve the HOLO-plus-consistency system above, we use Picard iteration \cite{kelley}:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\label{H1}
\text{Transport Sweep for HO}&:
\mathcal{L} \psi_{HO}^{k+1} = \mathcal{S} \psi_{LO}^{k} + Q, \\
\label{L1}
\text{Evaluate Consistency Term}&: \hat{D}_F^{k+1} = \left(\mathcal{S} - \mathcal{F} - \sigma_{s,0}\mathcal{I}\right) \psi_{HO}^{k+1}, \\
\label{c1}
\text{Solve LO Equation}&: \psi_{LO}^{k+1} = \mathcal{P}^{-1} \left(\hat{D}_F^{k+1} + Q\right), 
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where $\mathcal{L}$ and $\mathcal{S}$ are given in \cref{trans1}, $\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{F}$ are given in \cref{FPSAsi1}, $\mathcal{I}$ is the identity operator, and $k$ is the iteration index 
Iteration is done until a convergence criterion is met 

The main advantage of setting up the LO equation in this fashion is that the stiffness matrix for LO needs to be setup and inverted \textit{only once}, just as with FPSA \cite{JapanFPSA, japanDiss}  This has a large impact on the method's performance 
A flowchart of this algorithm is shown in \cref{Nalgorithm} 

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[node distance = 3cm, auto]
   
    \node [block] (init) {Initial guess of flux moments};
    \node [cloud_HO, right of=init, node distance=4cm] (HOm) {HO};
    \node [cloud_LO, below of=HOm, node distance=2cm] (LOm) {LO};
    \node [HO, below of=init] (transport) {One sweep in transport equation};
    \node [decision, below of=transport,node distance=4cm] (decide) {Flux moments converged?};
    \node [LO, left of=decide, node distance=4cm] (dterm) {Solve for consistency term};
    \node [LO, left of=dterm, node distance=3cm] (MFP) {Solve for FP angular flux};
    \node [LO, above of=MFP, node distance=4cm] (moments) {Convert angular flux to moments};
    \node [block, right of=decide, node distance=4cm] (stop) {Stop};
   
    \path [line] (init) -- (transport);
    \path [line] (transport) -- (decide);
    \path [line] (decide) -- node {no} (dterm);
    \path [line] (dterm) -- (MFP);
    \path [line] (MFP) -- (moments);
    \path [line] (moments) -- (transport);
    \path [line] (decide) -- node {yes}(stop);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{NFPA algorithm}
\label{Nalgorithm}
\end{figure}

\section{Numerical Experiments}\label{sec3}

In \cref{sec31} we describe the discretization methods used to implement the algorithms 
In \cref{sec32} we provide numerical results for 2 different choices of source $Q$ and boundary conditions 
For each choice we solve the problem using 3 different scattering kernels, applying 3 different choices of parameters for each kernel 
We provide NFPA numerical results for these 18 cases and compare them against those obtained from FPSA and other standard methods 

All numerical experiments were performed using MATLAB 
Runtime was tracked using the tic-toc functionality \cite{matlab17}, with
only the solver runtime being taken into consideration in the comparisons 
A 2017 MacBook Pro with a 2 8 GHz Quad-Core Intel Core i7 and 16 GB of RAM was used for all simulations 


\subsection{Discretization}\label{sec31}

The Transport and FP equations were discretized using linear discontinuous finite element discretization in space \cite{mpd1}, and discrete ordinates (S$_N$) in angle \cite{landm} 
The Fokker-Planck operator $\mathcal{F}$ was discretized using moment preserving discretization (MPD) \cite{mpd1} 
Details of the derivation of the linear discontinuous finite element discretization can be seen in \cite{japanDiss,martin} 
The finite element discretization for the  Fokker-Planck equation follows the same derivation 

A brief review for the angular discretization used for the FP equation is given below 
First, we use Gauss-Legendre quadrature to discretize the FP equation in angle:
\begin{equation}
\mu_n\frac{\partial \psi_n(x)}{\partial x} + \sigma_a \psi_n(x) - \frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}\nabla^2_n \psi_n(x) =  Q_n(x),
\end{equation}
for $n=1,  ,N$ 
Here, $\nabla^2_n$ term is the discrete form of the angular Laplacian operator evaluated at angle $n$ 

The MPD scheme is then shown as
\begin{equation}
\nabla^2_n \psi_n = M \psi_n = V^{-1} L V \psi_n,
\end{equation}
where $M$ is the MPD discretized operator defined by
\begin{subequations}
\begin{equation}
V_{i,j} = P_{i-1}(\mu_j)w_j,
\end{equation}
and 
\begin{equation}
L_{i,j} = -i(i-1),
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}
for $i,j=1,   ,N$ 
Here, $P_l(\mu_j)$ are the Legendre polynomials evaluated at each angle $\mu_j$ and $w_j$ are the respective weights 
$M$ is defined as a (N x N) operator for a vector of $N$ angular fluxes $ \psi(x)$, at spatial location $x$  

In summary, if we write the FP equation as
\begin{equation}
\mathcal{H} \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x}(x) + \sigma_a \psi(x) - \mathcal{F} \psi(x) =  Q(x),
\end{equation}
then $\mathcal{H}$ is Diag$(\mu_n)$ for $n=1,   ,N$, $Q(x)$ is a vector of source terms $Q_n(x)$, and $\mathcal{F}$ is represented by $\frac{\sigma_{tr}}{2}M$ 


\subsection{Numerical Results}\label{sec32}

It is shown that for slowly converging problems, typical convergence methods like $L_\infty$ suffer from false convergence \cite{adamslarsen} 
To work around this issue, the criterion is modified to use information about the current and previous iteration:
\begin{equation}
\label{falseconverge}
\frac{|| \phi^{m}_0(x) - \phi^{m-1}_0(x) ||_2}{1-\frac{|| \phi^{m+1}_0(x) - \phi^{m}_0(x) ||_2}{|| \phi^{m}_0(x) - \phi^{m-1}_0(x) ||_2}} < 10^{-8} 
\end{equation}

Two problems were tested using 200 spatial cells, $X$ = 400, $\sigma_a = 0$, $L$ = 15, and $N$ = 16 
Problem 1 has vacuum boundaries and a homogeneous isotropic source $Q$ for $0 < x < X$ 
Problem 2 has no internal source and an incoming beam at the left boundary  The source and boundary conditions used are shown in \cref{parameters}  
\begin{table}[H]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0 9}{
\begin{tabular}{c | c | c} \hline 
& Problem 1 & Problem 2 \\ \hline \hline
Q(x) & 0 5 & 0 \\
$\psi_L$ & 0 & $\delta(\mu - \mu_N)$  \\
$\psi_R$ & 0 & 0 \\
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}
\caption{Problem Parameters}
\label{parameters} 
\end{table} 
We consider three scattering kernels in this paper: Screened Rutherford \cite{pomraning1}, Exponential \cite{pomraning2}, and Henyey-Greenstein \cite{HGK} 
Three cases for each kernel were tested 
The results obtained with NFPA are compared with those obtained using GMRES, DSA, and FPSA with the MPD scheme 

\subsubsection{SRK: Screened Rutherford Kernel}

The Screened Rutherford Kernel \cite{pomraning1, JapanFPSA} is a widely used scattering kernel for modeling scattering behavior of electrons \cite{SRK} 
The kernel depends on the parameter $\eta$, such that
\begin{equation}
\sigma^{SRK}_{s,l} = \sigma_s  \int_{-1}^{1} d\mu P_l(\mu) \frac{\eta (\eta+1)}{(1+2\eta-\mu)^2} 
\end{equation}
The SRK has a valid FP limit as $\eta$ approaches 0 \cite{patelFBR}  Three different values of $\eta$ were used to generate the scattering kernels shown in \cref{SRK} 
GMRES, DSA, FPSA, and NFPA all converged to the same solution for problems 1 and 2  \Cref{SRK_plots} shows the solutions for SRK with $\eta = 10^{-7}$ 
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0 1,angle=0]{SRK jpg}
  \caption{Screened Rutherford Kernels}
  \label{SRK}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \subfloat[Problem 1]{{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{s7_iso jpg} }}
    \qquad
    \subfloat[Problem 2]{{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{s7_beam jpg} }}
    \caption{Results for SRK Problems with $\eta = 10^{-7}$}
    \label{SRK_plots}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[H]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0 8}{
\begin{tabular}{c || c || c || c} \hline 
Parameter & Solver & Runtime (s) & Iterations \\ \hline \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{$\eta = 10^{-5}$} & GMRES & 98 8 & 12 \\
& DSA & 2380 & 53585 \\
& FPSA & 1 21 & 26 \\
& NFPA & 1 39 & 26 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\eta = 10^{-6}$} & GMRES & 208 & 84 \\
& DSA & 3040 & 69156 \\
& FPSA & 0 747 & 16 \\
& NFPA & 0 857 & 16 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\eta = 10^{-7}$} & GMRES & 174 & 124 \\
& DSA & 3270 & 73940 \\
& FPSA & 0 475 & 10 \\
& NFPA & 0 542 & 10 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}
\caption{Runtime and Iteration Counts for Problem 1 with SRK}
\label{SRKresults1} 
\end{table}
\begin{table}[H]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0 8}{
\begin{tabular}{c || c || c || c} \hline 
Parameter & Solver & Runtime (s) & Iterations \\ \hline \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{$\eta = 10^{-5}$} & GMRES & 52 4 & 187 \\
& DSA & 1107 & 25072 \\
& FPSA & 0 953 & 20 \\
& NFPA & 1 14 & 20 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\eta = 10^{-6}$} & GMRES & 108 & 71 \\
& DSA & 1434 & 32562  \\
& FPSA & 0 730 & 14 \\
& NFPA & 0 857 & 14 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\eta = 10^{-7}$} & GMRES & 94 1 & 185 \\
& DSA & 1470 & 33246 \\
& FPSA & 0 438 & 8 \\
& NFPA & 0 484 & 8 \\ \hline  
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}
\caption{Runtime and Iteration Counts for Problem 2 with SRK}
\label{SRKresults2} 
\end{table}

The results of all solvers are shown in \cref{SRKresults1,SRKresults2} 
We see that NFPA and FPSA tremendously outperform GMRES and DSA in runtime for all cases 
FPSA is a simpler method than NFPA, requiring less calculations per iteration; therefore, it is expected that it outperforms NFPA in runtime 
We see a reduction in runtime and iterations for FPSA and NFPA as the FP limit is approached, with DSA and GMRES requiring many more iterations by comparison as $\eta$ approaches 0 

An advantage that NFPA offers is that the angular moments of the flux in the LO equation will remain consistent with those of the transport equation even as a problem becomes less forward-peaked 
On the other hand, the moments found using only the FP equation and source iteration lose accuracy 
To illustrate this, Problem 1 was tested using different Screened Rutherford Kernels with increasing $\eta$ parameters 
The percent errors (relative to the transport solution) for the scalar flux obtained with the LO equation and with the standard FP equation at the center of the slab are shown in \cref{momcomp} 
It can be seen that the percent relative errors in the scalar flux of the FP solution is orders of magnitude larger than the error produced using the LO equation 
The same trend can be seen when using the exponential and Henyey-Greenstein kernels  

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0 15,angle=0]{relerrorlog jpg}
  \caption{Log Scale of $\%$ Relative Error vs $\eta$ for Problem 1 at the Center of the Slab with SRK}
  \label{momcomp}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{EK: Exponential Kernel}

The exponential kernel \cite{pomraning2, JapanFPSA} is a fictitious kernel made for problems that have a valid Fokker-Planck limit \cite{pomraning1} 
The zero$^{\text{th}}$ moment, $\sigma^{EK}_{s,0}$, is chosen arbitrarily; we define $\sigma^{EK}_{s,0}$ as the same zero$^{\text{th}}$ moment from the SRK 
The $\Delta$ parameter determines the kernel: the first and second moments are given by 
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\sigma^{EK}_{s,1} &= \sigma^{EK}_{s,0} (1-\Delta),\\
\sigma^{EK}_{s,2} &= \sigma^{EK}_{s,0} (1-3\Delta+3\Delta^2),
\end{align}
and the relationship for $l\geq 3$ is
\begin{equation}
\sigma^{EK}_{s,l} = \sigma^{EK}_{s,l-2} - \Delta(2l+1) \sigma^{EK}_{s,l-1} 
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}
As $\Delta$ is reduced, the scattering kernel becomes more forward-peaked 

The EK has a valid FP limit as $\Delta$ approaches 0 \cite{patelFBR} 
Three different values of $\Delta$ were used to generate the scattering kernels shown in \cref{EXP} 
The generated scattering kernels are shown in \cref{EXP} 
GMRES, DSA, FPSA, and NFPA all converged to the same solution for problems 1 and 2 
\Cref{EK_plots} shows the solutions for EK with $\Delta = 10^{-7}$ 
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0 1,angle=0]{EXP jpg}
  \caption{Exponential Kernels}
  \label{EXP}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \subfloat[Problem 1]{{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{dta7_iso jpg} }}
    \qquad
    \subfloat[Problem 2]{{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{dta7_beam jpg} }}
    \caption{Results for EK Problems with $\Delta = 10^{-7}$}
    \label{EK_plots}
\end{figure}

The runtimes and iterations for GMRES, DSA, FPSA, and NFPA are shown in \cref{Expresults1,Expresults2} 
We see a similar trend with the EK as seen with SRK 
Smaller $\Delta$ values lead to a reduction in runtime and iterations for NFPA and FPSA, which greatly outperform DSA and GMRES in both categories 

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0 8}{
\begin{tabular}{c || c || c || c} \hline 
Parameter & Solver & Runtime (s) & Iterations \\ \hline \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{$\Delta = 10^{-5}$} & GMRES & 196 & 142 \\
& DSA & 3110 & 70140 \\
& FPSA & 0 514 & 11 \\ 
& NFPA & 0 630 & 11 \\\hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\Delta = 10^{-6}$} & GMRES & 156 & 132 \\
& DSA & 3120 & 70758 \\
& FPSA & 0 388 & 7 \\ 
& NFPA & 0 393 & 7 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\Delta = 10^{-7}$} & GMRES & 81 & 127 \\
& DSA & 3120 & 70851  \\
& FPSA & 0 292 & 6 \\ 
& NFPA & 0 318 & 6 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}
\caption{Runtime and Iteration Counts for Problem 1 with EK}
\label{Expresults1} 
\end{table}
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0 8}{
\begin{tabular}{c || c || c || c} \hline 
Parameter & Solver & Runtime (s) & Iterations \\ \hline \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{$\Delta = 10^{-5}$} & GMRES & 110 & 73 \\
& DSA & 1455 & 33033 \\
& FPSA & 0 492 & 10 \\ 
& NFPA & 0 613 & 10 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\Delta = 10^{-6}$} & GMRES & 82 7 & 79 \\
& DSA & 1470 & 33309 \\
& FPSA & 0 358 & 7 \\ 
& NFPA & 0 431 & 7 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$\Delta = 10^{-7}$} & GMRES & 56 8 & 90 \\
& DSA & 1470 & 33339 \\
& FPSA & 0 273 & 5 \\ 
& NFPA & 0 319 & 5 \\ \hline  
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}
\caption{Runtime and Iteration Counts for Problem 2 with EK}
\label{Expresults2} 
\end{table}

\subsubsection{HGK: Henyey-Greenstein Kernel}

The Henyey-Greenstein Kernel \cite{HGK,JapanFPSA} is most commonly used in light transport in clouds 
It relies on the anisotropy factor $g$, such that
\begin{equation}
\sigma^{HGK}_{s,l} = \sigma_s g^l 
\end{equation}
As $g$ goes from zero to unity, the scattering shifts from isotropic to highly anisotropic 
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[scale=0 1,angle=0]{HGK jpg}
  \caption{Henyey-Greenstein Kernels}
  \label{HGK}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[H]
    \centering
    \subfloat[Problem 1]{{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{g099_iso jpg} }}
    \qquad
    \subfloat[Problem 2]{{\includegraphics[width=7cm]{g099_beam jpg} }}
    \caption{Results for HGK Problems with $g = 0 99$}
    \label{HGK_plots}
\end{figure}


The HGK does not have a valid FP limit \cite{patelFBR} 
The three kernels tested are shown in \cref{HGK} 
GMRES, DSA, FPSA, and NFPA all converged to the same solution for problems 1 and 2 
\Cref{HGK_plots} shows the solutions for HGK with $g = 0 99$ 
The results of each solver are shown in \cref{HGKresults1,HGKresults2}  
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0 8}{
\begin{tabular}{c || c || c || c} \hline 
Parameter & Solver & Runtime (s) & Iterations \\ \hline \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{$g=0 9$} & GMRES & 9 88 & 76 \\
& DSA & 24 5 & 554 \\
& FPSA & 1 50 & 32 \\ 
& NFPA & 1 39 & 27 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$g=0 95$} & GMRES & 12 2 & 131 \\
& DSA & 47 7 & 1083 \\
& FPSA & 1 75 & 38 \\ 
& NFPA & 1 83 & 35 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$g=0 99$} & GMRES & 40 0 & 27 \\
& DSA & 243 & 5530  \\
& FPSA & 3 38 & 74 \\ 
& NFPA & 3 93 & 73 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}
\caption{Runtime and Iteration Counts for Problem 1 with HGK}
\label{HGKresults1} 
\end{table}
\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\scalebox{0 8}{
\begin{tabular}{c || c || c || c} \hline 
Parameter & Solver & Runtime (s) & Iterations \\ \hline \hline
\multirow{4}{*}{$g=0 9$} & GMRES & 24 3 & 135 \\
& DSA & 14 8 & 336  \\
& FPSA & 1 15 & 23 \\ 
& NFPA & 1 35 & 24 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$g=0 95$} & GMRES & 31 3 & 107 \\
& DSA & 29 7 & 675 \\
& FPSA & 1 56 & 32 \\ 
& NFPA & 1 90 & 33 \\ \hline 
\multirow{4}{*}{$g=0 99$} & GMRES & 41 4 & 126 \\
& DSA & 146 & 3345 \\
& FPSA & 3 31 & 67 \\ 
& NFPA & 3 99 & 67 \\ \hline  
\end{tabular}}
\end{center}
\caption{Runtime and Iteration Counts for Problem 2 with HGK}
\label{HGKresults2} 
\end{table}

Here we see that NFPA and FPSA do not perform as well compared to their results for the SRK and EK 
Contrary to what happened in those cases, both solvers require more time and iterations as the problem becomes more anisotropic 
This is somewhat expected, due to HGK not having a valid Fokker-Planck limit 
However, both NFPA and FPSA continue to greatly outperform GMRES and DSA 
Moreover, NFPA outperforms FPSA in iteration count for problem 1 


\section{Discussion}\label{sec4}

This paper introduced the Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Acceleration technique for steady-state, monoenergetic transport in homogeneous slab geometry 
To our knowledge, this is the first nonlinear HOLO method that accelerates \textit{all $L$ moments} of the angular flux 
Upon convergence, the LO and HO models are consistent; in other words, the (lower-order) modified Fokker-Planck equation \textit{preserves the same angular moments} of the flux obtained with the (higher-order) transport equation 

NFPA was tested on a homogeneous medium with an isotropic internal source with vacuum boundaries, and in a homogeneous medium with no internal source and an incoming beam boundary 
For both problems, three different scattering kernels were used 
The runtime and iterations of NFPA and FPSA were shown to be similar 
They both vastly outperformed DSA and GMRES for all cases by orders of magnitude 
However, NFPA has the feature of preserving the angular moments of the flux in both the HO and LO equations, which offers the advantage of integrating the LO model into multiphysics models  

In the future, we intend to test NFPA capabilities for a variety of multiphysics problems and analyze its performance 
To apply NFPA to more realistic problems, it needs to be extended to include time and energy dependence  
Additionally, the method needs to be adapted to address geometries with higher-order spatial dimensions 
Finally, for the NFPA method to become mathematically ``complete", a full convergence examination using Fourier analysis must be performed 
However, this is beyond the scope of this paper and must be left for future work 

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The authors acknowledge support under award number NRC-HQ-84-15-G-0024 from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission 
The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the U S  Nuclear Regulatory Commission 

J ~K  Patel would like to thank Dr ~James Warsa for his wonderful transport class at UNM, as well as his synthetic acceleration codes 
The authors would also like to thank Dr ~Anil Prinja for discussions involving Fokker-Planck acceleration 







ground_truth: NFPA and FPSA greatly outperform GMRES and DSA.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many underclassmen are on the NBA Draft Early-Entry List?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 2: The Official 2006 NBA Draft Early-Entry List  30 International Players, 62 underclassmen and one lone 5th year high school player make up this year's list, for a total of 93 early-entrants  Extensive commentary and early draft status projections are included   For comparison, in 2005, 108 players declared (61 NCAA, 12 high school, 35 internationals), up from 94 in 2004, and 73 in 2003 
There were no major surprises on the early-entry list, besides a few mid-major, Division II and NAIA players that decided to enter, as well as 5th year high school player Clarence Holloway  Amongst the International players, Hrvoje Peric, Renaldas Seibutis, and Kyrylo Fesenko are considered mild surprises who could end up cracking the 2nd round  NCAA Lottery prospects Joakim Noah, Al Horford, Corey Brewer, Josh McRoberts, Brandon Rush and Tyler Hansbrough decided to sit this one out as expected, as did Marco Belinelli, Uros Tripkovic and Goran Dragic on the international front 
Akbar Abdul-Ahad 6-0, PG, Idaho State Junior No Undrafted Averaged under 6 points in 20 minutes per game playing in the Big Sky  Being the first player on the NBA Draft Early-Entry list will likely go down as the highlight of his basketball career 
Arron Afflalo, 6-5, SG, UCLA Sophomore No Undrafted Afflalo initially told the LA media hes returning to school, but after a deep run in the NCAA tournament-- more in spite of his play than because of it--Afflalo will be testing the waters  Afflalo has very average size, athleticism, perimeter shooting and ball-handling skills  Hes clearly receiving bad advice on where his stock lies 
LaMarcus Aldridge, 6-11, PF/C, Texas Sophomore Yes Top 5 pick Aldridge made his announcement official to enter the draft some weeks ago  He will hire an agent soon (Arn Tellem?) and is considered a lock for the top 5 and a strong candidate for #1 overall 
Morris Almond, 6-6, SG, Rice Junior No ??? Almond announced hell be entering the draft, without an agent  He might be the best scorer in the NCAA youve never heard about  His stats are terrific, despite being the sole focal point of opposing defenses, and hes capable of scoring in a variety of ways, particularly with his jumper  Hes hoping for an invite to Orlando 
Renaldo Balkman, 6-8, PF, South Carolina Junior No Undrafted After winning the NIT MVP award, Balkman has decided to see where he stands in the eyes of the NBA by testing the waters  Hes likely to find them downright freezing, as hes a skinny and undersized power forward with little to no skills who came off the bench for a very average team 
Larry Blair,6-1, SG, Liberty Junior No Undrafted The 22 point per game scorer Blair is attempting to get some exposure for himself by testing the waters 
Will Blalock, Iowa State, 5-11, PG, Junior No Second round pick? Declared for the draft together with Curtis_Stinson after Iowa States coach was fired  Size is a big question mark  Will likely hope to attend the pre-draft camp in Orlando and try to show scouts hes a 1st rounder  Likely returns for his senior year 
Jahsha Bluntt, 6-6, SG, Deleware State Junior No Undrafted Puts up fairly average numbers (14 6 ppg, 41% FG) in one of the worst conferences in America  Looking for exposure at the Orlando pre-draft camp but its highly unlikely to receive it 
Josh Boone, 6-10, PF/C, UConn Junior No First round pick? Boone announced hell be entering the draft without an agent  An up and down season has left his stock in the air, and will likely force him to prove himself at the Orlando pre-draft camp  Would greatly benefit from a productive senior season as an offensive focal point now that UConn has lost almost all of its firepower from last year 
Ronnie Brewer, 6-6, PG/SG, Arkansas Junior No Lottery pick? After initially wavering a bit on his decision, Brewer announced hell be entering the draft without an agent in a press conference  Brewer is considered a likely late lottery pick to mid-first rounder pick, as his physical attributes and array of versatile skills on both ends of the floor are highly sought after 
Bobby Brown, 6-1, PG, Cal-State Fullerton Junior No First round pick? DraftExpress exclusively reported that Brown will be testing the waters  Still considered a bit of a sleeper because of the school he plays for, he will not be hiring an agent at this point  Some scouts are very high on his quickness and perimeter shooting ability and feel he will help his stock tremendously in private workouts 
Shannon Brown, 6-4, SG, Michigan State Junior No First round pick? As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Brown will be testing the waters  He will likely conduct a number of workouts and attend the Orlando pre-draft camp to attempt and gauge where his stock lies  Scouts compare him to Celtic guard Tony Allen, but with a better attitude  Hes a very borderline first rounder in a draft that is stacked with shooting guards 
Derek Burditt, 6-7, SG, Blinn Junior College Sophomore No Undrafted Unknown Junior College prospect  Not ranked as one of the top 25 JUCO players in the country, averaged around 17 points per game  Not burning his draft card as hes not yet an NCAA player, so really doesnt have much to lose, or gain 
Leroy Dawson, 6-2, SG, Emporia State Junior No Undrafted Anonymous Division II player from the MIAA conference  2nd team all conference, averaged 20 points per game  Like MANY on this list, only declaring because he can and has nothing to lose 
Travis DeGroot, 6-4, SG, Delta State Junior No Undrafted Plays in a strong Division II conference, but is at best only the 3rd best prospect on his own team after Jasper Johnson and Jeremy Richardson, and is therefore not a prospect at all 
Guillermo Diaz, 6-2, PG/SG, Miami Junior Yes First round pick? As reported by DraftExpress all year long, Diaz decided to forgo his senior year of college by hiring an agent, Miami based Jason Levien  One of the top athletes and shooters in the draft, which makes for an intriguing combination 
Cem Dinc, 6-10, SF/PF, Indiana Freshman No Undrafted As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Dinc will be testing the waters  The coach that recruited him and then never played him, Mike Davis, resigned, so it would not shock anyone to see Dinc return to play in Europe and become automatically eligible next year after pulling out of this years draft 
Quincy Douby, 6-3, PG/SG, Rutgers Junior No First round pick As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Douby sent out his paperwork to enter the draft  NBA scouts are all over the board on him, with some saying they consider him a 2nd round pick and others saying they would not be surprised if he ended up in the lottery  Terrific shooter and shot creator, averaged 28 ppg in the Big East conference  A real sleeper who will likely play in Orlando 
Mike Efevberha, 6-5, SG, Cal State Northridge Junior ??? Undrafted Ramona Shelburne of the LA Daily News reported that Efevberha will be testing the waters  Efevberha was the leading scorer in the country until he had a falling out with his coach and saw his playing time reduced significantly  Hell likely be looking for an invite to the Orlando pre-draft camp, and does not appear to be likely to head back to school 
Carl Elliot, 6-4, PG, George Washington Junior No Undrafted Elliot is using his use it or lose it draft card as a junior to get some exposure for himself through workouts and try to figure out where he stands in the eyes of the NBA  Elliot has excellent size for the PG position, but is still lacking plenty of all-around polish  His senior year will be essential to his development as a player  Reportedly has a family to support, which makes his decision tough considering how old he is already, despite only being a junior 
Jordan Farmar, 6-2, PG, UCLA Sophomore No First round pick? Farmar was the engine that led his team to the Finals of the NCAA tournament, and the only player that showed up once they got there  He is one of the top playmakers in the country, a Steve Nash type point guard, but his average athleticism, defense and outside shooting means hes only a bubble first-rounder  DraftExpress has been on his bandwagon since day one at UCLA, but is the NBA on it too?
Nick Fazekas, 6-11, PF, Nevada Junior No First round pick? Fazekas announced hell be entering the draft without an agent and will likely return to Nevada if it looks like hes not going to be a first round pick  If hes not a first rounder this year, its hard to imagine him ever being one since there isnt much left for him to accomplish individually in the NCAA  An interesting candidate for the pre-draft camp in Orlando 
Thomas Gardner, 6-5, SG, Missouri Junior No Second round pick? The St  Louis Post Dispatch reported that Gardner will enter the draft  Firing of underachieving Missouri coach Quin Snyder appeared to be the straw the broke the camels back  Gardner will have to hope to get invited to Orlando, but moving into the first round appears unlikely without an incredible performance there 
Rudy Gay, 6-8, SF, UConn Sophomore Yes Top 10 pick Gay announced hes leaving UConn at a press conference on campus, with Coach Calhoun by his side  He will hire an agent eventually  Size, length, incredible talent and athleticism means he might have the most upside of any player in this draft  Does he have the fire to capitalize on it though?
Reggie George, 6-10, PF, Robert Morris Chicago (NAIA) Junior No Undrafted Transfer from Iowa State had a nice season in the NAIA and is looking to capitalize on it by gaining some exposure for himself 
Daniel Gibson, 6-2, PG/SG, Texas Sophomore ??? Second round pick As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Gibson will be entering the draft  There appears to be a conflict between Gibson and Texas regarding what his role will be next year, specifically whether or not hell be playing the point, meaning its unclear whether or not hell be returning  Gibson will likely go to Orlando to help him decide what his next step is  Showing off some PG skills will be essential there 
Aaron Gray, 7-0, Center, Pitt Junior No First round pick? After a disappointing end to his season, being outplayed by Patrick OBryant in the NCAA tournament, Gray has put that behind him and entered his name in the draft without an agent  Hes yet another underclassmen with huge questions marks about his pro potential that will likely have to go to the Orlando pre-draft camp to show he is worthy of a first round pick  Made some great strides this year, but still has a ways to go, especially conditioning-wise 
LeShawn Hammett 6-0, PG, St  Francis Junior No Undrafted Undersized combo guard played only 7 minutes in the mighty Northeast Conference before being suspended indefinitely for conduct detrimental to team  The NBA is clearly the only goal left for him to achieve 
Brandon Heath, 6-3, PG/SG, San Diego State Junior No Second round pick? Streaky shooting combo guard Heath announced the he will test the NBA draft process this summer, and is hoping for an invite to the Orlando pre-draft camp  MWC player of the year; has a lot of wrinkles to his game that need to be ironed out before he can legitimately think about the NBA 
Tedric Hill, 6-10, PF, Gulf Coast Community College Sophomore Yes Undrafted Ineligible to return to school after flunking out of college once again  Has bounced around over the past few years, and received some early hype from wannabe draftniks such as Gregg Doyel (CBS-Sportsline) and Sam Smith (Chicago Tribune) who compare him to Kevin Garnett  Very athletic we're told, but has absolutely no idea how to play the game  Has no chance of being drafted without an amazing showing at the Orlando pre-draft camp 
Clarence Holloway 7-0, Center, IMG Academy (Prep School) 5th year High School No Undrafted Lone high school player in this years age-limit depleted draft  Former Louisville commit never got eligible for college and was always considered too slow and heavy to make much of an impact anyway  Reportedly lost weight and improved his grades this past year at IMG and is currently being recruited by UConn, Kansas State and Oklahoma, amongst others 
Ekene Ibekwe, 6-9, PF, Maryland Junior No Undrafted Sources told DraftExpress exclusively that Ibekwe will be testing the waters  Likely only making this move because he can, as his chances of being drafted are very low  Athletic and long, but still lacking any type of polish 
Donald Jeffers, 6-8, PF, Roxbury Community College Sophomore No Undrafted Anonymous junior college player 
Alexander Johnson, 6-9, PF, Florida State Junior Yes First round pick? Sources told DraftExpress, that Johnson will be hiring an agent, mainly because he is already 23 years old  Hes considered intriguing because of his strength, raw offensive tools and freakish athleticism at the 4 position, and could work his way into the 1st round with strong workouts 
David Johnson, 6-7, PF, Clinton Junior College Sophomore No Undrafted 6-7 JUCO power forward who averaged 2 points and 3 rebounds per game 
Trey Johnson, 6-5, SG, Jackson State Junior No Undrafted Small school prolific scorer and one of the most accurate perimeter shooters in the country will attempt to draw some more attention to himself by testing the waters this summer  Johnson is hoping for a chance to prove himself in the Orlando pre-draft camp in June 
Coby Karl, 6-4, PG/SG, Boise State Junior No Undrafted Son of Denver Nuggets head Coach George Karl put up nice numbers (17 ppg, 5 rebs, 4 assists, 39 5% 3P) in the underrated WAC conference  Had surgery in March to remove a cancerous lump from his thyroid 
Mark Konecny, 6-10, Center, Lambuth (NAIA) Junior No Undrafted Transfer from Syracuse with mediocre production is looking for any type of exposure he can get before he graduates next season 
Kyle Lowry, 6-1, PG, Villanova Sophomore No First round pick NCAA tournament performance showed that he definitely needs another year, but regardless, Lowry is in  For now its without an agent  Considering the lack of quality point guard prospects in this draft, Lowry is likely a first round pick  Says he will attend the Orlando pre-draft camp if invited 
Aleks Maric, 6-11, Center, Nebraska Sophomore No Undrafted As exclusively reported by DraftExpress, Maric will be testing the waters  What may have played a role in this is the fact that the assistant coach that recruited him at Nebraska, Scott Spinelli, just moved on to Wichita State  Maric is considered a very average athlete who is still very raw and is therefore likely to go undrafted should he decide to stay in  Thanks to his Croatian passport, there is money waiting for him overseas if he chooses to take it 
Japhet McNeil, 5-10, PG, East Carolina Junior No Undrafted Severely undersized PG averaged 4 points and 5 6 assists in watered down Conference USA 
Paul Millsap, 6-8, PF, Louisiana Tech Junior Yes First round pick? As expected, Millsap has declared his intentions to enter the NBA draft, and according to sources hired an agent as well  Millsap has likely achieved just about everything he can in college at this point, and will land somewhere in the 20-40 part of the draft depending on workouts and measurements 
Matt Mitchell, 6-0, PG, Southern University-New Orleans Junior No Undrafted Anonymous NAIA player 
Adam Morrison, 6-8, SF, Gonzaga Junior Yes Top 5 pick As DraftExpress exclusively reported that Morrison will be declaring for the draft and hiring Chicago based agent Mark Bartelstein  Morrison, the top scorer in college basketball, is expected to be a top 5 pick and potentially the #1 pick overall  Questions linger about his athleticism and defense, but no one questions his passion, talent or feel for the game 
Patrick O'Bryant, 7-0, Center, Bradley Sophomore Likely First round pick NBA sources in Portsmouth told DraftExpress exclusively that OBryant will be testing the waters without an agent, but is likely to go all the way once he hears that hes a lock for the 1st round  His steady improvement, strong sophomore season, outstanding NCAA tournament and considerable upside means hes probably gone  O'Bryant since confirmed both DraftExpresss reports, particularly the one about hiring an agent in the Tri-State area (Andy Miller) should he decide to go all the way 
Evan Patterson, 6-7, SF, Texas Wesleyan Junior No Undrafted Mediocre numbers (11 ppg, 2 rebs) in a mediocre Southland conference 
Danilo Pinnock, 6-5, SG, George Washington Junior No Undrafted The extremely athletic Pinnock has told GWs student paper hell be testing the waters  Pinnock will attempt to capitalize on his teams success this year by potentially attending the NBA pre-draft camp in Orlando  Pinnock will have to show better ball-handling and perimeter shooting ability than he did during the regular season 
Leon Powe, 6-7, PF, Cal Sophomore No Second round pick Powe announced hell be testing the waters in a statement released by Cal  Where he ends up being projected depends heavily on how his knee checks out  Powe is already considered a serious tweener by NBA scouts, and had a hard time this season gaining back much of the explosiveness he had earlier in his career  Could realistically go undrafted should he decide to stay in 
Richard Roby, 6-5, SG, Colorado Sophomore Likely Second round pick As first indicated by DraftExpress Roby has decided to test the waters  Disappeared against any major competition he went up against, particularly towards the end of the season  Roby will likely have to put on weight in the next few months and show off his perimeter stroke in the Orlando pre-draft camp  Sources tell us that he is on the verge of making a huge mistake by hiring an agent 
Rajon Rondo, 6-2, PG, Kentucky Sophomore Yes First round pick As expected, Rondo has decided to enter the NBA draft, and has also hired an agent, Bill Duffy  Despite an inconsistent sophomore season, most scouts weve spoken to still had him as at least the #2 point guard on their board because of his intriguing upside  Workouts will be huge for him 
Blake Schilb, 6-7, SG/SF, Loyola Chicago Junior No Undrafted Declared his intentions to enter the draft, without an agent, and is hoping for an invite to Orlando  Schlib is sorely lacking in the quickness and explosiveness departments that scouts demand from swingman prospects, but he makes up for it with his skill set to a certain extent  Regardless, sources tell us he wont be invited to Orlando, meaning he has to go back to school 
Mustafa Shakur, 6-4, PG, Arizona Junior No Second round pick? According to the Arizona Star, Shakur will likely enter his name in the draft, without an agent  Lute Olson confirmed it, saying he is not concerned about it  Shakur is hoping for an Orlando invite to show what he thinks he couldnt at Point Guard U 
Cedric Simmons, 6-9, PF/C, NC State Sophomore No First round pick? Simmons is reportedly "exploring his options," in regards to the 2006 NBA draft, but will do so without an agent  Nice size, frame, length, athleticism and defensive skills make him a very intriguing prospect 
Marcus Slaughter, 6-8, PF, San Diego State Junior Yes Second round pick? After burning his lone draft card a year early last June, despite being considered a marginal prospect, Slaughter has announced that he will be hiring agent Dan Fegan and forfeiting his remaining college eligibility  Slaughters father thinks that There was nothing else for Marcus to do at San Diego State  Many would disagree with that 
Curtis Stinson, 6-3, PG/SG, Iowa State Junior Yes Second round pick After swearing up and down last month that he has no intention on entering the draft, Stinson did just that  His coach Wayne Morgan, who he was very close to, was fired, resulting in him hiring agent Kevin Bradbury  The 23 year old combo guard will have to go to the Orlando pre-draft camp and impress if he wants to come close to being a 1st rounder 
Tyrus Thomas, 6-9, PF, LSU Freshman Yes Top 5 pick As DraftExpress exclusively reported Thomas called a press conference to announce his intentions to enter the 2006 NBA draft, as well as hire agents Brian Elfus and Mike Siegel  SEC Freshman of the year could be the most athletic player in the draft, as well as the player with the most overall upside 
PJ Tucker, 6-5, SF, Texas Junior No Second round pick As reported all year long by DraftExpress, Tucker will be entering the draft without an agent  Considering that hes a 6-5 combo forward with tremendous skills, his stock widely fluctuates depending on who is being asked  Phenomenal basketball player, but is severely lacking in 2-3 inches of height  Will likely need a strong showing at the Orlando pre-draft camp to have a legitimate shot at the 1st round  Some scouts compare him to Bonzi Wells 
Junior No Undrafted Undersized Division II post player has no chance of being drafted despite 20+8 averages 
Ian Vouyoukas, 6-10, Center, St  Louis Junior ??? Undrafted Vouyoukas declared his intentions to enter the draft, supposedly without an agent  Sources in Europe tell us he is likely to return to Greece to take a large contract offer from a first division team once he realizes he has no chance of being drafted  Vouyoukas is a nice mid-major big man who has improved somewhat in his junior season, but does not possess the necessary combination of athleticism and size required of an NBA center 
Darius Washington, 6-2, PG, Memphis Sophomore Likely First round pick? DraftExpress exclusively reported that Washington will be in the draft  It appears that hell be hiring an agent as well, despite not being anywhere near a lock for the first round 
Albert Weber, 6-3, SG, Connors State Sophomore No Undrafted Transfer from Alabama led his conference in scoring and is considered one of the top Junior College players in the country  Not officialy an NCAA player yet, and has not committed to any school yet, so really doesn't stand much to lose (or gain) from this move 
Marcus Williams, 6-3, PG, UConn Junior Yes Late Lottery-Mid-First As expected, Williams is expected to announce that hes hired Calvin Andrews of BDA Sports Management as his agent at a press conference next week  A strong junior season and outstanding NCAA tournament, establishing himself as one of the purest playmakers in the nation, means hes likely one of the first PGs taken 
Andriy Agafonov, 6-8, PF, Khimik 1986 Ukraine Undrafted Ukrainian power forward played 15 minutes and scored 6 points with 4 4 rebounds per game playing for FIBA EuroCup participants, and is declaring in hopes of getting his name out as he has one more draft card to burn after this before becoming automatically eligible 
Nemanja Aleksandrov, 7-0, SF/PF, KK Reflex 1987 Serbia & Montenegro ??? American agent has been telling us all year that hes likely to enter  Still hasnt played a game this year after taking slow recovery process from torn ACL  Once regarded as a prodigy and potential #1 overall pick, but injuries mean he hasnt played in nearly two years and is now considered damaged goods  Might just look for an attractive team to guarantee him in the 2nd round and develop him in the NBDL 
Pape-Philippe Amagou, 6-1, PG, Le Mans 1985 France ??? Amagous American agent has informed us that he will enter the NBA Draft this year, and participate in the Reebok Eurocamp in Treviso  Shares playmaking duties and spotlight with fellow early-entrant Yannick Bokolo 
Andrea Bargnani, 7-0, PF, Benetton Treviso 1985 Italy Top 5 pick Bargnani's Italian agent Stefano Meller told DraftExpress in Portsmouth that the Italian star power forward will definitely be entering the NBA draft  Bargnani is in the process of hiring an American agent and the only question is how long will it take for him to make it over to the US after Benetton finishes up in the Italian playoffs, which could last as far as mid-June  He is expected to be a top 5 pick with a shot at going #1 depending on how the lottery plays out  Considered a phenomenal talent thanks to his excellent size, perimeter skills and athleticism relative to height 
Yannick Bokolo, 6-3, PG/SG, Le Mans 1985 France ??? Terrific athlete who is still making the transition to playing the point full time 
Carlos Cedeno, 6-5, SG, Guaiqueries 1985 Venezuela Undrafted Relatively unknown Venezuelan player  Has some international experience at the junior levels 
Tadija Dragicevic, 6-8, PF, Red Star Belgrade 1986 Serbia & Montenegro Undrafted Undersized power forward barely played in the Adriatic League this past season 
Lior Eliyahu, 6-9, SF/PF, Galil Elyon 1985 Israel Second round pick? Prolific and athletic Israeli combo forward will be entering the NBA draft this year looking for certain guarantees from an NBA team in the 1st or 2nd round  Eliyahu is still in the Israeli army and will stay overseas for another year regardless of what happens  He'll be represented by the American agency Entersport in the United States  A midseason injury set him back from being the top Israeli player in the league despite his youth 
Rudy Fernández, 6-5, SG, DKV Joventut 1985 Spain First round pick? Has some minor buyout issues to deal with to make sure he can stay in the draft  Excellent season in Spain has him projected as a pretty solid first round pick  Improved outside shooting, and still the same excellent athlete, passer, defender and all-around player hes always been  Still very skinny too 
Kyrylo Fesenko, 6-11, PF, Azovmash 1986 Ukraine Second Round Pick More to come 
Rafael Hettsheimeir, 6-9, Center, Akasvayu Girona 1986 Brazil Undrafted Undersized Brazilian center did not overly impress at the Nike Hoop Summit, showing that he will likely lack mobility until he takes off some weight 
Marko Lekic, 6-11, PF, Atlas 1985 Serbia & Montenegro ??? American agent Marc Cornstein, Lekic told us hell be putting his name in the draft this year once again  Still a bit of an unknown, numbers are fairly average in the Serbian YUBA league 
Damir Markota, 6-11, SF/PF, Cibona Zagreb 1985 Croatia Second round pick American agent Marc Cornstein told us Markota will definitely be putting his name in the draft once again  He had a breakout season in the Euroleague and Adriatic league before a groin injury slowed him down and eventually forced him to have minor surgery  Likely wont be able to come to the States until very late in the process  Does not have a buyout 
Mickael Mokongo, 5-11, PG, Chalon 1986 France ??? DraftExpress was exclusively informed hell be in the draft  Considered a talented athlete, but lack of size and the fact that he missed a large chunk of the season due to injury means his draft stock is very much up in the air still 
Brad Newley, 6-6, SG, 1985 Australia Second round pick Newely has told the Australian media that hes entering the draft  Hired Philadelphia based agent Leon Rose  Scouts who saw him play in Argentina last summer like his athleticism  Desperately lacking exposure, but agent appears to be unwilling to provide him with it 
Oleksiy Pecherov, 6-11, PF, Racing Basket 1985 Ukraine Second round pick DraftExpress received indication that Pecherov will be entering his name in the draft after a nice 2nd half regular season in France  Pecherov has his draft card in hand one year before he becomes automatically eligible, meaning he has nothing to lose  Has some nice skills facing the basket, but is still very soft and underdeveloped 
Hrvoje Peric, 6-8, SF, KK Split 1985 Croatia Second round pick? Good athlete who is still coming into his own as a basketball player  Did not play in the Adriatic League this season  Definitely needs at least another year in Europe, but could use the exposure that declaring for the draft provides 
Kosta Perovic, 7-2, Center, Partizan 1985 Serbia & Montenegro Undrafted? DraftExpress has been told that Partizan needs Perovic to be drafted this year to relieve them of his 500,000$ salary next year as well as help them financially with buyout money for their budget  Unfortunately this is happening about 3 years too late as weve seen little to no improvement from Perovic over that span 
Georgios Printezis, 6-9, PF, Olympiakos 1985 Greece Undrafted Greek power forward played 9 minutes and scored 4 points per game playing for a Euroleague team, and is declaring in hopes of getting his name out before he becomes automatically eligible next year 
Milovan Rakovic, 6-10, PF, Atlas 1985 Serbia & Montenegro ??? American agent Marc Cornstein told us Rakovic will be putting his name in the draft  Still an unknown player, puts up nice numbers on occasion in the fairly weak Serbian YUBA league 
Alexandr Rindin, 7-5, Center, Gala Baku 1985 Azerbaijan Undrafted Huge body, complete unknown  5 points, 5 rebounds per game in FIBA Europe Cup 
Sergio Rodríguez, 6-3, PG, Estudiantes 1986 Spain First round pick Rodríguezs agent in the States told DraftExpress exclusively hell be in the draft, likely for good if he gets a commitment in the 1st round  A disappointing start to his season both in Spain and the ULEB cup made this European prodigy point guard fall on most teams draft boards, but Rodríguez picked things up substantially towards the end of the year and is now playing terrific basketball  Weak NCAA PG crop could put him in the lottery with good workouts 
Dusan Sakota, 6-10, SF/PF, Panathinaikos 1986 Greece Undrafted Fairly unathletic perimeter oriented big man was in the draft last year already  Plays for one of the best teams in Europe and rarely sees the floor for meaningful minutes 
Renaldas Seibutis 6-5, SG, Olympiakos 1985 Lithuania Undrafted One of the most productive players in Europe in his age group considering the level he plays at  Important cog on an excellent team, but lacks athleticism and isnt as good of a shooter as you would hope at this point in his career 
Saer Sene, 7-0, Center, Pepinster 1986? Senegal First round pick? Freakishly long and athletic African prospect who played extremely well at the Nike Hoop Summit  Many question his age and lack of productivity in the very average Belgian league A player teams will want to look at closely 
Sidiki Sidibe, 7-1, Center, Levallois 1985 France ??? 7-1, 265 pound volleyball player and former Kansas State commit will be in this years draft according to his American agent  Too raw to get any playing time whatsoever in French 2nd division 
Tiago Splitter, 7-0, PF/C, Tau Vitoria 1985 Brazil Lottery pick Splitters American agent Herb Rudoy told DraftExpress exclusively hes entering the draft Splitter is having a terrific season in both the ACB Spanish League and the Euroleague, but lack of buyout in his contract means he might not be able to stay in  CBA rules allow him to withdraw and become automatically eligible next season  Tau Vitorias president was quoted saying Splitter will be back in Spain next season 
Sun Yue, 6-9, PG/SF, Aoshen 1985 China Second round pick? Super talented tall point guard with decent athleticism and nice defensive skills  Lacks strength and outside shooting ability  Level of competition is mediocre in American semi-pro ABA league, which makes him an intriguing candidate for Orlando pre-draft camp 
Ali Traore, 6-9, PF, Roanne 1985 France ??? Puts up nice numbers in France  Will participate at the Reebok Eurocamp in Treviso 
Ejike Ugboaja, 6-8, PF, Union Bank Lagos 1985 Nigeria Undrafted Plays for Nigerian National Team 
Goran Dragic, 6-4, PG, Geoplin Slovan 1986 Agent initially notified us that Dragic will be entering the draft, but in the end decided to keep him out  His buyout was always a question mark 
Leigh Enobakhare, 6-10, Center, Oostende 1986 Agent Ugo Udezue from BDA Sports Management told us that Enobakhare will be entering the draft  In the end he must have heard that he is not considered a prospect at all, and decided to keep him out of the draft 
Cartier Martin, 6-8, SF/PF, Kansas State Junior Martin pondered entering his name in the draft, especially after the firing of Kansas State coach Jim Wooldridge 
Nick Young, 6-6, SG, USC Sophomore Young told the LA Daily News in February that hes staying at USC for another year 
D J  Strawberry, 6-5, SG/SF, Maryland Junior Strawberry initially intended to test the waters, but eventually ended up not doing so once he found out that his chances of being drafted are almost non-existent 
Al Thornton, 6-7, SF/PF, Florida State Sophomore Implied earlier on in the year that he might put his name in, but sources recently told us it appears that he will return for his senior year  Tallahassee media backs this up 
Marcus Williams (AZ), 6-8, SG/SF, Arizona Freshman After initially appearing to be gone after numerous definitive reports, Williams surprised everyone and thrilled Arizona fans by announcing in a press conference hell be returning for his sophomore year 
Josh McRoberts, 6-11, PF, Duke Freshman After being upset by LSU in the Sweet Sixteen, McRoberts was quoted saying Ill be at Duke next year   Duke issued a press release a month later confirming this 
Yi Jianlian, 7-0, PF, Guangdong 1987? International Jianlian announced in a press conference that hell be staying in China  A CBA official was also quoted on this matter, sounding as if they were the main factor for him staying put 
Acie Law, 6-3, PG, Texas A&M Junior After a fantastic showing in the NCAA tournament, Law helped his NBA draft stock considerably but will return for his senior year where A&M is expected to make a run at possibly winning the Big 12 
Joakim Noah, 6-11, PF/C, Florida Sophomore Huge 2nd half regular of the regular season and NCAA tournament boosted his stock into as high as the top 5  Noah came out and said afterwards hes staying regardless 
Al Horford, 6-9, PF, Florida Sophomore Horford indicated all season long that hes staying at least one more year, but playing extremely well in winning the national championship gave him a realistic chance at being a lottery pick  Regardless, Horford announced he'll return 
Corey Brewer, 6-8, SF, Florida Sophomore Brewer indicated all season long that hes staying at least one more year, but a terrific performance in the NCAA tournament gave him a realistic chance at being a top 20 pick  Regardless, Brewer announced he'll return 
Glen Davis, 6-8, Center, LSU Sophomore Davis announced hell be returning to LSU immediately after an absolutely horrendous showing in the Final Four which exposed all of his glaring weaknesses  Made it official as an LSU press conference alongside Tyrus Thomas 
Jason Smith, 7-0, PF/C, Colorado State Sophomore Smith announced that hes returning for his junior year, stating that "a little further down the road, it [the NBA] might be in my plans  I'm continuing to concentrate on my academics and see how I can help CSU as much as possible "
Jermareo Davidson, 6-10, PF, Alabama Junior > After burning his lone draft card a year early last June, Davidson considered entering the draft again, but eventually made the right decision in announcing hell be returning for his senior year 
Richard Hendrix, 6-8, PF, Alabama Freshman Told Alabama media after NCAA tournament loss that hell be back in Tuscaloosa next year 
Ja'Vance Coleman, 6-3, SG, Fresno State Junior Testing the waters according to the Fresno Bee  Whoops, no hes not 
Sean Singletary, 5-11, PG, Virginia Sophomore Singletary told The Daily Progress in early February that hes returning 



ground_truth: 62.

prompt_front: Now, answer the following question based on the text below, only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How are thalassemias classified?

Read the following text and answer briefly.

Context 3: Thalassaemia minor | definition of Thalassaemia minor by Medical dictionary
Thalassaemia minor | definition of Thalassaemia minor by Medical dictionary
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Related to Thalassaemia minor: thalassaemia major
Thalassemia describes a group of inherited disorders characterized by reduced or absent amounts of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside the red blood cells  There are two basic groups of thalassemia disorders: alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia  These conditions cause varying degrees of anemia, which can range from insignificant to life threatening 
All types of thalassemias are considered quantitative diseases of hemoglobin, because the quantity of hemoglobin produced is reduced or absent  Usual adult hemoglobin is made up of three components: alpha globin, beta globin, and heme  Thalassemias are classified according to the globin that is affected, hence the names alpha and beta thalassemia  Although both classes of thalassemia affect the same protein, the alpha and beta thalassemias are distinct diseases that affect the body in different ways 
Beta thalassemia may be the most best-known type of thalassemia and is also called Cooley's anemia  It is caused by a change in the gene for the beta globin component of hemoglobin  Beta thalassemia causes variable anemia that can range from moderate to severe, depending in part on the exact genetic change underlying the disease  Beta thalassemia can be classified based on clinical symptoms  Beta thalassemia major usually causes severe anemia that can occur within months after birth  If left untreated, severe anemia can result in insufficient growth and development, as well as other common physical complications that can lead to a dramatically decreased life-expectancy  Fortunately, in developed countries beta thalassemia is usually identified by screening in the newborn period, before symptoms have developed  Children who are identified early can be started on ongoing blood transfusion therapy as needed  Although transfusion therapy prevents many of the complications of severe anemia, the body is unable to eliminate the excess iron contained in the transfused blood  Over time, the excess iron deposits in tissues and organs, resulting in damage and organ failure  Another medication must be administered to help the body eliminate the excess iron and prevent iron-over-load complications  Beta thalassemia intermedia describes the disease in individuals who have moderate anemia that only requires blood transfusions intermittently, if at all 
Alpha thalassemia is the result of changes in the genes for the alpha globin component of hemoglobin  There are two main types of alpha thalassemia disease: hemoglobin H disease and alpha thalassemia major  The two diseases are quite different from beta thalassemia as well as from one another  Individuals with hemoglobin H disease can experience events of hemolytic anemia—anemia caused by the rapid breakdown of the red blood cells  These events are thought to be triggered by various environmental causes, such as infection and/or exposure to certain chemicals  Hemoglobin H disease is in most cases milder than beta thalassemia  It does not generally require transfusion therapy  Alpha thalassemia major is a very serious disease that results in severe anemia that begins even before birth  Most affected babies do not survive to be born or die shortly after birth 
The thalassemias are among the most common genetic diseases worldwide  Both alpha and beta thalassemia have been described in individuals of almost every ancestry, but the conditions are more common among certain ethnic groups  Unaffected carriers of all types of thalassemia traits do not experience health problems  In fact, the thalassemia trait is protective against malaria, a disease caused by blood-borne parasites transmitted through mosquito bites  According to a widely accepted theory, most genetic changes—mutations—that cause thalassemia occurred multiple generations ago  Coincidentally, these mutations increased the likelihood that carriers would survive malaria infection  Survivors passed the mutation onto their offspring, and the trait became established throughout areas where malaria is common  As populations migrated, so did the thalassemia traits 
Beta thalassemia trait is seen most commonly in people with the following ancestry: Mediterranean (including North African, and particularly Italian and Greek), Middle Eastern, Indian, African, Chinese, and Southeast Asian (including Vietnamese, Laotian, Thai, Singaporean, Filipino, Cambodian, Malaysian, Burmese, and Indonesian)  Alpha-thalassemia trait is seen with increased frequency in the same ethnic groups  However, there are different types of alpha thalassemia traits within these populations  The frequency of hemoglobin H disease and alpha thalassemia major depends on the type of alpha thalassemia trait  The populations in which alpha thalassemia diseases are most common include Southeast Asians and Chinese (particularly Southern Chinese) 
It is difficult to obtain accurate prevalence figures for various types of thalassemia within different populations  This difficulty arises due to testing limitations in determining exact genetic diagnoses, as well as the fact that many studies have focused on small, biased hospital populations 
Two studies reflect prevalence figures that can be helpful counseling families and determining who to screen for beta thalassemia  Between the years of 1990 and 1996, the State of California screened more than 3 1 million infants born in the state for beta thalassemia  Approximately 1 in 114,000 infants had beta thalassemia major, with prevalence rates being highest among Asian Indians (about one in 4,000), Southeast Asians (about one in 10,000), and Middle Easterners (about one in 7,000)  Another type of beta thalassemia disease, E/beta thalassemia, was represented in approximately one in 110,000 births, all of which occurred in families of Southeast Asian ancestry  Among Southeast Asians, the prevalence of E/beta thalassemia was approximately one in 2,600 births  This is in keeping with the observation that hemoglobin E trait carrier rates are relatively high within the Southeast Asian population: 16% in a study of 768 immigrants to California, and up to 25% in some specific Southeast Asian populations such as Cambodians  While these California studies address some of the limitations of earlier population studies, the pattern observed in California is expected to be different in other areas of the United States and the world  For example, Italians are underrepresented in this population when compared to the population of the East Coast of the United States 
Determining prevalence figures for alpha thalassemia is even more difficult due to increased limitations in diagnostic testing  All types of alpha thalassemia disease are most common among people of Southeast Asian and Chinese descent, for reasons that become clearer with an understanding of the underlying genetics of alpha thalassemia  One study of 500 pregnant women in Northern Thailand estimated a frequency of one in 500 pregnancies affected by alpha thalassemia major, for example  Prevalence of alpha thalassemia disease is significantly lower in the United States primarily because of immigration patterns; although at least one state, California, has observed growing hemoglobin H disease incidence rates that are high enough to justify universal newborn screening for the condition 
Humans normally make several types of the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin  An individual's stage in development determines whether he or she makes primarily embryonic, fetal, or adult hemoglobins  All types of hemoglobin are made of three components: heme, alpha (or alpha-like) globin, and beta (or beta-like) globin  All types of thalassemia are caused by changes in either the alpha- or beta-globin gene  These changes cause little or no globin to be produced  The thalassemias are, therefore, considered quantitative hemoglobin diseases  All types of thalassemias are recessively inherited, meaning that a genetic change must be inherited from both the mother and the father  The severity of the disease is influenced by the exact thalassemia mutations inherited, as well as other genetic and environmental factors  There are rare exceptions, notably with beta thalassemia, where globin gene mutations exhibit a dominant pattern of inheritance in which only one gene needs to be altered in order to see disease expression  Scientists continue to study the causes  For instance, a new mutation for alpha-thalassemia was discovered for the first time among Iranian patients in 2004 
BETA-THALASSEMIA  Most individuals have two normal copies of the beta globin gene, which is located on chromosome 11 and makes the beta globin component of normal adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A  There are approximately 100 genetic mutations that have been described that cause beta thalassemia, designated as either beta0 or beta + mutations  No beta globin is produced with a beta0 mutation, and only a small fraction of the normal amount of beta globin is produced with a beta + mutation 
When an individual has one normal beta globin gene and one with a beta thalassemia mutation, he or she is said to carry the beta thalassemia trait  Beta thalassemia trait, like other hemoglobin traits, is protective against malaria infection  Trait status is generally thought not to cause health problems, although some women with beta thalassemia trait may have an increased tendency toward anemia during pregnancy 
When two members of a couple carry the beta thalassemia trait, there is a 25% chance that each of their children will inherit beta thalassemia disease by inheriting two beta thalassemia mutations, one from each parent  The clinical severity of the beta thalassemia disease—whether an individual has beta thalassemia intermedia or beta thalassemia major—will depend largely on whether the mutations inherited are beta0 thalassemia or beta + thalassemia mutations  Two beta0 mutations generally lead to beta thalassemia major, and two beta+ thalassemia mutations generally lead to beta thalassemia intermedia  Inheritance of one beta0 and one beta + thalassemia mutation tends to be less predictable 
Although relatively uncommon, there are other thalassemia-like mutations that can affect the beta globin gene  Hemoglobin E is the result of a substitution of a single nucleotide  This change results in a structurally altered hemoglobin that is produced in decreased amounts  Therefore, hemoglobin E is unique in that it is both a quantitative (i e  thalassemia-like) and qualitative trait  When co-inherited with a beta thalassemia trait, it causes a disease that is almost indistinguishable from beta thalassemia disease  Large deletions around and including the beta globin gene can lead to delta/beta thalassemia or hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH)  Interestingly, delta/beta thalassemia trait behaves very similarly to beta thalassemia trait in its clinical manifestations  However, HPFH trait does not tend to cause hemoglobin disease when co-inherited with a second thalassemia or other beta globin mutation 
ALPHA-THALASSEMIA  Most individuals have four normal copies of the alpha globin gene, two copies on each chromosome 16  These genes make the alpha globin component of normal adult hemoglobin, which is called hemoglobin A  Alpha globin is also a component of fetal hemoglobin and the other major adult hemoglobin called hemoglobin A2  Mutations of the alpha globin genes are usually deletions of the gene, resulting in absent production of alpha globin  Since there are four genes (instead of the usual two) to consider when looking at alpha globin gene inheritance, there are several alpha globin types that are possible 
Absence of one alpha globin gene leads to a condition known as silent alpha thalassemia trait  This condition causes no health problems and can be detected only by special genetic testing  Alpha thalassemia trait occurs when two alpha globin genes are missing  This can occur in two ways  The genes may be deleted from the same chromosome, causing the 'cis' type of alpha thalassemia trait  Alternately, they may be deleted from different chromosomes, causing the 'trans' type of alpha thalassemia trait  In both instances, there are no associated health problems, although the trait status may be detected by more routine blood screening 
Hemoglobin H disease results from the deletion of three alpha globin genes, such that there is only one functioning gene  Typically, this can occur when one parent carries the silent alpha thalassemia trait, and the other parent carries the 'cis' type of the alpha thalassemia trait  In this situation, there is a 25% chance for hemoglobin H disease in each of such a couple's children 
Hemoglobin H disease-like symptoms can also be a part of a unique condition called alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome  Alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome can be caused by a deletion of a significant amount of chromosome 16, affecting the alpha globin genes  This is usually not inherited, but rather occurs sporadically in the affected individual  Affected individuals have mild hemoglobin H disease, mild-to-moderate mental retardation, and characteristic facial features  This syndrome can also occur as a sex-linked form in which a mutation is inherited in a particular gene on the X-chromosome  This gene influences alpha globin production, as well as various other developmental processes  Individuals affected with this form of the syndrome tend to have more severe mental retardation, delayed development, nearly absent speech, characteristic facial features, and genital-urinary abnormalities  The remaining discussion will focus only on aspects of hemoglobin H disease 
Alpha thalassemia major results from the deletion of all four alpha globin genes, such that there are no functioning alpha globin genes  This can occur when both parents carry the 'cis' type of the alpha thalassemia trait  In this situation, there is a 25% chance for alpha thalassemia major in each of such a couple's children 
Beta thalassemia major is characterized by severe anemia that can begin months after birth  In the United States and other developed countries beta thalassemia is identified and treated early and effectively  Therefore, the following discussion of symptoms applies primarily to affected individuals in the past and unfortunately in some underdeveloped countries now  If untreated, beta thalassemia major can lead to severe lethargy, paleness, and delays in growth and development  The body attempts to compensate by producing more blood, which is made inside the bones in the marrow  However, this is ineffective without the needed genetic instructions to make enough functioning hemoglobin  Instead, obvious bone expansion and changes occur that cause characteristic facial and other changes in appearance, as well as increased risk of fractures  Severe anemia taxes other organs in the body—such as the heart, spleen, and liver—which must work harder than usual  This can lead to heart failure, as well as enlargement and other problems of the liver and spleen  When untreated, beta thalassemia major generally results in childhood death, usually due to heart failure  In 2004, the first known heart attack associated with beta thalassemia major was reported  Fortunately, in developed countries diagnosis is usually made early, often before symptoms have begun  This allows for treatment with blood transfusion therapy, which can prevent most of the complications of the severe anemia caused by beta thalassemia major  Individuals with beta thalassemia intermedia have a more moderate anemia that may only require treatment with transfusion intermittently, such as when infections occur and stress the body  As a person with beta thalassemia intermedia gets older, however, the need for blood transfusions may increase to the point that they are required on a regular basis  When this occurs their disease becomes more similar to beta thalassemia major  Other genetic and environmental factors can influence the course of the disease as well  For example, co-inheritance of one or two alpha thalassemia mutations can tend to ameliorate some of the symptoms of beta thalassemia disease, which result in part from an imbalance in the amount of alpha- and beta-globin present in the red blood cells 
Hemoglobin h disease
Absence of three alpha globin genes causes an imbalance of alpha and beta globin proteins in the red blood cells  The excess beta globin proteins tend to come together to form hemoglobin H, which is unable to release oxygen to the tissues  In addition, hemoglobin H tends to precipitate out in the cells, causing damage to the red blood cell membrane  When affected individuals are exposed to certain drugs and chemicals known to make the membrane more fragile, the cells are thought to become vulnerable to breakdown in large numbers, a complication called hemolytic anemia  Fever and infection are also considered to be triggers of hemolytic anemia in hemoglobin H disease  This can result in fatigue, paleness, and a yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of eyes called jaundice  Usually, the anemia is mild enough not to require treatment  Severe anemia events may require blood transfusion, however, and are usually accompanied by such other symptoms as dark feces or urine and abdominal or back pain  These events are uncommon in hemoglobin H disease, although they occur more frequently in a more serious type of hemoglobin H disease called hemoglobin H/Constant Spring disease  Individuals effected with this type of hemoglobin H disease are also more likely to have enlargement of and other problems with the spleen 
Alpha thalassemia major
Because alpha globin is a necessary component of all major hemoglobins and some minor hemoglobins, absence of all functioning alpha globin genes leads to serious medical consequences that begin even before birth  Affected fetuses develop severe anemia as early as the first trimester of pregnancy  The placenta, heart, liver, spleen, and adrenal glands may all become enlarged  Fluid can begin collecting throughout the body as early as the start of the second trimester, causing damage to developing tissues and organs  Growth retardation is also common  Affected fetuses usually miscarry or die shortly after birth  In addition, women carrying affected fetuses are at increased risk of developing complications of pregnancy and delivery  Up to 80% of such women develop toxemia, a disturbance of metabolism that can potentially lead to convulsions and coma  Other maternal complications include premature delivery and increased rates of delivery by cesarean section, as well as hemorrhage after delivery 
Thalassemia may be suspected if an individual shows signs that are suggestive of the disease  In all cases, however, laboratory diagnosis is essential to confirm the exact diagnosis and to allow for the provision of accurate genetic counseling about recurrence risks and testing options for parents and affected individuals  Screening is likewise recommended to determine trait status for individuals of high-risk ethnic groups 
The following tests are used to screen for thalassemia disease and/or trait:
hemoglobin electrophoresis with quantitative hemoglobin A2 and hemoglobin F
free erythrocyte-protoporphyrin (or ferritin or other studies of serum iron levels)
A complete blood count will identify low levels of hemoglobin, small red blood cells, and other red blood cell abnormalities that are characteristic of a thalassemia diagnosis  Since thalassemia trait can sometimes be difficult to distinguish from iron deficiency, tests to evaluate iron levels are important  A hemoglobin electrophoresis is a test that can help identify the types and quantities of hemoglobin made by an individual  This test uses an electric field applied across a slab of gel-like material  Hemoglobins migrate through this gel at various rates and to specific locations, depending on their size, shape, and electrical charge  Isoelectric focusing and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) use similar principles to separate hemoglobins and can be used instead of or in various combinations with hemoglobin electrophoresis to determine the types and quantities of hemoglobin present  Hemoglobin electrophoresis results are usually within the normal range for all types of alpha thalassemia  However, hemoglobin A2 levels and sometimes hemoglobin F levels are elevated when beta thalassemia disease or trait is present  Hemoglobin electrophoresis can also detect structurally abnormal hemoglobins that may be co-inherited with a thalassemia trait to cause thalassemia disease (i e , hemoglobin E) or other types of hemoglobin disease (i e , sickle hemoglobin)  Sometimes DNA testing is needed in addition to the above screening tests  This can be performed to help confirm the diagnosis and establish the exact genetic type of thalassemia 
Diagnosis of thalassemia can occur under various circumstances and at various ages  Several states offer thalassemia screening as part of the usual battery of blood tests done for newborns  This allows for early identification and treatment  Thalassemia can be identified before birth through the use of prenatal diagnosis  Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be offered as early as 10 weeks of pregnancy and involves removing a sample of the placenta made by the baby and testing the cells  CVS carries a risk of causing a miscarriage that is between 0 5%-1%  Amniocentesis is generally offered between 15 and 22 weeks of pregnancy, but can sometimes be offered earlier  Two to three tablespoons of the fluid surrounding the baby is removed  This fluid contains fetal cells that can be tested  The risk of miscarriage associated with amniocentesis ranges from 0 33-0 5%  Pregnant woman and couples may choose prenatal testing in order to prepare for the birth of a baby that may have thalassemia  Alternately, knowing the diagnosis during pregnancy allows for the option of pregnancy termination  Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a relatively new technique that involves in-vitro fertilization followed by genetic testing of one cell from each developing embryo  Only the embryos unaffected by sickle cell disease are transferred back into the uterus  PGD is currently available on a research basis only and is relatively expensive 
Individuals with beta thalassemia major receive regular blood transfusions, usually on a monthly basis  This helps prevent severe anemia and allows for more normal growth and development  Transfusion therapy does have limitations, however  Individuals can develop reactions to certain proteins in the blood—called a transfusion reaction  This can make locating appropriately matched donor blood more difficult  Although blood supplies in the United States are very safe, particularly relative to the past and to other areas of the world, there remains an increased risk of exposure to such blood-borne infections as hepatitis  Additionally, the body is not able to get rid of the excess iron that accompanies each transfusion  An additional medication called desferoxamine is administered, usually five nights per week over a period of several hours, using an automatic pump that can be used during sleep or taken anywhere the person goes  This medication is able to bind to the excess iron, which can then be eliminated through urine  If desferoxamine is not used regularly or is unavailable, iron overload can develop and cause tissue damage and organ damage and failure  The heart, liver, and endocrine organs are particularly vulnerable  Desferoxamine itself may rarely produce allergic or toxic side effects, including hearing damage  Signs of desferoxamine toxicity are screened for and generally develop in individuals who overuse the medication when body iron levels are sufficiently low  Overall, however, transfusion and desferoxamine therapy have increased the life expectancy of individuals with the most severe types of beta thalassemia major to the 4th or 5th decade  This can be expected to improve with time and increased developments in treatment, as well as for those with more mild forms of the disease 
New treatments offer additional options for some individuals with beta thalassemia major  There are various medications that target the production of red blood cells (i e  erythropoeitin) or fetal hemoglobin (i e  hydroxyurea and butyrate)  Their effectiveness in ameliorating the severity of beta thalassemia is currently being investigated  Another promising new treatment is bone marrow transplantation, in which the bone marrow of an affected individual is replaced with the bone marrow of an unaffected donor  If successful, this treatment can provide a cure  However, there is an approximately 10-15% chance the procedure could be unsuccessful (i e  the thalassemia returns); result in complications (i e  graft-versus-host disease); or result in death  The risk for specific individuals depends on current health status, age, and other factors  Because of the risks involved and the fact that beta thalassemia is a treatable condition, transplant physicians require a brother or sister donor who has an identically matched tissue type, called HLA type  HLA type refers to the unique set of proteins present on each individual's cells, which allows the immune system to recognize "self" from "foreign " HLA type is genetically determined, so there is a 25% chance for two siblings to be a match  Transplant physicians and researchers are also investigating ways to improve the safety and effectiveness of bone marrow transplantation  Using newborn sibling umbilical cord blood—the blood from the placenta that is otherwise discarded after birth but contains cells that can go on to make bone marrow—seems to provide a safer and perhaps more effective source of donor cells  Donors and recipients may not have to be perfect HLA matches for a successful transplant using cord blood cells  Trials are also underway to determine the effectiveness of "partial transplants," in which a safer transplant procedure is used to replace only a percentage of the affected individual's bone marrow  Other possible treatments on the horizon may include gene therapy techniques aimed at increasing the amount of normal hemoglobin the body is able to make 
Hemoglobin H disease is a relatively mild form of thalassemia that may go unrecognized  It is not generally considered a condition that will reduce one's life expectancy  Education is an important part of managing the health of an individual with hemoglobin H disease  It is important to be able to recognize the signs of severe anemia that require medical attention  It is also important to be aware of the medications, chemicals, and other exposures to avoid due to the theoretical risk they pose of causing a severe anemia event  When severe anemia occurs, it is treated with blood transfusion therapy  For individuals with hemoglobin H disease, this is rarely required  For those with the hemoglobin H/Constant Spring form of the disease, the need for transfusions may be intermittent or ongoing, perhaps on a monthly basis and requiring desferoxamine treatment  Individuals with this more severe form of the disease may also have an increased chance of requiring removal of an enlarged and/or overactive spleen 
Anemia — A blood condition in which the level of hemoglobin or the number of red blood cells falls below normal values  Common symptoms include paleness, fatigue, and shortness of breath 
Bilirubin — A yellow pigment that is the end result of hemoglobin breakdown  This pigment is metabolized in the liver and excreted from the body through the bile  Bloodstream levels are normally low; however, extensive red cell destruction leads to excessive bilirubin formation and jaundice 
Bone marrow — A spongy tissue located in the hollow centers of certain bones, such as the skull and hip bones  Bone marrow is the site of blood cell generation 
Bone marrow transplantation — A medical procedure used to treat some diseases that arise from defective blood cell formation in the bone marrow  Healthy bone marrow is extracted from a donor to replace the marrow in an ailing individual  Proteins on the surface of bone marrow cells must be identical or very closely matched between a donor and the recipient 
Desferoxamine — The primary drug used in iron chelation therapy  It aids in counteracting the life-threatening buildup of iron in the body associated with long-term blood transfusions 
Globin — One of the component protein molecules found in hemoglobin  Normal adult hemoglobin has a pair each of alpha-globin and beta-globin molecules 
Heme — The iron-containing molecule in hemoglobin that serves as the site for oxygen binding 
Hemoglobin — Protein-iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells and carries carbon dioxide away from the cells 
Hemoglobin A — Normal adult hemoglobin that contains a heme molecule, two alpha-globin molecules, and two beta-globin molecules 
Hemoglobin electrophoresis — A laboratory test that separates molecules based on their size, shape, or electrical charge 
Hepatomegaly — An abnormally large liver 
HLA type — Refers to the unique set of proteins called human leukocyte antigens  These proteins are present on each individual's cell and allow the immune system to recognize 'self' from 'foreign'  HLA type is particularly important in organ and tissue transplantation 
Hydroxyurea — A drug that has been shown to induce production of fetal hemoglobin  Fetal hemoglobin has a pair of gamma-globin molecules in place of the typical beta-globins of adult hemoglobin  Higher-than-normal levels of fetal hemoglobin can ameliorate some of the symptoms of thalassemia 
Iron overload — A side effect of frequent blood transfusions in which the body accumulates abnormally high levels of iron  Iron deposits can form in organs, particularly the heart, and cause life-threatening damage 
Jaundice — Yellowing of the skin or eyes due to excess of bilirubin in the blood 
Mutation — A permanent change in the genetic material that may alter a trait or characteristic of an individual, or manifest as disease, and can be transmitted to offspring 
Placenta — The organ responsible for oxygen and nutrition exchange between a pregnant mother and her developing baby 
Red blood cell — Hemoglobin-containing blood cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues  In the tissues, the red blood cells exchange their oxygen for carbon dioxide, which is brought back to the lungs to be exhaled 
Screening — Process through which carriers of a trait may be identified within a population 
Splenomegaly — Enlargement of the spleen 
Because alpha thalassemia major is most often a condition that is fatal in the prenatal or newborn period, treatment has previously been focused on identifying affected pregnancies in order to provide appropriate management to reduce potential maternal complications  Pregnancy termination provides one form of management  Increased prenatal surveillance and early treatment of maternal complications is an approach that is appropriate for mothers who wish to continue their pregnancy with the knowledge that the baby will most likely not survive  In recent years, there have been a handful of infants with this condition who have survived long-term  Most of these infants received experimental treatment including transfusions before birth, early delivery, and even bone marrow transplantation before birth, although the latter procedure has not yet been successful  For those infants that survive to delivery, there seems to be an increased risk of developmental problems and physical effects, particularly heart and genital malformations  Otherwise, their medical outlook is similar to a child with beta thalassemia major, with the important exception that ongoing, life-long blood transfusions begin right at birth 
As discussed above, the prognosis for individuals with the most serious types of thalassemia has improved drastically in the last several years following recent medical advances in transfusion, chemo-, and transplantation therapy  Advances continue and promise to improve the life expectancy and quality of life further for affected individuals 
"First Known Heart Attack Associated With Beta-thalassemia Major Reported " Heart Disease Weekly February 22, 2004: 10 
"Novel Alpha-thalassemia Mutations Identified " Hematology Week January 26, 2004: 19 
Children's Blood Foundation  333 East 38th St , Room 830, New York, NY 10016-2745  (212) 297-4336  cfg@nyh med cornell edu 
Cooley's Anemia Foundation, Inc  129-09 26th Ave  #203, Flushing, NY 11354  (800) 522-7222 or (718) 321-2873  http://www thalassemia org 
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation  1275 Mamaroneck Ave , White Plains, NY 10605  (888) 663-4637  resourcecenter@modimes org  http://www modimes org 
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute  PO Box 30105, Bethseda, MD 20824-0105  (301) 592-8573  nhlbiinfo@rover nhlbi nih gov  http://www nhlbi nih gov 
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)  PO Box 8923, New Fairfield, CT 06812-8923  (203) 746-6518 or (800) 999-6673  Fax: (203) 746-6481  http://www rarediseases org 
Bojanowski J  "Alpha Thalassemia Major: The Possibility of Long-Term Survival " Pamphlet from the Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center  (1999) 
Children's Hospital Oakland, Northern California Comprehensive Thalassemia Center website  http://www thalassemia com 
Cooley's Anemia Foundation, Inc  website  http://www thalassemia org/gohome html 
Joint Center for Sickle Cell and Thalassemic Disorders website  http://cancer mgh harvard edu/medOnc/sickle htm 
[thal″ah-se´me-ah]
a heterogeneous group of hereditary hemolytic anemias marked by a decreased rate of synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains, classified according to the chain involved (α, β, δ); the two major categories are α- and β-thalassemia 
α-thalassemia (alpha-thalassemia) that caused by diminished synthesis of alpha chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is incompatible with life, the stillborn infant displaying severe hydrops fetalis  The heterozygous form may be asymptomatic or marked by mild anemia 
β-thalassemia (beta-thalassemia) that caused by diminished synthesis of beta chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is called t  major and the heterozygous form is called t  minor 
thalassemia ma´jor the homozygous form of β-thalassemia, in which hemoglobin A is completely absent; it appears in the newborn period and is marked by hemolytic, hypochromic, microcytic anemia; hepatosplenomegaly; skeletal deformation; mongoloid facies; and cardiac enlargement 
thalassemia mi´nor the heterozygous form of β-thalassemia; it is usually asymptomatic, but there may be mild anemia 
sickle cell–thalassemia a hereditary anemia involving simultaneous heterozygosity for hemoglobin S and thalassemia 
thal·as·se·mi·a
, thalassanemia (thal'ă-sē'mē-ă, thă-las-ă-nē'mē-ă),
Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism in which there is impaired synthesis of one or more of the polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist, and the corresponding clinical picture may vary from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia 
[G  thalassa, the sea, + haima, blood]
/thal·as·se·mia/ (thal″ah-se´me-ah) a heterogeneous group of hereditary hemolytic anemias marked by a decreased rate of synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains, classified according to the chain involved (α, β, δ); the two major categories are α- and β-thalassemia 
α-thalassemia that caused by diminished synthesis of alpha chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is incompatible with life, the stillborn infant displaying severe hydrops fetalis  The heterozygous form may be asymptomatic or marked by mild anemia 
β-thalassemia that caused by diminished synthesis of beta chains of hemoglobin  The homozygous form is called t  major and the heterozygous form is called t  minor 
thalassemia ma´jor the homozygous form of &#x03B2;, in which hemoglobin A is completely absent; it appears in the newborn period and is marked by hemolytic, hypochromic, microcytic anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal deformation, mongoloid facies, and cardiac enlargement 
thalassemia mi´nor the heterozygous form of &#x03B2;, usually asymptomatic, although there is sometimes mild anemia 
(thăl′ə-sē′mē-ə)
An inherited form of anemia occurring chiefly among people of Mediterranean descent, caused by faulty synthesis of part of the hemoglobin molecule  Also called Mediterranean anemia 
thal′as·se′mic adj 
[thal′əsē′mē·ə]
Etymology: Gk, thalassa, sea, a + haima, without blood
production and hemolytic anemia characterized by microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells  Thalassemia is caused by inherited deficiency of alpha- or beta-globin synthesis  See also hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis 
Beta thalassemia, clinical thalassemia, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, thalassemia major Hematology A group of genetic diseases by underproduction of hemoglobin due to mutations in the beta globin gene, which is more common in Mediterraneans Heredity Parents are carriers–heterozygotes; one in 4 children is homozygous for the mutation and thus has full-blown disease Clinical See Anemia  Cf Sickle cell anemia 
α-thalassemia
Hemoglobin Barts Hematology An inherited condition caused by a defect in the synthesis of the Hb α chain; Hb Barts hemoglobinopathy is characterized by the presence of 4 gamma chains; it is more common in southeast Asians; the most severe form of alpha thalassemia causes stillbirth due to hydrops fetalis Heredity Parents are carriers–heterozygotes; one in 4 children is homozygous for the mutation and thus has full-blown disease Clinical Pallor, fatiguability, FTT, fever, infections, diarrhea Management Transfusions
Thalassemia major Hematology A hemoglobinopathy caused by a defect in the synthesis of Hb β chain Clinical Pallor, fatigability, FTT, fever due to infections, diarrhea, bone deformities, hepatosplenomegaly Management Transfusions, but iron overload can damage the heart, liver, and endocrine systems, ergo iron chelation–early use of deferiprone, deferoxamine ↓ transfusion-related iron overload and may protect against DM, cardiac disease, early death
δ-thalassemia
Hematology A condition characterized by a defect of Hb A2–α2δ2; because Hb A2 comprises only 3% of the circulating Hb, even its complete absence; δ-thalassemia has little clinical or hematologic impact
γ-thalassemia
Hematology A condition characterized by a defect of gamma–γ Hb chains found in Hb F–α2γ2; because Hb F is present primarily in the fetus and newborns, it is rarely seen outside of the neonatal period, but may cause transient neonatal hemolytic anemia 
, thalassanemia (thal'ă-sē'mē-ă, -ă-să-nē'mē-ă)
Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism in which there is impaired synthesis of one or more of the polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist, and the corresponding clinical picture may vary from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia  People of Mediterranean, extraction are more often affected than others by this type of anemia 
Synonym(s): thalassaemia, thalassanaemia 
Any of a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin metabolism with impaired synthesis of one or more polypeptide chains of globin; several genetic types exist 
<a href="https://medical-dictionary thefreedictionary com/Thalassaemia+minor">thalassemia</a>
Barts hemoglobin
beta hemoglobinopathy
beta-delta thalassemia
beta-thalassaemia
Bite Cell
black gallstone
I know of a couple, totally unrelated and unbeknownst to them, who are silent carriers of Thalassaemia minor 
Pakistan: Genetic factor: All in the genes
But, unfortunately, when one person with thalassaemia minor carrier happens to marry another with the same diagnosis, there is a strong possibility that their child would be thalassaemia major, as happened in the case of Taneja 
' My life depends upon a monthly blood transfusion '
0] thalassaemia demonstrates variable severity, ranging from a condition similar to [beta] thalassaemia minor to something approaching thalassaemia major 
A retrospective review of homozygous haemoglobin E patients
Thal, Alan P 
thalame
thalamencephalic
thalamencephalon
thalamic
thalamic fasciculus
thalamic nucleus
thalamic pain syndrome
thalamic peduncle
thalamic radiation
thalamo-
thalamocoele
thalamocortical
thalamocortical fibers
thalamogeniculate artery
thalamolenticular
thalamoperforating artery
thalamostriate radiation
thalamotuberal artery
Thalassaemia minor
thalassaemiaor Cooley's disease
thalassemic facies
thalasso-
Thalassobacter
Thalassobacter utilis
thalassoplankton
thalassoposia
thalidomide neuropathy
Thalidomider
thallium poisoning
Thalarctos
THALAS
Thalasaemia
Thalassaemia Association of Malaysia
thalassaemia major
Thalassaemias
thalassaemic
thalassanaemia
Thalassemia Action Group
Thalassemia Clinical Research Network
thalassemia syndrome



ground_truth: According to the globin that is affected (alpha or beta).